‘Any equation of the form ax? + br += 0, a #0, is called a quadratic equation. ‘To solve a quadratic equation we either: 1, Factorise and let each factor = 0; or ~b + Ve 4ac 2, Use the formula x = ise the formula x i Example = (Solve 6x?-11x- 10-0. (ii) Solve x? + 4x — 1 =0, giving your solutions in surd form. Solution: @ — 6x?=11x-10=0 Gr+2\2x-5 (factorise the left-hand side) 3r+2=0 or (let each factor = 0) Be=-2 or xe} oor (solve each simple equation) (i) P44r-1=0 (answers in surd form -. use formula) 2 oF 4ae 2a de 1=0 42 VQ ADED a=l,b=4,c=-t ay 20) po tele wi =x ee a —42 NS = 25 2 x28 | xe 245 or x=-2-%5.Jn some questions we can use the roots of one quadratic equation to help us to solve another quadrat equation by using a substitution, ve _| RRS 24 Solve the equation x— 11+ = 0. Hence, soh *—2y)= 11+: =0. a Wie Gi) ar Solution: ryan -1x+24=0 (multiply each part by x) (e- 3-8) =0 (factorise the left-hand side) x-320 or x-820 (let each factor = 0) x=300 or x=8 (solve each simple equation) Tet(?—2y)=x (this is the substitution) yo? or ya 2ye8 yt-2y- yt-2y-8=0 O+DG-3)=0 (+294) =0 y+l=0 or y-3=0 y+? or = -y-4=0 ye-loor ya3 or Exercise 2.1 Solve each of the following equations: 1, 2k? +5x-12=0 2 x?-3r=0 3. x?-4=0 +4 3x74 14x 48=0 5. 5x74 14x-3=0 +6 7. 2x? = 3x 8. Gx? -1r=2 “9% +10, 8? =9-6r 1. 15x7+x-6=0 12. Solve each of the following equations, giving your solutions in surd form: 13. 27 46r44=0 + 14. P= 4041 = » 15. 16. x*-2x-2=0 + 17, x7-4x-14=0 * 18, x?+10x-23=0 ‘Write each of the following equations in the form ax? + bx +c =0, and hence, solve each equation: 5.6 21 1 25, Solve 5 -=5= 3-5 Eiving your answers inthe form a we. : ws sone? -1=20-0.Hene (2402) -[ae2) an 2 27. Solve 3x? + 16x - 12= 0. Hence, solve a3) sidy-j)-n2-0 4 ay wa sone -2r-24-0 Hx ve (ce4) -ofer$)-atoo 2 29, Solve x*— 6x + 8=0. Hence, solve (3) ~evs)e8 30. Solve: (i) x= 13x7+36=0 Gi) x*- 1727 + 16-0. Modulus and Irrational Equations ‘Modulus Equations ‘The modulus of x, written |x|, is defined as its positive or absolute value. For example, |5|=5 and |-2|=2. ‘A modulus equation is one where the variable is contained within a modulus. For example, |x~ 1|= 4, is modulus equation, Note: If |x! . Modulus equations are solved with the following steps: 1, Arrange to have the modulus part by itself on one side of the equation. 2. Square both sides (this removes the modulus bars). 3, Solve the resultant equation. Note: If there are two modulus parts, arrange to have one modulus part on each side. Solve 2|x-2|-|x+3]=0 Solution: 2\x-2|-[x+3]=0 2fx-2|=|2+3] (one modulus on each side) Q]x-2)?=(x+3)? (square both sides) AQ? — 4x44) =x? + 6x49 (aby = a7?) 4x2 16+ 16 = 27+ 6 +9 (remove brackets) 3x2-22x+7=0 Gx=Dor=7)=0 ; 3r-120 9 or x-7=0 i Br=1 or x7 | @ eel © oot xe7Irrational Equations ‘An irrational equation is one where the variable is contained under a square root, For example, ie+2 =~ 4 is an irrational equation. Irrational equations are solved with the following steps: 1. Arrange to have the surd (root) part on its own on one side. 2. Square both sides. 3. Solve the resultant equation, 4, Test every solution in the original equation. Note: Sometimes after squaring both sides there will still be a surd part left in the equation. In 1 cease, arrange to have this surd part on its own on one side and then square both sides again. Solve x = VI9= 2x +2 Solution: (rearrange with surd part on its own) (square both sides) waded (remove brackets) 2? =2e= 15 (write in the form ax + bx +¢=0) (c+3)@-5) (factorise left-hand side) (let each factor = 0) (solve each simple equation) ~3=VI9= 2-3) +2=V25+2=542=7 False 5=V19=2(6)+2=V9+2=3+2=5 ‘True 4 £=5is the only solution. Note: Squaring both sides introduced a new root, called an extraneous root, x= ~3, ‘This does not satisfy the original equation and hence is rejected, Note: The square root of a number is defined as the ‘positive square root’. For example, Y16=4, not 14, Exercise 2. ] Solve each of the following equations: 1. [x-1]=4 2. [x-2|=3 3. |x+3|=5 4, [2e-1]=3 5. |3x-1|-4=0 6. 2[x-1]=3 7 |x+1l=[x-2] 8. |2x+1[=|x-1| 9. |2x-1]-x=40. |4—3x|-[2x-1]=0 UL, [3x-1|-|1-221-0 12. 2\x-1]=[x+1] 13, 2jx+1|-|x+3]=0 44, 3)x+1[=|2e-1] 15. [2-x|=4121 x22 3x41 2e+1]_1 16. |*5 | wl a, | l5 19, x= V5x-4 20. x= Vx 6 2. x+6=5Nx 22, x-2=Vie=T 23, 2x-1=VEx+1 2A, 2x-7=VE BET 25, x= V3e-5+1 26. x Ves 3=3 27. xt 1-3-1 Questions 28-33 require squaring twice: 28. Vert=Vr+9 dak = 3G=1) 30. Wx = Vax-T1+1 3. V3ee1=V5x+1 32. Ve+2=V00+7 33, Vix-2=24Vx-2 [1-3] a) Six=1] 34, Solve NB Gi) =V10 (Pet Wied Simultaneous Equations, One Linear and One Quadratic ‘The method of substitution is used to solve between a linear equation and a quadratic equation. ‘The method inyolves three steps: 1. From the linear equation express one variable in terms of the other. 2. Substitute this into the quadratic equation and solve. 3, Substitute separately the value(s) obtained in step 2 into the linear equation in step 1 to find the corresponding value(s) of the other variable, | Solve the simultaneous equations 2x ~ 3y~ 1 =O and x? +xy~4y*=2. | Solution: 1. 2x-3y-1=0 (get x, of y, on its own from the linear equation) 2r=3y+1 1 x (= ) (wonits own) 2 Bs Peay 42a? ay+1P | (3y+1 +1 EYRE poe ene z Jor +641) G+) _ yoy(Oy? + Gy + 1) + 2(3y? + y) — 16y?: (multiply each part by 4) Oy? + 6y + 1 + 6y? + 2y ~ 16y’ nyt By y= By +) (-DO-7=0 yo1=0 or y-7-0 yal or ya 3. Substitute separately y = 1 and y= 7 into the Finear equation. edtt 3414 #1 See 7 Deane 2 3y+1 30)+1_ 22 =1: Sat yet pp Thus, the solutions are x=2, y=1orx=11,y=7. Exercise 2.3 we Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations: 1. x+2y=5 2 x-y-l 3. 3x-y-5=0 xt yt= 10 ayaa? ay-x-0 4 xty-620 $8. x-y-3 6 xsyn8 x 42y?-24=0 x 3y! Xexytyt=52 7. d+ y=3 8 3x+y-5=0 9 xtye3 ery tyr=3 2x? + Qxy + y?=10 2x? + Say + 2y?= 16 3x 2 to, 142 uu 1-2-2 wa, 241-10 yy xx > eaaytye=7 24 2x80 x-y?240 13, 2r-3y-1-0 14, Sx-2y+2=0 15, 2x+3y+ x2 Day 3y7#320 27 + dyh4x+2y~58=0 (e+ 3y)Qx-y)=4 Sum and Product of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation b The quadratic equation ax? + dx + ¢= 0 canbe writen x?+2 x45 ‘The roots of this equation are usually denoted by a and f. Now we can write down a quadratic equation with roots a and 8. x=a and ==B k-a-0 and x-f=0 (x-ay(x-p)=0 32 -ax-Ax+af=0 2°- (a+ Ax + af =0 2 ie 8 ‘Thus, (as Birt aBars exe’Equating the coefficients of x and the constant terms: and of= ate ‘The quadratic equation can be written: xP-(atBx+ap=0 or x? — (sum of the roots) x + (product of the roots) = 0 ‘This can be used to obtain a new quadratic equation whose roots are known or are given as functions of a and f. [ounce Ee SSE: oe Ifa.and are the roots of the equation 2x? ~ 6x + 1 = 0, find the value of: @ ap op (i) op?) ap ral" 1 @ |a-Al wi 544 aatze (oi) a +B Find a quadratic equation with roots 5 ana and write your answer in the form px? + gx+r=0 where p,q, 7 € Z. Solution: 2x?-6r+1=0 a 3x+5=0 (make coefficient of x? equal to 1) @ a+B=3 il) B=} ‘What we do next is write each of the other expressions in terms of (a + 8) and aB or use previous parts of the question. (iii) atp=3 (iv) a3B+ap* (a+pP=@G) =aBla>+f*) —_(factorise) a? + 2ap + p?=9 = 48) a? +B? =9-20p Lg 4p -9-21)) a24p?=9-1=8 ) (a-B)? =a? 208 +p? 1a (a~p)2= (a? +f) 20f oan a +p? = 2G) pare(i) a+ 6 =(a+Bya?—af+f") — (Factorise, sum of two cubes) =(a+Ay{(a? +6")— a8] (group into previous expressions) =@8)- 4 = BN7) = 225 x? — (sum of the roots)x + (product of the roots) = 0 ct EES PSR One root of the equation ax? + bx + c= 0 is five times the other. Show that 56?=36ac, a +0. Solution: Let the roots be a and Sa. atebxte=0 rbrstno (make coefficient of x? equal to 1) b c ae = assa=-2 and (aySa)=£ and sa-5 @ a ‘is in both equations and not in the solution required, Therefore, get a on its own from @ and put this into @, Put this into @1. Ifa and 8 are the roots of the equation x? + 2x +5=0, find the value @ a+ Gi) op Gil) 2B + ap? (iy) a2 +p? () 3p +06? (i) (@-8)? (vil) a? + 8° (viti) (a? - 66? - a) : 6 » 2 i ® ote (si) 7A 2, Ifa and B are the roots of the equation x? ~ 4x— 3 = 0, find the value of: a? +p? (iy) at+p? @ 3a+36 Gi) ap? Gi B (vi) oA +6)+pd+9) (iid ale + ;) Ms 3 wi) Bra Form a quadratic equation, with integer coefficients, whose roots (ix) 2a, 28 ® op? (i) 243,843 (xii) 30 +1, 38 +1 (xiii) - 1, 8-1 (xiv) +5 ev) $8 (xvi) afl - 8), BCL @) 3, ‘The roots of the equation 2x? + 6x +3 =O are « and f. Find the value of: @ o+8 Gi) ap (ii) 30.438 (iv) a? +p? The roots of the equation 2x? + pr-+q=Oare 2a + and 2 + a. FFind the value of p and the value of q. 4, The roots of the quadratic equation 2x? ~ 6x + 5 =0 are (a ~ 2) and (8-2). () Findthe value of (a)a+p — () a8 (ii) Form a quadratic equation, with integer coefficients, with roots a and 8. 5. If «and f are the roots of the equation x? ~ px + q=0, show that: @ atspt=p?-2q (ii) (a f)?=p*- 4g. 6. Given that one root of the equation 2x7 ~ 12x + k= 0 is twice the other root, find the value of k 11. One root of the equation x? — pr+ q = 0 is twice the other. Show that 2p? = 94. 8 The equation x? — 2px + q=O has roots o and a + 2. Verify that p? = q+ 1. 9. ‘The equation x? - 12x + k=O has roots a and a”, Find the two possible values of k. 10. ‘The equation x? ~ ax + 16=0 has roots @ and a. Find the two possible values of a. LL. One root of the equation ax? + bx + ¢= is three times the other. Show that 36? = 16ac, is four times the other. 12. One root of the equation px” + gx +r Show that 4g? ~ 25pr=0.13. For what values of k is one of the roots of x?~ 4(k + 1)x-+ (k? ~ k +7) =0 equal to three tim other? 14. (The quadratic equation x? + (2k + 2)x + (2k +5) =O has roots @ and . Express, in terms of k, (a)a+f (b)af (c) 2a°8+2ag, Gi) The equation x? px +q=O has roots 2a + a and 26+ Ba. (a) Show that p= 6. (b) Express g in terms of k, (©) Find the values of k for which q= 0. Factor Theorem ‘A polynomial in xis a collection of powers of x added together. For example, 2x?-3x+5, 5x3 +6x?—x +4 are polynomials. Note: 1. There cannot be negative or fractional powers in a polynomial. 2. A polynomial is often denoted as f(x). Factor Theorem If an algebraic expression is divided by one of its factors, then the remainder is zero. The expre (x —#) is a factor of a polynomial f(x), ifthe remainder when we divide f(x) by (x - k) is zero. Generalising this: 1. If/(h) = 0, then (x ~ &) is a factor of f(), 2. IF G:—&) is a factor of fla), then flk) = 0. ‘The factor theorem can be extended: vf 2. If (ax ~ b) is a factor of f(x), then f| (i) ), then (ax~ b) is a factor of f(x). ‘The factor theorem can be used to factorise polynomials orto find unknown coefficients in & polyno Here are some examples: Factor xt4 x-3 | Factor Theorem Qx+1 Note: If (x+a) and (r+) are both factors of a polynomial fix), then so is their pro (e+ a)(e +b) =x?+ abx + ab, also a factor, and vice versa,Hence, find the other two factors. Solution: fe) = 28-57-43 If (2x ~ 1) is a factor, then f(3) = 0. LQ)=0 20)? 5)*— RQ) + 2) - 5) - HG) +3 = -$-}k+3=0 1-5-2k+12=0 2k ke | Now divide 2x? ~5x?- 4x +3 by (2x~ 1) 2-2-3 ax-1 [Be SxPav43 2a? wax = ax nA? 4 2x 6x +3 nox+3 0 If (2x - 1) is a factor of the polynomial f(x) = 2x°— 5x? — kx + 3, find the value of k. (replace x with J) (multiply cach part by 4) Now factorise x? - 2v-3 xt-2x-3 =(+D@-3) ‘Thus, the other two factors are: (e+ 1) and (x~ 3) Solution: If (x 1) is a factor, then f(1) = 0. FO 2(1)3 + m(1)? + m(1) + 2+mene2=0 me. Let f(x) = 2x3 + mx? + mx +2. where m and n are constants, Given that x~ 1 and x +2 are factors of f(x), find the value of m and the value of n for) = 20? +m? + nx +2. If (x + 2) is a factor, then f(-2) f-2 2-2)? + m(-2)? + (2) + -16+4m-2n+2=0 4m —2n= 14 2m-n=7 @ ‘We now solve the simultaneous equations @ and ®: mtn=-4 @ Lined n=-5| Ev SS SB PT 2? —pr-q isa factor of x3 + 3px? +3qr+r. (Show that q =—2p*, (i) Show that r » -8p°. Solution: Method 1; Equating the coefficients Let (x +k) be the third factor. Thus, (e+ Aa? = px +g) =x3 + Spx?+ 3qxtr ad px? gr + be? = kpe+ gk = x34 3px? 4 3qx4r 4 CP ERR +g — kobe gk= + 3px 4 3qu +r ‘Equating coefficients of like terms: -p+k=3p © q-kp=3q @ ak=r ® (Basic idea is to remove the constant k, which is not in the solution required) —pt+k=3p © (get konits own from ®) k=4p (kon its own) Put k= 4p into @ and @. @ 4-W=3q ® i) Cae ® a-@pp-34 apr q-4p*=3q 4pqer 4p? = 24 4p(-2p)=r ( } a2pimg, ae from (i) ‘Method 2: Using long division x+4 apreg Ie 3pe+3qxer dapx? +x ‘ape? + 2gn tr 4px? — 4px + 4pq a+ 4px 0-40) Since (x* - px + q) is a factor, the remainder must equal 0. Thus 2g+4p?=0 @ or r-4pq=0 @ 2q=-4p? q--2p Put this into @:1. Verify that (x 1) is a factor of x° + 2x? —x—2 and find the other two factors. 2. Verify that (x +3) is a factor of x? + 9x7 + 23x + 15 and find the other two factors, 3. Verify that (2x ~ 1) is a factor of 6x? +7x?—9x +2 and find the other two factors. 4. Verify that (2x ~3) is a factor of 2x3 15x? + 34x—24 and find the other two factors. 5. Verify that (x - 1) is a factor of x ~ (2k + 1x? + (k? + 2k) — 2. 6. If (x+2) is a factor of the polynomial f(x) = 6x* + kx? + 11 - 6, find the value of k. Hence, find the other two factors. 7, If 2x+ 1)is a factor of the polynomial f(x) = 2x° + 7x?+ kar+ 2, find the value of k. Hence, find the other two factors. 8. Let f(x) = px® + 3x7 — 9x +q where p and q are constants. Given that (x + 1) and (x - 2) are factors of f(x), find the value of p and the value of q. 9. Let p(x) = 2x3 — ax? — bx +42 where a and b are constants, Given that (x - 2) and (x +3) are factors of p(x), find the value of @ and the value of b. 10. Let f(x) = 2x? + ax? + bx — 6 where a and b are constants, Given that f(-2) = 0 and f(3) =, find the value of a and the value of b. IL. Let fx) =x? — (hh+ 2)x + 2k and p(x) = 2x3 + fx? — 4 — Given that (x + 3) is a common factor of f(x) and p(x), find the value of h and the value of k. 12, Factorise x7 +x-6. Let f(x) = pr? + x? 20x + q where p and q are constants. Given that x? + x ~ 6 is a factor of f(2), find the value of p and the value of g. 13. Given that pr? + 8x7 + qx + 6 is exactly divisible by x? - 2x — 3, find the value of p and the value of ¢. 14, If (x - 2)? is a factor of x° + px + q, find the value of p and the value of q. 15, (x-a)? isa factor of x3 + 3pr+g. Show that: (i) p=-a? (i) q=2a°. 16. x? + bx +c isa factor of x? —p. Show that: @ c=b? be=p (ili) =p (iv) C7 =p. 17, x? px + Lisa factor of ax? + bx +c where a + 0. Show that: @ p=< Gi) P= ala-b),Solving Cubic Equations Any equation of the form ax* + bz? + cx +d=0, a # 0, is called a cubic equation. ‘We use the factor theorem to find one root, and hence one factor. ‘A cubic equation is solved with the following steps: 1. Find the first root & by tril and error, ie. try f(1),f(-1). 2), f(-2). ete. (Only try numbers that divide evenly into the constant in the equation.) 2. If.x= kis a root, then (x~ &) is a factor. 3. Divide f(x) by (vk) which always gives a quadratic expression. 4, Let this quadratic = 0 and solve by factors or formula. Note: Each cubic equation we are asked to solve must have at least one integer root. Solve the equation 2x*+x?— 132+ 6=0. Solution: Let fix) = 2x3 +x? - 13 +6. 1. The first root will be a factor of 6 ‘We need try only those values which are factors of 6, ie. +1, 42, #3, 26, f()=2(1)? + (1)? - 131) +6=2+1-134+6=-440 JACI) =2(-1)? + (-)?- 13-1) +6 =-2 +1413 +6 = 18 +0 2)? + (2)? 13(2) +6= 16 +4 -26+6=0 is aroot 2 = x-2isafactor 3. Divide (2x° + x? - 13x +6) by (x-2) 4. Let2x?45x-3=0 2x24 Sx—3 Qx- Dux+3)=0 x-2 [2e8+x?- 13x46 2x-1=0° or 2x3 4x? or 5x 13 ‘Thus, the three roots of the equation 5x? = 10x 2x3 +x7-13x+6=0 -3x+6 are -3, } and 2. 3x46 0Rough graph of f(x) = 20° +x? 13146: Note: If we draw the graph of (fla) = 2x3 4x2 ~ 132-46 we can see that the roots of the equation f(x) =0 occur ‘where the graph of f(x) cuts the x-axis. L Exercise 2.6 Find the three linear factors of x? — x? ~ 14x + 24. Hence, solve the equation x? ~x?- 14x +24=0. Factorise 2x? ~x7- 2x +1. Hence solve the equation 2x3 + 1 =x? + 2x, Show that x = } isa root of the equation 2x? — 5x*— 4x +3=0 and find the other two roots. Show that x = 2 is a oot of the equation x? + 4x? — 11x - 2= 0 and find the other two roots, giving. your answer in the form a + Vb. If x = ~}is one root of the equation 2x? - 9x? + kx + 6 =O, find the value of k. Find the other two roots of the equation, Let pa) = ar? ~ 5x?— bx + 18. IF-2 and 3 are roots of the equation p(w If p(k) =0, k+-2, 3, find the value of k. If kis @ root of the equation 3x* + (+ 3)x?+ (7k 4k?)x—4=0, find the values of k. Find the values of the constants p, q and r for which (x 4)(x - 2)(x +p) =33- Tx?+ qx + r for all values of x © R. Using these values of q and r solve the equation x°~ 7x?4+-gx + r=0. 0, find the value of a and the value of b. ‘Verify that ~4p is a root of the equation x° + 3px? ~ 6p7x ~ 8p? = 0. Hence, or otherwise, find the three roots of x? + 3px*~ 6p?x - 8p? =0 in terms of p.