RESEARCH AND EDUCATION

Comparison of push-out bond strength of fiber-reinforced

composite resin posts according to cement thickness
Jun-Seong Park, DDS,a Jeong-Sub Lee, DDS, PhD,b Jeong-Won Park, DDS, PhD,c Won-Gyun Chung, DDS, PhD,d
Eun-Hee Choi, PhD,e and Yoon Lee, DDS, PhDf

In teeth with severe loss of ABSTRACT

dentin that require root canal Statement of problem. Post space size and cement thickness can differ because of variations in
treatment, dental posts are root canal morphology, such as an oval shape, and because the entire canal space cannot be
placed in the root canal to included in the post space preparation. As a result, increased cement thickness around the post
support the core material. The may affect the bond strength between the post and the dentin.
appropriate type of dental post Purpose. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the push-out bond strength of fiber-
depends on the condition of reinforced composite resin posts to root dentin with cement layers of varying thickness.
the tooth. For example, a cast-
Material and methods. Thirty human premolars were endodontically treated and restored with
metal post system may be
fiber-reinforced composite resin posts. Post space was prepared using a drill with a 1.5-mm
appropriate for teeth lacking diameter and diameters of 1.25 mm (small [S] group), 1.375 mm (medium [M] group), and 1.5
dentin structure, whereas an mm (large [L] group) were cemented. The specimens were sectioned horizontally into 1-mm-
amalgam foundation could thick slices, and the push-out bond strengths of the apical and coronal fragments were
be more appropriate for teeth evaluated. Bond strength was compared using analysis of variance and 2-sample t tests (a=.05).
with sufficient remaining Results. No significant differences were found in the debonding force and push-out bond strength
dentin structure.1 In recent among fiber-reinforced composite posts of different sizes (P>.05). The mean debonding force and
years, fiber-reinforced com- standard deviation of the posts were 25.05 ±9.52 N for the S group, 28.17 ±11.38 N for the M group,
posite resin posts have become and 33.78 ±12.47 N for the L group. The corresponding push-out bond strength values were 3.11
popular because of their ad- ±1.54 MPa, 3.39 ±1.4 MPa, and 4.15 ±1.75 MPa. The differences in debonding force between the
apical (26.43 ±10.72 N) and coronal (31.57 ±12.03 N) areas were not significant (P>.05). However,
vantageous mechanical prop-
the differences in push-out bond strength between the apical (4.27 ±1.73 MPa) and coronal
erties, such as stiffness that is areas (2.83 ±1.08 MPa) were significant (P<.05).
similar to dentin and relatively
low toxicity.2-6 Conclusions. The widening of post spaces and, consequently, the increased cement thickness do
not significantly affect the bond strength of fiber-reinforced composite resin posts to root dentin.
An additional advantage
(J Prosthet Dent 2017;118:372-378)
of fiber-reinforced composite
resin posts is the low risk of
root fracture.7-13 The modulus of elasticity of fiber- fracture than the root, so that the mode of failure is more
reinforced composite posts ranges from 16 to 40 GPa, favorable.15 Furthermore, the post-core tooth monoblock
which is similar to that of dentin.14 Consequently, the would theoretically facilitate stress reduction by homo-
fiber-reinforced composite resin post is more likely to geneously distributing functional loads.16

a
Resident, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
b
Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
c
Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
d
Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
e
Research Professor, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
f
Associate Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju,
Republic of Korea.

372 THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

September 2017 373

Medicine (number YWDR-15-6-068). Thirty human

Clinical Implications premolars that had been extracted for orthodontic treat-
Because the entire canal space cannot be included ment were stored at room temperature in saline solution
to keep the surface wet for less than 3 months.27,33 These
in the post space preparation, the cement thickness
premolars were sectioned below the cementoenamel
around the post may become larger than intended.
junction level with a slow-speed diamond saw. Only
However, widening post spaces does not affect the
those premolars with single root canals, as determined
bond strength between fiber-reinforced composite
from periapical radiographs, were selected for the study.
resin posts and root dentin.
Thirty teeth were endodontically treated and restored
with endodontic fiber-reinforced composite resin posts
(LuxaPost; DMG). The working length was set at 1 mm
Because fiber-reinforced composite resin posts vary in
above the anatomic apex. The root canal length for
terms of design and properties, the bonding of fiber-
endodontic treatment was standardized by sectioning the
reinforced composite resin posts to dentin is influenced
premolars below the cementoenamel junction to a length
by factors such as the luting material17-19 and the thick-
of 13 mm. The root canal was instrumented using ProFile
ness of the luting materials around the fiber-reinforced
Ni-Ti rotary instruments (Dentsply Sirona) up to #40
composite posts.20-22 Schmage et al23 reported the
size with 06 taper. The root canal was irrigated during
thickness of the luting material as one of the factors
endodontic treatment with 3 mL of 5.25% sodium
affecting the bond strength of fiber-reinforced composite
hypochlorite. After endodontic instrumentation, the
posts to root dentin. They recommended that the post
roots were obturated with gutta percha and a resin-based
space should be prepared to fit the post as exactly as
sealer (AH plus; Dentsply Sirona) using a continuous
possible, especially when using conventional posts
wave compaction technique.
cemented with zinc phosphate cement. In contrast,
The compositions of the materials used in this study
Coniglio et al24 and Er et al25 reported that the thickness
are shown in Table 1. After endodontic treatment, the
of the luting material did not affect the bond strength.
roots were separated into 3 groups (n=10), stored in
The size of the post space and the thickness of the
saline for 24 hours, and treated as follows.
cement can vary because the morphology of root canals
For the small (S) group, the gutta percha in the cor-
differs; for instance, some are oval-shaped, and the entire
onal area of the root was removed with a #2 Gates
canal space cannot be included in the post space prep-
Glidden bur. The post space was then prepared to a
aration.20,26 In addition, the post space is prepared with a
length of 8 mm using a green-colored LuxaPost prepa-
low-speed handpiece bur, and the vibration of the
ration drill with a diameter of 1.5 mm. It was then etched
handpiece and the blind preparation techniques used can
with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, rinsed with
cause the post space to widen more than originally
water, and gently dried. Dentin adhesion was accom-
intended. Few studies have investigated the effect of
plished using LuxaBond Total Etch (DMG). According to
different preparation sizes and, consequently, the
the manufacturer’s instructions, a drop of red liquid was
different thicknesses of luting material on the bond
applied to the post-space wall, and the post space was
strength of fiber-reinforced composite resin posts.
dried gently. Then, a drop each of the black and white
Different methods have been devised to test the bond
liquid was mixed and applied on both the post-space wall
strength of posts, including microtensile bond strength
and the surface of the post. Thereafter, the post space
tests and pull-out tests. Push-out tests have been
and the post were dried gently. LuxaCore Z Dual (DMG)
reported to be the most accurate and reliable and the
was injected into the post space, after which LuxaPost of
most appropriate method of measuring the retention of
1.25-mm in diameter (black) was inserted using a post-
the post.26,27 The bond strength is clinically important, as
insertion guide. LuxaCore Z Dual was light-
debonding of the post is the most common cause of
polymerized for 40 seconds at 1000 mW/cm2 (VALO
failure when fiber-reinforced posts are used.28-31 In
light irradiator; Ultradent Products Inc).
addition, proper adhesion at the post-resin interface
For the medium (M) group, the post spaces were
helps dissipate the stress generated during occlusion.32
prepared using a green LuxaPost preparation drill in a
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate
similar manner as that used in the S group. A LuxaPost of
the push-out bond strength of fiber-reinforced composite
1.375 mm in diameter (violet) was cemented as described
resin posts bonded to root dentin with different thick-
for the S group.
nesses of cement.
For the large (L) group, the post spaces were prepared
using a green LuxaPost preparation drill as described for
MATERIAL AND METHODS
group S. A LuxaPost of 1.5 mm in diameter (green) was
The study design was approved by the institutional review cemented according to the procedure described for the S
board of the Yonsei University Wonju College of group.

Park et al THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

374 Volume 118 Issue 3

Table 1. Compositions of materials used

Material Manufacturer Composition Lot No. Remark
LuxaPost DMG Bis-GMA-based quartz matrix 726451, 732102, Glass fiber presilanized
728230, 734874 surface
LuxaCore Z dual DMG Barium glass, pyrogenic silicic acid, nanofillers, and zirconium oxide in 737581
bis-GMA-based resin matrix
LuxaBond Total Etch DMG Prebond: ethanol aryl sulfonate solution 733637
LuxaBond A: hydrophilic bis-GMA-based resin matrix and catalyst
LuxaBond B: hydrophilic bis-GMA-based resin matrix and benzoyl peroxide

Bis-GMA, bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate.

c
a
a

b d

A B C D E
Figure 1. Specimen preparation. A, Root canal treatment completed and gutta percha in coronal area removed. B, Post space prepared with drill guide in
place; a, drill guide; b, post-preparation drill. C, Post-space preparation completed. D, Insertion guide placed above drill guide; a, drill guide; c, insertion
guide. E, Fiber-reinforced composite resin post cemented using LuxaBond Total Etch and LuxaCore Z Dual; d, fiber-reinforced composite resin post.

Insertion guides specifically designed for this study

were used to position the fiber-reinforced composite
resin post in the center of the post space (Fig. 1). These
insertion guides, fabricated using a digital design com-
puter program (3-maticSTL 7.0; Materialise) and a 3-
dimensional printer (ProJet 3510 MP; 3D Systems Inc)
were used for 2 different purposes (Fig. 2). The drill
guide was standardized to have an external diameter of 5
mm, a height of 1 mm, and an internal hole diameter of
1.5 mm. Although similar in appearance to the drill
guide, the insertion guide had varying internal diameters
(1.25, 1.375, and 1.5 mm). After preparation, the drill
guide was placed in the post space using a post-
preparation drill. When the drill was removed, the
insertion guide was placed above the drill guide by Figure 2. Three-dimensional (3D) design of insertion guide. Drill guide
precisely overlapping the external surfaces of the 2 manufactured using digital-design computer program and 3D printer. A,
guides. The guides and the root were fixed using sticky Standardized drill guide had external diameter of 5 mm, height of 1 mm,
wax. Thereafter, the fiber-reinforced composite resin and internal hole with diameter of 1.5 mm. B, Insertion guide, although
similar in appearance to drill guide, had internal hole diameters of 1.25
post could be positioned in the center of the post space
mm, 1.375 mm, or 1.5 mm.
and was cemented in place.
The specimens were sectioned horizontally into
1-mm-thick slices by using a low-speed diamond saw drills and fiber posts are shown in Figure 3. The push-
(Met-Saw; R&B Co Ltd). The coronal and apical parts out bond strength was tested using a universal testing
were further analyzed to evaluate the push-out bond machine (EZ-S; Shimadzu Scientific Instruments). The
strength. The dimensions of different post-preparation test was performed by directing the load from the apical

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY Park et al

September 2017 375

to the coronal direction at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/s

until bond failure occurred. The debonding force value (N)
of each section was divided by the post-dentin surface area
to calculate the push-out bond strength value (MPa). The
method of calculating the bond surface area has been
described in previous studies.34-37
After evaluation of the push-out bond strength,
specimens were analyzed using an optical microscope
(OPMI Pico; Carl Zeiss AG) to determine the mode of
failure in the apical and coronal areas. Failure modes
were divided into 5 categories12: adhesive failure,
occurring between the luting material and the fiber-
reinforced composite post; adhesive failure, occurring
between the luting material and dentin; cohesive failure
of the fiber-reinforced composite post, cohesive failure of
the luting material; and mixed type failure.
Data are expressed according to the properties of the
variable. Continuous variables are means ±SD. Cate-
gorical variables are frequencies and percentages.
A 2-sample t test or 1-way analysis of variance was
used to compare groups. Failure modes were analyzed
using the chi-square test (Fisher exact test) (a=.05). All
statistical analyses were conducted using software (SAS
v9.2; SAS Inc).

RESULTS
In the present study, debonding force and push-out bond
strength data were analyzed for 2 parameters: differences
in debonding force and push-out bond strength accord-
ing to the size of the fiber-reinforced composite posts
and differences in debonding force and push-out bond
strength between the apical and coronal areas.
No significant differences were detected in the
debonding force or the push-out bond strength among
fiber-reinforced composite resin posts of different sizes
(P>.05) (Table 2). The debonding force and the SD of the
coronal area (31.57 ±12.03 N) was greater than that of
the apical area (26.43 ±10.72 N), although the difference
was not significant (P>.05). A significant difference was
found in the mean push-out bond strength and SD be-
tween the apical (4.27 ±1.73 MPa) and coronal (2.83
±1.08 MPa) areas (P<.05) (Table 3).

Figure 3. A, Specimen preparation for push-out bond strength test.

Specimens sectioned horizontally into 1-mm-thick slices, with 0.3-mm-
thick saw; a, coronal; b, apical. Green, violet, and black areas below
represent corresponding post preparation drill and fiber-post
dimensions of small, medium, and large groups. Post and drill dimen-
sions at a and b shown in (B) and (C). Corresponding outer diameters are:
c=1.83 mm; d=1.73 mm; e=1.56 mm; f=1.41 mm; g=1.58 mm; h=1.68
mm; i=1.05 mm; j=0.95 mm; k=0.78 mm; l=0.63 mm; m=0.80 mm; n=0.90
mm.

Park et al THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY

376
Table 2. Comparison of debonding force with push-out bond strength of
fiber-reinforced composite posts according to size
Small Medium Large
Variable Diameter Diameter Diameter
Force (N) 25.05 ±9.52 28.17 ±11.38 33.78 ±12.47
Strength (MPa) 3.11 ±1.54 3.39 ±1.4 4.15 ±1.75
Data presented as mean ±standard deviation.
The failure modes of the specimens and chi-square
test (Fisher exact test) results are shown in Table 4. Ad-
hesive failure between the luting material and the fiber-
reinforced composite post or the luting material and
dentin occurred more frequently than mixed failure and
cohesive failure of the fiber-reinforced composite post or
the luting material. The chi-square test (Fisher exact test)
revealed no significant difference in the failure modes
between the coronal group and the apical group.
DISCUSSION
In a clinical setting, post space may eventually be wider
than originally intended, and this may adversely affect
the bond strength between the post and the root dentin.
In the present study, this situation was simulated by
intentionally preparing post spaces that were markedly
larger in diameter than the posts. Our results indicated
that a wider post space did not affect the bond strength
of the fiber-reinforced composite resin posts to root
dentin.
These results are consistent with those of previous
studies that investigated the bond strength of fiber-
reinforced composite resin posts. Previous studies on
the bond strength of fiber-reinforced composite resin
posts in oval-shaped canals have reported that the
thickness of the cement around the fiber-reinforced
composite resin post does not significantly affect the
bond strength of the posts.21,22,24
The results of the present study indicated that the
bond strength in the apical area is significantly higher
than that in the coronal area, which contradicts the
results of previous studies.7,27 According to Faria-e-silva
et al,19 light polymerization of both resin cement and
adhesive promotes bond strength in the coronal area,
whereas the difficulties inherent in moisture control and
light activation of adhesives in the apical area result in
low bond strength in that region. The discrepancy in the
results between the present and previous studies may be
due to the dual-polymerizing nature of the LuxaBond
Total Etch adhesive used in the present study. Dual-
polymerization may help to increase the degree of
polymerization in the apical area, where light polymeri-
zation is difficult. The autopolymerizing component is a
critical option for most, if not all, polymerization pro-
cesses involving adhesives of fiber-reinforced composite
resin posts.19 Furthermore, the fact that the dentin
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
Volume 118 Issue 3
Table 3. Comparison of debonding force with push-out bond strength of
fiber-reinforced composite resin posts between apical and coronal areas
Variable Apical Coronal P*
P Force (N) 26.43 ±10.72 31.57 ±12.03 .086
.051 Strength (MPa) 4.27 ±1.73 2.83 ±1.08 <.001
.106
Data presented as mean ±standard deviation. *Statistically significant differences
(P<.05).
Table 4. Fracture modes at apical and coronal areas
Fracture Mode
Type of Fracture 1 2 3 4 5 P
Apical 10 (43.48) 19 (55.88) 1 (50) - - .707
Coronal 13 (56.52) 15 (44.12) 1 (50) - 1 (100)
Total 23 (38.33) 34 (56.67) 2 (3.33) - 1 (3.33)
Data presented as n (%). Fracture more: 1, adhesive failure between luting material and
fiber-reinforced composite resin post; 2, adhesive failure between luting material and
dentin; 3, cohesive failure of fiber-reinforced composite resin post; 4, cohesive failure of
luting material; 5, mixed type fracture.
surface area in the apical region is much smaller than in
the coronal region may be one reason for the higher
bond strength values observed in the apical region.
The bond strength values recorded in the present
study are lower than those reported in existing studies of
the push-out bond strength of fiber-reinforced composite
posts,24,25,36,37 and part of this discrepancy may be
attributed to the lack of additional silane treatment, as
38% of the failure occurred at the interface between the
luting material and fiber post. The use of silane coupling
agents in fiber-reinforced composite resin posts pro-
motes bond strength between inorganic surfaces and
polymeric molecules.11 However, in the present study,
additional silane treatment was omitted because, ac-
cording to the manufacturer, LuxaPost is presilanized.
However, Park et al13 reported that the use of additional
silane treatment on the LuxaPost can increase bond
strength.
Adhesive failure between the luting material and
dentin was the most frequent mode of failure encoun-
tered in the present study (Table 4). In addition, adhesive
failure was more frequent than cohesive failure, which is
consistent with the findings of previous studies.12,25,34
The relatively low bond strength of fiber-reinforced
composite resin posts observed in the present study
may be attributed to several factors, such as the dentin
debris remaining on the canal walls after instrumenta-
tion25 and the absence of additional surface treatment
during cementation in the present study.
Our results indicate that the increase in post space
does not significantly affect the bond strength of fiber-
reinforced composite resin posts. Because dislodge-
ment of the post is a frequent mode of failure with fiber
posts, push-out bond strength is an important clinical
factor.28-31 In addition, the bond strength of fiber post
contributes to the reinforcement of roots during
Park et al
September 2017
Figure 4. Fiber-reinforced composite resin post positioned in center of
post space and cemented in position using insertion guide; (a) fiber
reinforced composite resin post; (b) luting material.
endodontic treatment. Boschian et al10 have reported
that effective bonding of posts can decrease the stress
placed on the root canal walls, thus reducing the risk of
root fracture.
A standardized method for storing teeth for use in
studies investigating their physical or chemical prop-
erties has not yet been established. Possible storage
media include Hanks’ balanced salt solution, saline,
ethanol, deionized water, and distilled water. However,
there is no ideal method for storing teeth that satisfies
all considerations. Because teeth are always in contact
with saliva in oral conditions, it is generally recom-
mended that they are stored in a solution and kept
wet.33 In the present study, the extracted teeth were
stored in saline solution at room temperature, according
to the method described in a similar investigation by
Goracci et al.27
In a previous study that evaluated bond strength of
posts in over-sized dowel spaces, root canal filling was
not performed, and the procedure was not designed to
place the post in the middle of the prepared post space.23
In the present study, root canal treatment was performed
before cementing the fiber-reinforced composite resin
post to simulate the clinical conditions as closely as
possible. In addition, in order to evaluate bond strength
values accurately, uniform cement thickness was main-
tained among all specimens by means of insertion guides
specifically designed for positioning the post in the center
of the post space (Fig. 4).
However, despite these considerations, the major
limitation of laboratory studies is that they do not fully
replicate the variables encountered in a clinical setting. In
addition, the dimensions used to calculate the push-out
bond strength were not directly measured from the
specimens but were inferred from the post drill di-
mensions. The dentin-post interfacial area may have
been larger in reality because of variations in root canal
Park et al
377
morphology. In the present study, the specimens were
not aged before the evaluation of push-out bond
strength. Thermal and load cycling methods that affect
the adhesive interface should be included in future
studies evaluating bond strength. The application of
different posts, adhesives, and cements should also be
considered.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of this in vitro study, the following
conclusions were drawn:
1. Widening of post spaces and the consequent in-
crease in cement thickness did not affect the bond
strength of fiber-reinforced composite resin posts to
root dentin.
2. A significant difference was found in the mean
push-out bond strength and standard deviation
between the apical and coronal areas.
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