19.

4𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑦 = 0 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4 + 2𝑥 + 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥
0
𝑑𝑦
(4 + 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑦 ) = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 4+2𝐶 𝑒 2𝑦
1
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 4+2(−𝑥 2 −4𝑦−1)
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 4−2𝑥2 −8𝑦−2
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑥2 −8𝑦+2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2 +8𝑦−2
𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑥
La ecuación diferencial de la familia de curvas ortogonales es:
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2 +8𝑦−2
𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑥
1
[(2𝑥 2 + 8𝑦 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑦]
2
(𝑥 2
+ 4𝑦 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑀 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 − 1 𝑁=𝑥
𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑁
𝑑𝑦
=4 𝑑𝑥
=1 : no es exacta
𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑁
− 4−1 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= = → 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑁 𝑥 𝑥
µ(𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
µ(𝑥) = 𝑒 3 ∫ 𝑥
µ(𝑥) = 𝑒 3 ln |𝑥|
µ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 → 𝐹. 𝐼
𝑥 3 [(𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦] = 0
(𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑁
= 4𝑥 3 = 4𝑥 3 : La E.D. es exacta
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑓
= 𝑥4
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑓
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑦
4
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝜙(𝑥)
𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝜙´(𝑥)
4𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝜙´(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑥 3
𝜙´(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 3
∫ 𝜙´(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 3
1 1
𝜙(𝑥) = 6 𝑥 6 − 4 𝑥 4
1 1
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = [𝑥 4 𝑦 + 6 𝑥 6 − 4 𝑥 4 ] 2
1 1
2𝑥 4 𝑦 + 3 𝑥 6 − 2 𝑥 4 = 𝐶2
20. 𝑦 = −𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= −1 + 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −1 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
=𝑦+𝑥
La ecuación diferencial de la familia de curvas ortogonales es:
𝑑𝑦 −1
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦+𝑥

𝑢 = 𝑦+𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= +1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
−1=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 −1
−1=
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 −1
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑢 +1
𝑑𝑢 −1+𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
=
−1+𝑢 𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ −1+𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 |𝑢 − 1
−𝑢+1 1
1
| 1 → 1 + 𝑢−1
1
∫ (1 + 𝑢−1) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢−1 = 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑢 + ln|𝑢 − 1| − 𝑥 − 𝐶2 = 0
𝑦 + 𝑥 + ln |𝑦 + 𝑥 − 1| − 𝑥 − 𝐶2
ln|𝑦 + 𝑥 − 1| + 𝑦 − 𝐶2