Civil Enginnering Paper I PDF

Mains Exam
Solution
CIVIL ENGINEERING - Paper I
1.(a) (i) Explain briefly the various tests conducted on Bricks mentioning the relevant codal
provisions.
[8 Marks]
Sol. The various tests conducted on Bricks are following:

1. Compressive Strength test
 Bricks are often subjected to large compressive stresses.
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 Compressive stresses of bricks provides a basics of comparison of quality of bricks, but it is of
little value in determining the strength of wall, as strength of wall mainly depends on the strength
of mortar.
 Any unevenness observed on the bed faces of brick is removed by grinding to provide two smooth
parallel faces.
 It is then immersed in water at room temperature for 24 hours.
 The frog and all voids in the bed faces of brick are filled flush with cement mortar (1 cement, 1

3 days.
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clean coarse sand of grade 3mm and down)
It is then stored under the damp jute bags for 24 hours followed by immersion in clean water for
The specimen is then placed with flat faces horizontal and mortar filled face facing upwards
between plates of the testing machine.
 Load is then applied axially at a uniform rate of 14 MPa per minute till failure occurs and maximum
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load at failure is noted.
 Compressive strength is given by
Maximum load at failure
Compressive strength =
loaded area of brick
 Average of five results is noted.
2. Water Absorption Test
 Water absorption of bricks depends on their porosity. Almost all bricks absorbs water by capillary
action.
 But porosity and water absorption does not give proper indication as to whether brick work can
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keep away the rain water and protect the interior from dampness travelling from outside.
 Permeability measures the travel of moisture through a brick.
 Percentage of water absorption gives indication of compactness which is obtained from burning.
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(Vitrification in real sense).

 Absorption can be broken into two categories
(a) Absorption (b) Initial rate of absorption (IRA)
Both are important in selecting the appropriate brick.
A. Absorption
(i) 24 Hour Immersion Cold water Test

 
Dry bricks are kept in oven 110  5 C  till it attains constant mass.
 After cooling the bricks to room temperature its weight is recorded as W1 .
 Now bricks are immersed in water at a temperature of 27   2 C for 24 hours.

 Bricks are then taken out of water and wiped with a damp cloth and weighted as W2 .
W2  W1
Water absorption in (W24 ) %   100
W1
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Mains Exam
Solution
(ii) 5 Hours Boiling Water Test
 Weight of the oven dried bricks (W 1) is recorded as above. Then the specimen is immersed in the
water and heated to boiling in one hour and boiled continuously for five hours, followed by cooling
down to 27° ± 2°C by natural loss of heat within 16–19 hours. Then bricks is taken out of water
and wiped with a damp cloth and the weight is recorded as W 3.
W3  W1
The water absorption in % =  100
W1
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 These two are used to calculate the saturation coefficient by dividing the 24-hour cold-water
absorption (W 24) by the 5-hour boiling water absorption (W 5). The saturation coefficient is used to
help predict durability.
B. Initial rate of absorption
1. The initial rate of absorption or suction is the rate of how much water a brick draws in during the
2.
3.
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first minute after contact with water.
The suction has a direct bearing on the bond between brick and mortar.
When a brick has high suction, a strong, watertight joint may not be achieved. High suction brick
should be wetted for three to 24 hours prior to laying to reduce the suction and allow the brick’s
surface to dry.
4. Very low suction brick should be covered and kept dry on the jobsite.
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Note:  Generally bricks are soaked in water before use in masonry work so that they do not absorb water from cement.
 Average water absorption shall not be more than 20% by weight upto class 12.5 and 15% by weight for higher
classes.
 For water absorption less than 5% , danger of frost action is negligible.
3. Efflorescence Test
 Ends of the brick are kept in a standard porcelain or glass dish (180 mm × 180mm × 40 mm for
square shaped) depth containing 25 mm depth of water at room temperature (20°–30°C) till the
entire water is absorbed or evaporated. The room should be well ventilated.
 Water is again filled to 25 mm depth in the dish and allowed to be absorbed by the brick or
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evaporated. Cover the dish with suitable glass cylinder to avoid excessive evaporation.
 Bricks are examined after second evaporation and area of white patches is measured on the brick.
 Presence of efflorescence is classified as
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1. Nil — Deposit of efflorescence is imperceptible.

2. Slight — Deposit of efflorescence does not cover more than 10 per cent of the exposed area of
the brick.
3. Moderate — Deposit of efflorescence is more than 10 per cent but less than 50% of the exposed area
of the brick.
4. Heavy — Deposit of efflorescence is more than 50 per cent but the deposits do not powder
or flake away the brick surface.
5. Serious — Deposits are heavy with powdering or flaking the surface.
Note: The specifications limit the efflorescence to be not more than moderate (10–50%) up to class 12.5 and not more
than slight (<10%) for higher classes.
Mains Exam
Solution
1(a) (ii) Explain the products of hydration of C3S and C2S (Bogues compounds) giving the
relevant equations involving the reactions.
[4 Marks]
Sol. Hydration of silicate is given by following equation
 2C3S  6H  C3S2H3  3Ca(OH)2
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 2C2S  4H  C3S2H3  Ca(OH)2
 From these two above equations it can be seen that hydration of C3S produce lesser calcium
silicate hydrates (C–S–H) and more Ca(OH)2 as compared to the hydration of C2S.
 Since Ca(OH)2 is not a desirable product in the concrete mass because it is soluble in water and
gets leached out making the concrete porous, particularly in hydraulic structure, that’s why cement
with small percentage of C3S and more C2S is recommmended for use in hydraulic structure.

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Ca(OH)2 reacts with sulphate present in soil or water to form CaSO4 which further reacts with C3A
and forms calcium sulphoaluminate (ettringite) which causes volume expansion such that expanded
volume is approximately 227% of the volume of original aluminates, thus resulting in crack and
subsequent disruption.
 The only advantage of Ca(OH)2 is that being alkaline in nature maintain PH  13 in concrete which
resist the corrosion of reinforcement.
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1.(b) (i) Explain the following defects in timber with neat sketches :
(A) Shakes (B) Knots
[4 Marks]
Sol. (A) Shakes

 It is longitudinal separations (cracks) in the wood
between the annular rings. Heart Shakes
 This lengthwise separations reduce the allowable
shear strength without much effect on compressive
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and tensile strength.

 Wood appearance becomes undesirable.
(i) Heart Shake :
Heart Shakes
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 It occurs due to shrinkage of heartwood, (interior of

a tree) when tree is overmatured.
 Cracks start from pith and run towards sapwood.
 These are wider at centre and diminish outwards.
Cup Shakes
(ii) Cup Shake :
 It appears as curved split which partly or wholly

separates annual rings from one another.
 It is caused due to excessive frost action or non-
uniform growth. Cup Shakes
Mains Exam
Solution
(iii) Star shake :
Star Shakes
 It is radial splits or cracks wide at circumference
(bark) and diminishing towards the centre of the
tree.
 It is confined usually to sapwood thus giving star
apperance at the end of a piece.
 This may arise from severe frost and fierce heat of Star Shakes
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sun. Star shakes appear as the wood dries below
the fibre saturation point.
 It is fault leading to separation of log into number
of pieces when sawn.
Ring Shake
(iv) Ring shake :
 When cup shakes cover the entire ring, they are known as the ring
shakes.
(v) Radial Shake :

ST Ring Shake
 These are similar to star shakes. But they are fine, irregular and
numerous.
 This split starts from bark and sapwood and extends to the
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heartwood and pitch
 These defect occurs when outer tissues dry at faster rate than
inner ones. this defect can also occur during seasoning process
due to excessive heart of sun or cold of frost. Radial shake
(B) Knots
 These are the bases of branches or limbs which are broken or cut, encased by the wood of the
free trunk.
Knot
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Knot
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 Knots are formed in timber when tree lose its branch. When the tree grows further and puts on
more wood, the stumps of these branches which have fallen off are covered and appear as knots
in the sawn pieces of timber.
 As continuity of wood fibres is broken by knots they form a source of weakness and reduces the
workability of timber.
1(b) (ii) A compound tube consists of a steel tube 150 mm internal diameter and 170 mm
external diameter and a brass tube of 170 mm internal diameter and 190 mm external
diameter. The two tubes are of the same length. The compound tube carries an axial
load of 1000 kN. Find the stresses and the load carried by each tube and the amount
it shortens. Length of each tube is 140 mm. Take E for steel as 2×105 N/mm12 and for
brass as 1×105 N/mm2.
[8 Marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol. Given data
1000 KN
190 mm
170 mm
140 mm
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150 mm
Steel
Brass
1000 KN
P = 1000 kN
ST
L = 140 mm
ES =
Eb =
2  105 N mm 2
1 10 5 N mm 2

AS = 170 2  150 2   5026.55mm 2
4
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
Ab = 190 2  170 2   5654.867mm2
4
Using equilibrium equation
PS + Pb = 1000 ..(i)
Using compatibility equation
S = b
PSlS Pblb
=
S
A SES A bEb
PS  140 Pb  140
=
5026.55  2  105 5654.867  1 105
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PS = 1.778Pb ..(ii)
(i) From eqn. (i) and (ii), we get
PS = 640 KN
Pb = 360 KN
PS 640  10 3 2
(ii) So stress in steel S  A  5026.55  127.32N mm
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Pb 360  10 3 2
Stress in bras b  A  5654.867  63.66N mm
b
PslS 640  103  140

(iii)  b   S  A E  5026.55  2  105  0.089mm
S S
Mains Exam
Solution
1.(c) (i) On a steel bar specimen of 15 mm diameter and 150 mm gauge length, when tested
as a tensile test specimen, a force of 15 kN produces an extension of 0.063 mm. When
the specimen of same diameter and same length is tested under torsion, a twisting
moment of 6.94 Nm produces an angular twist of 0.15°. Determine the Poisson’s ratio
of the material of the bar.
[4 Marks]
ER
Sol. Given data
Diameter (D) = 15 mm
Gauge length (L) = 150 mm
Load (P) = 15 kN
Axial deflection (  ) = 0.063 mm
Torsion (T) = 6.94 N-m
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Twisting angle (  ) = 0.15°=2.618×10–3 rad.
Axial Deflection (  ) =
Pl
AE
15  10 3  150
0.063 = 
 15 2  E
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E = 202.1 103 N mm 2
Using Torsion Formula
T G
=
J L
6.94  103
 G  2.618  10 3
  15 4 =
150
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 G = 80  10 3 N mm 2
We know,
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E = 2G 1   
202.1 103 = 2  80  103 1   

 = 0.263
1(c) (ii) Direct stresses of 120 MN/m2 in tension and 90 MN/m2 in compression are applied to
an elastic material at a certain point on planes at right angles to each other. If the
maximum principal stress is not to exceed 150 MN/m2 in tension, to what shearing
stress can the material be subjected ? What is then the maximum resulting shearing
stress in the material ? Also find the magnitude of the other principal stress and its
inclination to 120 MN/m2 stress.
[8 Marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol.
90 MPa
xy
120 MPa 120 MPa
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90 MPa
(i) Given
1  150 MPa
x  y 1


2
120  90 1
2


2
2
 x  y 
120  90 2  42xy
2
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 42xy  150
 150
 xy  84.85 MPa
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1 2
(ii) Maximum shear stress ( max ) =
2
x  y   4  2xy
1
= 120  90  2  4  84.85 2
2
= 135 MPa
(iii) Other principal stress
1   2 = x  y
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150  2 = 120 – 90
 2 = –120 MPa
Again we know,
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2 xy
tan2P =  x  y
2  135
 tan2P =
120   90 
P = 26.06°
Mains Exam
Solution
90 MPa
26.6°
120 MPa 120 MPa

120 MPa
150 MPa
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150 MPa
120 MPa
So, inclination of minor principal stress with 120 MPa is ( 26.06   90  116.06  ) in anti-clockwise direction
1.(d) A beam of uniform cross-section and of length 2L is simply supported by rigid supports at
its ends and by an elastic prop at its centre. If the prop deflects by an amount  times the
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load it carries and if the beam carries a total uniformly distributed load of W, find the
load carried by the prop if EI is constant throughout the length of beam.
[12 Marks]
Sol. Given,
W/2L
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L L
EI = Constant
Total uniformly distributed load = W
R
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Let the deflection at elastic prop be , then according to question,
 = .R
From compatibility condition :
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W
5.   2L  4
2L R.  2L  3
 .R =
384EI 48EI
5WL3  L3 
or, = R  
48EI  6EI 
5WL3
48EI  5WL3
R =
L 3  8  L3  6EI
  
 6EI 
Mains Exam
Solution
1.(e) A water main of 1200 mm internal diameter and 12 mm thick is running full. If the
bending stress is not to exceed 56 MPa, find the longest span on which the pipe may be
freely supported. Steel and water weight 76.8 kN/m3 and 10 kN/m3 respectively.
[12 Marks]
Sol.
12 mm
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1200 mm
ST
Let the unsupported length = lm
and the water main is simply supported
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 2   
 The total load =  4  1.2   l  10    4 1.224 2  1.22   l  76.8 
= 11.31l  3.51l  kN  14.82l kN
 14.82l 
 Uniformly distributed (w) =  l  kN/m  14.82kN m
And it can be represented as

w = 14.82 kN/m
l
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 wl 2   14.82 l 2 
The maximum BM occurs at midspan =    kNm
 8   8 
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The mid-span section can be represented as

12 mm
BMmax
120 mm
The maximum bending stress occurs at the outer surface of the water main and the stress value is obtained
from the flexural formula.
Mains Exam
Solution
Outer diamter 
BM max   
max =  2 
I
I = M.O.I. of cross-section

= 1224  4  1200  4  mm 4
64 
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= 8.39  109 mm 4
And outer dia. = 1200  2  12   1224mm
 14.82  l 2  6  1224  mm
   10 Nmm   
 max =  8   2 
8.39  109 mm 4
As per question,
ST = 135.129  10 3 l 2 N mm2
Allowable bending stress = 56 MPa
 135.129l 2  103 MPa  56MPa

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 56 
 l2   3 
 135.129  10 
 56   1 m
 l   
 135.129  10 3
 l  20.357 m
Therefore the longest span on which pipe may freely supported = 20.357 m
2.(a) (i) How is the presence of surface oxide film responsible for excellent corrosion resistance
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of Aluminium ?
[4 Marks]
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Sol. Aluminium has remarkable corrosion resistance due to thin surface layer of aluminium oxide that forms
when the the metal is exposed to air, effectively preventing further oxidation. This pheonomen is called
passivation. Stronger the aluminium-copper alloy, lesser the corrosion resistance due to galvanic
reactions with alloyed copper.
2.(a) (ii) What are the various factors that promote the Alkali Aggregate Reaction ? How can
this be controlled ?
[8 Marks]
Sol. Alkali aggregate reaction (AAR) is a chemical reaction of alkali in concrete and certain alkaline reactive
minerals is aggregate producing a hygroscopic gel which, when moisture present, absorbs water and
expand. This gel expansion causes cracking in the concrete.
Mains Exam
Solution
Factors promoting alkali-aggregate reaction are:
(i) Reactive type aggregate:The petrographic examination of thin rock sections may also immensely
help to asses the potential reactivity of the aggregate. This test often requires to be supplemented
by other tests.
(ii) High alkali content in cement: The high alkali content in cement is one of the most important
factors contributing to the alkali-aggregate reaction.
(iii) Availability of moisture: Progress of chemical reactions involving alkali-aggregate reaction in
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concrete requires the presence of water. It has been seen in the field and laboratory that lack of
water greatly reduces this kind of deterioration.
(iv) Optimum temperature conditions: The ideal temperature for the promotion of alkali-aggregate
reaction is in the range of 10 to 38°C. If the temperatures condition is more than or less than the
above, it may not provide an ideal situation for the alkali-aggregate reaction.
2(a) (iii) Describe the thermal and electrical properties of ceramics.
Sol. Thermal properties of ceramic:

ST
Thermal capacity, conductivity and resistance to shocks need to be considered while using a ceramic.
[8 Marks]
The specific heat for refractories to be used in regenerator chambers should be more. The heat for
refractories to be used in regenerator chamber should be more. The heat in ceramics is conducted by
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photon conductivity and by the interaction of lattice vibration. The ceramic materials do not have enough
free electrons to bring out electronic thermal conductivity. At high temperatures, conduction takes place
by transfer of radian energy. The thermal conductivity of refractories should be minimum for lining and
maximum for crucibles and retorts.
Electrical Properties of ceramic:
Ceramic materials have no free electrons so they have low electrical conductivity. However, at high
temperatures the ionic diffusion is acclerated.
Clay displays a very high dielectric constant – a property of material related to its behvaour when
located within an electric field between two electrodes – under static conditons. However, for alternating
current, the dielectric constant in clay arises from ion and electron movement.
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2.(b) (i) Three vertical rods carry a tensile load of 100 kN. Area of cross-section of each rod
is 500 mm2. Their temperature is raised by 60°C and the load is now so adjusted that
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they extend equally. Determine the load shared by each. The outer two rods are of
steel and the middle one is of brass.
ES  2E B  210GPa.  S  11  10 6 C ;  B  18  10 6 C
[12 Marks]
Sol. Given
(1) (2) (3)
100 kN
Mains Exam
Solution
Area, A = 500 mm2
Change in temperature, T = 60°C
And Elongation of Bar (1), (2) and (3)
1 = 2  3
Es = 2EB = 210 GPa
s = 11 × 10–6/°C
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B = 18 × 10–6/°C
Let the load shared by outer steel bars be ‘PS’ and that shared by middle brass bar is ‘PB’
So, under equilibrium,
2PS  PB = 100 kN ...(i)
Now, Elongation of outer steel bars,
ST 1 = 3  (load)  (rise in temperature)
PS  l
= A E  l s T [ li  l2  l3  l]
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Also elongation of inner brass bar

2 = (load)  (rise in temperature)
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PBl
2 = A E  l B T
B
According to question
1 = 2
PS  l PBl
  l s  T =  lB T
A Es A EB
PS PB
  11 106  60 =  18  106  60
S
3 3
500  210  10 500  105  10
 PS – 2PB = 44100 N ... (2)
On solving equation (1) and equation (2), we get
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PS  48.82 kN
PB  2.36 kN Ans.
2.(b) (ii) A solid steel shaft has to transmit 75 kW at 200 rpm. Taking allowable shear stress as
70 N/mm2, find suitable diameter for the shaft, if the maximum torque transmitted at
each revolution exceeds the mean by 30%.
[8 Marks]
Sol. Given,
Power transmitted = 75 kW
Speed (N) = 200 rpm
Mains Exam
Solution
 200  2 
rotational Speed (  ) =   rad sec
 60 
= 20.944rad sec
Allowable shear stress ( per ) = 70 N/mm2
Also, Maximum Torque transmitted = 1.3  Tmean
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Let, the dia. of shaft = d mm
Also, Power = Tmean × 
 75  103 = Tmean   20.944 
 Tmean = 3.58 kN-m
 Maximum torque transmitted (Tmax) = 1.3  Tmean

ST
Tmax = 1.3  3.58 kN-m
Tmax = 4.654 kN-m
d
Tmax   
 2  per
J
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d
Tmax 
2
  4  per
d
32
16  4.654  10 6
 70
  d3
d  69.7 mm
The suitable diameter of shaft would be 69.7 mm.
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2.(c) A uniformly distributed load of 40 kN/m and 5 m long crosses a simply supported beam of
span 15 from left to right. Draw the influence line diagram for shear force and bending
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moment at a section 6 m from left end. Use these diagrams to get the maximum shear force
and bending moment at this section.
[20 Marks]
Sol.
40 kN/m
5m
C B
z=6m
L = 15 m
Mains Exam
Solution
The beam is shown in Figure. For point C, which is at z = 6 m from A, ILD for shear force FC and bending
moment MC are to be found.
ILD for FC : ILD ordinate at just to the left of C is
z 6
=     0.4
L 15
40 kN/m
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0.6 5m
3
0.667
0.4
5m
ST Load position for maximum +ve and (-ve) FC

x
5m
Y1 YC Y2
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Load position for maximum MC

ILD ordinate at just to right of C
L  z 15  6
=   0.6
L 15
ILD for FC is as shown in Figure
At C, negative S.F. is maximum when the head of load touches C. At this time, tail of the udl is at a
distance of 1 m from A as shown in Figure. Ordinate under tail end of load is
S
1
= × 0.4 = 0.0667
6
 0.0667  0.4 
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 Negative maximum FC = 40 × 
2   5 = 46.67 kN
 
For maximum positive S.F. at C, tail of the load should be at C as shown in Figure. Ordinate under head
to the load
4
=  0.6  0.267
9
 Maximum positive SF = 40 × Area of ILD under the load
0.6  0.267
= 40   5 = 86.67 kN
2
Maximum shear force at C = 86.67 kN
ILD for moment at C is as shown in Figure in which
Mains Exam
Solution
z(L  z) 6  9
yC =  = 3.6
L 15
For maximum moment, load position should be such that the section divides the load in the same ratio
as it divides the span. Referring to Figure.
x 6
=
5x 9
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or 9x = 30 – 6x
or x = 2 m
 6 2 4
y1 =   yC   3.6  2.4
 6  6
y2 will be same as y1
Maximum moment = w × Area of ILD for MC under the loaded length
ST  2.4  3.6 
= 40 

= 600 kNm
2 
 3.6  2.4  
2  
 2
  3
 
3.(a) (i) Describe the various tests performed to assess the suitability of Lime as a cementing
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material.
[8 Marks]
Sol. The tests generally performed on lime can be classified as: laboratory tests and field tests.
Laboratory tests
IS : 6920- 1973 has specified ten laboratory tests for limes. The most commonly used tests are:
Test 1: Loss on Ignition Test (LO/) The LOI test can be conducted to monitor the relative degree of
calcination. It is also used in the testing stage to compare LOI of limestone from different deposits. It
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should be accompanied by a thorough visual inspection regarding over-burnt and under-burnt stone. Loss
on ignition consists of strongly heating a sample of the material at a specified temperature, allowing
volatile substances to escape, until its mass ceases to change. The simple test typically consists of
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placing a few grams of the material in a tare, pre-ignited crucible and determining its mass, placing it
in a temperature-controlled furnace for a set time, cooling it in a controlled (e.g., water-free, CO2 free)
atmosphere, and re-determining the mass. The process may be repeated to show that mass-change is
complete.
Test 2: Soundness Test The soundness test is a very simple but important test. Its purpose is to
determine how effectively the quicklime slakes. Small cores of over-burnt material may be present in the
lime hydrate. They will slake very slowly. If a lime containing such cores is used in a plaster, at some
future time the core will slake in the wall causing the material around it to pop out, hence the commonly
known defect popping. To avoid this defect, the lime hydrate supplied must be completely slaked, without
any core of over-burnt material. This test is used to control the quality of lime produced during the course
of production.
Test 3: Reactivity Assessment of Quicklime The addition of water to quicklime to produce a lime
hydrate results in the evolution of heat. Lightly burnt quicklime will evolve heat, i.e., react. at a faster
Mains Exam
Solution
rate than will the hard over-burnt quicklime. This phenomenon is used in this test to monitor the reactivity
and hence the degree of burning of the quicklime produced. It is also used in comparing limestones from
different deposits for the purpose of selection.
Test 4: Determination of Available Lime by the Rapid Sugar Test This method consists in taking
500 g sieved hydrated lime sample in a flask containing 20 ml distilled water. The corked flask is swirled
and heated for two minutes. To this is added 150 ml water and 15 g granulated sugar and flask re-corked
and shaken at intervals for five minutes. The solution is allowed to stand for 30 minutes to one hour. The
solution in the flask is titrated with the standard HCI solution with two drops phenolphthalein using
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standard procedure. The reading is noted; I ml of acid solution is equivalent to one per cent available
lime expressed CaO.
Field Tests
IS 1624-1974 has specified a number of simple field tests for the limes. They can be readily performed.
Visual Examination Class C lime should be pure white in colour.
ST
Hydrochloric Acid Test The test consists in pouring ½ N hydrochloric acid to lime sample, measuring
levelled tablespoonful, taken in a test-tube till effervescence ceases (about 100 ml acid would be
required).
The sample is left standing for 24 hours. Bubbling action will indicate presence of lime and volume of
insoluble residue the unwanted inert material (adulteration) in the lime. The following observations would
helpful:
I. Formation of good thick gel which does not flow when test-tube is inverted indicates class-A lime.
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2. Formation of flowing gel indicates class-B lime.

3. No gel formation indicates c1ass-C lime.
Ball Test A ball, about the size of an egg, made of the lime sample with just enough water is stored
for six
hours and then placed in a basin of water. The following inferences can be drawn:
1. Expansion and disintegration of ball in a few minutes of its placement in water indicates c1ass-C lime.
2. Little expansion with a number of cracks in the ball indicates class-B lime.
3. No adverse effect indicates that lime belongs to Class-A category.
Impurity Test A known weight of lime sample is mixed with water in a beaker and the solution is
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decanted. The residue is dried well in hot sun for eight hours and then weighed. If the residue is less
than 10 percent then the lime is good; 10 to 20 percent it is fair and above 20 percent it is poor.
Plasticity Test Lime sample is mixed with water to a thick paste and left overnight. It is spread on a
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blotting paper like butter with a knife to test its plasticity. Good lime is plastic in nature.
Workability Test To judge the workability of lime sample 1 : 3 lime-sand mortar is prepared and thrown
on a brick wall by a trowel; if it sticks well, its workability is good.
3.(a) (ii) The strength of a sample of fully matured concrete is found to be 50 MPa. Find the
strength of identical concrete at the age of 7 days when cured at an average temperature
of 25°C during day time and 15°C during the night time. Take constants A and B as
32 and 54 respectively. These are the Plowman’s Coefficients for Maturity Equation.
[12 Marks]
Sol. Maturity of concrete at the age of

7 days = (time  temperature)
M = t  (T  Tc )
Tc = Temperature at which maturity of concrete cease (–11°C)
Mains Exam
Solution
= 7 × 12 × [25 – (–11] + 7 × 12 × [15 – (–11)]
= 7 × 12 × 36 + 7 × 12 × 26
= 5208°C hour.
(5208)
 The percentage strength of concrete at maturity of 5208° C hour = A  B log10
103
[ The value of Plowman’s coefficient A and B are 32 and 54 given]
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 5208 
= 32  54 log10  
 1000 
= 70.7%
 70.7 
 Strength at 7 days =  50   MPa
 100 
= 35.35 Mpa
3.(b) (i)
ST
What combination of Principal stresses will give the same factor of safety for failure
by yielding according to the maximum shear stress theory and distortion energy theory.
Consider only a two dimensional case.
[10 Marks]
MA
Sol. Let the major and minor principal stresses are ( 1 ) and (  2 ) respectively. As 2 dimensional condition
is assumed, so 3  0 .
Here two cases arise :

Case I : The two principal stresses are unlike stresses.
Case II : The two principal stresses are like stresses.
Case I :
Maximum shear stress theory :
 fy 
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 1   2 1 2   
Maximum of  , ,  =  FOS 
 2 2 2 
2
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 fy 
 1   2   
   =  FOS  ...(1)
 2 
2
Maximum distortion energy theory :
2
 fy 
1 
   2    2  3    3  1   =  FOS 
12G  1
2 2 2
...(2)
6G
Putting,  fy FOS  value from eqn. (1) to eqn. (2), we get
1   1   2 2
    2 2    2 2   1 2  =
12  1 6
2 2
  1   2   12   22 = 2  1   2 
Mains Exam
Solution
 1   2 2  12   22 = 0
 21 2  0
 The product of principal stresses is zero, which means either 1 or 2 or both are zero. Therefore,
it can not result, in a two dimensional stress condition. Hence, case two will exist.
Case II :
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Maximum shear stress theory :
 fy 
 1   2 1  2   
Maximum of  , ,  =  FOS 
 2 2 2  2
 fy 
 ST
 1 
  =
 2

2

 FOS  ....(3)
 fy 
Putting, value of   from eqn. (3) to eqn. (2), we have
 FOS 
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1
     2     2     2  =  1 2
12  1 2 2 1 
6G
  1  2 2   1 2   2 2 = 2  1 
2
 222  21 2 = 0
  2  1
Hence, both stress should be equal and like stresses

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3.(b) (ii)
4 mm
P Strain Gauge
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4 mm
F
12 mm
Strain
Gauge
100 m
200 mm 200 mm
4 mm
12 mm
A small T-section is used in inverted positions as a beam and is shown in figure over
Mains Exam
Solution
a span of 400 mm. If due to the application of forces shown, the longitudinal strain
gauge at F registers a compressive strain of 1500 microstraints, determine the magnitude
of P. Take E = 200 GPa.
[10 Marks]
Sol.
P
F
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P/2
100 mm P/2
B.M at the location of F:
P
M =  100 mm  50 P N-mm ... (i)
2
4 mm
4 mm
C
F
ST y
12 mm C  Centroid of given section
4 mm
12 mm
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12  4  2  12  4  (6  4)
y =  6 mm
12  4  12  4
 MOI about centroid (C) 
12  43 4  123
IC =  12  4  42  + 4 × 12 × 42
12 12
IC = 2176 mm4
Given strain at F:
(F ) = 1500 × 10–6
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Stress at F( F ) = E.F  200  103  1500  106

= 300 MPa
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M.y
F = 300 
I
M.(6)
 300 =
2176
 M = 108800 N-mm
From (i) 50P = 108800
 P = 2176 N = 2.176 kN
Mains Exam
Solution
3.(c) A beam of span L carries a uniformly distributed load  per unit length on its whole span.
It has one simple support at its left end and other support is at a distance of a from the
other end. Find the value of a so that the maximum bending moment for the beam is as
small as possible. Find also the maximum bending moment for this condition.
[20 Marks]
Sol.
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W
x
L-a B a
A
R A  RB = WL
Taking moment about A.
ST
 L  a  RB = WL 
L
2
WL2
RB =
2 L  a 
wL (L  2a)
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RA =
2(L  a)
Moment in span AB (x from A)
WL  L  2a  Wx 2
Mx = x
2 L  a 2
For minimum bending moment in span AB
dMY
dx = 0
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WL  L  2a  2Wx
 = 0
2  L  a  2
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L  L  2a 
x =
2 L  a 
For value a so that maximum bending moment for the beam is as small as possible.
Maximum +ve bendig moment = Maximum –ve bending moment
WL2 L  2a  2 WL2  L  2a  2 Wa 2
 =
4 L  a2 2  4 L  a  2 2
L2 L  2a  2
 = a2
4 L  a 2
L (L  2a)
 = a
2 (L  a)
Mains Exam
Solution
2
 L2  2aL = 2aL  2a
L2
 a2  2aL  = 0
2
a = 1.707 L, 0.292L
a = 1.707 is not acceptable
a = 0.292 L
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Maximum bendig moment
Wa 2
Mmax =
2
W   0.292L  2
=
2
4.(a) (i) ST
Mmax = 0.042 WL2
Write briefly about the following :

(A) Air Entraining admixtures
(B) Role of Flyash as a part replacement of cement.
[10 Marks]
MA
Sol. Given :
Air entrainers
 An air-entraining agent introduces air in the form of minute bubbles distributed uniformly throughout
the cement paste. The main types include salts of wood resins, animal or vegetable fats and oils
and sulphonated hydrocarbons.
· Following are some of the examples of air entraining agents :
1. Natural wood resins and their soaps, of which vinsol resin is the best.
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2. Animal or vegetable fats and oils such as tallow, olive oil and their fatty acids such as stearic acid
and oleic acids and their soaps.
3. Wetting agents such as alkali salts or sulphated and sulphonated organic compounds.
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4. Aluminium powders:
 Air entrainment reduces the strength of concrete and overdosing can cause major loss of strength.
 1% air may cause a strength loss of 5%.
 The use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash (FA) tends to reduce the
amount of air entrained.
The main consituents of fly ash are:
1. Silca 2. Aluminium oxide 3. Ferrous oxide
Fly ash is a pozzolona. Pozzolana may often be cheaper than the portland cement that they replace
but their chef advantage lies in slow hydration and therfore low rate of heat development. hence portaland-
pozzolana cement or a partial replacement of portland cement by the pozzolana is used in mass
Mains Exam
Solution
concrete construction.
Partial replacement of portland cement by pozzolana has to be carefully defined as its specific gravity
(or relative density) is much lower than that of cement. Thus replacement by mass results in a considerably
greater volume of cementitious material. If equal early strength is required and pozzolana is to be used.
e.g because of alkali-aggregate reactivity, then addition of pozzolana rather than partial replacement is
necessary.
4(a) (ii) Calculate the quantities of ingredients required to produce one cubic meter of structural
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concrete. The mix is to be used in the proportions of 1 part of cement of 1.42 parts of
sand to 2.94 parts of 20 mm nominal size crushed coarse aggregate by dry volumes
with a w/c ratio of 0.49 (by mass). Assume the bulk densities of cement, sand and
coarse aggregate to be 1500, 1700 and 1600 kg/m3 respectively. The percentage of
entrained air is 2.0. Take specific gravity of cement, sand and coarsed aggregate as
3.15, 2.6 and 2.6 respectively.
[10 Marks]
Sol. Given :
ST
Total volume of concrete to be produced = 1 m3
C : FA : CA = 1 : 1.42 : 2.94 (by volume)
Water cement ratio = 0.49 (by mass)
MA
3 3
c = 1500 kg/m3, FA  1700 kg/m , CA  1600 kg/m
Volume of Air = 2%
GC = 3.15, GFA = 2.6, GCA = 2.6
Let the volume of cement required to produce 1m3 of concrete (Vc) = x
 Volume of fine aggregates in 1 m3 of concrete (VF.A) = 1.41 x
and Volume of coarse aggregates in 1 m3 of concrete (VCA) = 2.94 x
Hence, Mass of cement required (MC) = 1500 x
Mass of fine aggreate requied (MFA) = 1.42 x × 1700
Mass of coarse aggregate required (MCA) = 2.94x × 1600
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Mass of water required (Mw) = 1500 x × 0.49

 We know that,
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MC MFA MCA M
   W  VA = 1
GC w GFA W GCA W W
1500x 1.42x  1700 2.94x  1600 1500x  0.49

    0.02 = 1
3.15  1000 2.6  1000 2.6  1000 1000
 x  0.248 m3
Mass of cement (MC) = 1500 × 0.248 = 372 kg
Mass of fine aggregate (MFA) = 1.42 × 0.248 × 1700 = 598.67 kg
Mass of coarse aggregate (MCA) = 2.94 × 0.248 × 1600 = 1166.59 kg
Mass of water required (MW ) = 182.28 kg
4.(b) (i) Explain briefly with an example of the Acceptance Criteria for Concrete as per IS 456-
2000.
[8 Marks]
Mains Exam
Solution
Sol. For concrete, we have two acceptance criteria.
(1) Cl. 16.2: Flexural Strength
When both the following conditions are met, the concrete complies with the specified flexural
strength.
(a) The mean strength determined from any group of four consecutive test results exceeds the
specified characteristic strength by at least 0.3 N/mm2.
(b) The strength determined from any test result is not less than the specified characteristic strength
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less 0.3 N/mm2.
(2) Characteristics compressive strength compliance requirement (Clauses 16.1 and 16.3)
Specified Mean of the group of Individual Test

grade 4 Non-overlapping results in N/mm2
consecutive
Test results in N/mm2
(1)
M 15 and
above
ST(2)
 fck + 0.825 × established
standard deviation (rounded
off to nearest 0.5 N/mm2)
(3)
 fck–3 N/mm2
or
f ck + 3 N/mm2,
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whichever is greater
4(b) (ii) Cucullate the modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus of a cylindrical bar of diameter
30 mm and of length 2.0 m if the longitudinal strain in a bar during a tensile stress
is six times the lateral strain. Find the change in the volume, when the bar is subjected
to a hydrostatic pressure of 120 N/mm2. Take E = 1×105 N/mm2.
[12 Marks]
Sol. Given data,

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Diameter, (D) = 30 mm
Length, (L) = 2 m
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E = 1 × 105 N/mm2
Hydrostatic pressure = 120 N/mm2
Longitudinal strain = 6 time lateral strain
We know,
Lateral strain
 =
Longitudinal strain
1
 =
6
E 1 105
Again K = 
3 (1  2)  1
3 1  2  
 6
Mains Exam
Solution
K  0.5  105 N/mm2
E 1 105

G = 2 (1  ) 2 1  1 
 6
G  0.429  105 N/mm2
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Bulk modulus is given, K =
V
V
V p 120
= 
V K 0.5  105
120  2
 V = 0.5  105  4  30  2000
4.(c)
 ST V  3392.92 mm3
A suspension cable of 160 m span and 16 m central dip carries a load of 1 2 kN per linear
horizontal meter. Calculate the maximum and minimum tension in the cable. Also find the
horizontal and vertical forces in each pier under the following alternate conditions.
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(i) If the cable passes over the frictionless pulley on the top of the piers.
(ii) If the cable is firmly clamped to saddles carried on frictionless roller on the top of the
piers.
In each case the backstay is inclined at 30° to the horizontal.
[20 Marks]
Sol.
0.5KN/m
S
A B
h
C
R R
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0.5  160
Reaction (R) =  40kN
2
Using, Tmin = wL2 0.5  160 2

  100kN [Minimum tension occur at mid span]
8h 8  16
Maximum tension (Tmax) = 100 2  40 2  107.703kN [Maximum tension occur at supports]

Assuming, shape to be parabola.
Taking origin at top of pier
4h
Then, y = x L  x 
L2
Mains Exam
Solution
dy 4.h
Slope of cable =  L  2x 
dx L2
dy 4.h
Slope of cable at support = at x = 0
dx L
4  16
tan  =  0.4
160
ER
  = 21.80°
Case a : Cable passes over frictionless pulley on the top of piers. (tension in cable on two side will be
same)
30° 21.8°
T2 Suspension Cable
Anchor Cable ST
Vertical pressure on pier (V) =
T1 = Tmax
T1 = T2
Tmax  sin 21.8  sin30 
= 107.703  sin 21.8  sin30 

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= 93.85 kN
Horizontal thrust on pier (H) = Tmax  cos 21.8  cos30
= 107.703  cos21.8  cos30 

= 6.73 KN
Case b : When cable is firmly clamped to saddles carried on frictionless roller on the top of pier. (horizontal
force will be same)
H2 H1
30° = 21.8°
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T1
T2
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T1  T2
Here, H1 = H2
or, T1 cos21.8 = T2 cos30
T1 cos 21.8 107.703  cos 21.8

T2 = 
cos 30 cos30
Mains Exam
Solution
= 115.47 kN
H1 = H2 = T2 cos30° = 100 kN
Vertical pressure on pier = T1 sin 21.8  T2 sin30
= 107.703  sin21.8  115.47  sin30

= 97.732 kN
ER
SECTION ‘B’
5.(a) In a roof truss, a diagonal consists of an ISA 60 mm × 60 mm × 8 mm (ISA 6060 @ 0.07 kN/
m) and it is connected to gusset plate by one leg only by 18 mm diameter rivets in one chain
line along the length of the member. Determine tensile strength of the member, if yield
stress for steel is 250 MPa.
[12 Marks]
Sol. ST
We will follow the recommendation of IS 800 : 1984 since the necessary data for analysis is not given
like the location of connection of bolt, f u.
Diameter of rivet hole = 18 + 1.5 = 19.5 mm
Net effective area provided. Aeff = A1 + KA2
Where, A1 = Net sectional area of the connected leg
A2 = Area of the outstanding leg.
MA
If angle connected by one leg only
3A1
K = 3A  A
1 2
 8  2
Here, A1 =  60   19.5   8  292 mm
 2 
 8 2
A2 =  60    8  448 mm
 2
S
3  292
K =  0.6616
3  292  448
A ef f = 292 + 0.6616 × 448 = 588.41 mm2
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Allowable tensile stress, (f a) = 0.6  fy  0.6  250  150 N/mm2
So, Tensile strength = f a × Aeff = 150 × 588.41

= 88.261 kN
5.(b) Check the adequacy of a HB 450 @ 0.872 kN/m rolled steel beam section for a column to
carry an axial load of 1100 kN. The column is 4 m long and restrained in position but not
in direction at both ends. Allowable axial stress in compression is 105 MPa. The sectional
properties of the given section are as follows :
A = 11114 mm2, rxx = 187.8 mm, ryy = 51.8 mm.
[12 Marks]
Sol. Given data

Axial load, P = 1100 kN
Mains Exam
Solution
Unsupported length = 4 m
Allowable axial stress incompression = 105 MPa
For HB450@ 0.872 kN/m
A = 11114 mm2
r xx = 187.8 mm
r yy = 51.8 mm
Effective length = kL
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= 1 × 4= 4 m
(K = 1 for restrained in position but not in direction at both end)
Leff
Slenderness ratio = r
min
4000
=  77.22  250 So, OK.
For ST KL
r
51.8
= 77.22 and f y = 250
ac = 105 MPa

So, load carrying capacity = 105 × 11114
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= 1166.97 kN > 1100 kN
So, section is safe.
5.(c) A prestressed concrete beam supports an imposed load of 6.5 kN/m over an effective span
of 12 m. The beam has a rectangular section of width 250 mm and depth of 700 mm. Find
the effective prestressing force in the cable if it is parabolic with an centricity of 110 mm
at the centre and zero at the ends, for the following conditions :
(i) If the bending effect of the prestressing force is nullified by the imposed load for the
mid-span section (neglecting self weight of the beam).
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(ii) If the resultant stress due to self-weight, imposed load and prestressing force is zero
at the soffit of the beam for the mid-span section. Assume the density of concrete is 24
kN/m3.
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[12 Marks]
Sol. Given data:

250 mm
700 mm
110 mm
12 m
(i) If the bending effect of the prestressing force is nullified by the imposed load for the mid-span
section.
Moment due to presstress force = Moment due to imposed load
wL2
Pe =
8
Mains Exam
Solution
wL2 6.5  122

P = 
8e 8  0.11
P  1063.64 kN
(ii) Self weight of beam = 24 × 0.25 × 0.7 = 4.2 kN/m
Total udl = 4.2 + 6.5 = 10.7 kN/m
wL2 10.7  122

Moment due to load = 
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8 8
= 192.6 kN-m
As per given condition
Stress at soffit = 0
P Pe M
  = 0
A z z
ST  1 e
P   =
A z
M
z
 1 110  6  192.6  106  6

P  2 =
 250  700 250  700  250  7002
MA
P  849.7 kN
5.(d) Define the terms activity, event and Net work.

[12 Marks]
Sol. 1. Activity
 An activity is a recognizable part of a work project that requires time and resources.
 Activity are denoted by an arrow. The “tail of the arrow” signifies the start of activity and “the arrow
head” its termination.
S
Description
Duration (T)
 Few example of activities are like excavation, shuttering, bar bending, concreting etc.
IE
2. Event
 An event is a instant of time or state at which some specific milestone has been achieved. i.e.
completion of preceeding activity (activities) or start of succeeding activity (activities).
 An event does not consume any time or resource.
 Events are represented by nodes. The shape of nodes can be as follows.
circular Square rectangle oval

 Examples of few events are like, completion of excavation, start of shuttering., completion of Bar-
bending and etc.
3. Network
Mains Exam
Solution
A network is a flow diagram consisting of activities and events, connected logically and sequentially.
In the netwrok diagram, an activity is represented by arrows while events are represented, usually,
by circles, as shown in Fig.
Event
Ac
tivi
ity ty
tiv
Ac
ER
Activity
Event Event Event
Act
ivit ity
y tiv
Ac
Event
5.(e)
ST
Networks are of two types: PERT network and CPM network. PERT network is event-oriented,
while CPM network is activity oriented.
Find the moment of resistance of a beam 300 × 600 mm deep if it is reinforced with 3 Nos.
of 20 mm dia. bars in compression and tension, each at an effective cover of 40 mm. Use
M 20 grade concrete and steel grade Fe415.
Points on stress-strain curve for Fe 415 steel
MA
Fe 415 grade
Stress level Strain
2
Stress (N/mm )
0.80 fy 0.00144 288.7
0.85 fy 0.00163 306.7
0.90 fy 0.00192 324.8
0.95 fy 0.00241 342.8
0.975 fy 0.00276 351.8
1.00 fy 0.00380 360.9
S
[12 Marks]
IE
Sol. Given,
b = 300 mm
D = 600 mm

Asc = 3   202  942.48 mm2
4

Ast = 3   202  942.48 mm2
4
d = 40 mm
f ck = 20 N/mm2
f y = 415 N/mm2
Let us assume trial depth of NA = 200 mm.
Mains Exam
Solution
Strain at the level of compression steel,
0.0035
sc =  (200  40)  0.0028
200
and corresponding stress,
360.9  351.8
fsc = 351.8   (0.00280  0.00276)
0.00380  0.00276
fsc = 352.15 N/mm2
ER
New depth of NA
0.36 × 20 × 300x + (352.15 – 0.45 × 20) × 942.48 = 0.87 × 415 × 942.48
 x = 7.81 mm  xassumed
 New trial depth of NA
200  7.81
x =  103.905 mm
ST sc =
2
0.0035
103.905
 (103.905  40)
 sc = 0.0021
342.8  324.8
fsc = 324.8   (0.0021  0.00192)
0.00241  0.00192
MA
 fsc = 331.4 N/mm2

Revised depth of NA
0.36 × 20 × 300x + (331.4 – 045× 20) × 942.48 = 0.87 × 415 × 942.48
 x = 16.86 mm  xassumed
New depth of NA
103.905  16.86
x =  60.38 mm
2
0.0035
sc =  (60.38  40)  0.0012
60.38
S
fsc = 236.27 N/mm2

depth of NA,
0.36× 20 × 300x + (236.27 – 0.45 × 20) × 942.48 = 0.87 × 415 × 942.48
IE
x = 58.37  60.38 mm
Hence, MOR = 0.36 fck bx (d  0.42x)  (fsc  fcc ) A sc (d  d)
= 0.36 × 20 × 300 × 58.37 × (560 – 0.42 × 58.37)
+ (236.27 – 0.45 × 20) × 942.48 × (560 – 40)
 MOR = 178.90 kN-m
Mains Exam
Solution
6.(a) (i) What are the various modes of failure for a steel beam ?
[6 Marks]
Sol.
Failure mode Description Illustration Comments

Excessive bending Beam is adequately braced
ER
W This is the mode of failure if
in the lateral plane. all other modes of failure are
Plate components are not too prevented
Components are not too thin
(compact section)
Beam fails due to excessive
deformation in the plane of
loading.
Lateral torsional In this case failure occurs By providing suitable

buckling
ST
due to lateral deflection
as well as twist. The load at
which this failure occurs
depends upon the proportion
of the beam, manner of
loading and support
lateral bracing this
can be prevented.
conditions.
MA
Local buckling Flange may buckle due to This failure is unlikely for hot
compression. Web may rolled sections since their
buckle due to shear or due proportioning are made
to combined effect of shear suitably.
and bending or due to direct However in plate girders web
vertical compression under a stiffening may be necessary.
concentrated load Bearing stiffeners are provided
at supports and under point
loads.
Local Failure W
This may occur due to the These are likely in short span
S
following: or deep beam. Suitable web

(i) Web may yield due to stiffening should be done.
shear Shear yield Regions surrounding web
(ii) Web may suffer local holes may be strengthened
crushing Buckling by local reinforcement
IE
(iii) Local failure around any of thin

openings if present in the flanges
web Crushing of web
6(a) (ii) A pitched roof to be provided for a workshop of effective span 18 m. The trusses are
spaced at 4 m centre to centre and purlins at 1.6 m centre to centre. The pitch of the
roof is 28°, weight of the roofing material is 0.162 kN/m, normal wind pressure is 1.2
kN/m2 and permissible bending stress is 165 MPa. check the suitability of ISLB 12575
@ 0.119 kN/m section for purlins, if IXX = 406.8 cm4 and IYY = 43.4 cm4 for given section.
[14 Marks]
Sol. Given data

Effective span = 18 m
Mains Exam
Solution
Truss spacing = 4 m centre to centre
Purlins spacing = 1.6 m centre to centre
Pitch of the roof = 28°
Weight of the roofing material = 0.162 kN/m
Normal wind pressure = 1.2 kN/m2
Permissible bending stress = 165 MPa
For ISLB 125,75@ 0.119 kN/m
ER
Wwind
W wind+ Wcos 28° = P
W H = Wsin 28°
28° ST I xx = 406.8 cm4

28°
I yy = 43.4 cm4
Dead load of purlins = 119 N/m
Total dead load = 162 + 119 = 281 N/m
MA
The vertical component of dead load parallel to the roof. H = 281 sin 28°
H = 131.92 N/m
Wind load = 1.6 × 1.2 × 1000 N/m
= 1920 N/m
Component of dead load normal to roof
= 281 cos 28°
= 248.11 N/m
Total load normal to roof = 1920 +248.11 = 2168.11 N/m
S
PL (2168.11 4)  4
Moment on purlins Muu = =
10 10
= 3468.96 N-m
IE
HL 131.92  4  4
Similarly, M vv = 
10 10
M vv = 211.072 N-m
Mx ymax My xmax
max = 
Ixx Iyy
125 75
3468.96  103  211.072  103 
= 2  2
406.8  104 43.4  104
= 53.296 + 18.238 = 71.534 N/mm2
Mains Exam
Solution
Permissible bending stress = 165 MPa × 1.33 = 219.45 MPa
 max < per Safe
6.(b) Design a two way slab for an office room 5.8 m × 4.2 m clear in size if the superimposed
load is 4 kN/m2. Use M 25 grade of concrete and steel grade Fe415. The bending moment
coefficients for two-way slabs simply supported on four sides is given below :
ly / lx 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
ER
x 0.062 0.074 0.084 0.093 0.099 1.104 0.113 0.118
y 0.062 0.061 0.059 0.055 0.051 0.046 0.037 0.029
Assume the edges simply supported and the corners not held down. Assume the shape factor
for shear k = 1.3.
Design shear strength of concrete of M 25 grade.
ST 100 Ast / bd  c N/mm2

0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
0.36
0.49
0.57
0.64
[20 Marks]
MA
Sol. Given,
ly = 5.8 m
lx = 4.2 m
w = 4 KN/m2
f ck = 25 N/mm2
f y = 415 N/mm2
S
K = 1.3
Assume overall thickness of slab = 180 mm
Effective depth of slab = 160 mm
IE
Effective span will be, lx = 4.2  0.09  4.29 m
ly = 5.8  0.09  5.89 m
ly 5.89
=  1.373
lx 4.29
0.099  0.093
x = 0.093   1.373  1.3 
1.4  1.3
 x = 0.0974
Mains Exam
Solution
0.055  0.051
And, y = 0.055   1.4  1.373 
1.4  1.3
 y = 0.0539
Load calculations :
Self weight of slab = 0.18  25  4.5kN m 2
ER
Imposed Load = 4kN m
Factored Total Load = 1.5   4.5  4   12.75 kN m 2
Mx =  x wlx2  0.0974  12.75  4.29 2  22.86kN-m
My =  y wlx2  0.0539  12.75  4.9 2  16.5kN-m
ST
Now effective depth of slab (d) is given by
d 
22.86  10 6
0.138  25  1000
d  81.4 mm
Hence, our assumption is correct.
MA
Calculation of steel reinforcements :
Along shorter span, (Astx)
 f y A Stx 
Mx = 0.87fy A Stx  d  
 fCk b 
 415  A Stx 
22.86  106 = 0.87  415  A Stx  160  
 25  1000 
 AStx = 413.46mm2
S
1000 A 
Spacing of 8 mm  of reinforcements = A Stx
IE

1000   82
4
=
413.46
= 121.57 mm
 3d
 300 mm
Along the longer span,
 f y A Sty 
My = 0.87f y A Sty  d  
 fCk b 
 415  A sty 
16.5  10 6 = 0.87  415  A sty  160  
 25  1000 
Mains Exam
Solution
 A st y = 294.63 mm2

1000 A  1000   82
Spacing of 8 mm  reinforcements is =  4
A Sty 294.63
 SV = 170.6 mm
 3d
 300
ER
Hence, provide 8 mm  bars @ 120 mm c/c along shorter direction and provide 8 mm  bars @
160 mm c/c along the longer direction.
Design For Shear :
lx
Maximum shear Force can be taken as in either direction, where lx = clear short span.
2
ST
Maximum shear Force =
Nominal Shear Stress,  V =

1
2
1
wlx   12.75  4.29  27.35 kN m
2
27.35  10 3
 0.171N mm 2
1000  160
MA
1000
100  50 
Percentage Tension Steel, pt = 160  0.195%
1000  160
We know that for M20 and pt  0.15%, c  0.29 N/mm2
0.36  0.29
C = 0.29    0.195  0.15 
0.25  0.15
 C = 0.3215 N/mm2
shear Strength in Slabs, C =

S
K C
= 1.3 × 0.3215
= 0.418 N mm 2   V
IE
Hence, safe in shear.
6.(c) Briefly explain at least five different types of vibrators used in cement concrete making
industry.
[10 Marks]
Sol. Compaction of concrete by vibration has almost completely revolutionised the concept of concrete
technology, making possible the use of low slump stiff mixes for production of high quality concrete with
required strength and impermeability.
Internal vibrator: This is also called, “Needle Vibrator”, “Immersion vibrator”, or “Poker Vibrator”. The
vibrations are caused by eccentric weights attached to the shaft or the motor or to the rotor of a vibrating
element.
Formwork vibrator (external vibrator): Formwork vibrators are used for concreting columns, thin walls or
Mains Exam
Solution
in the casting of precast units. The machine is clamped on to the external wall surface of the formwork. The
vibration is given to the formwork so that the concrete in the vicinity of the shutter gets vibrated.
Table Vibrator: This is the special case of formwork vibrator, where the vibrator is clamped to the table or
table is mounted on springs which are vibrated transferring the vibration to the table. They are commonly
used for vibrating concrete cubes.
Platform Vibrator: Platform vibrator is nothing but a table vibrator, but it is larger in size. This is used in
the manufacture of large prefabricated concrete elements such as electric poles, railway sleepers, prefabricated
ER
roofing elements etc.
Surface Vibrator: Surface vibrators are sometimes knows as, “Screed Board Vibrators”. A small vibrator
placed on the screed board gives an effective method of compacting and levelling of thin concrete members,
such as floor slabs, roof slabs and road surface.
7.(a) Design the counter forts of a retaining wall to retain earth for a height of 6.5 m above the
ground level. The unit weight of soil is 16 kN/m3 and the angle of repose of soil is 30°. the
ST
safe bearing capacity of soil is 180 kN/m2. Use M 20 grade concrete and steel of grade Fe
415. The cross-section of the retaining wall is given below. The spacing of counterfort is
taken as 3.5 m. Assume a cover of 40 mm for counterforts.
200
MA
6500
1100 3200
1300
400
4500
S
All dimensions are in mm.

Assume the maximum pressure at toe end is 166.05 kN/m2 and the minimum pressure at the
heel end is 38.92 kN/m2. Sketch the reinforcement details.
IE
[20 Marks]
Sol: Given: h = 6.5m,  = 16 KN/m3,  = 30° , q = 180 kN/m2
Spacing of counterfort = 3.5m

Cover = 40 mm, M20, Fe415.
Assume thickness of counterfort = 400 mm. (  0.05 × h = 0.05 × 7.4)
clear spacing of counterfort = 3.5 m.
thus each counterfort receives earth pressure from a width of 3.5 + 0.4 = 3.9 m.
1  sin30 1
ka  
1  sin30 3
Mains Exam
Solution
3200
tan   6.5 + 0.9
 7400
= 7.4 m
 = 23.38°
s
lco
D=

ER
3200
1
k a H   16  7.4
3
 39.47 kN / m 2
1
 16  7.4  39.47 kN / m2
(P)at Base = k a H 
3
Factored bending moment = 1.5 
1
ST 1
2
 39.47  7.4 
7.4
3
 3.9  2107.34 kN  m .
Factored shear force = 1.5   39.47  7.4  3.9 = 219.06 × 3.9 = 854.33 kN
2
MA
3200
From figure tan  =  0.43 ,   23.38
7400
(D)base = lcos   3200  cos 23.38  2937.25 mm
Clear cover 40 mm and 25 mm  bar .
d = 2937.25 – 40 – 12.5 = 2884.75  2885 mm.
fck  4.6 M 
Ast = 1  1   bd
2fy  fck bd2 
S
20  4.6  2107.34  106 

= 1  1    400  2885
2  415  20  400  28852 
IE
= 2104 mm2
Provide 25 mm  bar
2104
Number of bar =   4.28  5 bar
 252
4
Shear force for varying depth:

Mu
(Vu)net = vu   tan 
d
2107.34
= 854.52  tan23.38
2.885
= 538.78
Mains Exam
Solution
538.78  103
(v )net =  0.47 MPa  ( c )max
400  2885
Hence safe in shear.
ER
ST
7.(b) Design the side walls of an underground tank of size 12 m × 3 m × 3 m deep. The angle
of repose of soil is 30°. The density of soil is taken as 17 kN/m3. Assume the soil is saturated.
MA
Use M 25 grade of concrete and Fe 415 grade of steel. Take Q = 1.156 N/mm2 and J = 0.87.
[20 Marks]
Sol. Given that:

Q = 1.156 N/mm2
j = 0.87
M25, Fe 415
 = 30°
S
 sat = 17 kN/m3
Size of water tank = 12 × 3 × 3 m

IE
L
Hence, 2
B
(a) For empty water tank
1  sin 30 1
Ka = 
1  sin 30 3
1 H KasatH
(BM) =  K a  sat H  H 
2 3
3
1 1 (3)
=   17 
2 3 3
= 25.5 kN-m
Mains Exam
Solution
2
We know that M = Qbd
M
d 
Qb
6
25.5  10
  148.5 mm
1.156  1000
ER
To avoid chance of over-reinforced provide effective depth = 185 mm and cover 45 mm with reinforcement
20 mm 
20
Overall depth = 185   45  240 mm
2
Area of steel 
ST st A st jd = M
25.5  10
6
 st  130 MPa for Fe415
2
Ast =  1218.73 mm
130  0.87  185
MA
Provide 20 mm bar
1218.73
n =  4 bar
 2
 20
4
 2
 20  1000
4  258 mm
Spacing = 1218.73
Hence, provide 200 mm c/c spacing (Spacing  D or 300 mm )
S
240
0.35  1000 
(Ast)min = 0.35 b D/2  2  420 mm2
100 100
IE
< (Ast)provided.
Direct compression in long wall when tank is empty
 sat 17
= (H  h)  B   (3  1)  3  51kN
2 2
which is safe in compression.
(b) Tank fill with water and no earth fill outside.
3 3
1 (H) 1 3
M = w   9.81   44.145 kN-m
2 3 2 3
Hence Ast for inner face:
st A st jd  M
130 × Ast × 0.87 × 185 = 44.145 × 106
Mains Exam
Solution
Ast = 2109.83 mm2
Provide 20 mm  bar
2109.83
n =  7 bar
 2
 20
4
 2
 20  1000
ER
4  148.9 mm
Spacing =
2109.83
Provide 145 mm c/c.
w
Direct tension in long wall = (H  h)  B
2
9.81
=  2  3  29.43 kN
ST Tensile stress =
2
29.43  10
240  1000
3
 0.12 MPa
Hence, safe in tension.

MA
7.(c) Explain the different types of contracts adopted in construction.
[20 Marks]
Sol. Types of contract: Various methods on alternatives that are used in the construction industry either in
part or in whole consist of different approaches to contracting for services or production or different set-
ups created. This is due to different relationships existing between the owner/ultimate user, or occupant
and contractor. Depending upon the size and complex nature of the job, these methods may be
modified to suit the requirements. Following are the different types of contracts adopted in construction:
(a) Lump-sum contract: This is a traditional method in which a construction project is implemented. The
owner, having retained an Architect/Engineer, has a set of definitive documents consisting of design
S
plans and specifications prepared, defining the scope of work required.

The definitiveness of lump-sum contract makes it the established method of contracting in many
instances the only method utilised, because of the statutory requirements.
IE
(b) Cost plus fixed fee contract: All costs within predetermined yardsticks or in accordance with specific
regulations are reimbursed by the owner to the contractor; apart from this contactor is paid a fixed sum
which represents profit (his fee).
(c) Cost plus bid fee contract: In this method also, the costs of construction are to be reimbursed as
incurred within predetermined yardsticks. The fee or profit with one contractor, an owner will issue a
request for proposals to a select number of contractors, all of whom he believes are in an equal or at
least similar position build the required facility, past experience and performance in the evaluation of
the contractors from whom the successful one is selected.
(d) Guaranteed maximum contract: This method is often used as either a direct substitute a lump-sum
or cost-plus or modification of either contracting system. No owner wishes in a position to issue a blank
check for building a new facility; all new buildings, improvements, maintenance or repairs are accomplished
within pre-established budgets.
Mains Exam
Solution
(e) Negotiated contract (competitive and noncompetitive): There are many elements common to cost
plus method and this traditional method of contracting, but the negotiated contract is often classified
separately. The end result of the negotiated contract can be any form of contracting previously described,
lump-sum or cost-plus. It is, however, dependent upon plan development status or specific owner or
project requirements.
(f) Unit-price contract: This type of contract is based on estimated quantities of the items involved in
the work. The cost per unit of each item is bid by the contractor and the estimated quantities of these
items are given by the owner.
ER
(g) Design build: As the term implies, this approach establishes a single administrative, management and
professional responsibility for the two separate functions of design and construction. The owner enters
into one agreement for both. The method of contracting can be any of the traditional methods or
modifications previously described.
(h) Turn-key contracts: Turn key construction utilises a single contract for all functions. There is one
administrative, management and professional responsibility for design and construction. There is a
8.(a)
ST
single party under contract to an owner to fulfil these functions in addition to other functions that may
be necessary to implement a project.
Explain major activities involved in different stages of planning for a construction project.
[20 Marks]
MA
Sol. Planning is the most important technique of management . In a construction project plan includes the
estimates, the budget and time schedule and sequences of completion of each part of the project, manpower
planning and the plant and equipments.
Following steps are involved in effective planning:
(i) Crystalizing the opportunity or problem: The first step in planning would be to find out the problem
or identify the opportunity to be seized, this is necessary to be able to formulate practical and realistic
objectives.
(ii) Securing and analyzing necessary information: Adequate information is required on course of action
possible. It is necessary to determine the nature of the information required and where this information
will be available. This information must be analysed to establish the relationship and tabulate them for
S
adequate interpretation.
(iii) Establishing planning premises and constraints: An analysis of the data so collected will result in
the formulation of certain assumptions on the basis of which the plan will be made through a process
IE
of forecasting. Constraints such as government control will also exist. Planning will be in the backdrop
of such premises and constraints which must be watched to detect changes and their effect on the
plans.
(iv) Ascertaining alternative course of action or plan: Based on the above analysis, possible alternative
course of action will be identified and examined. Generally, every situation will have more than one
course of action. Exploitation of the right course will depend to a large content on experience, ingenuity
and imagination of the planner.
(v) Selecting optimum plan: An evaluation of the above alternate course of action can be carried out either
by judgement alone or with the help of quantitative techniques and staff assistant, to best suit the
interest of the organisation.
(vi) Determining derivative plan: The above selected plan will form the basic plan from which other plans
will develop to support it. For example, basic marketing plan may have been evolved which may result
in other derivative plans such as the advertising plan.
Mains Exam
Solution
(vii) Fixing the timing of introduction: The question of timing-who will do, what will have to be decided
and an appropriate time schedule drawn up with the details of construction work for communication.
(viii) Arranging future evaluation of effectiveness of the plan: Since the ultimate aim of the plan to
achieve the objective, result or goal, an evaluation at the earliest possible opportunity necessary to
evaluate the adequacy of cost and time and determining whether the planned objectives are reached as
desired.
8.(b)
ER
3
14 8 18
1 2 5 7 8
10 6 6 8
ST 20
4
22
6
10
Identify the critical path in the network as shown in figure and determine the project
completion time. The duration are in weeks.
[20 Marks]
MA
Sol.
S = 20
TE = 24
3 TL = 44
18
14 8 S=0
TE = 62
TL = 62
1 2 5 7 8
10 6 6 8
S
S=0
TE = 0 TE = 10 TE = 32 TE = 70
TL = 0 TL = 10 TL = 56 TL = 70
S=0 20 S = 24 S=0
10
IE
4 6
22
TE = 30 TE = 52
TL = 30 TL = 52
S=0 S=0
 Critical path is 1 – 2 – 4 – 6 – 7 – 8
Project completion time = 70 weeks
Mains Exam
Solution
8.(c) The opening of a masonry building is 3 m and 3.5 m high. The ceiling of the root is 4.5 m
above the floor. The space between top of lintel and bottom of roof is filled with brick
masonry. The roof transmits a total load of 25 kN/m run to the lintel. Design the lintel
supported on brick walls of width 300 mm. Use M 20 grade concrete and steel grade of Fe
415. Assume the unit weight of the brick masonry is 20 kN/m3 and that of concrete is 25 kN/
m3. The design shear strength of concrete is given in table.
100 As  c N/mm2
ER
bd M 20
0.15 0.28
0.25 0.36
0.50 0.48
0.75 0.56
1.0 0.62
1.25 0.67
ST
The design bond stress for MS bars is given by  bd  1.2 N mm 2 for M 20 grade of concrete.
[20 Marks]
Sol.
MA
h=1m
H = 3.5 m 3m
l0 = 3 m
S
h = 1m
tw = 0.3 m
Load from roof to lintel = 25 kN/m
IE
f ck = 20 N/mm2
f y = 415 N/mm2
 wall = 20 kN/m3
c = 25 kN/m3
bd = 1.2 N/mm2
 3000 
Let us assume total depth of lintel beam = 320 mm   300 mm  and d = 290 mm.
 10 
Effective span = 3.29 m
Self weight of lintel = 0.3 × 0.32 × 25 = 2.4 kN/m
Weight of brick wall over lintel = 1 × 0.3 × 20
= 6 kN/m
Mains Exam
Solution
Load from roof to lintel = 25 kN/m
Total weight on the lintel (factored)
= 1.5 (2.4 + 6 + 25) = 50.1 kN/m
50.1 × 3.292
Bending moment = = 67.78 kN-m
8
ER
Check for the depth, d  0.138 fck b
67.78  106
d 
0.138  20  300
 286.12 mm OK
Take d = 290 mm
Calculation of Ast, ST 
Md = 0.87fy A st  d 

fy A st 
fck b 

415 Ast 
67.78 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 Ast  290  
 20  300 
MA
A st min 0.85
 Ast = 799.98 mm2 and 
300  290 415
 Ast min = 178.2 mm2 < Ast req.

So, provide 4 bars of 16 mm diameter as longitudinal reinforcements
Check for shear
Max. shear force will occur ‘d’ distance from the face of support.
50.1  (3  2  0.29)
Max. SF =  60.62 kN
2
S
Nominal shear stress, v
Vu 60.62  103
v =   0.697 N/mm2
bd 300  290
IE
and percentage tensile reinforcement,


100   162  4
pt = 4  0.92%
300  290
According to Question,
0.62  0.56
c = 0.56   (0.92  0.75)
1  0.75
 c = 0.601 N/mm2
 v  c = 0.697 – 0.601 = 0.096 < 0.4 N/mm2

Minimum shear reinforcement should be provided.
Let us provide 8 mm diameter 2-legged vertical shear stirrups.
Mains Exam
Solution
Spacing of shear stirrups, (SV)
d
0.87fy A sv  0.4 bd
Sv
290
 0.87  415  2  50   0.4 × 300 × 290
Sv
 S v  300.875 mm
ER
But S v  0.75 × 290 = 217.5 mm
 300 mm.
Hence, provide 8 mm dia. 2-legged vertical shear stirrups at a distance of 215 mm c/c.
Check for development length
0.87 fy 
Ld =
4bd
ST
Due to compression confinement,
Ld =
Ld 
0.87  415  16
4  1.6  1.2
1.3 M1
 752.19 mm
v
50.1 3.29
MA
V = S.F at point of zero B.M =  82.41kN
2
1.3  67.78  106
Ld 
82.41 103
Ld  1069.21 mm Which is OK
S
IE

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Mains Exam

Sol. The various tests conducted on Bricks are following:

(Vitrification in real sense).

 After cooling the bricks to room temperature its weight is recorded as W1 .

 Now bricks are immersed in water at a temperature of 27   2 C for 24 hours.

1. Nil — Deposit of efflorescence is imperceptible.

Sol. Hydration of silicate is given by following equation

 2C3S  6H  C3S2H3  3Ca(OH)2

Sol. (A) Shakes

and tensile strength.

 It occurs due to shrinkage of heartwood, (interior of

 It appears as curved split which partly or wholly

(v) Radial Shake :

PslS 640  103  140

202.1 103 = 2  80  103 1   

120 MPa 120 MPa

120 MPa 120 MPa

Let the deflection at elastic prop be , then according to question,

= 11.31l  3.51l  kN  14.82l kN

And it can be represented as

The mid-span section can be represented as

And outer dia. = 1200  2  12   1224mm

Allowable bending stress = 56 MPa

 135.129l 2  103 MPa  56MPa

2(a) (iii) Describe the thermal and electrical properties of ceramics.

Sol. Thermal properties of ceramic:

(1) (2) (3)

Also elongation of inner brass bar

Allowable shear stress ( per ) = 70 N/mm2

Also, Maximum Torque transmitted = 1.3  Tmean

 Tmean = 3.58 kN-m

 Maximum torque transmitted (Tmax) = 1.3  Tmean

ST Load position for maximum +ve and (-ve) FC

Load position for maximum MC

2. Formation of flowing gel indicates class-B lime.

Sol. Maturity of concrete at the age of

Here two cases arise :

Putting,  fy FOS  value from eqn. (1) to eqn. (2), we get

Hence, both stress should be equal and like stresses

Stress at F( F ) = E.F  200  103  1500  106

Write briefly about the following :

Mass of water required (Mw) = 1500 x × 0.49

1500x 1.42x  1700 2.94x  1600 1500x  0.49

Specified Mean of the group of Individual Test

Sol. Given data,

K  0.5  105 N/mm2

G  0.429  105 N/mm2

Using, Tmin = wL2 0.5  160 2

Maximum tension (Tmax) = 100 2  40 2  107.703kN [Maximum tension occur at supports]

Tmax  sin 21.8  sin30 

= 107.703  sin 21.8  sin30 

= 107.703  cos21.8  cos30 

T1 cos 21.8 107.703  cos 21.8

= 107.703  sin21.8  115.47  sin30

If angle connected by one leg only

Allowable tensile stress, (f a) = 0.6  fy  0.6  250  150 N/mm2

So, Tensile strength = f a × Aeff = 150 × 588.41

Sol. Given data

= 77.22 and f y = 250

ac = 105 MPa

Sol. Given data:

wL2 6.5  122

wL2 10.7  122