22/10/2015

Materi ke-6
‘Rules of Mixture' adalah ekspresi matematika
Rules of Mixture yang memberikan beberapa properti dari komposit
for Elastic Properties dalam hal sifat, kuantitas dan penataan bahan
penyusunnya.
Nurun nayiroh, M.Si
Rule of Mixture bisa didasarkan pada sejumlah
asumsi yang sederhana, dan penggunaannya dalam
desain harus diaplikasikan dengan sangat hati-hati!

MATERIAL KOMPOSIT

Density Density
Untuk komposit yang umum, volume total V, terdiri dari Tapi va /V =Va adalah fraksi volume dari bahan penyusun a,
masa penyusun Ma, Mb, Mc,... Densitas kompositnya sehingga:
adalah:
ρ = Va ρa + Vb ρ b + Vc ρc + ...
M + Mb + Mc + ... Ma Mb
ρ= a = + + ...
V V V Untuk kasus khusus pada matriks yang diperkuat dengan
Dalam hal densitas dan volume dari bahan penyusun, fiber, maka:
diperoleh:
ρ = Vf ρf +Vmρm = Vf ρf + (1−Vf )ρm = Vf (ρf − ρm ) + ρm
v ρ v ρ v ρ since Vf + Vm = 1
ρ = a a + b b + c c + ...
V V V

1
 22/10/2015

Rule of mixtures density for glass/epoxy composites Macromechanics v.s. Micromechanics

Macromechanics
3000
The study of composite material behavior where material is
assumed homogeneous
2500 ρf
Obtain average apparent properties of the material
2000

Micromechanics
kg/m 3

1500
ρm
The study of composite material behavior where interactions of
1000 constituent material is examined in detail
500
Emphasize heterogeneity

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
fibre volume fraction

Definitions

Heterogeneous -- material properties vary from point to
point
Micromechanical models for stiffness

Homogeneous -- material properties are the same
everywhere

Isotropic -- material properties are the same in every
direction

Anisotropic -- material properties depend on direction

2
 22/10/2015

Unidirectional Ply (Lapisan searah) Unidirectional ply

We expect the unidirectional composite to have different
Unidirectional fibres are the simplest arrangement of fibres to tensile moduli in different directions.
analyse.
These properties may be labelled in several different ways:
They provide maximum properties in the fibre direction, but
minimum properties in the transverse direction.

fibre direction E1, E||

transverse
direction E2, E

Unidirectional ply Unidirectional ply - longitudinal tensile modulus

By convention, the principal axes of the ply are labelled ‘1,
2, 3’. This is used to denote the fact that ply may be
aligned differently from the cartesian axes x, y, z. We make the following assumptions in developing a rule of
mixtures:
• Fibres are uniform, parallel and continuous.
3 • Perfect bonding between fibre and matrix.
• Longitudinal load produces equal strain in fibre and
matrix.

1
2

3
 22/10/2015

Unidirectional ply - longitudinal tensile modulus

Unidirectional ply - longitudinal tensile modulus

A load applied in the fibre direction is shared between fibre
and matrix:
Applying Hooke’s law:
F1 = Ff + Fm E1ε1 A = Efεf Af + Emεm Am

The stresses depend on the cross-sectional areas of fibre
and matrix: where Poisson contraction has been ignored
σ1A = σfAf + σmAm

But the strain in fibre, matrix and composite are the same, so
where A (= Af + Am) is the total cross-sectional area of the ε1 = εf = εm, and:
ply
E1 A = Ef Af + Em Am

Rule of mixtures tensile modulus

(glass fibre/polyester)
Unidirectional ply - longitudinal tensile modulus 60
tensile modulus (GPa)

50
40
Dividing through by area A: 30
UD
biaxial
E1 = Ef (Af / A) + Em (Am / A) 20 CSM
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
But for the unidirectional ply, (Af / A) and (Am / A) are the same fibre volume fraction

as volume fractions Vf and Vm = 1-Vf. Hence: Rule of mixtures tensile modulus

(T300 carbon fibre)

E1 = Ef Vf + Em (1-Vf) 200
tensile modulus (GPa)

Note the similarity to the rules of mixture expression for 150

UD

density. 100 biaxial

quasi-isotropic
50
In polymer composites, Ef >> Em, so
0
E1 ≈ Ef Vf 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
fibre volume fraction

4
 22/10/2015

Unidirectional ply -
transverse tensile modulus

For the transverse stiffness, a load is applied at right angles to σ2 σ2

the fibres.
The model is very much simplified, and the fibres are lumped
together:
It is assumed that the stress is the
same in each component (σ2 = σf = σm).
L2
matrix Poisson contraction effects are ignored.
fibre
Lm Lf

σ2 σ2

Lm Lf σ2
σ2
The total extension is δ2 = δf + δm, so the strain is given by:
Lm Lf
ε2L2 = εfLf + εmLm
But σ2 = σf = σm, so that:
so that ε2 = εf (Lf / L2) + εm (Lm / L2)
But Lf / L2 = Vf and Lm / L2 = Vm = 1-Vf
1 Vf (1 − Vf ) Ef E m
So ε2 = εf Vf + εm (1-Vf) = + or E2 =
E 2 Ef Em E mVf + Ef (1 − Vf )
and σ2 / E2 = σf Vf / Ef + σm (1-Vf) / Em

5
 22/10/2015

Rule of mixtures - transverse modulus

(glass/epoxy)
Rule of mixtures - transverse modulus
16
14 16
12 14 carbon/epoxy
E2 (GPa)

10
12
8
10

E2 (GPa)
6 If Ef >> Em, 8
4
2 6
E2 ≈ Em / (1-Vf) glass/epoxy
0 4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 2
fibre volume fraction 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
fibre volume fraction

Note that E2 is not particularly sensitive to Vf.

If Ef >> Em, E2 is almost independent of fibre The transverse modulus is dominated by the
property: matrix, and is virtually independent of the
reinforcement.

The transverse rule of

mixtures is not particularly
accurate, due to the
Stiffness of short fibre composites
simplifications made - For aligned short fibre composites (difficult to achieve in
Poisson effects are not polymers!), the rule of mixtures for modulus in the fibre
negligible, and the strain direction is:
distribution is not uniform:
E = ηL EfVf + E m( 1 − Vf )
(source: Hull, Introduction to Composite
Materials, CUP) The length correction factor (ηL) can be derived
theoretically. Provided L > 1 mm, ηL > 0.9

For composites in which fibres are not perfectly

aligned the full rule of mixtures expression is used,
incorporating both ηL and ηo.

6
 22/10/2015

Rule of mixtures tensile modulus

In short fibre-reinforced thermosetting polymer (glass fibre/polyester)

composites, it is reasonable to assume that the fibres are 60

tensile modulus (GPa)

always well above their critical length, and that the elastic 50

properties are determined primarily by orientation effects. 40 UD

30 biaxial

The following equations give reasonably accurate 20 CSM

10
estimates for the isotropic in-plane elastic constants: 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

E = 38 E1 + 58 E 2 fibre volume fraction

Rule of mixtures tensile modulus

(T300 carbon fibre)
1 1
G = E1 + E 2
8 4 200

tensile modulus (GPa)

150

E 100
UD
biaxial
ν= −1 quasi-isotropic

2G 50

0
where E1 and E2 are the ‘UD’ values 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
calculated earlier fibre volume fraction

Rule of mixtures elastic modulus Rule of mixtures elastic modulus

HS carbon / epoxy resin
glass fibre / epoxy resin
180
60 160
50 140
120 UD
40 100 biaxial UD
GPa

UD
GPa

30 biaxial 80 quasi-isotropic UD
60 plain woven
20 random
40
10 20
0
0 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7
fibre volume fraction
fibre volume fraction

7
 22/10/2015

Rules of mixture Rules of mixture

properties for properties for
CSM-polyester glass woven
laminates roving-polyester
laminates
Larsson & Eliasson,
Principles of Yacht Design Larsson & Eliasson, Principles of
Yacht Design

Volume Fraction
in Large Particle Composites Rule of Mixtures

Elastic modulus is dependent on the volume fraction Actual

“Rule of mixtures” equation Values

E- elastic modulus, V- volume fraction, m- matrix, p- particulate
Upper bound
E - particulate

*
*
E- matrix

upper bound
* **
(iso-strain) * *
E c = E m Vm + E p V p

lower bound Lower bound
(iso-stress) conc. of particulates
Em E p
Ec =
E p Vm + E mVp

8
 22/10/2015

Other rules of mixtures

Shear modulus: 1 V (1 − Vf )
= f +
G12 Gf Gm

Poisson’s ratio: ν 12 = ν fVf + ν m (1 − Vf )

Thermal expansion:

1
α1 = (α f EfVf + α mEm [1 − Vf ])
E1
α 2 = α fVf (1 + ν f ) + α m (1 − Vf )(1 + ν m ) − α1ν 12