ELECTION LAWS
4. Ability to fill a complete slate of candidates
Election
 Embodiment of the popular will, the expression of the
sovereign power of the people.
Components:
 Choice or selection of candidates to public office by
popular vote
 Conduct of the polls
 Listing of votes
 Holding of Electoral campaign
 Act of casting and receiving the ballots from the voters
 Counting the ballots
 Making the election returns
 Proclaiming the winning candidates
Regular election – refers to an election participated in by
those who possess the right of suffrage and not disqualified
by law and who are registered voters.
Special election – is when there is failure of election on
the scheduled date of regular election in a particular place
or which is conducted to fill up certain vacancies, as
provided by law.
Political Parties
Definition (Omnibus Election Code)
An organized group of persons pursuing the same ideology,
political ideas or platforms of government including its
branches and divisions.
Types of Political Parties
1) Registered Parties:
1. Dominant Majority Party – usually the administration
party; entitled to a copy of election return
2. Dominant Minority Party – entitled to a copy of election
return
3. Majority Political Party
4. Top 3 Political Parties – entitled to appoint principal
watcher and a copy of the certificate of canvass
5. Bottom 3 political parties – entitled to appoint principal
watcher
2) Non-registered parties
Criteria to Determine the Type of Political Party
1. Established Record of the said parties, showing in past
elections
2. Number of Incumbent Elective Officials
3. Identifiable political organizations and strengths
5. Other analogous circumstances
Grounds for Challenging the Voter
1. Illegal voters ( Not Registered / Using the name of
another / disqualified )
2. Based on certain illegal acts (Vote buying)
Acquisition of Juridical Personality
It is acquired upon registration with the COMELEC.
Forfeiture of Status as a Registered Political Party
The status shall be deemed forfeited if the political party,
singly or in coalition with others, fails to obtain at least
10% of the votes cast in the constituency in which it
nominated and supported a candidate/s in the election
next following its registration. There shall be notice and
hearing.
Candidates
Rules on Filing of Certificates of Candidacy
1. No person shall be elected into public office unless he
files his certificate of candidacy within the prescribed
period
2. No person shall be eligible for more than one office. If
he/she files for more than one position, he shall not be
eligible for all unless he cancels all and retains one
3. The certificate of candidacy shall be filed by the
candidate personally or by his duly authorized
representative.
4. Upon filing, an individual becomes a candidate, he is
already covered by rules, restrictions and processes
involving candidates.
Grounds for Disqualification
1. Election offenses under Sec 68 of the Omnibus Election
Code (OEC)
2. Not possessing qualifications and possessing
disqualifications under the Local Government Code
2.1 Sentenced by final judgment for an offense involving
moral turpitude or for an offense punishable by one year or
more of imprisonment within two years after serving
sentence
2.2 Removed from office as a result of an administrative
case
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2.3 Convicted by final judgment for violating the oath of 2. If the candidate is not disqualified by final judgment
allegiance to the Republic before the election and receives the highest number of
votes in the election, the court or COMELEC will
2.4 Dual citizenship ( more specifically, dual allegiance) continue with the trial and hearing of the action,
inquiry or protest. Upon motion of the complainant or
2.5 Fugitives from justice in criminal or non-political intervenor, the court or COMELEC may order the
cases here or abroad suspension of the proclamation of the candidate
whenever the evidence of his guilt is strong.
2.6 Permanent residents in a foreign country or those who
have acquired the right to reside abroad and continue to
avail of the same right
Nuisance Candidates
2.7 Insane or feeble-minded
A. The term refers to candidates who have no bona fide
1. Nuisance candidate intention to run for the office for which the certificate of
2. Violation of sec 73 of OEC with regard to certificate of candidacy has been filed and would thus prevent a faithful
candidacy determination of the true will of the people.
3. Violation of sec 78 which is material misrepresentation
of reqts under sec. 74. B. Power of COMELEC
* Disqualifications (from continuing as a candidate or from
holding the office if already elected): 1. May refuse to give due course to or cancel a certificate
of candidacy of a nuisance candidate. This can be done
Any candidate, who in an action or protest in which he is a motu proprio or upon verified petition of an interested
party is declared by final decision of a competent court party.
guilty of, or is found by the Commission of having:
2.There should be a showing that:
1. Given money or other material consideration to
1. Certificate of candidacy has been filed to put the
influence, induce or corrupt the voters or public
election process in mockery/disrepute or
officials performing electoral functions.
2. To cause confusion among the voters by the similarity
2. Committed acts of terrorism to enhance his candidacy
of the names of the registered candidates
3. Spent in his election campaign an amount in excess of
3. Other circumstances which clearly demonstrate that
that allowed by the Omnibus Election Code )
the candidate has no bona fide intention to run for the
4. Solicited, received or made any contribution prohibited
office…
under this Code
Petition to deny due course to or to cancel a Certificate
5. Violated any of the following sections: Section 80, 83,
85,86,261 of Candidacy
6. Permanent resident of or an immigrant to a foreign
A. Exclusive ground: A material representation in the
country shall not be qualified to run for any elective
office UNLESS he/she has waived his/her status as a
certificate of candidacy is false.
permanent resident/immigrant of a foreign country in
B. The petition should be filed not later than 25 days from
accordance with the residence requirement provided
the filing of the certificate of candidacy.
for under election laws.
Effect of a Disqualification case (under RA 6646)
C. It should be decided not later than 15 days before the
1. Any candidate who has been declared by final judgment
election, after due notice and hearing.
to be disqualified shall NOT be voted for. The votes
cast in his favor shall not be counted. Election Campaign/Partisan Political Activity
Ø Definition
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1) It refers to an act designed to promote the election or
defeat of a particular candidate/s to a public office
2) It includes:
A. Forming organizations, associations, clubs, committees
or other groups of persons for the purpose of soliciting
votes and/or undertaking any campaign for or against a
candidate.
B. Holding political caucuses, conferences, meetings,
rallies, parades or other similar assemblies for the purpose
of soliciting votes and/or undertaking any campaign or
propaganda for or against a candidate.
C. Making speeches, announcements or commentaries or
holding interviews for or against the election of any
candidate for public office.
D. Publishing or distributing campaign literature or
materials designed to support or oppose the election of any
candidate.
E. Directly or indirectly soliciting votes, pledges or support
for or against a candidate.
3) When the acts enumerated above are NOT considered an
election campaign/partisan political activity.
If the acts are performed for the purpose of enhancing the
chances of aspirants for nomination for candidacy to a
public office by a political party, aggroupment, or coalition
of parties.
RA 9006 – FAIR ELECTION ACT
Important Features:
1) Repeal of Sec. 67 of the OEC – Now, any ELECTIVE
official, whether national or local, running for any office
other than the one which he is holding in a permanent
capacity shall not be considered ipso facto resigned from
his office upon the filing of his certificate of candidacy.
2) Lifting of the Political Ad Ban – Written and Printed
Materials (8.5” W x 14L”)
Letters
Posters (2’ x 3’) in common-private poster areas (
not more than 10 public places per political party or
independent candidate, 12’ 16’), private places and public
places
Rally streamers (3’ x 8’) NOT MORE THAN 2
Paid Advertisements at Discounted Rates
Print : 1/4th page in broadsheet and ½ page in tabloid 3x a
week
Television: 120 minutes for candidate for nationally
elective office and 60 for local
Radio: 180 minutes for candidate for nationally elective
office and 90 for local
COMELEC free space (3 national newspaper for nationally
elective officials and 1 national newspaper for local) and
airtime
(3 national television networks for nationally elective
officials and 1 station for local ) : equal allocation for all
candidates for 3 calendar days
Authorized Expenses ( multiplied with the total number of
registered voters )
 P 10 for president / vice president
 P 3 for other candidates for every voter currently
registered in the constituency
 P 5 for independent candidates and political parties
Voters
Qualifications
 Age: 18 years old and over.
 Residence
1. He /she should have resided in the Philippines for one
year and
2. Resided in the city/municipality wherein he proposes to
vote for at least 6 months immediately preceding the
election.
Residence Requirement
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If the transfer of residence is due to any of the following
reasons, the person concerned will be deemed NOT to have
lost his original residence:
A. Transfer solely because of occupation, profession,
employment in private or public service
B. Educational activities
C. Work in military or naval reservations
D. Service in the army, navy or air force, national police
force
E. Confinement/detention in government institutions in
accordance with law.
RA 8189 – VOTER’S REGISTRATION ACT OF 1996
Q: Can there still be general registration of voters?
A: No more, because 8189 (7) provides for such only for the
May ’98 elections
Q: What kind of registration system do we have?
A: Continuing, Computerized and Permanent
Disqualifications
A. If sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment
for not less than 1 year and such disability was not
removed by plenary pardon or has not been granted
amnesty. However, any person disqualified to vote shall
automatically reacquire the right to vote upon expiration
of 5 years after service of sentence.
B. Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by
competent court or tribunal of having committed any crime
involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government
such as rebellion or any crime against national security:
1. UNLESS restored to his full civil and political rights in
accordance with law.
2. However, he shall regain his right to vote automatically
upon expiration of 5 years after service of sentence.
C. Insane or incompetent persons as declared by
competent authority.
Jurisdiction in Inclusion/Exclusion cases
A. The municipal and metropolitan trial courts shall have
original and exclusive jurisdiction over all matters of
inclusion and exclusion of voters from the list in their
respective municipalities or cities. Petition filed at any
time except 105 days before regular election or 75 days
before special election
B. Decisions may be appealed to the RTC within 5 days
from receipt of notice of decision.
C. RTC will decide the appeal within 10 days. Decision is
final and executory.
D. Note: Relate this to Article IX of the Constitution which
provides that the COMELEC has no jurisdiction over
questions involving the right to vote.
E. Exclusion is through sworn petition and not later than
100 days before regular election; 65 days before special
election
Grounds when the List of Voters will be altered:
 Deactivation/ Reactivation
 Exclusion/ Inclusion
 Cancellation of Registration in case of Death
 New voters
 Annulment of Book of Voters
 Transfer of Residence
How is challenge to right to register effected?
Who – any voter, candidate, political party representative
How – in writing, stating grnds, under oath, proof of notice
of hearing
Deactivation means removing the registration records of
persons from the precinct book of voters and place the
same, properly marked and dated in indelible ink, in the
inactive file after entering the cause of deactivation.
How is reactivation of registration effected ?
Sworn application for reactivation
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Affidavit  Fraud
 Other analogous causes
Not later than 120 days before regular election and 90 days
before special election Under RA 7166, the causes for the declaration of the failure
of election may occur before or after the casting of votes
Annulment of Book of Voters is through verified petition; or on the day of the election.
notice and hearing; not prepared in accordance with law or
Effects of above causes
prepared through fraud, bribery, forgery, impersonation,
intimidation, force, any similar irregularity or which A. Election in any polling place was not held on the date
contains data that are statistically improbable fixed;

Cannot be done within 90 days before election B. Election was suspended before the hour fixed by law for
the closing of the voting
Postponement of Election
Causes
C. Elections results in a failure to elect (after the voting
 Violence and during the preparation and transmission of the
 Terrorism election returns or in the custody or canvass thereof)
 Loss or destruction of election paraphernalia/records
 Force majeure AND the failure or suspension of the election would affect
 Other analogous causes the result of the election
Effect Remedy

It is impossible to hold a free, orderly and honest election COMELEC can call for the holding or continuation of the
in any political subdivision election not held, suspended, or which resulted in a failure
to elect. The election should be held not later than 30
COMELEC can postpone the election (when decided by a
days after the cessation of the cause of the postponement
majority vote of the COMELEC sitting en banc, RA 7166):
or suspension of the election or failure to elect. This is
A. Motu proprio
decided by the COMELEC, by a majority vote of its
members, sitting en banc.
B. Upon a verified petition by any interested party, after
due notice and hearing
RA 7941 – Party-List System Act
Date of new election  Seeks to promote proportional representation
 Any party already registered need not register anew.
The date of the postponed election should be reasonably File manifestation not later than 90 days before
close to the date of the election not held, suspended, or election.
which resulted in a failure to elect. It should not be later Grounds for refusing or canceling registration of Party-Lists groups
than 30 days after the cessation of the cause for such 1. Religious sect or denomination, organization
postponement or suspension of the election or failure to 2. Advocates violence
elect. 3. Foreign party or organization
4. Receives foreign support
Failure of Election 5. Violates election law
Causes 6. Untruthful statements in its petition
 Force majeure 7. Ceased to exist for at least one year
 Violence 8. Failed to participate in the last two preceding elections
 Terrorism or fails to obtain at least 2% of the votes cast under the

Page 5 of 10
 party-list system in the 2 preceding elections for the
constituency in which it has registered
Nomination of party-list reps should not include any
candidate for any elective office or a person who has lost
his bid for an elective office in the immediately preceding
election
Incumbent sectoral representatives in the House of
Representatives who are nominated in the party-list system
shall not be considered resigned
Party List Reps constitute 20% of the total number of the
members of the House of Reps including those under the
party-list
How do we determine the number of party list seats in
the House of Reps?
(# of District Reps / 0.80) x 0.20 = # of party list reps
 There are presently 208 legislative districts, according
to the Veterans Federation Case
 The 5 major political parties are now entitled to
participate in the party list system
 Parties receiving at least 2% of the total votes cast for
the party-list system shall be entitled to one seat each
 No party shall be entitled to more than 3 seats
 Currently, there are 260 seats. So 20 % of 260 is 52
seats. But this is only a ceiling.
 A list with 5 names should be submitted to COMELEC as
to who will represent the party in the Congress.
Ranking in the list submitted determines who shall
represent party or organization.
Rules for Appreciation of Ballots
 Liberal Construction in favor of the validity of the
ballot
 Look at the ticket slate, consider locality or literacy
rate
 Rule 211 of the OEC
 Incumbency / Surname
 Cannot ascertain – STRAY VOTE
Pre-Proclamation Controversies
Definition
1. A pre-proclamation controversy refers to any question
pertaining to or affecting the proceedings of the board
of canvassers which may be raised by any candidate or
by any registered political party or coalition of political
parties before the board or directly with the COMELEC.
1. It would also refer to any matter raised under Sections
233, 234, 235, and 236 of the Omnibus Election Code in
relation to the preparation, transmission, receipt,
custody, and appreciation of the election
returns. (Board of canvassers have original jurisdiction
while COMELEC have appellate jurisdiction)
1. When election returns are delayed, lost or
destroyed (Sec.233)
2. Material defects in the election returns (Sec.
234)
3. When election returns appear to be tampered
with or falsified. (Sec. 235)
4. Discrepancies in election returns (Sec. 236)
C. Those that can be filed with COMELEC directly are the
ff:
 Issue involves the illegal composition or proceedings of
the board of canvassers, as when a majority or all of
the members do not hold legal appointments or are in
fact usurpers
 Issue involves the correction of manifest errors in the
tabulation or tallying of the results during the
canvassing
Recount
There can be a recount under the grounds of 234-236. The
returns involved will affect the results and the integrity of
the ballot box has been preserved
Issues that may be raised in a pre-proclamation controversy
1. Illegal composition or proceedings of the board of
canvassers
2. The canvassed election returns are incomplete, contain
material defects, appear to be tampered with or
falsified, or contain discrepancies in the same returns
or in authentic copies thereof.
3. The election returns were prepared under duress,
threats, coercion, or intimidation, or they are obviously
manufactured, or not authentic.
4. When substitute or fraudulent returns in controverted
polling places were canvassed, the results of which
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 materially affected the standing of the aggrieved
candidate/s.
Procedure
A. Contested composition or proceedings of the board
(under RA 7166)
It may be initiated in the board or directly with COMELEC.
B. Contested election returns (under RA 7166)
Matters relating to the preparation, transmission, receipt,
custody and appreciation of the election returns, and
certificate of canvass, should be brought in the first
instance before the board of canvassers only.
Summary nature of pre-proclamation controversy
1. Pre-proclamation controversies shall be heard
summarily by the COMELEC.
2. Its decision shall be executory after the lapse of 5 days
from receipt by the losing party of the decision, unless
restrained by the SC.
Effect of filing petition to annul or suspend proclamation
It suspends the running of the period within which to file
an election protest or quo warranto proceedings.
When not allowed
Pre-proclamation cases on matters relating to the
preparation, transmission, receipt, custody and
appreciation of the election returns or the certificates of
canvass NOT allowed in elections for: (under RA 7166)
 President
 Vice-President
 Senator
 Member of the House of Representatives
BUT: The appropriate canvassing body motu propio or
upon written complaint of an interested person can correct
manifest errors in the certificate of canvass or election
returns before it.
BUT: Questions affecting the composition or proceedings
of the board of canvassers may be initiated in the board or
directly with COMELEC.
When pre-proclamation cases are deemed TERMINATED
(RA 7166)
1. All pre-proclamation cases pending before the COMELEC
shall be deemed terminated at the beginning of the
term of the office involved and the rulings of the
boards of canvassers concerned deemed affirmed.
B. This is without prejudice to the filing of a regular
election protest by the aggrieved party.
C. HOWEVER: Proceedings MAY CONTINUE if:
1. The COMELEC determines that the petition is
meritorious and issues an order for the proceedings to
continue or
2. The Supreme Court issues an order for the proceedings
to continue in a petition for certiorari.
Election Contest
Original Jurisdiction
COMELEC has ORIGINAL jurisdiction over contests relating
to the elections, returns, qualifications of all elective:
 Regional
 Provincial
 City officials
Appellate Jurisdiction
COMELEC has APPELLATE jurisdiction over all contests
involving:
A. Elective MUNICIPAL officials decided by trial courts of
GENERAL jurisdiction
B. Elective BARANGAY officials decided by trial courts of
LIMITED jurisdiction
Who can file a petition contesting the election
Any candidate who has duly filed a certificate of candidacy
and has been voted for the same office
Purpose of an election contest
The defeated candidate seeks to outs the proclaimed
winner and claims the seat.
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Final COMELEC Decisions
Provision that decisions, final orders, rulings of the
Commission on election contests involving municipal and
barangay offices are final, executory and not appealable:
A. This only applies to questions of FACT. ( Flores v.
COMELEC, 184 SCRA 484)
B. It does NOT preclude a special civil action of
certiorari. (Galido v. COMELEC, Jan. 18,1991)
Distinctions between Pre-Proclamation Controversy and Election
Contest
1) Dividing line: Proclamation of a candidate
2) Jurisdiction
A. Pre-proclamation controversy
1.The jurisdiction of COMELEC is administrative/quasi-
judicial
2.It is governed by the requirements of administrative due
process
B. Election contest
1.The jurisdiction of COMELEC is judicial
2.It is governed by the requirements of judicial process
3) In some cases, even if the case (involving municipal
officials) began with the COMELEC before proclamation but
a proclamation is made before the controversy is resolved,
it ceases to be a pre-proclamation controversy and
becomes an election contest cognizable by the RTC.
4) However, in some cases, the SC has recognized the
jurisdiction of COMELEC over municipal cases even after
proclamation. Relate to the provision in RA 7166 allowing
pre-proclamation controversy proceedings to continue even
after a proclamation has been made.
Election Offenses ( Selected Offenses)
Vote buying and vote-selling
A. Covered acts
1.Give, offer or promise money or anything of value
2. Making or offer to make any expenditure, directly or
indirectly, or cause an expenditure to be made to any
person, association, corporation, entity or community
3.Soliciting or receiving, directly or indirectly, any
expenditure or promise of any office or employment, public
or private
B. Purpose of acts
1. To induce anyone or the public in general to vote for or
against any candidate or withhold his vote in the election
or
2. To vote for or against any aspirant for the nomination or
choice of a candidate in a convention or similar selection
C. Under RA 6646 (Prosecution of vote-buying/selling)
1. Presentation of a complaint supported by affidavits of
complaining witnesses attesting to the offer or promise by
or the voters acceptance of money or other consideration
from the relatives, leaders or sympathizers of a candidate
is sufficient basis for an investigation by the
COMELEC,directly or through its duly authorized legal
officers.
2. Disputable presumption of conspiracy:
Proof that at least one voter in different precincts
representing at least 20% of the total precincts in any
municipality, city or province has been offered, promised
or given money, valuable consideration or other
expenditure by a candidate relatives, leaders and/or
sympathizsrs for the purpose of promoting the election of
such candidate.
3. Disputable presumption of involvement
Proof affects at least 20% of the precincts of the
municipality, city or province to which the public office
aspired for by the favored candidate relates. This will
constitute a disputable presumption of the involvement of
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such candidate and of his principal campaign managers in
each of the municipalities concerned in the conspiracy
Coercion of a subordinate
A. Who can be held liable
1. public officer
2. officer of a public/private corporation/association
3. heads/superior/administrator of any religious org.
4. employer/landowner
B. Prohibited acts
1. Coercing, intimidating or compelling or influencing, in
any manner, any subordinates, members, parishioners
or employees or house helpers, tenants, overseers,
farm helpers, tillers or lease holders to aid, campaign
or vote for or against a candidate or aspirant for the
nomination or selection of candidates.
2. Dismissing or threatening to dismiss, punishing or
threatening to punish by reducing salary, wage or
compensation or by demotion, transfer, suspension etc.
Appointment of new employees, creation of new
position, promotion or giving salary increases:
A. Who can be held liable: Any head/official/appointing
officer of a government office, agency or instrumentality,
whether national or local, including GOCCs.
B. Prohibited acts
1.Appointing or hiring a new employee (provisional,
temporary or casual)
2.Creating or filling any new position
3.Promoting/giving an increase in salary, remuneration
or privilege to any government official or employee.
C. Period when acts are prohibited
1. 45 days before a regular election
2. 30 days before a special election
D. Exceptions
1. Upon prior authority of COMELEC if it is satisfied that
the position to be filled is essential to the proper
functioning of the office/agency concerned AND that
the position is not filled in a manner that may influence
the election
2. In case of urgent need, a new employee may be
appointed. Notice of appointment should be given to
COMELEC within 3 days from appointment.
Prohibition against release, disbursement or expenditure of public
funds
A. Who can be held liable: Any public official or employee
including barangay officials and those of
GOCCs/subsidiaries
B. Prohibited acts:
The release, disbursement or expenditure of public funds
for any and other kinds of public works
C. Period when acts are prohibited:
1. 45 days before a regular election
2. 30 days before a special election
D. Exception
1. maintenance of existing/completed public works
project.
2. work undertaken by contract through public bidding, or
by negotiated contract awarded before the 45 day
period before election
3. payment for the usual cooperation for working
drawings, specfications and other procedures
preparatory to actual construction including the
purchase of material and equipment and incidental
expenses for wages.
4. Emergency work necessitated by the occurrence of a
public calamity but such work shall be limited to the
restoration of the damaged facility.
5. Ongoing public work projects commenced before the
campaign period or similar projects under foreign
agreements.
Suspension of elective, provincial, city, municipal or barangay officer
A. General rule: public official CANNOT suspend any of
the officers enumerated above during the election period.
B. Exceptions
1. With prior approval of COMELEC
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 2. Suspension is for the purpose of applying the Anti-Graft
and Corrupt Practices Act
In relation to registration of voters/voting
 Unjustifiable refusal to register and vote
 Voting more than once in the same election/voting
when not a registered voter
 Voting in substitution for another with or without the
latters’ knowledge and/or consent etc.
1. RTC has exclusive original jurisdiction to try and decide
any criminal action or proceedings for violation of the
Code.
2. MTC/MCTC have jurisdiction over offenses relating to
failure to register or vote.

Other election offenses under RA 6646

1. Causing the printing of official ballots and election

returns by printing establishments not on contract with
COMELEC and printing establishments which undertakes
unauthorized printing
2. Tampering, increasing or decreasing the votes received
by a candidate or refusing after proper verification and
hearing to credit the correct votes or deduct the
tampered votes (committed by a member of the board
of election inspectors)
3. Refusing to issue the certificate of voters to the duly
accredited watchers (committed by a member of the
BEI)
4. Person who violated provisions against prohibited forms
of election propaganda
5. Failure to give notice of meetings to other members of
the board, candidate or political party (committed by
the Chairman of the board of canvassers)
6. A person who has been declared a nuisance candidate
or is otherwise disqualified who continues to
misrepresent himself as a candidate (Ex. by continuing
to campaign) and any public officer or private
individual who knowingly induces or abets such
misrepresentation by commission or omission.
7. If the chairman of the BEI fails to affix his signature at
the back of the official ballot, in the presence of the
voter, before delivering the ballot to the voter. (under
RA 7166)
Prescription of Election Offenses

1. Election offenses shall prescribe after 5 years from the

date of their commission
2. If the discovery of the offense is made in an election
contest proceeding, the period of prescription shall
commence on the date on which the judgment in such
proceedings becomes final and executory
Jurisdiction of courts

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