investi Gate THe PHENOMENA OF Bose -EiW3TE in. CONDENSATION WITH Weak iNTERACTioWS BETWEEN THE PaeTICLES. For THIS WE WiLL USE THE BoGolivBov MeDEL, IN THis MODEL THE Lavver GPeRaTcRsS a,and at, ARE DEFINED ao+ Wie St ey » aes Inegite Qvawtrum Fluctuations HERE WE WiLL Quawrom Fluctuations Because We HAVE ata |Me > = Une ate | e- 22 = {We [o-4)47 [We > = to to) ae Qo = WWe Qo Qt INo>= (1+ Qa )l ve > = (Not7)| Mo > % MI] Wo> AcQt = th THEN ‘ + Aas = AoA We WiLL Covsivee Y=O WHAT WO MAKE DIFFERENCE iN ove CALCULATION. THE Bo GoLivBov Mover Consider qh AND QS AS MACROSCOPIC -LY LaeGe VAziABLES, AND Qe, Az (+0) AE TVET SMALL CoRRECTIONS. So in ove HAMiLToMiAN + 2 He Z& apa + AF U)a,, a, = » A. . A. As ay ka FGF ‘é ca . + we NécD SEPPRATE THE MGAW ComTeiBuTioN ( WiTH & audas.) of THE CoRREcTiONS, THE KiNneETIC TE2M NOT Con TRIBUTE, BECAUE €o=O, For THE POTENTIAL Wwe HAVE Many Possi BLE 4) bt-0; B-te0 ; 220,80, Sone av2) k+G20, P-420,k=0, Po NoT €XisT 3 £+Gs0, P-F=0, Kkt0, P20 NOT ExisT 4) K+4F=0. $-49+40; £20, P:o NOT ExisT BD) Kidto; P-9-0;k:0,710] Z Qa malas = ™) . ee ay P<4 4) K+4 #0; P-9 70; BHO : Qe) te at @ = 4) . vo 2y Pro: 920, e#0 9) K+9 #0, -F40, 2-0, %-0/ SOMNa,, a? ‘ fe oy 4 #0 1) KiGeo; 7-4 #0; KFO, 2. Gamay a5 = 8) ee G40 k= -G4 ; 4 #0 then) Hin = Qo)? + Ne 2 [ 9lo) + ea) Jal ag + ZV na tto + eZ ocd) [a at + @, ae} 2y FtAS WE ARE CONSIDERING iNTERECTIOWS BeTWESA THe PARTICLES THE CONDENSATION SUFFER one DEFLECTion, i.c., Mb #A/. Then) WENCED MAKE = Not 2 QuQe > Nez N- Zaudu kto to 2. a + Ne = N>-2NZ. A, au + Olat) «tO Teens ProPoetionar TO PRODUCT oF THE Pour LADDES OPERATORS luteopucinG THis STUFF AT ove HAMILTO WAN, AND IGNORING THE TeemS OF Ola"), IT Becomes: Hiwr = 422 Oc) + WM 2 Qa) Og ag s ev vate Oa) [ay at, +agag] + Ola") #0 ra + A z sles BY Con6ipeeinG THat NW is MACROSCOPIC, WE IGNORE its FLucTUATI- -ONS So THAT W is THe Classicac QuaWTiTy. USING AL “= sl , THE BOGOLIVBOU HAMiLToWwian AeRrive Vv + + Neco = 1WuQceoy + 1 F Lege ngay\( a5 ag + a'ga3) + 2 2 Gta ~ + +12 na) (dal, + az az) 2 tto INTHS HAMILTONIAN THE SYMMETRY ASSOCIATED WiTH THE PaeTiclk- Num Bee OPERATOR U1) is Broken THis i5: in =ibe + a. Heng HU Hoe UF @ Hes @ Foe DeMovTRATE THIS, WE NEED Kriow GPERING 9 ie + Q@ Qgz- AND @ az =? ee For THis We €xPAD © in TAYloR Ss@ies, and KEEP ONLY THE Two finst Teams.os 4+ ihe + Olidue*) And -ada=1 THEN) LA + (44 (0d )Au = Ant WAL Qe = Ae + it (Qeaie Tax = Ant itlacdde -An) = anlr+ iel(h-4)) exponential iacdos) THEN We jetw-7) z An = An & Now for ie + + + ~ + oan = (14ieRe Ana = Aetinan anak = = a4 + i aedu)? alts ie (44 aeax)) = + in G44) = at(sasig(er)) = ate 7) iene a ? THEN APPLYiV6 U Hgoo UT, we Have + UlesUt= 40m Ges 12 Legs na] [ 2g a5 + als 2g] 2 2 Fro z + i = Bie +o FZ no) Lagat eh” +a zage™~] + hex t 440 * ° WiTHOUT THIS InmTERACTION THE SyMmMETRY IS MAINTAINED UHU'= H WiTH THIS we HAVE . [uil=0 aur [Heo | #0THIS MEANS THAT THE GrouUND STATE OF Hwa is Nor AN EiGew- - STATE OF AJ. Hoe (Y= Ey lv? , Nlv>#aly> Tew WE NEED INVOKE THE Geanld- CAvaWicAl Foem4 LisM, WHe- RE THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES iS FixED AS THE AVERAGED \Va- -lue of v= <0 > then), WE SHOULD INTRODUCE THE CHemicad FeTENTIAL SHIFT &g= Wat +» & + ntat -% am 2m ABOUT SYMMET2Y BREAKDOWN: - HAVE A PHASE TRANSITION AssociaTeD WITH sucH 4 B2EAK- ~Down. = to FinD THE PoiNT (TEMPERATURE OR DEnsiTY ETC. ) OF THis PHASE TRANSITION, WE TUTRODUCE A SHIFT i THE Ha - “MILTGWIAN H=H+)dzZ, [H,ul-0 [r,v]#0 d~%0 ~ THEN THE THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL OF THE SYSTEM WITH New Kamictonian i! iS CACCULATED; It ismorze Ffayora- - BLE THAN THAT OF HW Cin THe Limit AO), We face THE SRNTANEOUS BREAKDOWN OF THE SySTEM SymmETey, ~ THE Concert OF THE SPevTAMEOUS BeeakDowWNn OF THE SYSTEM STaBiritTy: A SMALL PERTURBATIon OF THE HamicL Towian CAN only RESULT iN A SMAL DEeviaTiow Of THe System STATE - THis sTABiLiTy Pin CiPLE WOULD BE VIOLATED WITH - -OUT THe SYMMETRY BREAKDOWN,