LTE Overview

Objects

After the course,you will:

⚫ Know Mobile Network Evolution
⚫ Know LTE Protocol Standard
⚫ Master the LTE Architecture
⚫ Understand LTE Key Technology
⚫ Master the eNodeB Function
⚫ Know LTE Solution
Contents

Mobile Network Evolution

LTE Architecture and Benefits
LTE Key Technology
LTE Solution
Drivers of Mobile Network Evolution

Big Profitability
Transition

User
Experience/
Dependency

Wireless Internet - A New Paradigm for Mobile Communication

Evolution Trend of Mobile Technology

GSM GPRS EDGE eEDGE

TD- MC-HSPA TDD

HSPA
SCDMA MBMS
LTE
WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+
R99 R5 R6 R7
MBMS 4G
FDD

cdma 2000 EV-DO

cdma 1x cdma 2000
EV-DO Rev. A

EV-DO
UMB
Rev. B
802.16 d 802.16 e 802.16 m

2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G 3.5G 3.75G 3.9G 4G

Multi-Standards Coexist : OFDM, OFDMA and MIMO, basic technologies in different standards, are
employed in multi wireless access technology.
Multi-frequency Coexistence: More frequency bands are available and standardized.
Mobile Broadband: Increase spectrum utilization; reduce the cost of wireless data services; ready for
multimedia-based services.
Evolution of Speed
Technologies’ Comparison
802.16e (WiMAX) HSPA+ LTE
FEATURE

TDD OFDMA FDD WCDMA FDD OFDMA

MIMO 64QAM MIMO 64QAM DL TDD SC-FDMA
BW: 1.25 ~ 20MHz 16QAM UL MIMO 64QAM

BW: 5MHz 1.4 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 20MHz

DATA RATE

63.36Mbps DL 42Mbps DL 150Mbps DL

2*2 10MHz 2*2 5MHz 2*2 20MHz

28.22Mbps UL 11.5Mbps UL 75Mbps UL

2*2 10MHz 5MHz 2*2 20MHz
STANDARD

2005.12 2008. Q3 2009. Q3

3G spectrum
New spectrum 3G spectrum
New spectrum
Organizations Leading in LTE Ecosystem

NGMN

3GPP LSTI
Standard
Key Requirements
Enhanced
Coverage

Peak Data Rate

Enhanced
Spectrum DL：100Mbps
Efficiency UL：50Mbps

Less Latency
Variety of CP：100ms
Bandwidth UP：5ms

Less OPEX
and CAPEX
Contents

Mobile Network Evolution

LTE Architecture and Benefits
LTE Key Technology
LTE Solution
LTE/SAE System Architecture Evolution
PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Function
HSS: Home Subscriber Server

GERAN
MME: Mobile Management Entity

SGSN HSS
UTRAN

S3 S6a

S1-MME

MME PCRF
S4 S7 Rx+
S11

S10
LTE-Uu
S5 SGi
Serving PDN Operator's IP Services
UE TRAN
S1-U
Gateway Gateway (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
TRAN Structure
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW

 Mobility Management
EPC  Serving Gateway

S1  Interface between
EPS MME/SGW & eNodeB
eNodeB
RNC
E- X2 X2 Node B
UTRAN eNodeB

eNodeB
X2

eNodeB
+ =

 Interface between
eNodeBs

 Only one Node in E-UTRAN – eNodeB Flexible band width

 Evolved Packet Core – EPC Higher spectrum efficiency
 Evolved Packet System – EPS High peak rate, Lower latency
EUTRAN/EPC Function Module
eNB

Inter Cell RRM

RB Control

Connection Mobility Cont.

Radio Admission Control MME

eNB Measurement
NAS Security
Configuration & Provision

Dynamic Resource Idle State Mobility

Allocation (Scheduler) Handling

RRC PDCP SAE Bearer Control

RLC
SAE Gateway
MAC
S1
Mobility Anchoring
PHY internet

TRAN EPC
eNodeB Function

Radio Resource Management

Compression and encryption

Selection MME

Routing

eNodeB Scheduling and transmission

Measurement and measurement reporting

CSG handling
MME Function

NAS signalling

AS Security control

Idle mode UE Reachability

Tracking Area list management

PDN GW/Serving GW/MME/SGSN

MME Roaming

Authentication
SGW Function

Mobility anchoring

E-UTRAN idle mode downlink packet

buffering and initiation

Lawful Interception

Packet routing and forwarding

SGW
Transport level packet marking

UL and DL charging per UE, PDN

PDN GW Function

Per-user based packet filtering

Lawful Interception

UE IP address allocation

Transport level packet marking in the

downlink

UL and DL service level charging, gating

PDN GW and rate enforcement;

DL rate enforcement based on AMBR

Compare the Architecture of LTE with 3G
Flat and IP-based Network Architecture for LTE

WCDMA/HSPA LTE Flat Structure Without RNC

MSCS
• Less investment
GGSN
MME x-GW
HLR PCRF
HSS • Easy maintenance

SGSN
EPC • Reduce transmission
MGW

RNC RNC delay

IP Backbone • Better reliability

IP Backbone

eNode B eNode B
Node B Node B MME/x-GW
Integrates CN & partial
RNC functions

eNode B
Flat network structure and IP-based network can reduce Full function of Node B
the TCO of LTE network. and major function of
RNC
LTE Characteristics
LTE Key Technologies LTE Highlights

◼ Higher Peak Data Rate: Instantaneous

data rate of 150Mbps for downlink and
50Mbps for uplink in 20MHz

OFDM Modulation 64QAM

◼ Higher Spectrum Efficiency: 3-4 times of
HSDPA, 2-3 times of HSUPA
LTE Requirements

◼ Flexible Spectrum Allocation: Scalable

channel bandwidth configuration, Support
both FDD & TDD

◼ Better Business Experience: Lower latency

with less than 5ms in ideal conditions
Evolution Path of LTE Standards
LTE LTE-A

R8 R9 R10 R11 ……

◼ Data ◼ Data & VoIP ◼ LTE-Advanced

Service ◼ Large-scale commercial ◼ Higher efficiency and
Commercial networking throughput
Ready

So far, initial commercial Large scale commercial

deployments are mainly networking begins from
based on R8 2011-2012

R8 can fulfill the requirements of initial commercialization;

R10 is a complete version for large-scale commercialization
LTE Frequency and Bandwidth
E-UTRAN Band UL: eNode B receive, UE transmit DL: eNode B transmit, UE receive Duplex
Mode
FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high
1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz FDD
3 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz 1805 MHz – 1880 MHz FDD
4 1710 MHz – 1755 MHz 2110 MHz – 2155 MHz FDD
5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD
6 830 MHz – 840 MHz 875 MHz – 885 MHz FDD
7 2500 MHz – 2570 MHz 2620 MHz – 2690 MHz FDD
8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz FDD
9 1749.9 MHz – 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 MHz – 1879.9 MHz FDD
10 1710 MHz – 1770 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
11 1427.9 MHz – 1452.9 MHz 1475.9 MHz – 1500.9 MHz FDD
12 [TBD] – [TBD] [TBD] – [TBD] FDD
13 777 MHz – 787 MHz 746 MHz – 756 MHz FDD
14 788 MHz – 798 MHz 758 MHz – 768 MHz FDD
...
33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD
34 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz TDD
35 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz TDD
36 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz TDD
37 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz TDD
38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz TDD
39 1880 MHz - 1920 MHz 1880 MHz - 1920 MHz TDD
40 2300 MHz - 2400 MHz 2300 MHz - 2400 MHz TDD
Strong and Healthy LTE Industry Chain

3GPP Org. Chipset Terminals Network Instruments

Partners Provider Provider Provider Provider
LTE Benefits for Operators and Users
User Experience →ARPU Investment Protection

Throughput Latency Reuse of

⚫ Sites and
infrastructure
⚫ Backhauling
⚫ Frequency bands
HSPA LTE HSPA LTE

Low Cost per Mbps Scalable bandwidth

Optimized spectrum usage

cost per Mbps

3G HSPA HSPA+ LTE

LTE Enriches the Mobile Services
Mobile Broadband Changes the Future Life

◼ Video Sharing
◼ Mobile Email
◼ Video Blog
◼ Netmeeting
◼ Video Chat
◼ HD Video
Conference ◼ Information

◼ Video on ◼ Mobile
Demand Shopping
◼ Online Game ◼ Mobile Bank
◼ HD video ◼ Mobile Stock
streanming

LTE improves user experience by high capacity,

quick response, high data-rate and better QoS.
LTE Improves Broadband Applications

Live Video/ Video Blogging

Online Gaming <50 ms Latency DL 6-8Mbps/UL 2Mbps

Permanent Sync. HD Video Streaming (720i or 1080i)

DL/UL 1-2Mbps DL 6-10Mbps
LTE Investment World Map
Contents

Mobile Network Evolution

LTE Architecture and Benefits
LTE Key Technology
LTE Solution
Key Technology Evolution

1G 2G 3G LTE
（FDMA） （TDMA） （CDMA） （OFDM+MIMO+IP）

LTE enhanced technology: OFDM, MIMO

LTE Key Technology Overview
OFDM
MIMO
AMC
HARQ
Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling
ICIC (Inter Cell Interference Cancellation)
Link Adaptive Technology
Link adaptive technology can be realized by two
methods: power control and data speed control.
Normally, the link adaptive technology is data speed
control. In LTE, it is the Adaptive Modulation and
Coding technology. AMC can make eNode B duly
adjust modulation mode(QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM) and
coding rate according to channel status which is feed
back by UE.
For the long-delay packet data, AMC can improve the
system capacity but no interference to the neighbor
cell.
Link Adaptive Technology-Power Control
◼ Dynamically adjust Tx power, maintain the receiver’s SNR,
consequently guarantee link transmission quality.
When the channel condition becomes worse, it needs increasing Tx
power; when the channel condition becomes better, it needs reducing
Tx power. Then this can guarantee the invariable transmission data
speed.
Power control can avoid inner-cell users’ interference

Tx Power
Channel Quality Data Speed
 Link Adaptive Technology-AMC
SINR

Modulation mode Coding speed

UE 3
adaptive adaptive UE 2

UE 1

Make the best of channel condition

to transmit user data TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI k TTI m
Time

◼ Better Condition：use higher speed SINR

transmit user data

◼ Worse Condition： use lower speed
UE 3
transmit user data
UE 2

Time Domain-AMC UE 1

Frequency Domain -AMC

SubBand 1 SubBand 2 SubBand 3 SubBand k SubBand m Frequency
Space Domain-AMC
Link Adaptive Technology-AMC
◼ To ensure link quality can be realized by adjusting modulation mode
and coding speed when the Tx power is not changeable.
◼ When the channel condition is worse, choose the lower modulation
mode and data speed.
◼ When the channel condition is better, choose the higher modulation
mode and data speed.
Data control can make the best of all
power

Tx Power Channel Quality Data Speed

Link Adaptive Technology-LTE Uplink and Downlink
Adaptive
CQI Modulation Coding speed x Efficiency
1024
LTE uplink adaptive
0 Out of scale
technology is based on
1 QPSK 78 0.1523
uplink channel quality
2 QPSK 120 0.2344
tested by BS, and
3 QPSK 193 0.3770
straightly confirm the
4 QPSK 308 0.6016
modulation mode and
5 QPSK 449 0.8770
coding speed.
6 QPSK 602 1.1758
LTE downlink adaptive 7 16QAM 378 1.4766
technology is based on 8 16QAM 490 1.9141
CQI feed back by UE and 9 16QAM 616 2.4063
select the corresponding 10 64QAM 466 2.7305
modulation mode and 11 64QAM 567 3.3223
coding speed from pre- 12 64QAM 666 3.9023
defined table. 13 64QAM 772 4.5234
14 64QAM 873 5.1152
15 64QAM 948 5.5547
HARQ

FEC：Forward Error Correction

ARQ：Automatic Repeat reQuest
HARQ=FEC+ARQ
FEC Communication System

Data FEC FEC Data

Channel
Transmission Coding Decoding Receiver

Advantage: Disadvantage:
◆ Higher system transmission efficiency ◆ Lower reliability
◆ Automatic error correct, no feed back ◆ Lower channel adaptive ability
and retransmission ◆ To guarantee higher reliability, it needs
◆ Lower time delay longer code. So the coding efficiency is
lower, the complexity and cost are higher.
ARQ Communication System

Data Data
Channel
Transmission Receiver

ACK/NACK

Advantage: Disadvantage:
◆ Complexity is lower ◆ Continuity and real-time ability is
◆ Reliability is higher lower
◆ Adaptability is higher ◆Transmission efficiency is lower
HARQ Mechanism
Forward
Channel
FEC Coding FEC error verify and check

After receiving ACK,

transmit the next packet After receiving the correct
After receiving NACK, packet, send the ACK.
retransmit the original Otherwise, send NACK.
Reverse
packet
Controller

HARQ combines ARQ high reliability and FEC high efficiency

HARQ Characteristic
N-Process Stop-and-Wait
HARQ transmits and retransmits the transmission block.
Downlink
Asynchronous adaptive HARQ
ACK/NACK is transmitted by PUCCH or PUSCH.
PDCCH indicates HARQ program number, initial transmission or
retransmission.
Retransmission always is always scheduled by PDCCH.
Uplink
Synchronous HARQ
Configure the maximum retransmission times for each UE.
ACK/NACK is transmitted by PHICH.
HARQ- adaptive/non-adaptive HARQ
The HARQ processing is introduced into 3GPP from R5 HSDPA, and
reused in LTE.
eNodeB supports both Chase-Combing (CC) HARQ and Incremental-
Redundancy (IR) HARQ. CC HARQ uses the same redundancy version
(RV) among all the transmission and retransmissions. IR HARQ uses the
different redundancy version (RV) among all the transmission and
retransmissions, to achieve the maximum combining gain.
The DL HARQ in LTE is an asynchronous adaptive one, which means the
retransmission can be arranged at any time after NACK is received for last
transmission, and the retransmission can use wireless resources different
with that of last transmission.
eNodeB supports UL synchronous non-adaptive and adaptive HARQ
processing, which means the retransmission have to occur in dedicated
sub-frame after NACK is received for last transmission, while the
retransmission can use the same or different wireless resources from last
transmission.
Channel Scheduling(1)
For one resource block, it will select the user with the
best channel transmission condition to schedule to
maximize the system throughput.
Multi-user diversity
Channel Quality BS valid channel change

User1
User2
User3

time
 Channel Scheduling(2)
LTE supports channel scheduling based on frequency
domain.
Time domain decline
Time domain decline

Downlink：Based on common
reference signal
Uplink：Based on test reference User#1 scheduling
signal User#2 scheduling
Fast Scheduling

Fast scheduling is namely packet scheduling. It

means fast service.
Scheduling Principle
◼ Round Robin(RR)
◼ Max C/I
◼ Proportional Fairness(PF)

Scheduling Methods: TDM, FDM, SDM

Fast Scheduling
Each user is served one by one, and
has the same average server time. But
Polling based on time the flux for each user is different due to
the diverse environment.
No matter what kind of environment the
user is located in, the user can be
Polling based on flux served one by one and be guaranteed
to get the same flux.

System will trace the wireless

channel’s C/I of each user, and confirm
Max C/I the user’s priority by C/I to ensure the
served user at each moment have the
maximum C/I
Integrate the methods above, look after
PF the most portion users satisfaction, and
guarantee the higher system
throughput.
ICIC

ICIC(Inter Cell Interference Cancellation)：

Scrambling
Frequency-Hopping Transmit
Beamforming and IRC
Inter Cell Interference Coordination
Power Control
ICIC-Scrambling
LTE makes use of sequence randomization to avoid inter cell
interference.
Normally, scrambling is after the channel coding, and before the
modulation. It is bit-scrambling.
PDSCH ， PUCCH format 2/2a/2b ， PUSCH ： Scrambling sequence is
related with UE id, cell id and slot start position.
PMCH： Scrambling sequence is related with MBSFN id and slot start
position.
PBCH，PCFICH，PDCCH： Scrambling sequence is related with cell id
and slot start position.
◼ PHICH’s scrambling is after modulation when the sequence is
expanding
Scrambling sequence is related with cell id and slot start position.
User 1

interleaving

Scrambling
ICIC- Frequency Hopping Transmit

LTE supports Frequency-Hopping transmission in

downlink and uplink, it can randomize the inter cell
interference.
⚫ Except PBCH, the other downlink physical control
channel’s resource mapping is related with cell id.
⚫ PDSCH, PUSCH and PUCCH’s Frequency Hopping
transmission is in sub-frame.
⚫ PUSCH’s Frequency Hopping transmission happens
among the sub-frames.
ICIC-Beamforming
◼ Increase the expected user’s signal strength.
Decrease the interference to the other users.
Specially, if beamforming has known the location of the
user who was interfered, it will reduce the power to this
location.
期望用户 user
expected

被干扰期望用户
Interfered user
ICIC-IRC
IRC (Interference Rejection Combining)
When the receiver has multi-antennas, the receiver can use the
multi-antennas to decrease the inter-users interference. The
principle is to weight the received signal, restrain the strong
interference.

Target BS Interference BS

downlink
uplink

Interference MS
ICIC- Inter Cell Interference Coordination(1)
LTE supports static ICIC algorithms. And there is no load information
exchange through X2 interface for static ICIC.
Based on RSRP measurement on serving cell and neighboring cells of
the same frequency, UE can be divided into two groups: cell center
users and cell edge users. The cell center users, whose received
signal strengthen of serving cell is better than neighbors, are not likely
to interfere or be interfered by users in neighbor cells;
Based on cell topology and frequency division method (Fractional FR
or Soft FR), all PRB resources can be classified into cell edge
preference and cell center dedicated PRBs, without overlapping.
These PRB resources can be allocated statically, or semi-statically;
The frequency reuse factor for Fractional FR is 1 for cell central users,
and 3 for cell edge users.
ICIC- Inter Cell Interference Coordination(2)

Frequency Resource Coordination Power Resource Coordination

ICIC-Power Control
Inter-Cell Power Control
To control the target cell IoT by informing the IoT to the other cell.
Intra-Cell Power Control
Compensate the path loss and shadow fading to save the UE
transmission power, try to decrease the interference to the other
cells, keep the IoT under a certain level.

Expected Signal

Target Cell

TPC Overload Indicator Non-Target Cell

Power Control

Power control is used in PUSCH, PUSCH and

SRS.
⚫ PUSCH’ TPC is given by PUSCH’s scheduling
signaling(DCI format 0) or multiplexed with other user’s
TPC(DCI format 3/3A).
⚫ PUCCH’s TPC is given by PDSCH’s scheduling
signaling(DCI format 0) or multiplexed with other user’s
TPC(DCI format 3/3A).
⚫ SRS has no specific TPC, it borrows PUSCH’TPC, and
be informed the power warp by higher layer.

ZTE LTE Solution

Antenna and Feeder Sharing
Traditional Solution Optimization Solution

800M 700M 700M & 800M

ANT ANT Dual-band
antenna

CDMA RRU LTE RRU CDMA RRU LTE RRU

2G/3G/4G Collocation Site
Indoor ZXSDR BS8800

Feeder
Power Indoor Installation Outdoor Installation
Trans

C/L Dual-Mode

Battery
Power
Transmission

Distributed BBU&RRU
Device sharing

C/L Dual-Mode RRU Ground

Equipment room sharing
Feeder BBU Installed Installation
Fiber In SSC Cabinet
Power supply and battery sharing
SSC

Battery
Iron tower and pole sharing
Power
Transmission
B8200 Feeder sharing
Flexible Deployment

RRU

On the pole On the Wall

BBU in any 19 inch rack

BBU & RRU indoor

installed on a standing
pole

BBU
On the Wall
◼ Small size
◼ Flexible deployment
◼ Easy installation & maintenance

•20%~30% CAPEX Saving

In BTS Rack In Transmission Rack •30%~50% Deployment Time Saving
Transmission Solution
TDM E1 Abis
IP over E1 E1/STM-1/GE
Fiber
BSC
Microwave PTN/CE Iub
CDMA E1/STM-1/GE
IMA E1
FE/GE
RNC MSC
Copper GE/10GE
LTE
FE/GE OTN SGSN
x- GW
L2 ACC L3/L2 AGG
GE/10GE

Mobile backhaul (Packet Transport Network )