MEASURES OF

CENTRAL TENDENCY
✓ Summation Notation
✓ Mean

✓ Median

✓ Mode
Summation Notation

stopping point/
upper limit
n
summation sign
(Greek letter
sigma)
 i
x
i 1
typical element

starting point/
index of lower limit
summation
Rules on Summation

Rule #1: Summation is distributive over addition

n n n
 x y 
 i i i  i
  x  y
i 1 i 1 i 1

Rule #2: If c is a constant

n n

 i  i
cx 
i 1
c x
i 1

Rule #3: If c is a constant

n

 c 
i 1
nc
Examples: Summation Notation
Examples: Summation Notation
Find the value of the following expressions, given:
i 1 2 3
xi -2 3 1
yi 1 -1 0

3 3

 xi  x y
i 1
i i 
i 1

2  xi 1 

3 3

x  y  
 
 
i i i 1  yi 
i 1 i 1
A measure of central tendency is any single value
that is used to identify the “center” of the data or
typical value.

3 Types:
1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode
 MEAN MEDIAN
• Sum of all observed • Defined as the positional
values divided by the middle value when
number of observations are
observations ordered from smallest to
largest (or vice versa)
MODE
• The observed value that occurs most
frequently.
• The data is said to be unimodal if there is
only one mode, bimodal if there are two
modes, trimodal if there are three modes.

Quantitative Data Quantitative Data Quantitative & Qualitative Data

• Most popular measure • Extreme values do not • May not exist

of central location affect the median as • May also not be unique
• Affected by extreme strongly as they do the • Extreme values do not affect the mode.
values mean • Not necessarily unique - may have more than
• It is unique - there is • Useful when comparing one value.
only one answer. sets of data • When no values repeat in the data set, the
• Useful when comparing • It is unique - there is mode is every value and is useless.
sets of data. only one answer. • When there is more than one mode, it is
difficult to interpret and/or compare
 Mean
Median
and
Mode
of ungrouped data
The Arithmetic Mean
Formula for getting the mean of ungrouped data:
n

x i
X i 1
, where n is the number of observations
n
EXAMPLE#1: MEAN
Data: 4 6 5 7 3 4 5 4

EXAMPLE#2: MEAN
Data: Scores of 14 students in Math122a Midterm exam
72 83 84 82 72 80 79 80 76 80 85 79 90 91
 What is the mean?

 What if a 15th student took the Midterm exam just by guessing and got a
score of 10?
 What happens to the mean?
The Median
How to get the median of ungrouped data:
• Arrange the scores in ascending or descending order.
• If n is odd, the median is the middle score, if n is even the median is the average of
the two middlemost score.(n is the number of observations)
For values of Xi, for i = 1,2,3, …, n
M d  X n 1 For n that is odd
2

For n that is even

EXAMPLE#1: MEDIAN Data: 4 6 5 7 3 4 5 4

EXAMPLE#2: MEDIAN Data: 4 6 5 3 4 5 4

The Mode
How to find the mode of ungrouped data:
✓ Simply find the score or the value that occurs the most

EXAMPLE#1: MODE
Data: 4 6 5 7 3 4 5 4
EXAMPLE#2: MODE
Data: 72 83 64 82 71 60 79

EXAMPLE#3: MODE
Data: Blood Type of 20 patients in UMC

A, A, AB, O, O, B, A, O, O, O, A, A, A, B, B, O, B, B, B, AB
 Mean
Median
and
Mode
of grouped data
The Arithmetic Mean

Formula for getting the mean of grouped data:

k

fx i i
X i 1
n
where:
fi = the frequency of the ith class
xi = the class mark of the ith class
k = total number of classes
n = total number of observations
 n 
   CFmd 1 
Md  LCBmd c  2 
 f md 
 
 
The Mode

Formula for getting the mode of grouped data:

 f mo  f1 
Mo  LCBmo  c 
 2 f mo  f1  f 2 
where:
LCBmo = the lower class boundary of the modal class
c = class size
fmo = frequency of the modal class
f1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f2 = frequency of the class following the modal class

Locating the modal class: Class with the highest

frequency.
Table: Scores of 110 Students in an Achievement Test
Score <CF
50-54 10
55-59 3
60-64 8
65-69 13
70-74 17
75-79 19
80-84 22
85-89 13
90-94 4
95-99 1
Total 110

Find the mean, median and mode.