Father Saturnino Urios University

Nursing Program
Butuan City

Name: Krisha M. Beno BSN II- N21

Clinical Instructor: Mrs. Tina Joy G. Mante August 16, 2019

Annotated Reading: Pre‐school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour
problems and parenting stress over time

Background Children with intellectual disability are at heightened risk for behaviour
problems and diagnosed mental disorder.

Methods The present authors studied the early manifestation and continuity of problem
behaviours in 205 pre‐school children with and without developmental delays.

Results Behaviour problems were quite stable over the year from age 36–48 months.
Children with developmental delays were rated higher on behaviour problems than their
non‐delayed peers, and were three times as likely to score in the clinical range. Mothers and
fathers showed high agreement in their rating of child problems, especially in the delayed group.
Parenting stress was also higher in the delayed group, but was related to the extent of behaviour
problems rather than to the child's developmental delay.

Conclusions Over time, a transactional model fit the relationship between parenting stress and
behaviour problems: high parenting stress contributed to a worsening in child behaviour
problems over time, and high child behaviour problems contributed to a worsening in parenting
stress. Findings for mothers and fathers were quite similar.

Reference: B. L. Baker,L. L. McIntyre,J. Blacher,K. Crnic,C. Edelbrock,C. Low . (2003).

Pre‐school children with and without developmental delay: behaviour problems and parenting
stress over time
 Father Saturnino Urios University
Nursing Program
Butuan City

Name: Gidhyl Arquiola BSN II- N21

Clinical Instructor: Mrs. Tina Joy G. Mante August 16, 2019

Annotated Reading: A twin study of anxiety‐related behaviours in pre‐school children

Background: From middle childhood onwards, substantial evidence points to phenotypic

differentiation between anxiety diagnostic categories such as generalised anxiety, separation
anxiety, specific phobia, and obsessive‐compulsive disorders. However, little is known about the
genetics of these categories and especially about the phenotypic and genetic structure of related
behaviours in pre‐school children.

Methods: We examined the phenotypic differentiation and genetics of mother‐reported

anxiety‐related behaviours in 4,564 four‐year‐old twin pairs, from a population‐based sample.

Results: Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for five correlated factors: General
Distress, Separation Anxiety, Fears, Obsessive‐Compulsive Behaviours, and Shyness/Inhibition.
Genetic influences were found on all five factors, but the pattern of influences differed
considerably across them, with particularly high heritability estimates for Obsessive‐Compulsive
Behaviours and Shyness/Inhibition, and substantial shared environmental influence on
Separation Anxiety. Multivariate genetic analyses revealed moderate genetic correlations
between the five factors. Genetic overlap was particularly pronounced between General Distress
and the other anxiety‐related behaviours, accounting for about half of their covariance. Genetic
variance on Obsessive‐Compulsive Behaviours was the least correlated with the other scales. The
shared environmental influences correlated highly across the factors, accounting for the greatest
proportion of covariation between Separation Anxiety, Fears and Obsessive‐Compulsive
Behaviours. The non‐shared environment influences were largely variable specific.

Conclusions: These data provide evidence for phenotypic and genetic overlap as well as
differentiation between aspects of anxiety‐related behaviours in young children. We conclude
that research with young children will benefit from more specific assessments of anxiety‐related
behaviours in addition to less differentiated assessments of ‘internalising’ symptoms.

Reference: Thalia C. Eley,Derek Bolton,Thomas G. O'Connor,Sean Perrin,Patrick Smith,Robert

Plomin.(2003). A twin study of anxiety‐related behaviours in pre‐school children