| Dips academy An ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified Institute "hats Pes Sade A High Quality Study Material oa Higher Level Exam for V.G. & P.G. Students Complex Analysis A MU CERRO SOCOM S ELLE OPEL) rNRLS THAT let HL tod Chapter t: Fundamental Concepts of Complex Analysis 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Geometrical Representation of Complex Numbers 1.3. Polar Forms of a Complex Numbers P(x, y) « 14 Inverse Points w.r.t. A Circle ... Chapter 2: Stereographic Projection and Point Set Topology 24 Chordal Distance 2.2 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane Chapter 3: Limit Continuity & Differentiability 3.1 Limit of A Function 3.2 Alter Definition of Limit of A Function 3.3 Limit ofa function at 2 =00 34 Continuous Function . 3.5 Uniform Continuit 3.6 Differentiability ... 3.7 Cauchy-Riemann Equations 3.8 Polar Form of C—R Equation 3.9 Complex Form of C—R Equation ... 3.10 Nevessary Condition for Differentlability 3.11 Sufficient Condition for Differentiability Chapter 4: Singularites of Analytic Functions 4A Regular Point snr 42 Analytic Funetion 43 gularity 44 Classification of Singular Points 4S Character Based Classification of Singularity 46 Entire Function 4.7 Results on Analyticity a 48 Construction of Analytic Function Chapter 5: Complex Integration 2ud Countability SA 5253 Definitions .. 5.4 Cauchy Goursat Theorem SS Cauchy's Theorem 5.6 Cauchy’s Integral Formala .. 5.7, Theorem (Extension of Cauchy’s Integral Formula to Multiply Connected Regions) ......- 5.8 Theorem (Cauchy Integral Forraula for The Derivative of An Analytic Function) 5.9 Theorem (Higher Order Derivatives) .. 5.10 ‘Theorem (Poisson's Integral Formula) 5.11 Morera’s Theorem ch S12 Theoret s.r. 5.13 Theorem (Cauchy’s Inequality) «... Chapter 6: Some Important Theorems and Its Applications 61 Liowville’s Theorem 6.2 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra in C 63 ‘Gauss’s Theorem 64 Luca’s Theorem .. 65 Generalized Version of Livuville’s Theorem Chapter 7: Taylor and Laurent Expansion and Couststility TA ‘Taylor Expansion sosssoneueat 7.11 Zeros of Analytic Functions 7.1.2 Identity/Uniqueness Theorem .... 72 Laurent’s Series/Expansion .. 73. Analysis of Singularities through Laurent Series . 74 Meromorphic Function = 75 Rational Funetion ... ca 751 Theorem 75.2 Theorem 7.6 — Picard’s Little Theorem 41 Picard’s Great Theorem 78 — Casoratl-Weierstrass Theorem: ons 539 Chapter 8: Power Series and Countatility 81 Power Series ... 8.2 Radius of Convergence (R.O.C. 83 Circle of Convergence Chapter 9: Argument and Rouche’s Theorem And Countability 9.1 Argument Theorem 9.2 Argument Principal... 9.3 Rouche’s Theorem .. 9.4 Riemann’s Removable Singularity Theoret nmr Chapter 10: Calculus of Residues 10.1 Residue at A Finite Point .. seers 0 C)= 31 10.2 Theorem 3 10.3 Theorem 3 10.4 Theorem 3 10.5 Theorem . 34 34 10.7 Cauchy Residue Theoress .. ut 10.8 Residue Formula 38 10.9 Extended Residue Formula 36 | Chapter 11: Conformat Mapping 37 11. Definition . 37 12 Proposition srrnmmansnan 11.3 Conformal Mapping/Conformality 38 114 Magnification Factor & Scale Factor ... : 8 {1.5 Linear Fractional/Bilinear/Mobius Transformation .. 45 11.6 Matrix Interpretation of a Mobius Transformation .. 45 17 Fixed Point... 46 118 Normal Form or Canonical form of a Bi 1.9 Lemma . = 8 11.10 48 Wu a 50 12 33 11.13 Conformal Self-Maps of Disks and Half-Planes .. 55 11,14 Automorphism of the Unit Disk .... 56 11.15 Symmetric Point/Inverse Point . 7 | Chapter 12: Maximum & Minimum Modutas Principle & Schwarz Lemma 58 12,1 Mean Value Property . 58 122 Maximum Modulus Principle sez 59 12.3 Maximum Modulus Theorem ... 59 12.4 Minimum Modulus Theorem 89 12.5 Minimum Modulus Principle 12.6 Schwarz’ Lemma and its Consequence 60 12.7 Schwarz Pick Lemma. 60 Assignment Sheet-1 .. 6 Assigument Sheet-2 .. Assignment Sheet-3 .. 66 Assignment Sheet- 68 Assignanent SBC rn 69 1 Td |CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF COMPLEX ANALYSIS 1A. Intvaduetion In the field of real numbers, the equation x7 +1=0 has no solution . To permit the solution of this and similar equations, the real number system was extended to the set of complex numbers. Euler introduced the symbol i with property that? =-1. He also called i as the imaginary.unitA-number of the forma +ib, where a,b are eal numbers, was called complex mute, If we writez =+%y, then zis called a complex,varable™~Also x and >} are respectively called real and imaginary parts of, 's we Express, z as 2=(x,y) N r we also write Re(z)=x, Im(z)= y. If x=0, ie, z= iy, the 2 is called purely magi If y=0ie, 2=2 then zis called purely teal mu ‘The complex conjugate, or briefly congue ~iy. = For example conjugete of -3-5i is -3+51. Itis easy to verify that 245 tn (s)eye ee 1.2. Geometrical Representation of Complex Numbers Consider the complex number z= + iy, tipis Re(z)=2= ‘A complex number can be regarded as an ordered pair of reals ie. xy) This form of 2 suggests that 2 can be represented by a point P whose co- _ ordinates ae x and y relative to rectangular axes X and. To each complex nusuber there corresponds one and only one poist in the :9--plane and conversely to each point in the plane there exists one and only one complex number. Due to this fact, the complex number z is referred to the point 2 in this plane, This plane is called complex plane or Gaussian plane or Argand plane. The representations of complex riumbers is called ‘Arzand diagram The complex number x+yis called complex co-ordinate; and andy axes are respectively called real and imaginary axes. The distance between the points 2-340, and z)=x, 41), is ler-za|=yf (1-2) +64-¥2)' | ‘The complex number z is called affix of the point (x,y) which represent it (Bet rir ea ae is Ne LR DULG Fas GHD REST, Ce POP ORLA TI ews nes nade com Wee wy dpc. coM.Vs abbas 13. Polar Forms of a Complex Numbers P(x, y) Consider a point P in the complex plane coresponding to a complex number =x + iy. From the adjoining figure. X= 10030, y=rsin@ Then r= (2 +9?) @=tan"'(yix) If follows that z =.x+iy =r(cos6 +ésin®) =re® tis called polar form of the complex number 2. |S r and 6 are called polar co-ordinates of z. ris called: modus or absoluie-, fz WS value o So (Modulus of any complex number: sequal to diatanse af that point from the origin). The angle @ which the line OP me positive x-axis is called argument or amplitude of 2. It is also writen 3) @ = amp(z) or =arg(z) GS oe ‘The argument of 7 is not unique, since theeuation i) does not alter, if we replace 0 by 21+ So 0 ean have infitite nud ruthber of values which differ from each other by 2x. In order to specify Biique value of arg(z), we ‘may restrict its value to some interval Bf Je lent 2x. For this we introduce the concept of “principal value” of arg(z) as follows: For an arbitrary z#0, the principal value of Arg z is defined to be the unique value of z that satisfies—n 0, y20 se arcan( aS ) y2>0,y>0 and x<0,y20 was anny cc0.70 E gsceye -= fre <0 i yx=0y ‘Where Arctan X is the principal value of the arctangent of areal number X’, satisfying the inequality. ~F 14, Inverse Points w. rt. A Circle NO ie ‘Two points A(z=a)and B(z=6) are said to — points of a circle with centre O(z = zp) and radius r if O,4,B are collinear and 04.08 = r? Sothat |a~zo) |b-zo| =r? a) )=0 ‘This = (a~25)(6=zp) is real and equal to 72 Then arg(a—z) =arg(0~z9) This gives are (a~zo)+ arg (d= 2 Hence=>(a~zy)(b=z9) =r? is the required equation. Deduetion: @ If 2 =0, then a and & are inverse point if ab=r?, Hence 2,2) are inverse points ofthe circle |2| =r if 2, Finally 2,2. are inverse point ofeach other w.r.t [2 A (i) 2=0,2c are inverse point of each other w. rt. fr (7B i ik ar gL, Ne DEO hs GLE, CAHIR HHT TO Eom ntvidacserdencom: Weber algsaeadenycoeExample: Show that inverse point of a point z= aw... circle fz ~ 2 the pointe +=. ane Solution: \z—cl=r w() Let B (b) is the inverse of A (a) w. r,t circle (1) whose centre is C(c)and radius r. ‘Then following conditions hold @ CB.CA=P? (i Lines CA and CB are collinear From above @ =)b-dja- (i= arg(b—c)=arg(a~c) =~ arg or, arg{(b-c)(@-5) |-0 For arg(z:2)=arg 2 +arg(z)) = Se NS This oe 2) is real and positive AY Now (1) = |b-d, _ er SS = (6-(@-a= Using (2) we get 5 lo-@ (Bae ri Sr a a Ne Ney BELIEF UAE, Ca PHD HIG LE smal nana dem.com Weber sade com |= Siar CHAPTER 2 STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION AND POINT SET TOPOLOGY We shall extend the complex plane C by adjoining one extra point at infinity which we shall denote by z=0, iec., we consider the extended complex plane CU{a:} as closed surface having a single point at infinity. We shall then introduce a new inetric to describe the behavior of a complex ‘junction at infinity and to map the points in C into thé-surfave of a sphere This process will be referred to as stereographic projection. Tn fact such an extra point ‘co' is defined so as to-satisty-the following ‘computational propertics. : Whatever be z¢C 220; c40-0(2#0); 20020o(220);= =(240). 0 2 We do not define °. s0-+.20,00-coand ==. edo not define ? ange We use the following construction dut~to. Riemann, There ate two commonly used methods, according as the complex plane C is the tangent to the sphere or passes through its centre . We shall use the first one. Now ‘we set up a correspondence between the points of C and those of a sphere of 1 \ radius > with centre at (003) ‘tangent to this plane, (There is another method of correspondence in which the sphere of radius 1 has centre at (0,0,0) and the plane passes through (0,0,0) Let C be the complex plane. Through the origin construct a line perpendicular to C.. Let this be &-axis of a 3 -dimensional Euclidean ‘space in which a point has coordinates (E,n,¢). Consider the sphere S of ras + and conte at (0,01) tats 2 2 1P 1} iensde Baw slo-> q] It is a common practice to call the points N and O with coordinates (0,0,1) and (0,0,0) the North Pole and South Pole of the sphere S respectively ‘The great circle in the plane sy is called the equator. The plane ¢=0 coincides with the complex plane Cand that & and waxes are (BAe et ara ae Re Re STON Een ooaoncazcom; Web! wr doacademn soTegtoot 2ove cevtined neta the x and yaxes respectively. Let Q(x,y,0)be any point in the plane C ‘Through the points N and Q we draw a straight line NQ intersecting the p IPS Riese eine = & be sphere § at a point say P(E,n,¢). Then (é,n.s}is called the stereographic projection, or image of (x,y,0) on the sphere and is considered as the spherical representation of z= x+y. This procedure assigns a unique point on § to every given complex number: . Conversely to each point (,n,<) on the sphere other than N we can associate the complex number z=(x,y,0) where the line from (0,0,1) through (E,n,¢) intersects C Now we immediately see that there isa one to one correspondence between CC and the points of 5 with one exception, namely the nat le, (0,0,1) itself. By assigning to the north pole N of the spheiéto-cottespond tothe, | point at infinity, we obtain then a one to one idence between the Boints of the sphere on one han andthe point of fit extended comples plane CUfeo} on the obtain explicit ovat INE Enand ¢ in terms of xand y. The line in R? passing thrdugh (030.1) and (x,y,0)is given by AS {10,0 +(1-)(a0):teR}s KY ee thatis ((U-s(1=#)y)ten} SONY Since this line intersects the sphere S, we must have c-(se 0-+(0,0,0) 2->(x,9,0) 2 2 2 ea (obra yrafend) od Sothat (1-1)"f? =1(1-A) If (E,,5) #(0,0,1) we arrive at ' a Using the fact thatthe points(0,0.1), > (0,0,1) : (Enss)end (x, y,0)are collinear now yields P > (E.11.S) smal atin decom: Web: weet demy.com, I (Bei ei eS es LEN eR DAT, Ca EVOL SPAT TD aSegre mana that is z=x+iy €C corresponds to =(é,n,0) 2 = Jee vay Tet ty betty Tet ey? / ip Ss eee given That is (E,n,¢) corresponds to (e)-ee ‘The map z <> (E,n,c) is called stercographic projection of C on S\{(0,0,1)} or vice versa, Example: Prove that the points z and 2’ in-the complex plane will represent symmetric points with respect to the equatorial plane (viz. the Planeg=+) iffand only if 22 oe a ‘HAD, Fino) oral Manz Ks, Near ELT Ne Dal 11016, Pus (11) 2657897, CA BLID4 DEPIOLTIG, BSRAATID Ean ntiavacrencom: Weber acne omB Siete 24. a ripsucademy Solution: Note thatz and 2! correspond to symmetric points with respect to (SESSSSSE seme, ‘equatorial plane if and only if z corresponds to (E,1j,¢) and 2 corresponds [iit Youre: Biotes to (E,n.1—¢) .This holds if the only if ‘Stereographie Projection and and gta Bt BtiN Ing I-(Iles) og ive, if and only if watt (se Chordal Distance Let x, and z, be the points in the argand plane corresponds sterio- graphically to 2, and z, respectively. as chordal distance between 2, and 2 Examples Find the chordal distance 2, =1+i, zp 20 Sx — SS ($43}oan ws Chordal Distance between z and © is denoted by y(z,«0) and is equal to 1 42,0) Chordal Distance between z; and 2, is calculated by the following formula (1.22) oa _ fsa? xylsfea? If x(%,z2)=1 then lz ~29| + lay)? xyfi+ enh? la-al=yie ek ‘Squaring both side (4-2) -4)=(t+laP (+k?) RAR BAe Mah ta +e “HAI, Eo low) Sia are Har Khas Near LET, New DaBFIIOO6, Ps (01) 265757, Cel 99918004 8919916134 ASSET mal ldipaden cam: Wetter dseedem cme[Rniso soot: 2008 cwtieed neste ah, tn +anFz +1=0 AF (2% +1) +(295 +1)=0 (4%, +1)(z +1)=0 naacl Ion the sphere two point diametrically opposite then z)2, 2.2, Sets of Points in the Complex Plane Let § be a non-empty set of complex numbers and z) S be any complex number and 8 be a positive real number. Then, we define the following: so 1. Circle: The set of points which satisfies the equation |—zo|=8 or (x=) +(y-yo) =8* Defines a circle C of radius ‘6, Wt-ventre “ai % 235, y%9). This set |! consists of all points which lie on the boundary ofthe circle C. Any point z on this circle has the polar formz=%.:50". As 0 varies from 0 to 2n,z traverses once over this ‘igele~ig he counter clockwise direction. If zy =0, then the equation f| = defines a circle of radius 8 about the oris 2. Open Disk: An open disc is defihed aA(z0;€) = {2 € C:|2— 29 |<€} with center at the point 2) and radiii"e-ic. it is the collection of all ‘hose point inside the circle |2~ 29 |=€.- 3. Closed Disk: An open dise is defined as A(z9s< with center at the point z) and radius € ic. those point inside and on the circle |2—2 zeC:|2-2|Se} is the collection of all 4, Annulus: Theset of points which lig between two concentric circles G:|e-29|=n and C, :|e—z9|=r; defines an open annulus or an open circular ring, that is the set of points which satisfies the inequality n0,N(z a) cS. ; [Encl alidivecnen com: Webern dpuexdoms.sm "HAH, st Fee Bi oak Raw s, Near LE, Ney DoiHT O01, Ps 11) 2057S, oh SPOS SMT RRRUTD Ea | Ra Exterior Point: A point z is an exterior point of , if it is the interior of the set $& o & 8. Frontier Point: aC is said to be frontier point of S1, the points on the line y=1 are the boundary points. The points on the ci ae the boundary points for the disk [z~z9| <1 The.colléetion ofa the boundary points define the boundary of S.\. 10, Open Set A set is open, ifevry point of isan Example: The sets :|e-zal 0} is an unbounded 13, Connected Set: A subset 5 of C is said to be connected if the only subsets of 5 which are both open and closed are and S. 14, Domain: An open connected set is called a domain. Usually, a domain is denoted by D. 15, Region: A region is a domain together with all, some or none of its boundary points. Thus, a domain is always a region but a region may or may not be a domain. Example: An open disk is both domain and region but closed disk is region but not domain. Usually, a region is denoted by R. 16, Extended Complex Plane: The complex plane to which the point at z=0 has been added is called the extended complex plane. The complex plane without the point at z=co is called the finite complex plane. { "PHA, Fit Floor) Dia Sara, Mouz Khas, Near LL, New Delh-1100%6, Ph. (11)-26S37S27, Cell: 9999183434 & 99916173, BSSEBACTED mal lfoloneadeny come Webi: wr dlstaden comCHAPTER 3 LIMIT CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 3.1. Limit of A Function Let w= f(z) be @ complex valued function f defined on DCC let 2) €D'. Then f is said to have a limit J as 2 zp and we write Jim f2)=1 00 f(2)41 08 24% if and only if for any given ¢>0, 3a 5>0 such that \f(z)-!|<¢ whenever 2D & 0<|z~2]<8; SO ie, ifand only if foreach €>0, 35>0 sx S(z)€B(l 8) whenever z€B(z,,5)\{z IND. 2-2 incomplex plane. It is straight forward ~S Jim f(2)=14 lim |s(z)-i]=0 SY Note: a (0) The funetion need not tobe defined at Ya der to have a limit at 2p (ii) It is the punctured disk B(z.,6)\te} 2) Whidh is involved in Dy ie, % need not tobe in D. a (iii) If the condition that zy € D holds, we may have f(z)#! 3.2. Alter Definition of Limit of A Funetion Let f(z)=u(z)+iv(z), where u(z)=u(x,y) & v(2)=v(x,) are real valued functions, be defined on D except possibly at zy. Then for h &heR. lim f(2)=h +ily im, Ifandonlyif lim -u(xy)=h& lim v(x,y)=. oa) Boon OIE ® 6 yy ORB Theorem: If lim f(z) exists, then itis unique. 3, Examples: 1. Let 2#0 consider f(z)=~, now let us examin the limits of f(z) as 2-40 in many ways, Let m be any real number & allow z—» 0 along theline y= mx then tim = (cvins) 90x imax L+im > fim f(2) depends upon the path as we approach towards 4 hence limit does not exist at 2 =0. TBAT, (it Pond) Sra Howe isla eademcomt Web wr loacndc. £0 (LE, No Bb A016 PhD RST, Cale Ew OTN RTF @2. Let f(z)=xsin4siysin’ then its domain of definition is the ey collection of al those points = which does not lie on x axis & y axis, i 1 Consider lim f(z)=limxsin=+i lim psin~ Fe Glee ements y =0+iysin + Yo hence limit exist. 3. lim 2” sin+ does not exist V meN. z sy ; fi oN 4, i,@* such that meN does not exist. ea Theorem: If f(z) bas a finite limit at 2. aeerele function in some neighborhood of =, NO Theorem: Let f(2) & g(2) boswofunctio apa di £2) =4 & Sim e(e)=b iy Then (®) tim [a f(z)]=04, where 0: is neve constant aa “) tim [F(2)4e(2)]=ht ON © S.L@re)* ila at © isla © jim [1(2)/e(2) Limit of a Function at ‘The function f(z) has a limit L as 2->00, if for any arbitrary small real number ¢>0, J a real number 6 >0 such that ( IP(z)-i]C is continuous at 2 €D if and only if tim f(z) He) exists & equals to the functional value f (zo). We say that is continuous ‘on D ot f:D-+C is continuous when f is continuous at all points of D i.e, for agiven ¢>0, there 3a 8>0 such that 2A, i Hw) Sr Hoe, Nag LL Nw Da Fa OU 2TEY, Ce IPD A HOTT IETS B Intadoacadomy com Weta: wm Soest com1 2. 3. 4 10, IL \f(2)-F(zo)|C is continuous at im =F), then gof defined by gof(z)=g(f(z)) is continuous at a A function f is continuous at a point z9¢D i and only if S(20)= lim f(z.) for every sequence (z,) such that z,¢D for N=V,2jom & Zy—P%p WS NPD. Let f:D-+C bea function. Then f is continuous on D if and only if for every open set O0 depending only on & such that [l21)-F(@2)|<€ whenever 0<|z,~23}<6 Where 2, & Z, are any two points in the region $ ‘Note: Itis meaningless to talk about uniform continuity at a point. @ If f(z) is uniformly continuous in a region §, then f(z) is continuous in $. Example: Show that the function f(z)= 2? is uniformly continuous in the region |z|<1. Solution: We need to show that for any given €>0, 3a 5>0 such that |e? —23| Continuity 3.7. Cauchy-Riemann Equations (vi) =1to 5. Let f:G+C be differentiable & let u(x,y)=Re f(z), v(2,y)=Im f(z) L#1)-F2) sexo Ah different ways. First eth» 0 through real values of h for he 0 & h real wwe get for 2G. Let us evaluate the limit /"(2)= lim: L(z+h)= F(z) _ S(erhsiy)-f(x+iy) "BHAT i Fas) a Seat Har Khas, Noa LE New Dei 006 PR (1) 2657S, Ca SIAN & APT GITH EERE El affircademy com: Web: www dipseade OY om,DZ»ips Letting +0 gives Now let h-r0 through purely imaginary values; ie., for 40 and sh real, F(z+ih)-S(2)__i(u(zyth)—u(sy)) | v(y+h), 5 i h a Thus s"(2)= i844 (ii) "yy equating the teal & imaginary parts of (i) & (ii) we get the_C— R equations. de yg Qe.» : a ty ty 3.8 Polar Form of C-R Equation equations ae given by i 4 42% &y=% 5 r 3.9. Complex Form of C-R Equation Let f(z) =-tiv bea differential funttion =~. Letz=x+iy=2(x,9) =u») +i(u,)] Since f is differentiable, so it must satisfy the C-R equation ic., &y=y is called C— equation in complex form. Ee 184, (et eS Sar Haar Khas, Near LLT, New Deir 10016 Ph (136707, Cl 9H TODG4 i BOGITSG,BSSOEATIS eal infionendet.com Wea wn dgracadon. cm( Bessey 3.10. 3.1. Necessary Condition for Differentiability Let f(z)=u+iv be a function then necessary condition fy it be differentiable is that u,,ty,v, & vy exist & satisfy vy, ie, CR equation Sufficient Condition for Differentiability La f:8>C where ScC be such that f(z)=utiv & (xo +i) =%9 €SAS" then f is differentiable if ( Ugytty,Wgsvy exist ii) All the partial derivative are continuous. (iii) Also satisfy the C-R equation. ee Theorem: A real valued function of a complex variate Ber has derivative zero or the derivative does not exist’~ — ~\_\ Proof: Suppose that f(z) is a real-valued eaciN if complex variable whose derivative exists ata pointa.. Then \ Fle)=tin LOL) mo Te we take the limit > 0 along the éalaxig, Wien f"(a) is real. we take tie limit 0 along the imaginary axis, then /*(a) becomes a purely imaginary number. We must have f"(a) = Theorem: M€ f and g are differentiable at z, then their sum f+ g , difference fg, product f g , quotient f/g (Where g(z)) #0) and the scalar multiplication , are also differentiable at zy and (ste) =s't8', (fe) = Sethe’, GI Laat! (a =o Where c is a complex constant. More generally, a finite linear combinations (of the form Oyj +09 fo +o Oh @j CC, j=1,2,..2) and finite produets of functions differentiable at zy are also differentiable at zy. Example: Let f(z)=Rez and zy be an arbitrary fixed point in ©. The h=h +i (#0), S(zo+h)-f (0) 1 for h=h, +i.0€R\{0} ~k 0 for h=0+ it, f(2)=|s| does not satisfy the C~R equation hence it is nowhere differentiable. Example: The function f(z) Since f(z) => F<», so if f(z) wants to be differentiable then it must satisfy the of CR equation ie, L=9 > 2=0 . a az az Consider tim £7)= 0) 2 = iz =0 os io 2-0 ead 2240 ae — S Hence f(z) is differentiable only atorigias”~\_\N oN Example: Function f(z) = ‘ATE, (Ft Hor a Soa How Kha, Near ELT, Rew DeW10016 Ps (112650507, Cal POIARERE& PTI SHRED | ‘Eau nese com: Web: ww dsaenden. coCHAPTER-4 SINGULARITES OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 4,1. Regular Point Let f is defined in D and 2p is an interior point in D. We say f is regular on zp, or equivalently, zo is a regular point of if 35>0 such that f(z) exists Vz €]2—29 [<3 Statement: If f is regular at 25, then 3 a open dic we such that every point ofthe disc is regular point. S'(2) Exists ¥ z€]z—-z9|<6 Soh a Let 4, €|z—z9|<8 and | 29 ~ 2, |sBp= Sa. 5 N o : Na |z-41<8' cle—21<6 = x is regular point of ~ ~~ 4.2, Analytic Function ~~ F is said to be analytic in D if it edger point of D Notes: ( If f is analytic in D = D is open (ii) If it is said that ¢ is analytic at z, it means f is analytic in an open disc around zy. ic. 29 is a regular point. (ii)If f is defined on D where D is open and connected then / is analytic on Diff f is differentiable at every point of D. (v)IE fis analytic on D~{a} where ae D then we say f is not analytic ona, if lim f(z) either doesn’t exist if exist then not equal to f(a) 4.3. Singularity Let f is defined on D. Then a limit point of D ice. the limit point of the set of regular point is defined as singular point if tis not regular itself. If D = Domain of definition R = The set of regular points The set of limit point of R Then if aeR'-R = a isa limit point of R but a¢X then a isa singular point, Se — R= the set of all the singular point min {6,83} SS : : ee “RAAT, Piet orn Sra ous Kas, Near LLT, New Da-T0016 Ph (11) 4650507, Ct 97434 & 999161794, SSEUHTOO ‘Emil laftdioanender.com: Webi wie diac. comL Example: Let f(z)=logz then D=(zeC-{x+ip:x<0,y=0}} D=C-{x+iy:x<0,y=Q R=D R=C x+iy:xS0,y=0} Result: Set of all singular points is a closed sete. S'=S. Proof: Define S' = The set of limit point of S i acs’ saeR CNS = |2-a|<805 is infinite for some 8>0 = |2-0|<80R' is infinite = |2-a]<80R isinfinite = <7 : = eR’ aes s5'c5. 44, — Classification of Singular Points Positional Classification L. Isolated Singularity: Let zy ¢§ We: 2singular point is called an isolated singularity if 38 >0 such tity. 's Fegular i O<|z-25| then F(z) have singularities at those 2 cogh is Stree” rezhuta S'={0} => 0 is not an isolated singularity. IL, Non-isolated Singularity: The limit point of singularity is defined as non-isolated singularity. So, a. is nom lated singularity iff a € S’ ie, a is non-isolated singularity iffit is not isolated singularity Examples: @ f(z)=logz Every singularity of tog z is non-isolated singularity "BAH, (Ft Trnava Has Khas Near LT, New DaMLI 10016 Pas (11) 268077, Ca OEDED & HSIGITIG, RESET Erma lafdsactdemrcom: Web: wore pacarS22, S'26 Notes: (D |2}>2 is aneighborhood of «0 for any R>0. ~~ Gii) Inextended ©, « is limit point sfomymina ~N Examples: tn extended C, Zi ={cc} (ii) The behavior of fat « is analyzed wi where g(z)= /| cr Example: Let =sinz SS Then At 4). sint a atz=0 => f(z) has isolated singularity ato. (iv) If g is regular at 0 then / is régular at so where s(FJ-2@) (¥) If set of singular point of / is unbounded then « is non-isolated singularity of . Example: {(z)= sinz—cosz It has infinite singularity which are at the points mt, ne Zandoo is non isolated singularity. 45. Character Based Classification of Singularity 1. Removable Singularity: 25 ¢ 5 is said to be removable singularity. If lim f(z) exists finitely, where / is defined in 0<|z~z9|<8 for some 8>0 Examples: @ f(z)=sinz 240 Gi) F(2) sae El nfeainacnde com: Wee: wr dnteadem com [fA ee a ae hs Near ey DOG Pa ASTI, Ca TRH iT SETS B ———[ iso 20017 2008 Cored arate EPs: ii) F@) f(2)=% lzlst D=|z\ (Essential) Case (i ‘When 29 is isolated essential singularity. Jf is unbounded in a neighborhood of %0 In this case A={lim f(z) can vary: 2, > z}=C Entire Function Sis said to be entire ifit is analytic on C i.e. regular on € ie, R=C i.e, « is the only possible singularity. If f is entire then e/) ig entire. In fact singularities of f and ef are same positionally not character wise. If zp isRS. of f =z isRS. of ef Singularites of Analyte Be "BAI, ia Flow) Ds Sern Haus Khan Ne LT, New De 110016, Ph 11) 2657527, Cal 9991 ‘Ee fodracaden com: Webte: a PIT, RT osendemcom47, If zp is pole or essential of f => zo is essential of ef . Example: Let f(z)= t then 4 has a pole of order 1. => el has essential singularity at z=0 Results on Analyticity Let f be an analytic function defined on a domain 2 (open and connected) then 1. f'(z)=0 ¥zeD then f is constant, 2. f(z)=u iv, Hany of u and v is constant then f js constant, Let u(x,y)=# Bey =0 Since u, =v, =0 & wy = f'(2)=0 2S (2)=k ke 3. If|/| isconstant then f is constant. if I If c0=> 2m, +n, =0 MO Lew, +uy=0 wD sway, = then done ww, =0 =. FG) Ab=0 where ads, Het] Since | A|=u? +v? #0 => system of equation has unique solution ie. v(x,y) is a constant function and hence f is constant. Case (is): If arg f =constant then fis constant. Let arg f=tan'*=k => u du-v=0 =? Mig =0 => hu, +4, & hity-v, =0 =u, +hu, =0 MLD) nich i 1 = ich is 53 uat -t ally, [fo is system of equation and have trivial solution i. u(x,y) constant and hence function f(z) is constant.4. If aw +bv= constant then function is constant. Let f(z)=usiv & aut bv=. a(2)=(a+ib) f(2)=(a-ib)(u+iv) ~(au+bv +i(av—bu)) =U +i¥, since U =au + bv is constant = (2) is constant and hence f(z) is constant If w and v lie on citele then function is constant. 6. If and v are harmonic conjugate of each other then_f is.constant i. Jf =u tiv is constant, y ive., w and v satisfies Laplacian equation a SS ie, O'0=0 Le. ty Hy =0 r =0 _ Example: Let f(z)=3? + y? +2xyi ~ F S(e)=2974(s2-y*)iewsiv SY Then u,,+1,,=0 but f isnot analytic 8. If f(z)=w+iv is analytic then u(x,y)=a, v(x,y)=B represents orthogonal family of curves with cand B aress parameter. 48. Construction of Analytic Function ‘Method 1: Milne’s Thomson’s method. We have z=x-+iy so that = 7, {x,y)+iv(xy} z4z a 2 z or s(2jeu sean In fact, this relation is formal identity in two independent variables z and Z By setting x =z, y=0so thatz=Z, we obtain emul lfcivradeny com Website wr dlncadeny cent ([ BA i ar ae RL Ry BTN hs 1) 2ST Ca 9D AGT TID | > |Drips academy - ————, Taking *=4(s39)=4(2.0) Put Your Own Hotes eeermaremmnreneewe! au AH ps)ealen We get f(z)=#:(2,0)~ib2(z,0) Integration yields the result. S(2)= fl ti(.0) i (2,0) Jae +e, Where is a constant. We can calculate f(z) directly if w is known. Similarly if v(x,y) is given, then it can be proved that £(2)=[[4u(-.0)-ity(z.0)Jee+e, ov S Where %=-2y,-2 re He Formula for obtaining f(z) when et part. of ZE}Ren Let f(z)=u(xy)+i(xy) me @ F(e)=u(x)-iesy) - S(Z)=u(ay)~#(x,y) Puttingx=0, y=0in above equation We get f(0)=u(0,0)—ic «.Ai) 2u(x,y)=f(z)+f(Z) after addition 4 2u(x,y)=f(xtiv)+F(x-i) wfiv) Replacing x==, y=— then the equation (iv) becomes gan ro(22)as()eF (2.2 )-16)700 Substituting the value of- f(0) from equation (iii) , we get senna’ se)=14{2,2)-W(00)+16 ‘Note: Function should be defined on (0,0) Formula for finding f(z) when v is given Subtracting equation number ({i) from equation number (i) We get f(z)~ f(Z)=2iv(x,y) ‘BRAT, rst Hr) Ba Sra Hau Kas, Nea LT New e100, Ph (11) 2857697, Cx 991HD44 & I916134, BEOBENTID esi nivacdemy com, West Wr bacon cmips Div(xy)=F(x+6)- F(x) Rei aoetr Replacingx=5, IF , in equation number (v), we get z2) z 7 mn(5.2)= 1(§4)-70) w(E 2) 1)=20(2.2)-7(0) We know from S(2)=u(x.9)-iv(,) F(0)=c¢-iv(0,0) “sle)e20( (z)-F(0) ~iv(0,0) On m( * s(2)= w(E 2)- in(0,0)+e Example 1: Find the analytic function FQ NW of which the real part : u=e* (xcos y~ysin y) iw = Construct a function "8 which has a real function u(x,y)=e* (xcos y— ysin y) for its real part, satisfying Laplace’s equation. Ou 7 Solution: =e (xcosy~ysiny) +e cosy ou =e" [-xsin y-sin y- ycos; at y-yoosy] (| =e'xte'=e'(x+l) le (2) =e*.0=0 ai (so) ze'(v+l) acor(%) 0 By Milne’s Thomson's method, S(=)=[[1(20)-i8,(2.0)]de+e { EAA, Ft Por) Saas Ks Near LLT_ Ne Doi 1006, Pus (U1 24STE}, Ot P91 SOONG ARRAS i neovcnde ca Webs: wr psacade.aie S(e)=ffe'(2+1)-i0]dzte=f(ze" +e" Jaze =(z-Ie’ te’ te=ze" te - f(2} Method 2: Suppose f(z)=u+iv is analytic and w is known. To determine S(2) Firstly we shall determine » Or fae) few dra Stes ay o( aca by Cauchy ~ Riemann equations. ete (au ou ™ ing M =-|— |, N=—, we ‘Taking. { } me re get dv-Mde+ Ndy Consequently (1) is exact differential on So equation (1) can be integrated and Dean W-wetermined Now w and v are known and hence f(z) can Be de¥etnined form the equation JS (2)=u+iv. We illustrate this method by an example, given below: Example 2: Find the analytic function of which the real part is u =e" (xcosy~ysiny) A 2 ey © ae Solution: dv = de + dy = —™ dee & oe oy yy =~e* (-xsin y~ yoos y—sin y)dx + e* (xcosy—ysin y + cos y)dy Integrating, v=[e"(xsiny+ ycosy+siny)ds (treating y as constant) +] (those terms which do not contain x)dy-+e =siny.fxe‘de+(ycosyssiny)(ede+ [Ody+e =[(x-1)siny + yoosy+siny]e*+e va(xsiny+ yeosy)e" +e S(z)=u+v =e (xo0s y~ ysin y)+i[ e*(xsin y+ ycosy) +c] = xe" (cosy +isin y)+iye* (cosy +isiny)+ic = (xtc ee!CHAPTER-5 COMPLEX INTEGRATION AND COUNTABILITY SL. Curve Let [a,6]cR&x=x(t), y= y(t) are continuous function on [a,b] the y(t)=3(0)+iv(), t¢[4,6] is defined as a curve in compiex plane Note: oN (i) This represents the same curve obtained by sini eriveen x(!) | and y(t) to get $(2,y)=0 in the Cartesian lage when Cartesian j plase is visualized as arpand plane $(+,) =O epsents x(t) and evary order pair (a,b) on the ‘curve gives Nae be umber on the cure 7 as a+, K Se Gi) If P={f,4.4, =5) be a partition of: else interval [a,b]. Then i) =x(¢,) +i7(t,) =z, (say) is a complex amber in c. Gili) 29 =y(a), 2, =7(b) are called ir on 5.2. Definitions 1. Closed Curve: When +(a)=7(b) then y' i defined as closed curve. Example: Let y(t)=e" & y:[0,2n]->€ then y(0)=y(2n) & hence isclosed on [0,2n] iabgnd tetminal point. ee 2, Simple Curve: If 7 is one-one on open interval (a,5) is called simple cure. i.¢. it doesn’t intersect itself. If 4C. Example: Let y(t)=e*, re [0,5] =osst+isint then reversal of y i.e, ~y(1) is (N= r(x+0-1)= 2-9 aot = (41)(0)=~(cost~isint) ‘801, (at on) Sera Ha Kas, Near LT, Row DEON El nffatosncndemy.com: We[ ‘Rniso 9001 Tone Content wnetate 53. uy oi aseny tet’ 5. Smooth Curve: If 7 is differentiable with non vanishing derivative C=, then called smooth curve Note: ¥ is smooth if x(t) and y(t) are differentiable and x'(t),y'(t) does not vanish together. Since ¥'()=x'(1) +iy'(9 and 6(x,y)=46(2(0), 919) ie, Ang 7'(0) should defined ice, curve should not pass through origin. Definitions Suppose f is a complex-valued function that is coftiqugas"on an open set D&C and that y:[a,5]+C is a\vontou-with te bIJED. We define the complex fine integral or contour integral, Oe SiGig the contour, denoted by s f (z)de, as foltows a yo dz = ia o(d)y (Ode NY 1. Let y be a smooth curve Ss and let f and g be continuous functions on an open set D containing y({a,6]) and let ‘be a complex constant. Then @ [sf #--L_f@e- Gf [oy (e)+e(@)]de=a f Fede af a(e)de (iii)If L= L(y) is the length of the curve and M = oo [F(r(Q)], then |,1@)ee|sam. ‘This property is called the standard estimate for integrals, or M -L inequality. (iv) Sion S(e)de=f S(e)aess ‘f(z)de Whenever, and 72 are two smooth curves such that 74(6)=72(a) and y,([a,6])cD for Jr? 2. If f=u-+iv is analytic in an open set D containing a contour y with |. parametric interval [a,b] i.e-y([a,6])< D, then J £@e=/(10)-s(rl@)). Your Own "BAA (it For) ara Haas Kis, Near LT, Rew Dei1006, Ph 11) SEEN, Cale SPOTS DSSTOLTIN, ASUS Email Iafoloracademcom: Website: WW dipncademncomoe piety 3. Cauchy Weak theorem: If f is analytic with f“ continuous inside and (TY “ee eee Put Your Own Notes on a simple closed contour, then { f(z)dz=0 Winding number or index of a curve Suppose that + is a closed contour in C. Let a be a given point in a j 7 Then, there is a useful formula that measures how often y winds around. For example if y:y( sz-a=re"0<2nh then y encircles the as a k times (counterclockwise.) Further, Er ipl ire! Lipid Mediate, ie. fon k =f ail za ee clockwise direction, then Lp oo 2ni: yea Lyd a In either case ——[— is an integer. Here i ‘he analytic deflection of 2nd) 2—a Nn the winding number ofa, which eat inuitve notion of “the number of times wraps around a in'the cotinter clockwise direction” Definition: Let be a closed coin Ci that avoids a point aeC.. The index (or winding number) of Yabolta , denoted by (ya) or Ind (7:2) is given by the integral Actually, from our later discussion, Cauchy’s theorem will imply that | n(y;a)=n(7,3a) for all closed curves yo that are homotopic to y as s 7 : fa} In the following we will collect some properties of the index n(7;0) closed curves in 4, For every closed contour y in C-and aeC~{y},n(ya) is an integer. 5. If y is a closed contour in C, then the mapping G+ n(y;0) is a continuous function of © at any point Gey. 6. The function n(756),SeC-{y}, is constant in the components of C-{y}. 7. Weave n(76)=0 in the unbounded component of the closed contour 1. 8. If y consists of finitely many closed contours y1.¥2,«Yg in C, then for every a7 (Le.,not on any one of the 7, ), @ n(5a)=n( 32) +n(y254)+.+ (7454) n(-ya)=-n(y; a)54. 5.58. 5.6. Complex Int Cauchy Goursat Theorem Let f be analytic in an open set Dc Cand let 21,22,2,be inD. Assume that the closed triangle T with vertices z,,7),2)is contained in D. Then, [sieje=o Cauchy’s Theorem Ifa function f(z) is analytic and continuous inside and on a simple closed contour C, then [f@)az=0 PS Cauchy's Integral Formula i If f(z) is analytic within and on a closed contour Cand if is any point within C , then SS 1(@)=75/ Ge ~ \ Proof: Suppose f(z) is analytic within and gira.c) is an interior point of C . \ To prove that f(a’ Ae)e \s . za of zl radius 7 such that This circle [2— eC. s(z) . a ‘The function — is analytic in the annulus bounded by C za ——_ and y. Hence by, corollary to Cauchy’s theorem. debe flee bra} ana a ae. LEI a ee Y : Since f(z) is analytic within C and so it is continuous at z=a so that given @>0, there exists 8>0 such that. |f(z)-S(a)|< 3) for [2a] <8.....(4). Since r is at our choice and so we can taker <6 so that (4). Since r is at our choice and so we can take r<8 so that (4) is satisfied Vz on the circley . For any point z on y , z—a=rel®, 2AM, First Fer Sa Sara Hass Kear LUT, New DaR0016 PI} 2EOTSIT, Ca IVAN & 999L6I734, ASUS eal nina ce: Webs: or oneademsom| len [aoe reid oes f(a) fer Msa inte iti) Hence, by(2), joe eee, ola S(a)| ¢ za patel 2)-S(a (2 ay ef delat: or J ts Since ¢ is arbitrary and so makinge +0, we get [FE aay) omg OM 5.1. Theorem (Extension of Caucliy’s weal SS to Multiply Connected Regions) If f(2) is ansiytic in a ring shaped region mee) ‘two closed curves Gand Gand a is va in the region between Thad Cy Palle £0) Where C; is outer curve. 5.8. Theorem (Cauchy Integral Formula for The Derivative of An Analytic Function) Ifa function f(z) is analytic within and on a closed contour C and a is any point lying in it, then ronald — 1 (Sy moe * oni) 2a SS ae 2ni 59. Theorem ture Order Derivatives) Ifa function. f(z) is analytic within an on a closed contour C and a is any point within C'then derivatives of all orders are analytic and are given by S(2) al f(a) ol a) Example 1; Based on Cauchy Integral Formula ©) [SB ae=2ni(sinz),_.=0 a © Seaprerg = 2a (Saab ei ar i i rR DLO GUA, eal nace. Web: wr5.10. ete @ f- @ It Ve! el) then by Cauchy’s deformation of contour S(2) gaye =2ni(~(2)+/(3))=0 (By Cauchy’s deformation of contour ® Iya Example 2: Evaluate Jy eat whe Solution: We know that _f*” Put a=-1,n=3 oy 3 fled £% ol Gay (1) Takes f(z)=e%, then f(2)=2%e* 2 fCN=Be* =5 Now by dl) 8 Bp ede | Snip ede Theorem (Poisson’s Integral Formula) It f(z)is analytic within and on a circle C defined by |z|=R and if a is any point within C, then jal (R? aa) s(z)ae se) iz (2—a)(R?-22) Hence deduce the Poisson's formula so) _1¢ (R=7*) (Re) do a are eaarcaio=yTe where a =re'?is any point inside the circle|2|=R ‘Complex Integration. 2A, et Foe iar Hu is Na LET Yow De OWS Fh UD} SEOTT, Ca SUG SUSI RET ‘rw loseaden.com it infeGdisncadee Web =| Besse SAL. T Morera’s Theorem If f(z) is @ continuous function in a domain D and if for every closed contour Cin the domain D, Ji@e =0 © ‘Then f(z) is analytic within D. (It is a sort of converse of Cauchy's theorem ). Proof: Let zpbe a fixed point and z a variable point inside the domain D. ‘The value of the integral J f(1)d¢ is independent of the curve joining zqto * z and depends on z only. Write F(z)= f f(ae a Let z-+h be a point in mene SY re f(z+h)- y= fre jar ff F(a SY . Ae nae] 10a T F(t) a Y ! Baect (o-seal 5 | (ro-r(eal< [P()-£(2)|<« for|e—2| co. Thus, 7{a)= f(0) for each aeC and hence, fis constant. Second Proof of Liouvill’s Theorem By hypothesis, there exists a finite M >0 such that |f(z)|O. Equivalently, |f(Rz)|0, since g(0)=0 and LP (Re)|+|F(0} ms |a(2)sZEO w oie Hence, we have |g (z)| <|2| for |z|<1. Jn other words, [r(Re)- #(0)]s 26 for [e]<1, or equivalently, 2M, @)-s0) 3 | for |z|1 isan entire function also we have {f(2):2€C}efz:le{0 with |f(2)]>M VzeC, then f is constant, Solution: Since M >0 = f(z) does not have any zero in C = 2(z) is entire & bounded & hence g(z) has to be constant => (2) is also constant. ‘EAI, et oo) Hi Soa ee Kas, Near LT, Nen Dei 10616 Ps (O) ANTS, Ce 99185494 & PDIGTTNG, SOAS emai ntivacdemt.com: Web: wrdiniendewycm| Basset 2 If oer is an entire function & either of the v & v are ‘bounded then is constant Solutio Case () ict f(z)=wiv & M >0 such thatw < Mf . Let us construct a function g(2}, such that Hi eC [|-e set veec Since g(z) is entire & bounded => g(z) is a constatit-furiction & so (2) is also constant Case (li) Let v< M_ again constant a function (2) such that (2)=e9) f(z) is constant = Corollary: . (i) If f(2)=u-+iv is entire fenton Y then fis constant. os Gi It F( then fis constant Gy)2M for some M > 0 Jutiv is entre function & v(x,y)2M for some Mf > 0 3. Let f(z)=w-+tiv is entire function such that, either aw+bvsC or ‘au+by2C then f isconstant. Solution: Let f(z)=u-+iv is an entire function : Case (i): When au +bv". Since, {z,) is a bounded sequence so 3 a subsequence ) such that te 2, =%€DUD. ‘Also, since f is entire => f isregularat zy => lim f(2,, )= f(z0) But |Flem >a for every m ~ = S(%) isa unbounded sequence which is a see Hence, f(D) has to be bounded. SS 4. Let f(z) =u isan entre faneion-& DQ Bogided region such that for any zeC, Jz'eD such aE Are) then f is constant. Solution: Since for any zeC, Jz! eD\qual ce S@)=f) > HMO)e sd) S~ But D is a bounded region == adden set. (using above Jemma) & hence f isa bounded Aigetio’s ~ => ff has to be constant. eee 5. bet f(2| then f(z) is constant. +iv is an analytic function in extended complex plane oR The only function which is analytic on the Riemann sphere is the constant function, Proof: Since f is analytic at z=, then nse) is finite, Let this limit be L . ie, for given e>0,3 an R>O such that LP@)-lLs|f{z)-t] <2 whenever |z]>R & so, in particular, f is bounded for |z|>R also by continuity of f on the compact set {z:e[SR}, f is bounded on the whole of C. Hence by Liouville’s theorem f is constant. 6. It Cis analytic & f(z) f(2+%)=S(z+z) VzeC where 2 & Z are the two non zero complex numbers such that Aer, then F is constant. 2 OR If f is an entire function & have two linearly independent periods over R then f is constant. z our Ov Notes eee L i afofaloneademnzon: Webi Wr —— "BATT et Pec Sl, Baz Ks, Ne ELT, New Del 1H, Ps HOP BESTET, Co ISTE 6 SOVLAT IA, NRO mn ‘Peal dusesdenn com,[ ips. icing Proof: Since 2,12, is not real, each z€C can be written in the form rehyt that, Where Ay, €R. But 2, and Ay may be written as A =4 +H, and dy =ty +m, that is z=(t+m)z + (to +ma)z2 = (421 #422) +(m21 +2) for some integers n,m, and some 0& fly <1. Obviously if z, and 2 are the petiods of f , so is mz; +2» for any integers mand my and hence, we must have f(z)= (tz +2). Thus, the behavior of f is now entirely characterized by its behavior on the parallelogram {h2,+1922205 ht f(z) has to bounded and hence constant. Question: Let V be a vector space of entire functions over ©. If f & geV such that |f|<|g| then f & g are linearly dependent. Solution: Since |f|<|g| => g does not have any zero in C. Define, h(z 2 Vie€ = [A(z Hal = h(z) is entire & bounded so h(z) has to be constant ic., A(z)=a VzeC & AEC. ‘AIT Fit For) Bs Sarl Hoar Khas Nea LT, Rew DeATO016 Pas (UD) 26SSSP, Cal OS TAG 99916173 SHEETS Ema laffpncedeny cm: Webs: wr acadeny6.2. 8. If f(z) is entire function satisfied by the condition |f"(z). f(z)]<1 then show that f(z) is constant, Proof: Let us constant a function g(z) on © such that 1 a(z) quer = e'(z)=f(z).F'(2), since f(z) & f(z) are entire function & hence sois g'(2) Also |e'(2)=[/(2)/"(2)|$4 Hence g(z) is bounded entire function so by Liouville’s theorem we have, g'(z) is constant eS Let g'(z)=4 = g(z)=4e+B : = f(z)=J2(47+B) Since f{2) is entire so it cannot have Brgich point at ze _ 2S (2)=V2B hence f(z) isconting ~~ Fundamental Theorem of Algebra ihe Every non-constant polynomial of degteewn> i with complex coefficients has atleast one complex zero & hence exactly 1-2er0s. oR Let p(z)= Yo a,2* be a non constant polynomial of degree m1 with B complex co-efficient. Then, p(z) has n zeros in C ie, 3 n complex numbers 7,22,4.-2, not necessarily distinct, such that P()=asJ [(2-z) be Proof: If a&C,then by the ‘division algorithm’ there is a polynomial q of degree n=1 such that p(z)=(2—a)q(z)+2, where R is a constant, Clearly, R=06 p(a)=0<92~a is a facterof p(z). Since there exists a z; such that p(z,)=0,2~z; isa factor of p(2) with no remainder term. By the ‘division algorithm’ there is a polynomial p,.1 of |: degree m1 such that p(2)=(2—z) Py-1()» because =a (2- 2) 4.4 aya (2"1= 21) +(2" 2) p(2)-P(4 41) Pn-i(2)- 2H, lia Sara Has Kas Nenr LET, New DaI5016, PR: (1) 250757, Cl 999180454 & 989961734, SHIBGTID Femail ifefadnsncrdenycom: Wee wm dosealen outThis shows that p has a linear factor z~z,. Thus, if n>1, then by applying the same principle we conclude that there is another complex number, say 2), such thet p,-(22)=0 and so p,.1 has a linear factor Z~—Z. Proceeding in this manner, we can express p uniquely as a product of linear factors: p(2)=a,] [(e-) Where 2,23y»2) are (not necessarily distinet) the zeros of p(). Corollary: Every polynomial p(z) of positive degree omits no values ie., p(e)=¢ : Proof: If p(z) isa polynomial of degree 1, then q(z)= pt polynomial of degree n for each fixed a eC. Sinc8, p(z) lias n-zeros. In other words, for each aeC there are m points 2zax7%, such that P(z))—a=0 for j=1,2,..m Thus, P(C)=C~ ~ a iSalsoa Theorem: If a polynomial p(z) with real coeflivients has a zero at « such ele that Im(a)#0, then the complex conjugate Gvig“also a zero of p(z) Indeed, if « isa zero of order & then & if also'azero with order k MELE A954, y,.0 are all ‘swe have p(a)=0. Taking conjugation on both sides, we have p(&)=0. Hence, & is also a zero of Proof. Se p(2)=a9 +a 2? 4.4 real and 4, #0. Since « is zero ohg(2 the polynomial p(z}. To prove the second assertion we note that if p(2) has a zero at a of order k, then p(a)=p(a)=~-=p!9(a)=0 and p*{a} 40 Which would then imply that Thus, complex zer0s occur as conjugate pairs with the same multiplicity. Convex Hull: The convex Hull of a set Dc is the intersection of all the convex sets containing D. Note: (@ Convex holl of D is the smallest convex set containing D. (i) The convex hull of empty set isthe set {0}. (ii) The convex hull of D is D itself provided D is convex. (iv)The closed convex hull of D is the intersection of all the closed convex sets containing D. (¥) The convex hull of points 21,2,23,--12, €C is the set of all Yinear combination 2= 12,2, zy with OS2,<1& YA, a a | ema intisnentemy con: West or oseadem com "HAUT, et For Si Sara Maur Ks, Near LE. New Dei 0016 Ps 1D 26ST, Ca 91854 9991614, ASHEATED aIPs: 63. Gauss’s Theorem Suppose that p(z) is a polynomial of degreen 21. Then every zero of '(z) ties in the convex hull ofthe set of zeros of /p(z) Proof: Let p(z) be. polynomial ofthe form p(2)=T]2~%). fl Where 21,22y-»2, are (Bot necessarily distinct) the zeros of p(z). Thus, by logarithmic differentiation, it follows from the above representation that for re ss P() Pt) so that If ceC is such that p(c)#0 and P'(@)=O%ethen the above equation rr — Feb poet ‘This shows that if 41,2)).92, are the zeros of p(z), then for every zero c of p'(2) there are non-negative numbers 2,225.24, such that Daaze with Se =l. i a ‘The above construction uses the fact that p(c)#0. If p(c) then we simply take Ay =I and c Note: Ifall the zeros of a polynomial p(z) have negative real parts, then all the zeros of p'(z) have negative rel part. 6.4, Luca’s Theorem all the zero’s of a polynomial p, (2) lie in a haf plane, then the zeros of the derivative also lie in the same half plane, [HADI Fs Fino) Ha aca Haus Khas, ear LET, Rew DaM-UGH, Pu 11) 2657571, Cae 9991S & SODTGTTIG RTO mal ntirnademy com: Webi: wi iacndear.com65. Proof: Af 2,272, are the zeros of the polynomial p,(z), then by Gauss's theorem all the zeros of p'(z) are in the convex hull of the set {2,22 voZq}- Given that 2),2),.05%, are in some half plane since every half plane is convex & hence contains the smallest convex set, ie, the convex hull of {2.22 .2_) Corollary: If all the zeros of a polynomial lie in the smallest convex polygon, then the zeros of its derivative also lic in the same polygon. Generalized Version of Liouville’s Theorem ‘An entire function f , which satisfies the inequality |/(z)|0 & for all sufficiently large |z|, then, ‘ S(2)=ay +q,2-4032" +...44,24) ‘ \ Ss Where [ct] is the greatest integer function of a. Note: Sy S (i) There can be no bianalytic together (ie. en bition a.which is analytic together with its inverse) mapping of the unit 8 ‘A onto the whole complex plane C or ofthe upper half-plane ig. (Gi) If f is entire & |f(z)]< 4+ B|2|* ¥ Shfficdiy large le] & for some fixed constants 4, B & OSa<1, thin f edistar Corotary: Let f is entire & [f(z] Ne} S¥EEC then f(z) = Proof: Since by extension of Liouville’s thesrem we have {e] S(2)= a5 +a2+.040,2", r=[a] Since |f(z)| ay =0 F(2)| Now consider (Ata) fey tayetan tape” 1 VzeC = f(z) is constant Solution: Let 2,2 be complex numbers such that 2, # Z) Since f(=))=s (Hai) s(3)-1@ = sta)=s(2) paresamnmom ri Put Your Own Notes | Seeaememmersntiemr content cone _ I te ior Hone, Near Ne TUG Ps GL RT, Ga MOH A OPTI IT 46 El nfiaipeneten com Webte wwe donadcecomSu geen eng = 3.0 e>0 such that [/(x1)-/(0] <5 Simiaiy we tove[/(2x)=F(0) '(0)=0 f'(2)=-z8inz +2cosz > f"(0)=2#0 Hence f hasa zero of order 2 at z=0. Proposition: \ fonction f analytic at % has a zero of order m at z, if and only if f(z)=(z~z)" g(z), where g is analytic at zy & g(z0) #0 THAT, rt Flo) Sis Sark as Khas, Near LT, New DeiProof: Since J is analytic at 2 so f admits a Taylor series about zo ie. £(2)= Ya, (z-24)" m= Since 7 is azero of order m y= = dy 1 =0 & Oy 86 £12) Eon?) is Let 3°5,(2—z9)" converges to g (2) uniformly on ” : (a2) is analytic in [229] <8. Gi e(z0)#0 a8 e(%) + Consider f(z)=2-sinz .* cose, f*{2)=sinz = f"(2)=c0sz SONS &S(O)=S'(O)= S(O) =O but (°(sLe~ Hence f(z) hasa zero of order 3... Result: If f &g have zero of order mé&n respectively at 2=79. Then A(2)= f(z)-8(2) have zero of order m+n, Proof: 3 an analytic function f, such that fi(zp) #0 F(2=(--)" Al) Let g(z) has # zero of order n at 2= 29. = 3 ananalytic function g, such that g;(29)#0 a(z)=(z-40)" (2) Consider h(z)=(2-20)"". (=) (2) = h has azero of order m+n since fi(Z)-84(z0)*0. ‘Theorem: Every zer0 of an analytic fiinction f ( 0) is isolated. Proof: Suppose that f has @ zero of order m at a. Then there exist a R>0 such that S{z}=(z-a)" a(z), [2-a}0. Then for this , since g is continuous at a, there exists a 8>0 such that \g(2)-g(a)|2e-e=« Thus, g(z)#0 in A(a;5) (We remind the reader that we have already notice this point while discussing the limit of a function. But |z—a|” #0 in |z-a|<8. Hence, f(z)=g(z)(z—a)" #0 in this neighborhood except at 4. This completes the proof. Example: Find order of zero of the function 2” sin z at the origin. Solution: Let f(z)=2" & g(z)=sinz = f(z) has a zero of order m at z=0 & g(z) has a 2ét0.of order one at z=0 ‘ = K(z)=f(z).2(2) has a zero of onder (m+1) 71.2, Tdentity/Uniqueness Theorem a ™ Let f is analytic in D & 2 €D Ni-theredg a Qube 5 >For By 20 for any neN& f(z,)=0 VneN. ‘Thiet See such that S(z)=0 Vzelz-z9]3 then fis an holomorphic function on D & its zero set {z:|2|<1} has a limit point in D, yet f is not identically zero in D. Corollary: Let f & g be analytic functions in a domain D & let them coincide on a set which has a timit point in D. Then f(z)=(z) for every z in D. Proof: Define h(z)=f(z)-g(z) Tet z be a limit point in D such that f(z) =g(z0}=>h(z)=0 in D=h(z)=0 by identity theorem. Note: The Taylor series expansion in real & complex are same. Example: Consider f(z) =sin? z+.cos?z & g(z)=1 then we have f(z)=9(z) VzeRCC But every point of z ¢R is a limit point in C=> f(z)=g(z) in C 2 ie. sin? z+c0s?z=1 ‘AA, at Fler a Soal Hout Khas, Near LT, New DMEH1016 Ph; (ty 2050527, Ca PAN & SPW, SHIRA Erma eeovradem com: Wester dionacadeny om[ Kno eor i00r cwetned trate Note: From here we can conclude that all the trigonometric identity which CSN, holds in R also holds in C Example: Let f is anentire function & (2 jo vneN Now, consider A ={z: f(z)=0} ie, a-{ Zener} => 0" is the limit point of A&0eC => f(z)=0 by identity theorem, \ Example: Let f &g are entire functions & s(Jne(t VneN Now consider h(2)= /(2)—g(2) = h(2) is entire & let A={z:h(z)=0} > 0’ isthe limit point of A & hence hi(z)%0.cn-C. z (1). / Example: Define A=4 f is entire: Ae, = } Wha) then find out the set = Solution: Define g(2)=2" S Define &(z) = f(2)-8(2) Then A(z)=0 onthe set 4 Example: Define A {icone ( Jes A 1 Solution: Since s{ + Solution: Since 12) 4 Consider g(z)=z" & consider h(z) = f(z)—g(z) A= {z:h(z)=0} also zero is the limit point of A& 06C= f(z) w( Consider g;(2)=-2? & consider hy(z)=f(2)-a1(z) Let B={z:h(z)=0} also zero is the limit point of B & 0¢C=>h,(2! = f= 8i(2)= = A is anempty set 1 ) 3 _ Put Your Own Notes THAI (Ft Feo) ia Sarak Haus Khas Near LT, New DART sma lrdipacadomcom: Weber losneaden co 16, PRO) DOSS, Ca 991RI4 & NGITS, BSRTaylor and Laurent Expai Example: Let ¢ be analytic function on |) <> & rt oe find the function f(z). Solution: Consider _g(z) where 4={zeC: f(z)=g(z)} fst => V2 is the limit point of A & V2 e{s:|2|<2} 2 Hence f()=e(2) (=) Results: Ifthe zeros of an analytic function are ndtolated then f(z) throughout the domain of analyticity. ——_ Ts. = 1 te f(2) “East converges in |z]h(z)=0 on C. => S(2)a(z)-8'(z)f(2)=0 on €. => (Z}(2)=0 on € =L(z) has to be a constant function Le. z = sence} "HAI, rat lore Sara Hr Kha, Near LL New DoRLIOOVG, Ps QIN) 26S7E, Cae S9DIHD4 & SIPIGLTIG ASABAAT ‘mal flaca. Webasto com4. If fis an analytic function in the unit disk, {24}, , is a sequence of (feet non zero complex numbers such that aes as nm & Send= f(-#e) Wwen then f is even. Prooft Define #(z F(2)-F Axfzc€zh(z)=0} & A=(e:J4 <1} = (2, €4:M(ea) +9} Since 0 is the limit point of A&0EA = h(z)s0 on Aik. f(2)= (2) ¥eed 5. If f&g are entire functions which agree on some, inieral adler, then f(2)~ ¢(z) in €. os Your Own Motes 7.2. Laurent’s Series/Expansion \ If f is analytic in the annulus: R; <|2]< eu ha 02 0. Then, (=) is apaivt except at the point z=z9. If f(z) is analytic at Laurent series is same as the Taylor’s series. female algo, then the 1, (> R,)- Where |< R, can be uniquely Ke Laleoy" 8. Let f(z) has Laurent expansion Sa, (2- 20)" #38 (2-20) then = a 1 IY a,(2-2)" ders [Dh (-2)" Dain 1 anil ele" Where C isa closed curve. pote [aan 1 Aaf(e-n) de = sph ani=h This is defined as residue of f(z) at z= 29 Ae eMac ct ‘HAUT, et lone) Se Sara Maur Khas Near LET New DaTOUT, ‘Ei foocadeny com: Weber dlsaenden. com13 9. Residue of f(z) at 2 is the co-efficient of in its Laurent expansion, Example: Residue of sinz at 2=0 is zero. Note: Entire functions have residue zero Vz €C Example: The function f defined by f(2)=1/z is itself a Laurent series at z=0 in the annulus 0<|2 <0. To determine the L 3| Ley rem? (ea oe 2 z-a|i+al(e 1 - Similarly, for | valid for fz— eee BO Which is the Taylor series expansion of fat @-valid in |z— a] \~ L —\y Example: Expand 2+ ~~ neareio. C2) eee 1 (Fy Solution: Let f(z)=2+ => f(e=e4(I-2) cas(teses } Which isthe Taylor series expansion of f(2) near 2=0. Analysis of Singularities through Laurent Series Let f(z) be a function having isolated singularity at z= zo then we have fe Danley’ + Lb(2-20) ” the series on right hand side (RegularPart) — (PrincipalPart) converges uniformly in 0<|z~zo|0 such that fe aw (2-2) & conversely if f(2) 4(2)#0.& 6(2) is analytic in Je-z0] <3. => f(z) has pole of order m at 2=29. Example: Show that the function “®7, ->2 is a positive ifteger, has a 2 ~ pole of order (r—1) at 2=0. Solution: We have that _ sing L@)-> qt & 20 hence, f(z) has @ pole of order (r—1) at 2=0.* ‘Example: Show that the function cosecz. has aisimple pole at z= 0. ae & also J +higher powers of = since the principal part of the Laurent series is the single term +. Hence, z=0 isa simple pole. Meromorphic Functioa A function defined in C is said to be meromorphic at any point z ¢C, either f(z) is regular or zp is non essential singularity. Note: 1. Entire functions are meromorphic not conversely. 2. Infinity is the only possible point for a meromorphic function to have essential singularity 3. The function fis said to be meromorphic at 2=00 ita(-7(2) is meromorphic in'a neighbourhood of 2 4, Sums & Products of meromorphic functions are meromorphic. 5. The quotient of a meromorphic function is meromorphic, provided that the denominator term is not identically zero. "HAI, (First Fer) a Sara Ha Khas Near LE, Now Dob 10016 Pus (1) 2655707, Cel 991K DIGIT, HATO ask toes "Webster dissed18 asthe quotient of two analytic functions in D Examples: ' SO) sie polesat 2=kni, keZ. is meromorphic in C since the singularities of f° are 2 feeds is a meromorphic function in C since z (2n+1)F.0.nez are simple poles of f(z), 3. Delne /(2)=cote, since the singularity of /(2)irewn(eZ) & all the singularities are simple poles. But f(z) is not roe in C,, because 00 is a limit point of poles of £(2). Q YS ry 7 then the = san gw given by ef elspz=2nni,neZ& since ‘na(?~20mi) f(z)=120 => z=Inni,neZ are simple poles 4, Consider f(z) 5, The function 244) 5) ‘are meromorphic in __ WE, C-{0}, however they are not nexamdhic in C. Beeause cach of them has essential singularity at z=" Rational Function A function is said to be rational if it is free from essential singularity in ‘extended C. More precisely 2 «CU {c} then zp is either regular point of Lf or anon essential singularity. Note: Every rational function is meromorphic. Result: Every rational function can be expressed as a quotient of polynomials. ier f(2)= aa 4, P(z)&q(z) are polynomials. Proof: Since f(z) is a rational function VzeC,, let z=0€C be an isolated singularity then oer Also g(2) Gp» bez as f(z) cannot have essential singulaity at z=00, = @(z)= s(2) cannot have essential singularity at 2=0 => 3a KEN such that ¢,=0 Vn>k ‘email nfostcedam com: Webte: Wee dlgacdem cm.| Tunwion ia C. But f(z) is again not a meromorphic function in C,, a8 00 is the limit points ofthe poles of (2) Result: A meromorphic fusction in C can have only a finite number of poles in a bounded subset D of C. Proof: Let if possible f(z) be the meromorphic function & have infinite number of poles in bounded subset D of C. Then by Bolzano Weierstrauss theorem Ja limit point of D & hence a non isolated singularity, contradicting the fact that f is meromorphic function p(z)&q(z) are polynomials Result: Let / is entire and at z= has a pole then. f~ Bpolynsinial of degree equal to the order of pole at 2 =c0. SS “s Proof: Since f(z) is entire 50 its Taylor series ies xpantion spt z=0is se=-Lae SS : Ne Yat but f(z) have a poleat Be0o => JakeN such ot ~“\ ie NL ‘ Ww a polynomial 3 : Let f(z) be meromorphic in C and there exist a natural number n, M>0, and R>O such that [r(z)| sate for le]> | | | Then, f is rational function. 7.5.2. ‘Theorem: The range of a non-constant entire function is a dense subset of ce l. Proof: Let f be a non-constant entire function. Suppose on the contrary that /(C) is not dense. Then, there would exist a point wy ¢C and a neighborhood A(wp;e) such that A(wo;e)M f(C)=0. Then, for all zeC, wehave |f{z)—we|>s so that |g(z)| <1 for zeC, where paeeeee S(@)-m% But then, g being a bounded entire function, would be constant, and hence Jf would be constant, which is a contradiction. a(2) ‘Remark: The range of a non-constant entire function is never contained in a half plane or it a bounded domain or in the complement of any simply connected domain in C. (Bi ota ae ag Ne LE ee LG Ph GAGE, a IRL ETN AT Paull lafdadsecadeucou: Webs: wr distendeny. coe ee16 WW 18 Picard’s Little Theorem Every non-constant entire function omits at most one complex number as its value. In other words, if an entire function omits two values, then it is constant. Picard’s Great Theorem Suppose that fis analytic in A(zgir)\{zo} and 2=2p is an essential singularity of f . Then C\ ¢(A(zpir)\ {Zo}) is singleton set. Casorati-Weierstrass Theorem Tf f hasan essential singularity at zy and if wy isa given finite complex number, then there exists a sequence {24} with, 2, z9such that Fleq) > H- In other words, J takes values arbiter close to every complex number in every neighborhood of an essential sigulatty. Results: XS . ee as (® If g(2) is an entire transcendéntal fiction, Wyen near”o0, the values assumed by g(z) are dense in C. ic. a(t takes ies arbitrary close to every complex number in every nsehatogd of. Woe f(C), a#b then CIF Fis an ene faction such tat ae ¥(C op Ff is constant. i: (GiijEvery meromorphic function Q iq C~wkat omits three distinct values a,b,c eC is necessarily constant. “>...” Geometrical Interpretation of Meromorphic Rational, Entire & Polynomial LOL. M-Meromorphic RRational E-Entire P-Polynomial "HAL et Poe Sa Sara Haar Kha Near LL, New Da-1GOG, PL (OT) 20STSN, Cat S99TEDEOA & SSPL6IT4,ESUSACTES rl nastndey om Weber Winery 200,| || CHAPTER 8 POWER SERIES AND COUNTABILITY 8.1, Power Series Given a sequence (a,) of complex numbers, the series }'a,(z-z9)" is = called the power series about the point 2) In particular, the series )*a,2" is a power series about'the origin. = ~ 3 a 1. This series converges always for z= %)~&this may indeed be the only point for which it converges. 2. Ifthe series a, (z—zo)" converges at some point z, then the series = converges (absolutely) at all points in the disk |2—zo|<|z)—z9]=r- If the series diverges at zp, thenit diverges V 2 ¢lz—z9|>|z9—2ol 3. The largest R so that the power series converges uniformly at every compact subset of the disk |z~zo| lism supa, 4 exists), (ii) D’ Alembert’s ratio test: R (provided the limit exists). to Ronn &X 4, (z.-20)" converges V z satisfying ads a0 Note: if and only if )"a,(z—zp)" converges only for z= zp - = 2. If R=0o, then the series }'a,(z—zo)" converges VzeC. = 83. Circle of Convergence Let R be the radius of convergence of the series }'a,{z—zo)” then the = circle |z—zo|=R is called the circle of convergence & is the greatest circle about 2, inside which the power series converges at each point, "BAAS, (Fes Mor) a Seal Maur Kaas Near FLT, New De 1006, hs (@U1-A6SVE57, Co TUM & HPTCITIG SRSUTEY ‘Ean infantry. Welle nwt diene 0Example m2 gn i] (2-4)" has radius of convergence 3 1 yw that the Show that the series Dien ‘Solution: Comparing the given series with the )\a,(2~zp)" then we = vay Bast) * hag, => limitla,|/" exits. Hence radius of comerentot f Biven power NS seriesis R=3 x a 2 has radius of convergence : S : tneag\ Solution; Here a, = BN gmt we = Tim sup 3. Find the radius of convergence of the following power series, Yaz" Be = @ yas ™ (iii) yee = Ww) ye x o Sr = w Dt a Sat" Where Gi) "A, et a) Hh Sar Hos Khas Non TI, Now Doi T0016 PL: 11) RSD, Ca 999165054 & SOMLCTIN ASSERTS a Email afedsnceden com: Webhe: wrt dense ee, — a ——(er: it nisodd (2+3i)"; if niseven wii) D> sy Ya," m= 5"; where niseven Where a, = 3"; where 1 isodd. Solutions: @ Consider), 2 = then we have a, Le ties sup) => R=1, Where as ence. ii) Let. be the radius of convergence BIL = aR Gii)Put 2 =¢ => Y= Pr" = Ed alisy >| Hence radius of convergence of )'2".2"" is Gy Se terete. ea = 1; if 3keNU{O} suchthat n=A! " \o; otherwise = <= lim supla, |” R => Rel ni}- Jim sup! wae 2 lan](v) Since S22" = 1422! 4272 42 4282 + [2k; n=k!forsome keNU{0} =a,~ (0; otherwise == tim supa!" = re => R=1 (vi) Radius of convergence =1 (i) Consider Sz" where = a. _[(1429%s misoda ""\e43i; niseven _flt+2ih; nisoad “peat, nigeven ~~. = lim suplay!" = 13 \ _ VB (viii) Consider)" a,2" where a, = = 1 Wa} =hi =iR=2. poienalay (ix) Consider} a,2" = a { when niseven 3"; when nisodd 1 v= Fim supa" = tim sup( 5,3} = 1 = R= Results on the Radius of Convergence: Consider the power series X4,2" which has radius of convergence R then = () Yiazz" has radius of convergence R?. Gi) ae, #0 & kER has radius of convergence is RV iii) ed ‘has radius of convergence © . mon! (i) a +b)" aq2" hos radius of convergence (aver dem cow: Web: wi dinvendon. (TR ri et ig EEN DOT Hy 2ESTEYY, Ca TESA & SOGTTSG SOUT Pyyas (9) Y2k%q,2" as radius of convergence & " k m= (vi) If the radii of convergence of the power series) a,2" & )°b,2" are = mm 2, & Ry respectively then (@) RoC, ie. R of D(a, +5,)2" is given by R2min{R,,Ro} - = (b) RoC, ic. Rof Y\a,b, 2" is given by R2R.Rp + | = (©) RoC, ie. Rof Y “ez, b, 40 is given by ak 5, rhe Ses : Theorem: A power series 'a,2" and the K-timgsdivatsres defined = ~~ 5 by Yon(n-1).(n-k jaz" havethe-same Vain Be Bonvergnce vt NN Soy Theorem: If Ya,2" has radius of Convergehce R>O , then mo Se S(2)= Lage" is analytic in [o} pies = fied = 12401 nT, et Few) Sn Sara Hz Ki, Nene LET, New Dab 10016, Pu (OU ESN 7SH, Cal RPSGB STL SED Ennai nfadionacaden come Webate wn dlosaeaten cmExample: Let f(2z)=ag+q24a,27+...44, 2" 44,2" & Cra closed curve containing all the zeros of f then evaluate of rh [2554 ()* Solution: ( Let f(z} Pil LA © hhave the 2er0'S 4,0b2,.0, then we have 2 de = Ini(oy +02 +03 +...+c4,) 2 off of a Example: et a,B,7 be the roots of f(z) is) ~2D a, 7 x ia 2-1 then Solution: 5-f.? oO en oP +f +7? Since Ya=0, Yap: Consider Ya? =(Ca)-2Y ap =0-2(-1)=2 @ =a+l=1 Se =Ya+Y1 =043 1 a =a41>a? =03 41430430 => Yo =Y eo? +P 307+ P3043 34643=12 ie, ale Been ‘AAT, (et ria Sara How Kw, Neat LLT, New Deb 10016, Ph 11) 26507527, Cor SOTEHO & SODLITSN,BSESEUT? Erma fodiens en coe Web wr dinaeaden 0092. Example: Evaluate { igen? Solution: Consider [= | —“— ide SD aha asin ZeosS no singularity in C . & the zero's of f(z) ae iven “by ef =1 ie. z=2nnineZ, hence in |e|=3n f{2) have three 2er's.) lean 7B] het es = ene WS ieeae (: a a Argument Principal \. WN. Let f(z) is analytic with in & on a hens losed curve C & no zero of F lie on Cthen if Nis the number OKzero"s of f with in C counting multiplicity. Then L N= 2) qafcoaes (2) Where A, arg f(z) is referred to as the increase in the argument of f(z) along C ie HIG} de=Acarg f(z) Example: Evaluate the integral [tan nzdz=12i Pees ‘Solution: Let f(2)=cosnz, now Consider § “ae | cosnz Since cosnz is entire soit does not have any singularity in © & its zero’s , Cos have six zero’s init are given by 2-2") 67, Botin | > ae an(=) =-12i "SBA, (est Plow) i Soak Haut Ks, Near LET, New Deb OUI, Ps (11) 205977, Cle OTRO & PPICTI4, SST Pema lafaatnecdey cm: Weta: ww dlotcadCae ao) 9.3. Rouche’s Theorem Let f and g be meromorphic in a domain Dc C and have only finitely ‘many zeros and poles in D. Suppose that C is a simple closed contour in D such that no zeros or poles of f or g lie on C, and, in addition, assume that [sl] <|/@)] onc ‘Then Acf(z)=Ac(f(z)+8(z)); ic., the difference between the number of zeros and number of poles is the same for f and f +g: Ne Pr = N pag Frag Remarks: ane 1. If f & g have no poles in Dic. f(z) & g(z) are analy within & & i on simple closed contour C and [/(2))2[e(2) Ween ER/ RF +g have~] the same number of eos inside the conto A 2 Se Me us 2) are analytic funetiGarwith, in Road contour C & le(z)- F(z) <[F(2)] on C then f(z ata ‘same number of eros pee spicy within C._\ \d the number of zero’s of ves = p{z) Se oP edet] = f+g&f have same number of zer0's. Since f(z)=4z have one zero inside |z|=1 => p(z)=S(z)+ g(z) also have one zero inside C. 7-323 +1 in the domain Solution: Let C:|2|=2 be a closed Curve, let f(2)=27 & ¢( Inside [z|=2 consider ANIL, (Pet Hoa Sara Haz Ws New LT, New Dai-1016 Ph (1) S737, Cl SPVUESNG&9S91GI74 SIBRATID mal nldiencademy com: Wee: wrdioacadea.com¥ Now, let C, :[a]=1 be a closed curve & f(z) gi(z)=2" +1 Inside|2|=1, we have [2t)< Ai = [sil [fi tnsies [z|=1 So By Rouche's Theorem p(z)=fi(z)+g;(z) have same number of zero’s as that of f(z) since f(z) have three zeros in {2 have three zeros in |2|=1 Hence p(z) have ¢ zeros in the domain D = {z:1<|a}22} > Example: Define p(2)= a) +02 +.-+4y2" Ss ~~ fl> Stl ER &|a,|>D']a where 1 £E) usa removable singularity a'zy a(z) NN — OL (i) UE n>m then has a removable singui iG yore Ll) ere oo a sem 2%) ae7e® 20% exists. Hence have a pole of order (m dynes % 1 oncm then tim 2 20 5(2) Be hence havea pole of order (mn) at & we have #0 &exists. "AA, (Pt For Sia Sara Har hs, Near LUT, Now BaMF-LOOG, Ph (11 ATEY, Cel OTESEM & SDTOTINASSEMATS Emule Infecc Wate: wi dlowendemy om| || Biesskss | | CHAPTER 10 10.1. | Ips. CALCULUS OF RESIDUES Residue at A Finite Point If f has an isolated singularity at zp, then the residue of f(z) at zo is Rel f(ehao]= st [ fee Where C is any circle centered at zo & lying inside kab Note: Let f(z)= Daten zo) rEat (229) OA expansion of f(z) near 2=2y then” Res[_f(2);2 ]=! baal 2)de ie. the. ebefcent of aN — in 2-2 Laurent’s expansion, N \ —_s fr Example: We know that thé. =o (hz)! is (") So, we may write (}) = coefficient of 27 in (142)"/24*! =Res[ f(z)s0], f(z)=(1+2)"/2*", ‘2ni#e Where C is any simple closed contour enclosing the origin (note that fis analytic for allz €C\{0} ), Similarly, we also see that (') =coefficient of 2“ in (I41/2)" = constant term in 2* (1+1/ 2)" and therefore, we have xy. Coefficient of 27 v(t J2oner] i 1 Oni Be~sthe Laurent’s ‘i Fn) rk Kg NL ALTOS Ps RTT, a PT POTION RT Infaacnde co: Website: wrrbecaen.ctererun =Res[F(z);0] = Coefficient of 2" in (I+2)" (2 =r}: Example: Find the residue of 7 *e" gt 7= ‘Solution: Taylor series expansion of e is given by ie. Rese Results: -_ \~ 1. If is analytic at 2 ten ResLf(2)eq] 0 vA Proof: Since f(z) is analytic at xq sd*ifs\Taylor series expansion is sive by fe Ya, (z—z9)" , Hence there does not exist any term [): i =) we 1 2% of, & hence Res[ f(z);29]=0. 2. If f has a removable singularity at z ,. then we have Res[_f(z);z9]=0. In particular, if C is a simple closed contour containing only removable singularities at z(k=1,2,....™) insideC , then (e)de= 7 Example: Consider f(z): 2 ow tin (0082—1) me ie, Jim, f(z) exists finitely & hence z=0 is a removable singularity of f(2) ie, Res[ f(z),0]=0 , - : ay a a ROR TS PT TT B J imal nticacndenyzoe Webte: wo: dlmncade.com| Bessekey 10.2. Theorem 10.3. 10.4. 3. If f(z) has an isolated singularity at zy & if f is even in z~zy ic., S(e~%0)=F(-(2-29)) thenRes[ f(2).29]=0. Proof: Suppose that f is even in z~zy. Then the Laurent series expansion around z cannot have odd powers of z—29 Example: Consider the function f- defined by S)= ago“ eae) since f(z)=f(-2) > Res[f(z):0]=0 If f has apole of order m at 2, then Res[ f(2): zo] fi ale: a)" res (= War i Seale Leder ~S ‘The coefficient of (2-29) * as is art ow ae (Case k-=n means that we have only to lbak att 2)" /(2)) Since c0s( =coshz, and cosz=0 iff (2k+1)E 2 Kk +1)n/2, keZ, we have coshnz=0 <> 2=~ ‘Thus, f has a simple pole at z=—(2k+1)i/2(keZ). From this we see that if C= {z:|2—i/2| =1/2},, then | etl. dé] 2nd [es yeanire| ||| a. Inside the contour y:|2~i/2|=1, f has singularity only at z=i/2 . Therefore, if C is any circle around i/2 lying completely inside y then we have | f(z)dz=2e'. Theorem Ik f has a simple pole at z= and if h is analytic at z and with (zo) #0, then Res[ f(z)h(z);29 ]=h(zo)Res[ f(2);20 }. ‘Theorem ‘Suppose ¢ is analytic at z) with $(zo)#0 and g has a simple zero at zp. Then —_-Res[9(z)/g(z);z]=4(z0)/a'(zo)- In_—_particular, Res[1/ g(z);7 ]=1/a"(z0). CF Sera Han NLL ew O16 Fs IDR, COMUNE A HIG SHAT ce sr doen cm.10.5. ‘Theorem Suppose 6 is analytic at z with $(z9)#0, g has a pole of order two at zy and h has a zer0 of order two at zo. Then we have (i) Res{6(z)3(=):20]=6'(2o)Res[(z-20)8()iz0] +6(0)Res[¢(z);20] oy wea Dan | 58 DMC) -26( "C2 oe Ko] sfa'(2)° Example: Lets (z)= >, since sinz is analytic on:C. je" zer0"s of, Consider nel sk sinz sinhz Example: Let f(2)= "= then f(2) have the singularities atthe points 2k +1) wherecoshz=0, ic, where 2 Gets :keZ & these are the simple pole. Abo sinhzeo v2= C&D "HAL, a Poe) Hi Sva ner Ka, Neat HLT, Now Deh 10016, Ps (1I}0G87527, Ce 99918396 & DO9IGLS4 SSHBTED email lfoaipracaeny ant Webeke: wordioteaden com10.6. yy Example: Consider f(z)=(zsinz)' then f has a pole of order 2 at a 2=0 since im—2—=10 & a simple pole atz=hn, keZ. But Pozsinz S(-2)=f(2), ie. is even function so Res[zsin2; 0]=0 a = Sang Pe RSL (2):0}-0 Where C:|2|=1 is a unit closed circles. Residue at the Point at Infinity Let z=o be an isolated singular point of f(z), then Rese of f(z) at z=00 is given by Red (che) =-Re| 4 4(4} 0] Example: Solution: @ Let Define Now (i) Let Res[ f(z);-0] =Res[e(z);0]=0 A, a Hae Ke Na Tex BOLING PUREST Ca HOE A OST AT lnfdinncadm.com: Webs wr ncaa coma oe Ue " | => Res[ f(z); ©]=~Res[_g(z); 0]=-— 10.7. Cauchy Residue Theorem @,4..y, then, for any closed contour y in D, een “none of the) points a, lie, we have Se yas = Ne)den2a§ aCe, RELI a : J iS ; 10.8. Residue Formula If fis analytic in 2 domain D et Se singularities at 0,,03,..,0,, then for any simple closed bentox i D on which none of the points a, lie, we have Ju z)dz = 2ni YS Res{ f(z); a, | Oy ~ Here the sum is taken over all ajr insider. Note: f(z) can have only a finite number of singularities, because otherwise singularities of f(z) would have a limit point G possibly at the point at infinity & so G would not be an isolated singularity of f(z), contrary to our assumption. 10.9. Extended Residue Formula Let f be analytic in © except for isolated singularities at «,,4, Then we have (The sum of all residues (including the residue at infinity) of f is zero. 1 1 — rel 4 /(2}o] = Y’Resf f(z); ] 2 2 ke (ii) If y is a simple closed contour in C such that all a;'s are interior to y, then [r(e)aen ani rel (2) | 4 J a "EAH ri Sr Hu Kas eat LET ew DAMA PUD ST, Cal PET FLSA ISBT 7 emai ndoacrdomrcom: Webnte: Wor dloncaden om.CHAPTER 11 fei CONFORMAL MAPPING Ld. 11.2, Definition If = & 2 are two non-zero complex numbers, then aaa (21,22) =argz, —argz, = Arg 2s defined as te ovented angle fom 4 ato 2 Example: @ Uf =14i & #=1, then 2 = aN 2) Ar =F arg())-aa( =~Arg(i+i) (i If y=147 & y= 4 \2NS 1 as @(2,22)= are(=t 1) cael 1)-arg( 1+) & 4 Le,, the set of all analytic function on Q. Proposition Let f €H(Q), where Q is a domain containing a smooth curve v:y(t), c€[0,]], Passing through a point z <0 and f'(2)#0. Then the tangent to the curve ) Lay =(Fe1)@s tell] at ny = f(z) i (sen) (o)= Seo") (Note that curves are regarted as mappings so that the transformed curve T is simply the composite map F'= f 07). “R/T, Pt wt) a Sra Hoe Kin Near LLT, Ney Dab 016 Pus (I) GSTS, Cal RIES & OMT, ROAD onal naaraendemy com: Web wr piacadeny.com113. Ips. Conformal Mapping/Coaform: A function f(z) is said to be conformal at zy € D (Domaia} if, whenever + & % ate two parameterized curves intersecting at 29 =11 (to) =Y2(to) wih non-zero tangents, then the following holds: {@ The two transformed curves [, = for, & T= for, have non-zero tangents at fy. (ii) The angle from Cj(%)=(for) (to) © 03 (m)=(for2) (fo) is the same as the angle from y{(tq) to y(t) fit is conformal at each point of D then we say f is conformal in D OR A function w= f(z) is said to be conformal at z» if cutve-in the z-plaié~ passing through z & image curve in w- plane passing _F (20) preserves the angle in magnitude & sense of rotation (rientatisn) of atte. Isogonal: A function that preserves the magni Wize) of the angle but not sense is said to be isogonal. =the map f (z)=2 Example: Find the image of the region y 2 Solution: Since [(#)=# V2EC Let caxtiyeC = F(z) Let f(2)=u+iv ext y? +i(29) But f(z)=0+ i(2x*) onthe curve y= x. = u=0 & v=2e wf a plane ‘f(@)= wane Example: Find the image of the region y= under the map w= f(2)=F, Solution: Let w= f (2)=u+iv be a function Such that w= = utv=0 Hence under w= f(z) the line y=x in z-plané is mapped into a tine » + v=0 in w- plane {OA (rst Fe) da Save Hn Kh Near LT, New Dei 11006, Ph 1) 265757, Cae SIEGE & TSI TIG, PERU mal ffooacadenn com: Website wo diene14, plane w= (plane 1 ‘Example: Find the image of the region y= under the map w= f(z)=— Solution: Let f(z) 3-9) Where sax tivet Fry . yx vty vex 2 = ut+v=0 ie, under w= f(z) ut+v=0 inthe w-plane i, y plane w=feepplane Theorem: Let f¢H(D) ic, analytic on D & z€D such that $'(Z)#0. Then f is conformal at zo Example: f(z)=€ is conformal everywhere since e* is an entire function & f'(z)=e" #0 VzeC Magnification Factor & Scale Factor Let w= f(z) is a conformal mapping at z= zp such that fy) +iv(x,y), then Define tim S4# = 7 at zy aso ad, AT, et lor aS Haz Khas Ne LT, New Da 1006, Pa cite wen donseadeon.cm 26507, Car SOTGASN 9991613, ASBITISlee(x») uy(xy)) by using Cauchy Riemann’s equation we have Me(my) ry(x9)) cfeclsr) ve (ss) P(r) te(9) =u (ny) +02 (xy) =[F'(2) #0 =|/'(2)/ is defined as magnification factor at 2 = 29 &|f"(2)) is defined as the scale factor at z = 2 Note: When|f"(z)|>1, then w= f(z) is a magnification aos & when, [7'(z)|<1 then called as contraction map since im L(2)-F0))] 2% = |f2)- Fa) =1F o)]e-20) which clearly represen an oremsoh LO ir [r(2 z=kn:k 2 are critical points of f(z). (ii) Consider the mapping w= f(z)=e"* -2iz+3 then to find out the critical points of w= f(2) Put f'(z)=0 ie. 2e* 210 > eF=i = sonnet Such thatn eZ. Remark: Constant map has no critical points & its scale factor is undefined. Results on the Conformal Mapping 1, Let f(z) be conformal at zy.Then f(z) has a local inverse at zy ‘w) defined & analytic in some i.e., 3 a unique transformation neighborhood N of wy=f(z9) such that g(W f(2(w))=w Vwen "BAK, it Fora Sra Hus Kaas, Nene UT New Deh 1006, Pa (1)-265757, Cal: S99 1R34 & 999161734, SHRTID egal folomcadeny om: Webs: wdc. com2 Suppose that fis analytic at zy & "(z) has a zero of order (n—1) at zo. If two smooth curves intersect’at an angle a itt the 2- plane, then their images intersect at an angle na in the w- plane Example: Consider f(z)=sinz. Then f is entire and f'(z) 0 that 7"(z_)=0 forz, =(2n-+i)n/2, neZ. Thus, fis conformal on Q=C\{(2n+1)n/2:neZ} . Note that f*(z) S"(z_)#0 for each n eZ, The angle between any two surooth curves =-sinz and intersecting at z, (1 €Z) is increased by a factor of 2 by w= f(z) 3. Let 7 be a smooth arc in a domain D throughout which w= f(z) is Then Fis also smooth, SN 4, Suppose that f(z) is an entire function. If f(z).is tinivalent in C Then it is conformaf in the erifife~plae \& willbe of the form ay +042, 4, #0 pe S\ Example: Show that the map w= engi ces & lines into Z fansly circles & lines. aN ~ x Solution: Let «,d,c,d be real ne at +e>4ad ‘Then a(2? +5?) +bx+er+d=0 a (I) Represents the equation ofthe circle in 2- plane Since we f(e)eusiv= = ie (? + is mapped. into a(u?+v?)+bu-cv+a=0 which is a circle or line in w- plane depending on the nature of real constants. We conclude the following. 115, Linear FractionalBilinear/Mobius Transformation ‘The map. a+b erp i -be#0 () w: Where a,b,c & d are complex constants, is called 2 tinear fractional transformation, or Mobius transformation & equation (i) can also be written as Azw+bz+ez+D=0, (AD-BC#0)igo 001 2000 Cortted ata and sinc conversely any equation of the type (ii) can be put in the form (i) & ¢ equation (i) is linear in 7 & w, or bilinear in z & w so call it bilinear transformation. Note: A mobius transformation is simply a composition of one, some or all ‘of the following special types of transformation. (Translation; i is @ map of the form zh>z+a, aeC\{0}. If @=0 thenitiis an identity. (@ Magnification or Contraction: It is a map of the form zi3rz, reR~{0}. For r=l, this isthe identity map & for r =O it is a constant map. Case (i) Whenr > 1, then this is a “magnification” Case (i) When 0 a [Note ‘The rotation coupled with magnifications refered t as Dilation: 2+3az (a +9), ‘ (iv) Inversion: It is a map of the form Bek which produces a geometric inversion (or: ripe ap ‘OF the inversion map.) Remark: ~ 5. if we let 7(2)=lyy(z) & if BEC{O} , then aaabacgad correspond to the same mobius transformation as Tea (2) Ten) (2) ie,, behavior of T does not change when a,b,c,d are multiplied by a non-zero constant The mobius transformation T(z) is analytic on C\{d/<} I c=0 then 1(2) 242, ad -be#0 reduces to T(2) Seb nas Bad #0,4.#0) & called a linear map, very mobius transformation 7(2), aztd iO hierr, ole } 7" , ad —be #0, can be decompose as ae If ad—bc=0 then T(z) isa constant map A tia ars Nea on BALOGH) TER, Ca OTOL TOIT SOS Ean nulsnentent com11.6. uy | Piiescdeny ips Matrix Interpretation of a Mobius Transformation a+b we=P(z fa,byeydeC,(ad~be)#0) be a mobi Let wer(e)=224, (abadeC(ad-be)#0) be a aobivs transformation. Then every T(z) can be associated with a 2x2 matrix via the map ( soa? Jere) ed Note: 1. The mobius transformation Ty given by 7p(z)=z is the identity transformation which corresponds to the 2x2 identity matrix. 2. Composition of two mobius transformation is 2 mobius transformation. Result: Let GL(2,C) denote the general linear. group consisting of ” 2x2 invertible matrices A with complex entries ab . i =145| eCi4 ie. GL(2,C) {a [: ;] a,b,c, eC) |7 then GL(2,C) forms a subgroup of, the group of all mobius transformations under operation of thaifix hiultiplication, if defined by T(2)= 2" ad -be#0 ard 3. The inverse of a Mobius transformation is also a mobius transformation. Proof: Let wor (a) S44, (24 4) is a bilinear transformation @ ¢ solving above equation for z then «we have w-b (a "(w) ce wed) where da~(-b)(-c)=ad~be #0 rawr’ Ye = Inverse of mobius map is again a mobius map. aztb 4, Defines re\{-4}e\{4} such that 7(2) then T is ¢ ¢ a+d bianalytic (ie., 7 & T~! analytic) & T™ is given by => T isaconformal map. Fixed Point Let D bea subset of C,, and f:D->Cq. A point 2 €D is said to be a fixed point of f if f(29)=zp. The set of all fixed points of f is denoted byFix(f). [HAA (irs Fo) Ha Sara Hour Ks, Near I, Non Deb 11006 Ph: (01) 368075, Cel 9PPUSSON &9991GT 34, SST Eclt ntgnscade com: Wes: wr distaden.comee 11.8. 119. eer Ips: Examples: (@) The function /(z)=2? has exactly three fixed points, namely, 0,1 " has two fixed points namely 1 and co whereas the function f(z) and -1. (8) The function f(z}=2~1 has no fixed points in C whereas it has one fixed point in C,,, namely the point at <0 (©) The reflection z+ ¥ is not a Mobius transformation but f(z)=2 has all the points on R as its fixed points. What are the fixed points of S(2)=2? (d) the function f(z) » 20, has no fixed points in. C\{0} ~ (©) Every non-constant real-valued — continyois~ function te yo SACL) (ALI) has a fixed potiirin (I) \However, a similar za ba(z) has no fixed points in A 7 Every Mobius transfoomation.':C,, >C,, has at most two Equivalently, if @ Mobius “1a Proposition: fixed points in C,, unless T(z) transformation leaves three points in C,, fixed, then it is none other than the identity function, Corollary: If Sand T are two Mobius transformations which agree at three distinct points of C,,, then S=T Normal Form or Canonical form of a Bilinear Transformation If bilinear transformation w=T(z) has exactly two fixed points z & 2, , then for some non-zero constant k it satisfies the equation (=) 0 & if T(z) has only one fixed point 2 then it can be written as Equation (i) & (ii) are known as the aormat form or canonical form of a bilinear transformation, Lemma Every Mobius transformation map circles & straight lines in the 2-plane into circles or lines in w- plane, ey yar "CT, (rt Por Sa Sara Haws Khas, Nea LE mal Da 1016 Pas (RAITT, Cl BOSTRLAS & em cn, Website: wr donde om13.10. Zeon certied nrate Results: L Every Mobius transformation maps circles in C., onto circles ia C., (Here we regard straight line / as a limiting case of circle) in the extended complex plane (C,,) as a circle on the Riemann sphere using stereographic projection. 2. Under translation, magnification (scaling) & rotation, citcles maps 10 citeles & lines t lines. 3. Under the function w=: (i) The image of a line through the origin is a line through the origin, i) The image of a line not through the origin is a circle throuigh the origin. (ii) The image of a circle through the origin is a line not through the origi (iv) The image of a circle not through the origin is.@vitele not through the origin. Q Classification of Bilinear Tensirmaigo ‘the basis of Normal Form Si wtb = Let W=7(2)= 2G be a bilinear teansforingt if (i) Parabol parabolic ie., (a—d)* +4be = rhe bilinear eatsormsin ioe fixed point is called (ip Bhige: A bilinear tansfomath with two fixed points ie, (a-a) +4bc#0 such that |e #1 is said to be elliptic ie, in the normal form k is ofthe form k=e"*,a# 0 Gi) Hyperbolic: A bilinear transformation with two fixed points ic., (a-d)’ +4bc#0 & k>0, keR is termed as hyperbolic. (iv) Loxodromic: A bilinear transformation that is neither hyperbolic, elliptic, nor parabolic is called loxodromnic, ie. it has two fixed points & satisfies the conditionk = ae, a #0, a1. ‘Example: Find all the bilinear transformations which have fixed points as “1&1 Solution: Let w= ?(2)= 222 7 ad be Ohas two fixed point Consider T())=1 > atb=c+d => atb-c-d=0 & T(-I)=-1 = -a+b etd) = -atb-c+d=0 on solving we set a=d, +) 42_¥? 20 isthe required bilinear transformation. ca’ Heace, T(z) Sema Ifnacade com: Webster ibe cm “AH, iu) i Sarak Raz Ks, Rar FT, New Dei0016, Ph (UD AOSV, Cl SOIRGEN & 899 IGITIG, RESET BE ——Example: Find the fixed points & what is the type of Bilinear transformation given that w= T(z) = Solution: To find out the fixed points i ( Now consider “> Grae 0 Hence bilinear transformation is laxduromie. 11.11, Theorem ON Given three distinct points 2,,22,2) ig”Cq,°3"a unique Mobius transformation T(z) such that 7'(2))= Corollary: tf {2122.25} & {1,09 ys} akdewo.sts of tiplls of ditinet points in C,,, then J a unique Mobius transformation taking z; to w; (J=1,2,3) & that is given by (w= w (ym) _ (2-4) (22 ~25) (w—ws)(me-m) (-23)(22 a1) 11.12. Cross Ratio For the set of three distinct points 21,7 ,23 of C.., the expression Goalle-s)_(e-a)/(e-a) (2-2)(2-%) (2_.—2))/(2 —25) is called the cross-ratio of the four points z,7,2,z3 & is denoted by (z,2,,27,23) Notes: (The cross ratio (z,21,22,25) is precisely the mobius transformation which sends 2,,22,23 into 0,1,00 respectively & is the unique mobius transformation. (i) For the set. of three distinct points. we have (2541022525) =(21.2023522) = (22025221) =(23,725202)- (ii) There are 41=24 cross ratios corresponding to the permutation performed on the four points 2,21,2),73. But out of these only six are different. i | ! | }(iv) The cross ratio is invariant under Mobius transformation ic, if 23,23, are distinct points & T is any Mobius transformation then (2.29525,24) =(TesTep,Tey,Te4) for any point z eC, (v) Suppose that z,21,22,23 are for distinct points in C,, then © either z= or © either z=00 or 2 +(I-s)2y ive, if 2,2),25 are distinct & lie on a line L in Cor the line L. ; coor z on, ‘ft (vi) The four distinct points 2,2),23 in Cg all lie dnd citéle.or on a it their cross ratio (2,2,22,23) is.q real numbers, 11.13. Conformal Self-Maps of Disks And Half-Plantes~ Homeomorphism: A function f:x-» y is called.a:homeomorphism if it has the following properties wo (@) Ff isbijection \ () F iscontinuous (©) The inverse function f~' is continuous Note: An aalytic map f:0— (Y is said to be homeomorphic if it has an analytic inverse map ¢:0'»Q ie, fog =I & gof le Conformal Self Map: Ifa function on @ domain © is an analytic function from Q into Q ie., one-one & onto. ‘Note: Every conformal self-map of a domain is called an automorphism of that domain & define Aut(Q), the set of all automorphism. Theorem 1: All conformal mappings which map H* onto the unit disk A such that B¢ H* maps onto 0 are given by se-e(= ) sone 0 The inverse mapping / + H* is given by f"(w) enw Corollary: All conformal mappings which map the lower half-plane H” ={zeC:lmz<0} onto the unit disk A such that b¢ H™ maps onto 0 are given by . 6cR { “TBAIA, (Pest Foor) Sa Saat Haus Khas, Near LLE., New Dei-110016, Ph (O4{)-2655752, Cell: 9900TR3434 & 9099101734, 8 Ema feeoncrdemn com! Webel: wr datesTheorem 2: All conformal mappings which map the right half-plane {zeC:Rez>0} onto the unit disk 4 such that 7(Rey>0) maps onto 0 are given by re-e( 1), eR Gai Where 7 is in right half plane. Example: Consider w= f(z)=(i-z)/(i+ 2). Then we have (@_f maps the unit disk A onto the right half-plane {w:Rew> 0} (ii) f maps the upper half-plane {z:Imz > 0} onto the unit disk A (ii) maps the open first quadrant {2:Imz > 0, Rez >0}. t6 the upper semi-isk {w:]v] <1, Imw>0}. ; Indeed, we see that # [edeRe(~iz)>0 fast S . imz>0 and Rez>0eo)y|0. 11.14, Automorphism of the Unit Disk Let 0€R, 29 €A be fixed and ¢ be given by 90)-#(22) 1-%z. Note that § is one-to-one in C\(1/%} . It|z|=1, then 27 lo(eyi=1. In addition, since every Mobius transformation maps a circle onto a circle or a straight line, @ must map the unit circle |z|=1 onto itself. Also, {z0)=0 and 4(4) =A, because BE) 0 = [z|<1 (since fz] <1) So that A must be mapped onto itself by 6(z). Now @ has the inverse given by a (. wt ez } le ®nw Use zw, {ALT et Pw) a Sar He as, Near New DaT1016 PD 2G, Col 999136 B MSHI SRT anal inla@lvncndesca: bate: wn dicate cmt11.15. Symmetric Point/Inverse Point ips ‘Which has a similar form as 6 and so, 6”! shares similar properties as that of . Organizing these observations together, we can assert that for each % With |zo|<1 and @€R, @ is a bijective self mapping of the unit disk A ‘This result raises the following Theorem 1: All conformal mappings which map the unit disk A onto itself and the point zo,lZ9|<1, onto 0 must be of the form for some @¢R Equivalently, ana) = [et 2 med, ososax} a naz+b Theorem 2: Every Mobius transformation of the form (2) == conformal self-map of the upper half-plane HINGE @brod are real” ‘numbers satisfying the condition ad be > 0 . Equivalently, ~ au(i")-{ E+ a bedeR, ad~be>0) atd Deftnitior symmetic with respect to L if Lis the perpendicular bisector of fa, a*] the line segment connecting a & a* Oo Examples: ~~ \ oN Let L be a line in C. Two point3-a.ge\a* in C are said to be N () Two points z & 2* are symmetric wart. the real axis when 2* (W) Two points 2 & z* are symmetric w.r. the imaginary axis iff 2*=-Z Definition: Suppose that k is a circle |z—z9| in C. Two points a & a* are said to be symmetric wrt, circle & (or inverse points wat. the circle & ) iff |a—zolla*-zol=1? & Arg(a-zp)= Arg(at-zp) . i.e, @&a* om the same ray emanating from the centre z of k,& the product of their distances from the centre of the circle k is equal to the square of the radius of the circle, If we let (a~z9 R, then a= 2 +Re for some a.€ so we have om oenn yt ste w"ip: Reflection Inversion Map: Suppose that k isa ciel e-al=r in C & Cree a* is the symmetric point of a w. r. t the circle k in C. Then define (2, yee eC > Coy ‘Then the map J, is called reflection or inversion map in the circle Ie(@): The reflection/Inversion map J, Remark: If a is any point in Ais an abalyti@-siich that f(0)=a for some a€A.We wish to verify whether fire exists such an f with the property that /"(0)=c for a complex constant c . if so, under what condition on c, such a function exist Todo this, according to we first observe that |/“(0)|<1Ja)* which means Yitat-c must satisfy the inequality |’. for instance, consider the function $, (2) defined above. Then, 4¢4(0)=4.6.(0)=-(1 S(z)=ko, (z) with |] <1 does the job. Example: Suppose that f:A—> A is an analytic function, |f(z))<1 on |, f(a)=Oand f(-a)=b for some ae (0,1) and be (0,1]. Then, it follows that |b|<-—“__. This observation is useful to conclude the (le) following, (There exists no analytic function f :&— & such that 1) [F(2)}stonl2|=1, i()-0 and o(4)-2. Note that the existence of such a function is guaranteed, for example, if 7 wwe replace the condition 1(-4) 7 2 by /| (-4) 7 4 li?) and so, the function f defined by There exists an analytic function f:A—»A such that 1($}-0and - such an fis given by 4 (2) 3 ISTE eon at (ieee rent ———— “Put Your Own Notes \corcmeeneremnemernseirecn/ A Ft) iS ns Rh, Non TT, Now an TOG Ph (1) RGSS, Ca SE RLS RAED Bo email afeianendomy com: Wed: wralpsenden coe1 aioe i Assignment Sheet -1 How many elements does the set {zeC]2@ =-1, 24 et for 0 (a) f cannot be holomorphic on C for any a @) e423 choice of u (©) J is holowoorphic on C fora suitable 1 HE feutiy is analytic and if choice of w un y)=2" Bay? then (c) F is holomorphic on Cor all choices of # _ @) o(s)=0 (d) vis not differentiable as a function of x Seg h(a») = 38 y-y and y ate SEs y ONE) on) =HG9) EN the function f+ € defined by f(z) =) is The real part of square of a complex number is equal to ~ (a) The square ofits real part (b) The square ofits imaginary part (©) The sum of squares of real and imaginary“. (a) analytic when 7 #0 part. (b.) analytic every where (4) The difference of squares of real\3 (©) analytic no where imaginary . ad 4.) analytic in region {z:l2|> 1 HE s(e) u(x) ie is analytic then SS (4) analyte in region {e=4>1) . NOP aatis a complen mbers st af (@) u(xy)= ay which of the following is true ? (a) ata? sa’st=0 ©) alan) =H -¥) 3) (©) @ is also equal to 1 (@) |al=5 d) u(x,y)=x +9? 18 If f =w+iv is an analytic function it satisfies @) viay)=-e" siny CR equation ©) (xs)e97 (@) w=¥,&uy, (©) v(x,y) =isconstant (b) w=», du, (©) 4 =», &u, (4) v(a59)=6'siny (@) u, =v, &u, Fe aa te mee) le) 19. Which of following function is bounded as z then varies over the complex plane (af is discontinuous at 0 (a.) exp(z) (®)f is not analytic at 0 but it is continuous () sinz ce sinz (6)S is differentiable at 0 Oe (4)f is not diff. at 0 but it is continuous at 0. (a) None of the above. : "BAI Hor) a Sarl Haus Khas, Nest LL, New DaF-LIOIG, Ps O11) 2697537, Cl 9991804 & OPTGTTSA, ENSHTID i emis neGivacnen coms W ew dlvacndecom| 20. 2. 2. 2B. 24. If 2,2, are two complex numbers such that 25, [+ 2,]=[a]-+[4] then itis necessary that (a) 34 (b) =0 (c) 2, = Az, for some real numbers 2. (4) 4.2, =0 or 2=42, for some real numbers 2. By stereographic projection with the South Pole at the origin (0,0,0) the point (,0,0) {goes to complex numbers. (a) =F (b) 22141 () z=1 ~ (yen ‘The values of 1 where # is square roots of I~ is ‘ fe" ' oer y (ee @en The function differentiable at (ai 1 @a S@AzP HEH is (@)No point in C Let u(x, y)=22(I-y) for all real x and y . Then a function’ v(x, y) , so that f(z) =u(x, y)+iv(x, y) is analytic, is (a) 2 -(y-1P 29. (xP -y* (©) (x-1f +" (a) 2 4(y-1)? Deine Let u(xy) be the real part of an entire function —f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) for rextiyeC. If C is +ve oriented boundary of a rectangular region R in R?, then : gege- @L (e)0 (c,) 2m @ fC90 oy 7 f tea or im(2) ‘set of point wheré fis analytic is (a) {e:Re(2) #0 and im(z)#0) ° then the (b.) {2:Re(z) #0} (c2) (e:Re(z) #0 or fmn(z) #0} (4) {z:tm(2) #0} Which of : fees is not the real part of an (€) cosxcosh y (d) xe ray ‘The principal value of log(i"*) is (a) ix oF OF ix ay Consider the functions f(z)=x" +i)? and g(z)=a? by" vy at 220 (@.) fis analytic but not g (b.) gis analytic but not f (c.) Both fand g are analytic (4) Neither fnor g is analytic "RAL Piet Fora Sarak az lag, Near ELT, New DaabGIO06 Pa O11) 24597517, Co 99914 90991614 ASOT ina fetlgaeneny co: Web: wna com ==3h 32, 33. 35. Consider a function /(2)=u-+iv defined on 36. le-i<1 where u, v are real valued functions of x.y. Then f(2) is analytic for u equals to @) ey (©) n(x? +") (c) e @err ‘At 2=0, the function f(z) = (a)Does not satisfy Cauchy-Riemann 37. equations S (b.) Satisfy Cauchy-Riemann equations but | SN. not differentiable RN (©) Is differentiable (4) If analytic. \ ‘The function sin is analytic in (a) CUfe} Where C denotes complex plang-—_ SS 38. LY (a. Differentiable every where (b. Differentiable only at origin (c.) Not differentiable any where (4) Differentiable only on real axes (b) € except on negative real axes. ©) C-0, @)c ‘The function f(z) = ‘An analytic function f(z) is such that oa Ref f'(e)}=2y and f(I+i)=2 , then ‘the imaginary part of /(2) is (@) 29 @) 2- (©) 29 @) y-2 - 40. ‘The function f(z) @ ee 0 itz=0 (a) Satisfy C-R equation at 2=0 (b,)Is not continuous at z=0 (c.)Is differentiable at 2=0 (4) Is analytic at 2=1 harmonic of u(xy)=27 -y? tay is conjugate @) dyy+2(y"-”) Let f:€-+€ be given by 0 “whens =0 ay Ino continua 2=0 (b) It differentiable but not analytic at 2 =0 (cI analytic at 2=0 (4, Satisfy the C-R equations at 2=0. ‘The complex analytic function f(z) with the imaginary part e*(yeos y+xsiny) is (@) 2 (b) (z4c)e" (6) ze" (dy (2 +z)e"" For zeC, define f(z) (a) f is entire (b.) The only singularities of f are poles (c) f has infinitely many poles on the imaginary axis, (@) Bach pole of / is simple Let (0 - Then, (a.) f has an isolated singularity at z= (b) f has a removable singularity at z= 1. (©.) has infinitely many poles. (@)each pole of F is of order 1. 2A, (rt Fa) i ara Haas Kas Neat LL New DAMIVOONG Ph 11) 26537, Ca PRN &9SH1CITN, AST che: wpe dey.i. a. ips. rerttied atate 1 For the function se)-¥4( S75) the point z =Ois (a.) a removable singularity (b) a pole (c.) an essential singularity (d))a non-isolated singularity 45. An example of a function with a non-isolated essential singularity at 2=2 is @) (4) maf) () ee a) (2) ia{ 2,20 a For the function /(2) (a.) Removable singularity (b.) simple pole (.) branch point (4. Essential singularity 44. TCTs If #(2)=2? then it (a.) has an essential singularity at 2 = = (b.)has a pole of order 3 at 2 = co (c.) has a pole of order 3 at z =0 (4,)is analytic at 2 =. Let f be an entire function on C. Let g(z)=f(@). Which of the statements is/are correct? following (a Jif /(z) zefz|Imz20}UfelImz =a) for some a>0, then f(z+ia)=f(z~ie) for all zeC jit s@eR for all ze{z|Imz=0}U{z|Imz~a}, for some a>0,then f(z+ia)= f(z) forall zeC (If SER for all ze{z|Imz=0}U{2|Imz=a}, for some a>0, then f(z+ia)= f(e) for all 2 eC "HATE, (Ft Hor) Sar es Kis, Near ELT New Dab Erna foaasacden cm: (CUBASE, Cale SPOUSES SOT, SRIBTES edioescaden comAssignment Sheet - 2 in 5. 2 ve then Lf? ap Let ()=e ostste ten ofa 1. 7 festlen 4 2 (=-3) (a) 0. is equal to () 281 4 (b)2 (©) ani (4 (a) ao 2 Let yp ={be 050525} for k=1,2,3 eN oS Heda Pet 2 23242 ag of Which of the following are necessarily Ss i correct? Qe ff) = to ) ay fteno for k21,23 STON OH (a.) zer0 * OXY 28 ail: de=l a QS) (6) ari = ee (d.) 6x (©) Lftans SS a function Dai dz — 3 QV which of the following possible? @ bftess ae (a) Ref(z)=I for all z. (b. F(z) takes only integer values. la =f where 22(e-1)(@-2)" (©) F(2) is an integer for every integer n. 6 ={zeC:e|=r},r>0. Then (4) f(2)is bounded. eae) 8 The contour integral [°° Fde where C is ) 1,=4itre(o,1) circle fo]=1 is (©) 1, =-2m ifre(l, 2) (a) at fr>3 ee) a 1 Let s(2 yee) and on{fe (d) does not exists then { (2) de is qual % fra, where C is circle with centre 0 and . radius 2 equal. (a) zer0 (@) ar? (b) mi (b.) 2xi (©) -ai 4 (4) 2x1 . @)o HAA, es lw) Se Sara, Hou Kha, Near LL. New DARGLIOOG Ph: (O}2CSSED, Ca 9991804 & SPITS ASERUUTID mal neadgencadem.cm: Web: wore dlpacadea comLL 2. 1B. 14, de 15, (a) 1 (&)0 (ci @in Iffand g are analytic on the same region D and if f(2)g(z)=0 all z in the region D then (a) at least one of fand g vanishes identically ond. 16, (b.) fand g both vanishes everywhere on D. \ (©)f vanishes only at finitely. Many points. of D and g never vanishes (d)f and g vanish only at finitély many~ points of D. Let C={ze€:z-i|=2} 2-4 de is equal to +4 ‘ Let Q= {zeC:Im(z) > 0} and let en a smooth curve lying in © with initial pointy~- =1+2i and final point +2i. The valueof-- ) 444 n24i% 2 4 14 jf ©) 44 5In2-iF @ a-hin24id 18. where the Let le 1 +4 ]den te close curve C is the triangle having vertices em(G) (a) 1+é (b) 24 (c.) 347 (d.) 442 Sofa) empty Let pay IG Hey f(z)=sin F vcos and C is the cune |z|=3 oriented anti-clockwise. Then the |}, value of is (a) Ani (0 (©) -2ni (4) Ani “Let'S be open unit disk and f:S+C bea |) Sei valued_ analytic funetion with (@)=1, ff Sent set (285: S(z)e 1} is (b)n0n empty finite (©) countable infinite (4) uncountable Which one of the following does not hold for all continuous functions f :[-2,x]->C? (lf F(-)=f(8) for each re[-e,x] then (b) IF f(-1)=~F(0) for each te[-2,4] then fr@a= ©) freqarn- frye (4) there is an a with -e ws 7A, (Pet Por Ss Sra Haus Khas, Near LI, Ne De TOO6 Ph (26757, email infeiancedemycoms Webi: woredieneadeny20. a. 2. Let f(z) be an analytic function, then the WM Let po es » where C is contour ue of {2° f(e")eosear equals iat value of [F(t Joa en 4x2? =2 (counter clockwise) then I is equal to (ayo (@o (6) 2#7(0) ee (©) 24f'(0) eo 1) wr watts =) Define fee ty @ 28 (0. if Re(z)=0 or km roel taete)=$ ()° then the 25. Letirbe any circle enclosing the origin and zi Sprig equnerclockwise. then the value of set of point where fis analytic is S ae (a) (@:Re(z) #0 and Im(z) #0} XS the integral i (b) (e:Re(z) +0} es Na) 24 (c) (@:Re(z) #0 or Im(z)#0) (yo (©) -2ni (4) {rstm(2) #0} (4) Undefined. Let r be a simple closed curve inthe NS as complex plane then the set of all possible 26, The value of the integral [7 ci|z|=4 is ues of : ‘ vatues of § A SS equal to ~~ (2) (0.42%) Cd )0 (b) {0,221,271} ai (c) {0.82201} (4) ani «0 27, The value of ‘integral Sere For the positively oriented unit circle, 42-2) 2Re(z) where C is the circle |z|=3 traced anti- [are canals - clockwise is i (0 () te On (b) ix (©) 221 (©) -i« (@) 4x (4) ia Let r be curve: r=2+4c086. (seen. 28, The value of F ae is vale# ih= “Teej lees (a) ane" (2) h=2h (0) Sie ) He (6) h=h dri (@) h=h ©) Fe @) 4-01, 40 + (ao ‘HAE, Ps Fw) Sa Sara Hats ha, Near LL, New Dab 10016, Ph: (26S, Ca TID 8 SUDICTSG SSRRAATD wma (_EEBSSoor toes cramer onto 29, Let, for each n21,C, be the open disc in 33. Consider the function f,g:C-»C defined R, with centre at the point (1,0) and radius by f)=e', — gla)=e" Let equal to n. Then C= UC, S=|zeC:Reze[-n, a}. Then mt (a) / isan onto entire function fa) {@y)er* x>Oand byl0 and |p] <2x}. (d) gis bounded on 5. () ( (x,y) eR? :x>0 and |p| < 3x} 34. Let f bean entire function. IfIm f 20, then “~(@)Re fis constant £8) (=p) ew?sx> 9}, { 30. Let f be an entire function, Which of the . following statements are correct? 2 C Se 276D (a) f is constant if the range “of 7X tained in a straight Ii Let f be an entire function. If Ref is contained ina straight line eras (b) fis constant iff has uncountable magi N eee ‘zeros. oN (b) Fi re Fis constant (©) f is constant if f is bounded oy S . () fe {reC:Re(z)<0}. ‘ (4) fis anon zero constant (4) F is constant if the real part of 36. fis an entire function. If f satisfies the bounded. following two equations f(z+1)= f(z) and 31. Let f(2)=07,,a,2" be an entire function and S(z+i)= f(z) for every z in C then let r be a positive real number. then @) F(2)=s(2) @) D2, lah 0}. Then 32, Let f be a non constant entire function, ‘Which of the following properties is possible for f foreach z6C? (a) Re f(z)=Im f(z) (e) |f@J<1. () Im f(z)<0 (a) feo. m0 for reR oy reco for zeR () eto for 2€€, with Imz<0. Pee (@) mS. 22) 59 for rec, with inz>0 (BA i garg EE Neg eT emai iotuatonnenenr.coms Weble: Wrdoncaes com 00 26677, Cas TENG & wPTa4 ASTD (2)(| Paieseadey “Tet abe be non-linear points in the 38. complex plane and let A denote the closed triangular region of the plane with vertices a, b,c. For zeA let h(z)=[z-al-l2—H}-|2—c) The miaximum value of the function A: (a, is not attained at any point of 4 (b.)is attained at an interior point of & (c.) is attained atthe centre of gravity of & . (4) is attained at a boundary point of 4, The maximum modulus of e” on the set ={z€C:0C (a, (flattains its minimum and maximum on ar (©) [f(attains its minimum on a7 but need not attain its maximum on 7 (c) |ffattains maximum on a7 but need not attain its minimum on OF. $< (@),|/]need not attain its maximum on OF “Sand also it need not attain its minimum Sand S00 BR then the maximum value of SRL om the unit ise D={2eC:e|s1} Esl flaca com: Wetste: Wt dipeaeades (a) 2e “NS equals. we OXY (@1 (eth © )2 2 (c) d. (dyer we [BAI Fe Fw a ural Hoe KN New De OT, Ph (IDES, COL PURO a HRITIG EATAssignment Sheet -3 Ie fand g are analytic on the same region D and if f(z)g(z)=0 all z in the region D then (a, atleast one of fand g vanishes identically onD. (b.)fand g both vanishes everywhere on D. 6. Let p(x) be a polynomial of the real variable x of degree £21. Consider the power series f(2)= 5", p(n)2" where z is a complex variable. Then the radius of convergence of f(z) is (©) vanishes only at finitely many points of (ao ‘Dand g never vanishes )1 (4)f and g vanish only at finitely many _ ke points of D. ao a The value of a lit zeon(ey equal to SS For 2&6, define f(z) QS ws is entire Let S be the disk [2] <2 in complex plane ad SN) The only singularities of f are poles let f:+€ be an analytic function such t NS (©) f has infinitely many poles on the that {142 \-3 = for each natural number imaginary axis U © a (4. Each pole of f is simple rn, then f(V2) is equal to \ “8. Let f be an entire function. Suppose, for (@) 3-22 (b) 3422. (©) 2-38 (d.) 2432, Let f be an analytic function defined on the ‘open unit disc in €. Then f is constant if @) (2) 0 forall n21. (8) s(2)=0 forall l=. © s()-0 for all n21 (@) f(2)=0 forall z (11). Let 5a," be @ convergent power series such that lim, . “et=R>0. Let p be a polynomial of degree d. then the radius of convergence of the power series Dz, Pere," equals @)R @)D (©) Ra (d) Red . cach aR , there exists at least one coefficient « in (2)= 746, (2-a) which is zero. Then (a) FO (0)=0 for infinitely many n 20 ) £°(0) (c) FO" (0) = 0 for every n> 0 = (6) There exists £20 (0) =0 for al nek 9. Let f be a holomorphic function on the unit disc {le!<1} in the complex plane, Which of the following is/are necessarily true? (a) If for each positive integer n we have then f(z)=2? on the unit =O for every 20 (b) If for each positive integer n we have s(-B)=(-2F then sede" on the unit ise, (©) f cannot satisfy 74) positive integer n. (€) f cannot saity (2 positive integer n. 2A, Hoe) a Sarak Hau Ks, Neat LL: New DAn-0016 Ps OI) 257607, Cal PDE 999161794 ASERBETID Legal nflsnnden.cm: Webtte: wr dlwendeny ot] 10. ne 12 (a) shas an isolated singularity at z=0. (b.) has a removable singularity at z=1 (c.) fhas infinitely many poles. (d.) each pole of f is of order 1. 15. Consider the function f(z)=2"(I~cosz),ze€ . Which of the following are correct? \ (a) The function f has zeros of order 2 at 0 . (b) The function f has zeros of hie TS NY \ 2am, n=Hl, £2, (d)The f has zeros of order 2 RSs . ww Consider the power series }°2". The radius 2an,n= £1, £2,. of convergence of this series is (a)0 bo 1 (4) A real number greater than 1 17. Which of the following functions are entire functions and have simple zeros at z =ik for all keZ. (a) (2): 21 and some ayy4,..44, eC z4a.2"'+.a, for some (b) f(2)=asin2xiz, forsome ae (6) s(2)=beos2a{e4), forsome bec (d) f@)=e%, for some ceC. (©) k-llev (a) e-ls3 Atz=0,the function f(z) =oo() has (a.)a removable singularity Se) a pole, (e:) an essential singularity ‘SS (@) The Laurent expansion of f(z) around z=0 has infinitely many positive and negative powers of 7. Consider the power series )\a, number of divisors of n™. Then the radius of convergence of Sa,z" is where , = fai (&) 50 1 Oy @o Let D={zeC:|2]<1} and let £,:D-+C be defined by f,(2)=% for n= 12, Then (a) The sequence [/(2)} and {£(2)} converge uniformly on D (b) The series 5° f,(z) converges uniformly on D (©) The series F f"(2) converges for each reD (4) The sequence {f7(z)} does not converge 2 et oe Sera acy, ag, Ne Da 16 Fs OU ETT, Co IODA IGT EAT ‘Weise win alorseatemy.com exo intlosecaden unless 7=0Prix 2s academy 18. 19. 20. Let f.g be holomorphic functions defined a1. as AUD, where 1 -fec 4c c be defined BY 8(2)=S(2)-F(z+1) for 2. Which of the following statements are true? ws. (ait 1(2) 00 all positive integers », then fis a constant function (IIE F(n)=0 for all positive integers x, then / is a constant function 25. (jit ABE) for all positive integers n, then g is a constant function (4)IE f(n)=s(n+1) all positive integers n,then gis a constant function. for ‘The power series 22" converges if pe @)ks2 (b) lel<2 (e) lel2v2 (a) lal < V2 Let D={zeC:[e|<1} be the unit disc. Let F:D-C be an analytic function satisfying Ore Snel (b.) £ has a simple pole at for nz1. Then 1 ©) so-5 (d.)No such / exists. ate -0 the fnetion /(2) Shas SQA eva singularity 16) A pole ~(@.) An essential singularity (A) The residue of /(2) at 2=0 is 2 (a.) Integral multiple ofan (b) only (c)iand-i @a Let r be radius of convergence of 34,2" let b,=4,, for all m then the cadius of convergence of 32,2" is (a) +2 (b.) r (© r @r2 In the Laurrent series of “32 at 2=0 the coefficient of 4 is (a) zer0 @)e (@)-1 @! ‘The function “87 has (a. pole of order 2 at origin with residue 1. (b.) pole of order I at origin with residue 1. (c.) pole of order 1 at origin with residue 2 (dan essential singularity at origin with ; residue 1, \ 7A, et ow) Hi Seah au ear LAT, Ne Dei 1096 Ph (10) 277, Cal 9991804 8 OIG SOROS Eel nfaiencdeny om Webs: Wo duscadiny com—! 21. 28. 29. 30. 31. 2. (a. no singularities (b, an essential singularity at 7 =0 (2) a removable singularity at 2=0 (4.)a pole of order | at 2 =0 The coeff. of + in the Laurrent series of sin2z (a0 (b)2 ()-1 @l is eS @ yer. Consider the series f(z)= )) in the region {zeCzi<|z]<2} which of the following is true? (a.) There is a z in this region for which the series does convergence, a (b) fis not analytic (©) ftakes all values inthe complex plane. (@)fis bounded, Let f and g be analytic functions on the unit disk such that A) 2) for all non-zero integers (a) fand g are equal (b, fand g are constant (©) £(2)-8(2)=sin(z/2) (4) #(2)#e(2)itzis purely imaginary. 33. 36. The function (2 (a.) has no zeros (b.)has only one zero (€.) has a countable numbers of zero (@)has an uncountable numbers of zeros The function f(2)=tanz (@.) has poles at = = (2n+1) = nez . (b.)is an entire function oN Bas no zer0s in. © ~~.) has remavable singularity at z=0 S34 Consider the power series S22 ,a,2", where The a aiseven 7 radius of be if misodd, convergence of the series is equal to Let Yo a2" be the Laurent series expansion of f(2)=5 a = in the 2? -132+15 a is equal to annulus 3h Ss point z one singularity OA It is given that Sa,z" converges at apole aN es (an essential singularity : SS 2=3+i4, then the radius of convergence of (da non-isotated singularity a the power series S'a,2" is Let Soa,(z+1)" be the Laurent sttits~ (@) <5 a (bj 25 insion of f(z)=sin) ——|. Then a,= expansion of (2) (4) ae () <5 (dj >5 @)I fl @)0 45. Let f(2)=— = then the coefficient of (c.) cas (1) 4 in the Laurrent series expansion of (2) (4) Fsin() for |o]>2 is Consider the function f(x)-—2— the @)o 2# +1) )1 residue of (2) at the isolated singular point (3 in the upper half plane {z=x4iyeC: y>0} @s ) -2 ©)§ @I The coefficient of 4 in expansion of Log| | valid in |2|>1 «(5) Hptis @)-1 1 (42 @in ‘BAI, est Pat) Sia Sak Har Kes, Near LIT, New Del 106 PL: (i) 265757, Ca 99918 & ODISLTI ESSER Ean nfatancndemy.comt Webs: wn ivan com7 |_Eiiottors ave ceca mutate 47. 48. 49. 50. (:-4) sthen a, equal In the Laurrent series f@=2 z-1 2-2 expansion of valid in region |2|>2 then the coettof i (a)-1 ~ 0 1 (2 NL Let f(2) be an analytic function with a > simple pole at z=1 and a double pole ats z=2 with residues 1 and -2 repeal 53. Further if £(0)=0 , f@)=-2 and Fis bounded as z+, then f(z) must be 54, ) 7-2)" = ee ey bol 2) 7 OF oy ‘An example of a function with a non-isolated essential singularity at 2=2 is 55. @) ta) L ) a(S) () et Let f(z)=u(xy)+in(xy) be an entire function having taylor series expansion as Sow’ It s(x) =u(x.0) and f(y) =i.) then (@) a, =0vn (b) a = (©) 44,4) =0 forall n (4) a, #0 but a, =0 The radius of convergence of the power cies of the fimetion /(z)= 1 about 4 (a)! 4 (©) 3/4 (ao For the function s(e)ain(? , (a) Removable singularity (©, simple pole (©) branch point (4. Essential singularity (a. uniformly but not absolutely convergent (b. uniformly and absolutely convergent (©) absolutely convergent but not uniformly convergent (4) convergent but not uniformly convergent For the function f(z)="—— , the point z=0is (a) An essential singularity (b) A pole of order zero (€) A pole of order one (4) A removable singularity. 284 ac Pa) iS Hs Kas eT Rew DoT FR ID 2ST, Ca TRVGLA TOT OHO (aldacadencom: Webae: wr lenadcny om56. 57. 59, 1 Expansion of fuetion /(e)=—5 755 in 60. power of (2-3) and the radius of convergence of the series so obtained are 61 For the function (z)= (a) A pole of onder 3 (D.) A pole of order 2 (©) An essential singularity (a) A removable singularity Na The singularity of e*” at 2=0 is (a) a pole (ba removable singularity (©) non isolated singularity (4) isolated essential singularity Let and complex z+hz tbe" — be polynomials. If a,b, are nonzero complex numbers then the residue of A at Ois ra 64. equal to (a) h (o) & © @* The function has a pole of order p and residues r where @) p= ) p=3 ret (©) p=3 (@) pet r=0 Residuce of 28 at its singularity is ‘The residuce of e!* at 2=0 is (a)2 ba 1 (42 Let f:C-+C be analytic fora simple pole at 220 and let g:C+€ be analytic. Then, the Res {f(z)e(2)} value of “e7e) is (a) g(0) ©) £0) (6) lime s(2) @) lim: f(2)g() Let f()= sc+iythenResf(2) is68, ‘The sum of the residues at all the poles of ply inet fe ay + where a is constant. — @)-% (040.8182...) is : ) -2 § | ncosectxa x Le(nvay Op @e SBE at 220 is 67. The residue of (4) None of theseAssignment Sheet -4 Let pls where £21 and a,,...,a, ate non-constant polynomials in the complex variable 2. Then How jer: pla, w)=0) is (2) +a,(2)w+.+a (2), (a.) Bounded with empty interior (b.) Unbounded with empty interior (€.) Bounded with nonempty interior (4.) Unbounded with nonempty interior (2) is single valued complex function then (a, It is rational implies itis meromorphic (b.) tis rational if it is meromorphic (©) It is meromorphic if and only if it is rational ae (A) Lets is rational function as it has simple \ poles as its singularities Tf (z)=Re(z)+ f(z) where f(z) ig, ‘meromorphic. Then (a.) (2) is meromorphic (b) gle) and f(z) has same nur singularities (©) g(2) is analytic in every closed and bounded region provided it has no poles (4) o(2) has no singularities Select the incorrect statement (a.) There doesn’t exists an analytic function J in neighbourhood of 0 whose square is (b.) There doesn’t exists non constant entire function /(2) st.e? is bounded (c.) Every rational function is meromorphic (4.) None of these If M =set of all meromorphic function 2 set of rational function = set of functions having essential singularity at infinity then (a) Mar is empty () Raris empty (©) Maris empty (4) Intersection of any pair of M7 Ror I is non empty If real part of @ function is constant in a domain p,then f is (a) Meromorphic (b.) Number of poles of function are finite (2) No relation of with poles (4) Can't say any thing If fis an meromorphic function on C then (a) Poles of fare isolated but not zeroes (b.) Zeroes of fare isolated but poles of f ‘need not be isolated {(€:) Zeroes and poles of fare isolated “<(d.) Neither poles nor zeroes of f are isolated Let f,g be métomorphic functions on C.. If “f has a zero of érder k at z= and g has pole of order m at z=athen g(f(2)) has (a) zero of order km at (b) pole of order km at z =a (c.) zero of order |k—mlat z= a (d.) pole of order |k—mlat z= a Let / be a meromorphic function on such that [f(c}2le at cach z where f is holomorphic. Then which of the following is/are true? (a) The hypotheses are contradictory, so no such f exists (b) Such an / exists (c) There is a unique / satisfying the given conditions (A) There is an 4eC with [421 such that Jf (2)= Az foreach zeC 10. Let f be an analytic function defined on B={zeC:lA<1} such that the range of f is confined in the set C\(-, 0]. Thea (a) fis necessarily a constant function. (b) There exists an analytic function gon B such that g(z) is a square root of f(z) foreach 2eB (©) There exists an analytic function gon B such that Reg(z)20 and g(z) is a square root of f(2) foreach 2 eB (4) There exists an analytic function g’ on B such that Reg(z)0. If Si, the value of [(0 is (a1 b)-1 Or 4 9. Let f:C->C be an arbitrary analytic function satisfying f(0)=0 and f(1)=2 then (a) there exists a unique {2,}st|z,[>" and [eam (b, there exists a sequence {z,} t|z,|>2 and \Gd (4, there exists a sequence {z,} si. 2, +0 and (z,) 2 Let f(z) be an entire function st for some constant a. |f(z)/€ be a meromorphic function analytic at 0 satisfying (sso for nal 1 @) £M=5 (©) frhas a simple pole at 2=-2 1 ©) f=; (@)No such meromorphic function exists Let fbe a polynomial function on the entire ae plane st. f(z)#0 for 2 st|7]=1 LE) g ani LTO (a) can take oa integer values (b.)can take only value (c,) is zero (A)is equal to degree off If f:C-+€ is analytical and real valued then (a.) fis non-constant (b.) fimaps open sets to open (©) fis constant @ se)= 2 forsome n>0 "BU, Es Fr) Ba Sra, Hur Kas New LL, New DoE 16 Pus (11 26ST, Cal 999180 & HOIGITON SHELTID av ml lafotdsrcadem com: Wee: wen dptcadem. con2 2. 2B. 24. 25. Suppose f(z)=(2-1){2-2(e-3) and Y=! principle implies that [Ga is + Osrs4 then the argument (a) 2xi (b) 2x8 0 @i ‘The number of roots of the equation 2-122 414-0 that lie in the region feeciaclded} (a)2 )3 4 oo @)s The nos of zeros, counting multiplicities of the polynomial <'+32!+2"41 inside the cirele [2|=2 is (ao (b)2 3 (45 Let f(2)=1+22432" +0" and let y be a closed curve which rane all the zeros of 10) ten sf? Lae aut a - To" @)o (bo) where poe EY and C is the circle (sea) lel =3 with positive sense (a) 241 (b) 2x1 (©) 4x (@) Axi If f(z)=2* 42 then the minimum value of |(@) over the closed region \a\ st is Fill the space from the following choices (a) 0 (b) 1 () 3 (a) 2 Consider the polynomial p(z)=2'+2)452"+2 then the number of zeros in 1 <\z\<2? fa) 2 (b) 3 (rs (a) tone, “The —niimber_ of zeros of (2) =42" ~3e? Le-9=0in the a dise [al <1 & @)o @) 1 () 2 (dy 4 If g(2)= Fs and f(z)a2°—2+1 then the value of sale ott ae where Ccomtains all the zeros of a is @- (b)0 ©-3 dj If fz) is analytic on D where D={(xy):blsa)lsbazo} if fle) satisfies the inequality |/(2|D with J (0) = Owith the property Let f(2)=1*2 , Which of the following isfare true? (a) fmaps(l2l<1} onto (Re(z)>0}. > NS. SN (b) f maps {lel<1, Im(z)>0} 208% - {Re(2)> 0, im(z) >0} el (c) f maps. {lzi<1,Im(z)<0} onto {Re(2) <0, im(z) <0} (d.) fmaps {lal> 1} onto {Im(z) > 0} Let D={zeC:ldD be a holomorphic. function _Wwith £(0)=0, where is the open unit disc {eee :jcfet}.. Then Ya) [7'(0) =1 obi) (3) ® rojss cs et “4 Let f(2)=2++ for sec with 2#0. Which of the following are always true? (a) Fis an analytic function on C\(0} (©) fis conformal map on C\0} (c.) f'maps the unit circte (0 a subset of the real axis (d.) The image of any circle in C\{0} is again a circle. Let £:D-+D be holomorphic with f(0)=0 i. and 1(}+0 where 0=fe: <1} which of the following statements are correct? id (b) [Fst ea @) ‘ ©) bG) stand rst @) f=2,26D Ermaiinfoaaipanrsdanyna Webtte: wimaipsendewy con, RAI, Pet orn Saal Hoo Rs, ear LT Nw e006, PhO AST a PTB GIT BSL @ —S=10. Zips. academy For: € D ofthe form z= iy define u. HW ={2eC:y>0} eC:y<0} {eec:s>0} E=(2eC:x<0} The function /(2) (a) Maps H’ onto #1" and H™ onto H (b.) Maps H" onto Hand H”onto H* (©) Maps #* onto L’ and H”onto E° (4.) Maps #1" onto L~and H” onto L° Let U be an open subset of © containing, D={zeC:|z|<1} and let f:U>€ be the imap defined by . NB. S(z)=e" forae Dandy «[0, 2x1] ‘ Which ofthe following statements are te? (@) |s(e?)]=1 for 0<0<28 4. (b) fmaps {z¢C:|z|cil} onto itself (o) f maps {z¢C:|2\« I} into itself (4) fF is one-one Let f:D—»Dbe holomorphic with /(2) 15. 1) and /(4)=here D=(20C21) Which of the following is correct? @) [rls whels © [r¢os3aml/() @) s(@)=22eD Define Hf ={zeC:y>0} W ={zeCzy<0} z6C:x>0} £ ={zeC:x<0} The function /(2) = Beal (a.) Maps #” onto H* and H~ onto H™ (b.) Maps H* onto HW and H” onto H” (c.) Maps H" onto £° and H™ onto (d3). Maps H° The region, {zeC:-1 0} (d.) There is no straight line C\ {3i} which is mapped onto a straight line in C by f maps « Which of the following 717. 18. region 19. under the ‘The image = of’ —the {zeC:Re(z) > im(z) > 0} mapping'z + e* is (a) (weC:Re(w) >0, Im(w) > 0} (b) {weC:Relw) > 0, Im (ve) > 0, bl >I} () {we€: b> I} 20. (@) {weC:Im(w) >, hd >I} ey Consider the function f(z) = ate) -sini( 3) x0 @ The residue of F2) ats poleégequalto 1. Then the value of a is @)-1 (o)1 (e)2 (4)3 © Rocton 6) 0 aa @) 82 n ) @% a> ‘Under the transformation wa [EE the 2 region D={z¢C:|z|<1} is transformed to (a) (zeC:00} = (we C:1m(w)>0} and 3 = fweCzlm(w) <0} =(weCsp4>2} and A = {weep <2} and Let w= f(z) be the bilinear transformation that maps -I, 0 and 1 to ~i, 1 and i respectively. Then f(1-é) equals (a) -142 (b) 2 (©) si (4) -14 The bilinear transformation as which maps the points 0,1, in the z-plane onto the points -ioa1 in weplane is @) 22 zi ) = zl () zl24. 25. 2. ‘The function /(2)=z* maps the I* quadrant 28. The conjugate (also called symmetric) point ‘onto of L+i with respect to circle |2—I]=2 is (a) Iiself (a) Hr (b,) Upper half plane () 1447 (©.) Third Quadrant (©) 142i (@) Right half plane. (a) 1-4 Let woth and £=22*2 be bilinear 29. The bilinear transformation wie maps es rts = (Mobius) transformation, then the following {z:[z-1] <1} onto, is also a bilinear transformation @) £2) (2) ©) sfo(z)} ©) He)em(e) woe, 1 @ Seay The transformation w= 3[z+a%s"], @eR “N77 maps the cree [e|=r (r+ @) into ‘The fixed points of f()- 38 i SS V isi . ~~ (a) Circle - XQ NE (b.) Ellipse (by 1474 oe (c.) Hyperbola (©) v4 (@)Line (d) itl, 31. ‘The magnification factor of the conformal ee) {bea jptebet ; mapping 1 = V2e"*2(1~2i)is 7 @1 snaps |2|<1 onto )2 (a) A half plane ()3 (b.) Exterior of the circle (@)t0 (c.) Exterior of an ellipse 32. The circle als*+y*)+bx+oy+d=0 is (4) Interior of an ellipse transformed by sey=t ‘into a circle the ccentie of the circle is given by 2ab 9 ( uc.) The transformation w=e"| isa constant, maps [e|<1 onto FP Fee (@) [oft it ct (b) [oft ie fpi> (©) | pina if P=0 @ (Pew) if |Pl=1 "BHAI, Fe Fon) Ha Sarak Hau Ks, Neat LT, New DABFLIGOG PL: (1) 265757, Clr 99104 A ODIO, BOUTS Esl naracadem. cmt Web: wn loeeadco coeacted 33. ‘If f(z)=e"-2ir+3 then which of the 35. following is incorrect (a) f(z) has infinite critical point (b.) scale factor of f(z) at every real number is defined (c.) scale factor at every point on imaginary axis is defined 36. (4) £@) is not conformal 34. The transformation cos@+ibsine maps the ellipse 47+ -=1 in x plane to ~ (a) The real axis of w-plane (©) Anellipse in w-plane SS Sw (b) The imaginary axis of w-plane ONY SY oS aw as (4) The complete w-plane oS aifferent cross ratio. SSA N@y The Bross ratio is invariant under B.T. ~~ and. this “property can be used in “obtaining specific B. T. mapping three points into three other points (©)A BT. which maps 2=0,i-1 into weiOas w=—Hl+2) The rectangular region R bounded by 2=0,y=0;x=2,y=3in z-plane is mapped into the rectangular region ® of w -plane through the transformation w= 2e"r this transformation performs (a) A rotation (©) A magnification (c.) A translation and magnification (@.) A rotation and magnification Choose the correct statements (a) Let 4,2,2.2 are fixed complex Naumber then we can define at most 6 (e+) (@) Grtn 220) 24-4) { ‘28A/IL, Fist Floor) Sia Sara, Haws Khas, Neue LLT., New DelhF1L0016, Ph: (@11)-26S37S20, Cae 9999143434 & 9099161734, BSRBBAITES dgscadeny coe mall lala com Web: Ww