( )

=
− =
= ❖

❖
=
=( )( )( ) =
❖

= 

= ( )( ) =

= =( )( )( ) =

= −
= − =−

−

+ 

( =− −
)

 =
= +
= +
 =

=− = −

−
= −
=

=+ = −

−
= −
=
 =
=

+ +
+ +
+

= +

=
=( )= +
=( )= +

=( + )+( + )
=( + )+( + )( )
= +
 ( ) → ( ) + ( )

+ =
+ − =
=

= − =

= =

 
 = ( )
 
=

 =


( ) ⎯⎯ → ( ) + ( )

− − − − −

= = =
 ( )

= = =

=
= =
=
→ =
=

=  =

+ + −

+ −
 

 ( )( ) 



  → +
 
  → +
 
  → −
 


= + =
=

= → ( ) = ( )( ) =
❖ =
❖ = =
= → = =

  ❖ ( )
+   
+
 ( )=
( )=
+

 

  → 
❖ +
  →
❖ +
  →
❖
 ❖


❖ ( )= + =  =

+ =   
= =
 

= =
 + =

= =
+ + +

❖ + + =
= = =
+ + +

( ) + +
= =
( ) + + +

→ = =
❖
= = =
+ + +
= = =
+ + +

= = =
 + − =
 − =

− =
− =
= ( )
= −
= 

  = + =

( + )( − )

+ −
 
+

=(
(− ) + (− )
) =

  =
− −
− − = + =

 − = → =
 + → +
( )=
=
→ =−

❖
( )
= + → ( + ) ( ) ( )
= + ( ) ( )
❖ ( )
=− → =− −
= +
 +
+ → +
( )=
 
=( ) = 
  =

=
=
(− ) + (− ) =

 ( )= ( ) 
−   
= → = 
    = 
= →
( )= 
=  
+ = = +
+ − = 
( + )( − )= =
=  
 
( + )
 = 

( + )
−
= −  = 
 +
=
 =
 =  → 

=  −   + = −

 − − =
= +

+ = + −
− + − =
❖ → = 
=  →  =
=     = − − − =
→ − =



( )= − −
 −
 =  
❖
=  − 

❖ ( )= − −
 −
 = → =
( )= ( − ) −

= − −
= − = −
( − )
− ( − ) −
− ( − ) −


 → =
 + = − 

 − − =
= 

( − )= ( − )= =  =   =
( − )= + =
( − )=
 C

C, ,C C

  

 

= = =
= − = −

( + ) ( ) +( − )
+ + = + − +
=
=
=

= + = =  =
= + =
= 
+ = = =
 ( ) =
( ) 
− 
( ) 

=  = 
 
 

=
= −
 
= = = −−−−−
= → =

= −−−−−

=
=

= =
=

= = =
( ) ( ) +( )
+
 
 


−
= = =

 =

= = =

 +

= −

+ = = = 

 =

 ⊥
 =
= =  =  = 

+ = = = −
+ =  =

( )= ( )+ ( ) ( )


= =
( ) ( ) ( )
→ ( ) = ( )
( )= + ( )+ ( )
( ) =

 

( ) =

− ( ) +  ( )+ ( )   
=
( ) +( )
−  ( )+ ( ) =  =
( ) ( )
=  =  − =

−  ( ) +

− =
( )+ ( )= (  )

     
     
     
   
 
( ) ( )+ ( )= ()
= =
( )  ( )+  = 
( )
( )=
= (  )

= ()
( )=−


− − −

− −

= (− )
 () = =−
−
 + ( )+ + ( )−
( )
+ ( ) + ( )
= =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

+ ( )+ + ( )−
= ( )
+ ( ) + ( )
+ +
( )+ ( )−
= ( )
+ ( ) + ( )

=
( + ( ))
+
+ ( )
( + ( )) ( ) ( + ( ))  =  =
− ( ) ( ) ( )
= ( )+ ( )− ( )  =  =
= ( ) ( )

= =

= =

= =

= =

 =
❖

+ =
=
+ =
− =
− =

= 
+ +

+ +

+
 + 

= 


(  )(  ) 

 (  )(  ) 

   


  → =
 → =
( )  → =

( )
•
( )
( )
•
•

+


+ =

= − = +

− = =

= + = +

= +  = − =

 
=( ) ( )   − ( )= ( )
 
− =
− =
=
=
