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    Structures Data Book PDF

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    senthil031277

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    3/4 Structures Data Book 1999 Edition Cambridge University Engineering Department 1. 2. 21 2.2. 23. 24, 25. 2.6. 2.7. 28 29. 2.10. 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3. 34. 35. 3.6. 3.7. 8.1. Table of Contents Physical properties of structural materials 1 Stress and strain 1 Notation for stress. Strain definition Stress-strain relations for isotropic elastic solids. Complementary shear . Planar transformation equations for stress. Mohr's circle of stress . Planar transformation equations for strain, Mobr's circle of strain.. Principal st in 3 dimensions... Yield criteria for isotropic solids... Beam behaviour CUED sign convention Compatibility Equilibrium... Elastic bending formulae . Formulae for elastic analysis, Plastic bending.... Torsion formulae. 7 Euler buckling 8 Pin jointed trusses — statical determinacy 8 Equation of virtual work 8 Soil mechanics 9 Definitions. Classification of particle sizes. 9 Groundwater Seepage ..nrmnm:mnnnnnnnnnninnnnnnnnninnnnnnnnnnnest 10 Stresses in soils 10 Strength of soil: Cohesion hypothesis (Tresca) u Friction hypothesis (Coulomb) well Typical properties and forms of structural materials "1 ‘Mechanical properties of steel and aluminium..... sence LI Mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP)... n Structural steel sections (hot-rolled).... 12 Aluminium sections (extrusions) sen 20 Glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) sections (pultrusions)...... seen DD 41. Physical properties of structural materials Values to be used in calculations (further details in Materials Data Book and Section 8) | Steel [Aluminium | Concrete’ ] Softwood" | Water | ~ units | Alloy along grain ae Young’s modulus [| 210 70 30 9 - | GPa Shear modulus |G] 81 26 13 - - | GPa Bulk modulus K| 175 i) 14 : 22 [GPa__| | Poisson's ratio v] 0.30 0.33 0.15 = - [Thermal expansion | @| 11 23 12 = 60_| x10°K™ Density 7840 2700 2400 = 1000_| kg/m? * Typical values For isotropic solids, G 2. Stress and strain 2.1. Notation for stress Gx is the normal stress on the x face acting in the x direction. ‘ry. is the shear stress on the x face acting in the y direction. In this data book, with the exception of Section 7, tensile stresses are defined as positive. 2.2. Strain definition q is the normal strain in the x direction. Yo is the shear strain between the x and y faces, €, ou ox Toy bu oy ax ov ete. where: 1, v are small displacement components with respect to rectangular co-ordinates x, y: 2.3. Stress-strain relations for isotropic elastic solids EP VO yy — Toy = where: ATs temperature change. 1 1, ” etc. vo,,)+aaT et. For plane stress with the z face unstressed and A7'= 0, the inverse relationship is etc 2.4.Complementary shear From equilibrium of a small element, ete. From its definition, Voy =Yyx te 2.5. Planar transformation equations for stress x “aL \A vy al From equilibrium of an elementary triangle, \~ cay Cag = Fxx008°O+ Gy, SinO +21 yin cOsO Tab =O xpSin8 C080 +0 yysinO cos + rol 0s?0 ~ sino) 2.6.Mohr's circle of stress A plot of normal stress against shear stress on a face for varying 0 gives a circle, provided a special sign convention is used: For Mohr's circle, shear stress is plotted positive when it is clockwise (Gags Tap) (x2 ty) The stresses on perpendicular faces, (os, ~ty) and (65, fx), plot at the opposite ends of a diameter. If new faces are considered at angle 0 (see Section 2.5), the stresses on the new faces can be obtained by rotating the diameter of Mohr’s circle by 20in the same direction, 2 2.7. Planar transformation equations for strain By geometry, ni Eq = xx0087O + ySin70 + 7 yySind cos Yah = ~28xxSin8 cos + 2ey,sinO cosO + 7 yy (os?0 7 sin?6) 2.8.Mohr's circle of strain A plot of normal strain against half shear strain for varying @ gives a circle, if the sign convention for shear strains is the same as for corresponding shear stresses: WZ yr yy!) (oa “Yan'2) The strains in perpendicular directions, (é:., -7%/2) and (6, 7a/2), plot at the opposite ends of a diameter. If new faces are considered at angle @ (see Section 2.7), the strains in the new directions can be obtained by rotating the diameter of Mohr’ circle by 20 in the same direction, 2.9. Principal stresses in 3 dimensions The principal stresses can be calculated as the eigenvalues of the stress matrix g, and the principal directions are the corresponding eigenvectors. [ Om Ty Tre =| Ty Oy 2.10, Yield criteria for isotropic solids Tresca's hypothesis: max[|o4 -09 103 -03|,|03 -o)|J= ¥ Von Mises’ hypothesis: (o;-02)° +(02-o3) +(e3- 0) =2¥? where: Y is the current yield stress in simple tension 1, 02, 63 are the principal stresses. 3. Beam behaviour 3.1. CUED sign convention M s a Ss M . rotation displacements, x 3.2, Compatibility where: x is the curvature R is the local radius of curvature 5 is.adistance along a beam v is the angle turned by tangent to the curve. For a beam that has small transverse deflections v(x) from the x axis ay we 3.3. Equilibrium Ss w s+ Box 7 «CGC, ESt et ax _.. a s- where: M is the bending moment S is the transverse shear force w is the transverse external load per unit length of beam. 3.4. Elastic bending formulae 3.4.1. Longitudinal stresses 2 EAR; I= fy?da y M = 2.6 max where: I is the second moment of area about a principal axis through the centroid (sce also Mechanics Data Book) yi the distance from the centroidal axis ‘Aw is change of curvature from an initially unstressed configuration Z. is the elastic section modulus Gnas is the stress at the outermost fibre. 3.4.2. Transverse shear Ifa free body is formed by cutting out part of the eros where: q is the total longitudinal shear force per unit longitudinal length of the beam (shear flow) Ae is the area of the cut off portion of the cross-section Ac} is the first moment of area of the cut off portion about the centroidal axis At the cut, the shear stress is on average: where: @_is the length of the cut in the plane of the cross-section. 3.5. Formulae for elastic analysis 3.5.1. Deflections for statically determinate structures a Ye i y= wt 6E1 end rotation end deflection we 3EI end rotation central deflection W 5 we abn” ball doocts sw 38461 6 3.6. Plastic bending For a beam fully yielded in bending, carrying no axial load, the neutral axis is at the equal-area axis, and Zpoys Zp = flyldd where: M, is the plas Zp isthe plastic section modulus. ic moment For cross-sections that can be easily split into regions that are fully yielded in either tension or compression, Zp = Daily] where: Aj is the area of a region y;_ is the distance from the beam's equal-area axis to the centroid of the region. 3.7. Torsion formulae 3.7.1. Circular shafts For an elastic shaft, 2, ray J fra T=GJ¢ where: 7’ is the applied torque is the angle of twist per unit length is the radius is the polar second moment of area. wae 3.7.2. Thin walled tubes (ie. closed sections) of arbitrary cross-section By equilibrium, By kinematics, For an elastic tube, where: q is the shear flow =rt Ae is the area enclosed by the cross-section. 3.7.3. Thin-walled open sections T=6d t bg where: b is the length, and 1 is the thickness of a region of the cross-section; ( porewater Head haulyy pressure w Potential hey in Hydraulic gradient Vh latum Darcy's law for laminar flow: wok where: v is superficial seepage velocity k is coefficient of permeability. Typical values: clays k between 10! and 10° m/s I micron

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