Lesson 1

 When is a Material considered useful?

- It serves a purpose
- Has a property that makes it reusable

 When is a Material considered harmful?

- Brings hazard
- Toxic substances are present
- May bring harm to your health, environment,
and organisms when not used properly

 When is a Material considered waste?

- It already served its purpose

 Biodegradable materials
- Can be decomposed by bacteria and other living
organisms

 Nonbiodegradable
- Does not rot easily

 Waste materials are safely disposed into a landfill,

covered with layers of soil

 Harmful Materials
- Toxic or harmful to living things when not
disposed properly
Lesson 2
5Rs Techniques
 Reduce
- To lessen the amount of waste in the
environment
 Reuse
- To use again or find other ways to use a
material
 Recycle
- To create a new product using a material that
has already served its purpose
 Recover
- Recovering energy from a certain Material
- This method involves heating plastic wastes to
produce crude oil
 Repair
- To fix slightly broken things to make them
useful again
Lesson 3
- practice 5Rs to manage wastes in your environment

Lesson 4
 Physical Properties
- Characteristic of matter that can be readily
observed without changing its composition is
known as physical property
 Different phase changes
- Sublimation
 Solid to Gas
- Evaporation
 Liquid to gas
- Melting
 Solid to liquid

 - Condensation
 Gas to Liquid
- Freezing
 Liquid to solid
- Deposition
 Gas to solid

 Hardness
- Ability to resist pressure that may cause
deformation
 Brittleness
- Ability to break easily
 Flexibility
- Ability to bend without breaking
 Malleability
- Ability to be hammered into thin sheets
 Flammability
- Ability to catch fire easily
 Ductility
- Ability to be drawn into thin wires
 Conductivity
- Ability to let heat and electricity to pass through
 Combustibility
- Ability to burn
 Biodegradability
- Ability to be decomposed by microorganisms
 Elasticity
- Ability to be stretched and return to its original
shape
Lesson 5
- Oxygen has various effects on matter
- Without oxygen, fire will not ignite

 Rusting
- Reaction of iron with oxygen present in the air
 - The amount of rust depends on the moisture
and humidity of the surroundings

 Fire Triangle
- Represents three important things needed for
combustion to occur:
- Heat
- Fuel
- oxygen
Lesson 6
- heat has the ability to change the physical form
of matter like the liquid state of the egg when
put on heat changes to its solid state.
Lesson 8
Reproductive System
Parts and functions of the Human Male Reproductive
System

 Penis
- External organ with a tip called glans
 Scrotum
- A pair of pouchlike sacs that protects the testes
 Testes
- Glands the produce sperm cells and the male
sex hormone called testosterone
 Epididymis
- The tube that stores sperm cells
 Urethra
- The passageway of Urine and Semen
 Seminal Vesicles
- Produces sugar-rich fluid that provides energy
for the sperm cells’ motility
 Vas Deferens
 - The passageway of sperms coming from the
testes
 Cowper’s Gland
- The gland that releases the fluid that flushes
out foreign matter and neutralizes acidic urine
in the urethra
 Prostate Gland
- Secretes fluid that nourishes the sperms
Lesson 9

Female reproductive system and its function

 Cervix
- A narrow opening between the uterus and the
vagina.
- Expands to allow the passage of the baby during
childbirth
 Vagina
- Also called the birth canal
- A hollow muscular tube that extends from the
cervix to the vaginal opening called vulva
- Expands to let the baby pass during childbirth
 Ovary
- Produces egg cells and also the hormones
estrogen and progesterone
- Female humans has 2 ovaries
- 70,000 egg cells are already present in the
ovaries of a female since birth but only 500 egg
cells will mature
- Matured egg cells are released one by one per
month until the female turns 43-55 years old
 Fallopian Tube
- Also called as the oviduct
- Leads the egg to the uterus
- Usual site of fertilization of the egg and the
sperm cell
 - Human females have 2 fallopian tubes leading
to the uterus
 Uterus
- Also called as the womb
- A hollow muscular organ located at the lower
abdomen
- Has a soft smooth inner lining called
endometrium or uterine lining
- The endometrium gets thicker after
accumulating blood and nutrients to
accommodate the unborn baby as it develops
- Site where the fertilized egg is implanted
- Unfertilized egg cell and the endometrium
breaks down and is discharged during
menstruation
 Egg cells
- One-tenth of a millimeter
- About the diameter of o hair strand
- The biggest cell in the female human body
- Female reproductive cell
Lesson 10
 Puberty
- Stage characterized by rapid developmental
changes
- Changes for boys starts at the age ranging 12-14
years old
- Changes for girls starts earlier ranging the ages
from 10-12 years old
- Changes are caused by the sex hormones
- May also have changes in your mental,
emotional and social aspects
 Boys
- Adam’s apple becomes bigger
- Voice may crack or break sometimes
- Shoulders becomes broader
- Muscles develop
- Pubic, underarm and facial hair starts to appear
 - Reproductive organ starts to develop
- Growth spurts
- At this age, boys should consider being
circumcised to keep their external genitals clean
 Girls
- Breasts starts to grow bigger
- Hips becomes wider and rounded
- Pubic hair starts to appear
- Reproductive organs develops
- Growth spurts
- At this age, girls may start having menstrual
flow
Lesson 11
Menstrual Flow
- Usually lasts for 3-5 days
- Menstrual cycle lasts for about 28 days
- Menopausal is the stage wherein menstrual
flow eventually stops when there are no more
egg cells to be released and usually occurs at
the ages between 45-50 years old
 First day of menstruation is the first day of the
menstrual cycle
- The uterus lining breaks down
- blood comes out of the vagina
 Days 6-13
- repair period for the uterine lining
- Developmental period for an egg to mature
 Day 14
- Ovulation takes place
- Ovulation occurs when an egg is released by the
ovary
- The egg travels to the oviduct and waits for a
sperm cell
 Days 19-28
- The uterus prepares for possible implantation
by thickening the endometrium
Lesson 12
 Proper Care for Boys
- Always wash your external reproductive organs
with mild soap and water when taking a bath
- Do not borrow underwear from anybody
- Always change underwear daily or as often as
needed
- Always wear clean underwear
- Consult a doctor when you have problems with
your reproductive organ
 Proper Care for Girls
- Always wash your external organs with mild
soap and water regularly
- Do not borrow underwear from anybody
- Always wear clean underwear and change it
regularly
- Use a feminine wash 3 times a week
- Talk to your parents and consult a doctor when
you have problems with your reproductive
organs
- Wear a sanitary napkin whenever
 During menstruation, girls may experience pain in
the lower abdomen. This is called menstrual Cramps
or dysmenorrhea.
- Take enough rest, avoid staying up too late
- Apply a warm compress on the lower abdomen
- Do moderate exercises like cycling movements
while lying down.
Lesson 13
Sexual reproduction in Animals
 Sexual Reproduction
- Takes place when the sex cells unite to form a
new animal
- Animals have sex organs that produces sex cells
or gametes
- Gametes contains the information about the
new organism
 Fertilization
- Takes place when a sperm and egg cells unite
- Fertilized egg is called a zygote
- Zygote then develops into an embryo
- Embryo undergoes continuous development
until it eventually grows into a newborn animal
- Fertilization in animals may be internal or
external
 Internal Fertilization
- The embryo develops inside the uterus of the
female until it is born or from eggs lain by birds
and the embryo develops inside the egg
 External Fertilization
- Occurs outside of the parents body
- Females may release eggs and attach them to a
plant or rocks
- The male then releases sperm cells over the
eggs to fertilize them
 Lesson 14
 Asexual Reproduction
- Does not need gametes to reproduce
- A single parent organism simply makes an
identical copy of itself
 Binary Fission
- Occurs when a single parent organism divides
itself into two and each half grows into a new
single individual
- This allows them to quickly grow in clusters of
closely living group or colonies
- Sea anemone (Actiniaria) is a saltwater animal
which is able to reproduce by binary fission
 Budding
- Occurs when an outgrowth of the parent animal
develops into a new animal
- A bulge appears in the parent’s body then
develops into a miniature copy of the parent
while attached to the body. Eventually detaches
when it is mature enough to survive by itself.
Lesson 15
Types of reproduction
 Pregnancy
- Also called as gestation period
- Born alive
- Develops inside the placenta
 Incubation period
- For egg-laying animals
- Developmental period inside an egg
Lesson 16
Sexual Production in Plants
 A complete flower has the following parts
- Receptacle
  Upper end of the flower stalk which bears
the flower/s
- Sepals
 Modified leaves which encloses the other
parts of the flower when it is still a bud
 A group of sepals is calyx
 Supports the bottom of the flower
- Petals
 Most obvious part of the flower
 A group of petals is called corolla
 Brightly colored petals attracts insects for
pollination
- Stamen
 Male part of the flower
 Filament holds the anther in a position tall
enough to release the pollen
 Anther consists of two lobes that contain
pollen sacs
 Pollen sacs have pollen grains that are
released by the anther when they mature
- Pistil
 Female part of the flower
 The style is the stalk that connects the
stigma to the ovary tall enough to trap
pollen grains
 Stigma is a swollen structure at the end of
the style and receives pollen grains
 The mature stigma secretes fluid that
stimulates the pollen grains to germinate
 Flowers
- Attractive part of a plant used to reproduce
 Pollination
- Plant sexual reproduction occurs when pollen
grains are transferred from the anthers to the
stigmas
- The transfer is called pollination
 Self-pollination
- Pollination occurs within the same plant
 Cross pollination
- Occurs when pollination happens from 1 plant
to another plant with the same kind
- In cross pollination, pollen grains are
transferred from the anther to the stigma of a
flower in a another plant of the same kins