ol Lh Shabishig x Data SAabieker fe fan aay af sedenue of cotteeliay aonlyedy, preacnlig anf inher preter fl oe P pelg . Ths © kom ¢, Rredeemabec| amralyan's tual Lota , wambfied rooelely reprerentahios da synopses fora geen sot: of exporioarented be any veal Life shuctfes + sas : poser rem 9, tt Studles metic doles 22 te q* er, " | poelyte ad clue conclusse? we Pouwnens shchs hea seteeee of ae | | Acuity monte ty oa fee of exrncen ede is) wer In prawye clexiplined gue | fiaanuiol orale \ a | predator ad opeabon tov sf a | inprse nrc b evel eel pen nena ’ 7p eo apecie fetopnek preea bf. ta permet sve af onder an element). ee Ln ovdinal Cremoned fovea on romik re meanionfal). (itp Dnderval Coveltasl 7 indrval bebwsen saleey 1s expert a M kom 4 five vai 4 >. we ov) kako CLnbermel tree How Fee wnlows fs TL thes heat tenet es ‘ secre fel . win Chote ire Pt BED neclassi peck, of Pate vi Quatifalsoe. 1 [na (ats 2” m8) ww The ‘Sete ane ref Rltuays appapriate i Avani dahes : [ eatervef ox eabie (anmote)] Deans ; (wee meh, ow Heer manny) . al Coonpcba mulacl or pretiral Crtomerre/ nen minyys' ar wrtel fer qusiabilahvas eb. quebitabne ile, Bictinanye andhmabe Uperablen ae ersten OFF if dake we quenbinhne + ‘Statistics The art and science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data. Data The faets and figures collected, analyzed, and. summarized for presentation, and interpretation: Data set All the data collected in 4 parti¢ular study. Elements The entities on which data are'collected. Variable A characteristic of interest for the elements, ‘Observation The set of measurements obtained for a particular element, ‘Nominal scale The scale of measurement for a variable when the data are labels or names ‘sed to identify an attribute of an element. Nominal data may be nonnumetic or numeric.’ Ordinal scale The scale of measurement for a variable if the data exhibit the ‘properties of nominal data and the order or rank of the data is ‘meaningful. Ordinal data may be nonnu- meric or numeric. Interval scale The scale of measurement for yarlable if the data demonstrate the proper- ties of ordinal data and the interval between values is expressed in terms of a fixed unit of measure. Interval data are always numeric. Ratio scale The scale of measurement fora Variable ifthe data demonstrate all the properties of interval data and the ratio of two values is meaningful. Ratio data arealways numeric, Qualitative data Labels or names used to identify an attribute of each element. Qualita ‘ive data use either the nominal or ordinal scale of measurement and may be nonnumeri¢ ormumeric, Quantitative data Numeric values that indicate how much or how many’ of something. Quantitative data are obtained using either the interval or ratio scale Of measurement. Qualitative variable A variable with qualitative data, ‘Quantitative variable A variable with quantitative data. Cross-sectional data Data collected atthe same or approximately the same point in time. ‘Time series data Data collected over several time periods. Descriptive statisties Tabular, graphical, and numerical summaries of data. Population The set of all elements of interest in a particular study. ‘Sample A subset of the population, Census A survey to collect data on the entire population, ‘Sample survey A survey to collect data on a sample, Statistical inference The process of using data obtained from a sample to make estimates oF test hypotheses about the charactersties of a population.ae ' LE= — Deseviptive Cebicbes : (Toutes 4 Graphnte) The ret. 1 whieh Sometiing oceus of Fra era” fexpunin Gver porketar posee| “ Gwe sample - Frtpuety Dunsbehieg,». pe maatiennabical feel Shecrtiy pre me of taghaness fy whack, © vasrabhe tees eneh Of es ponbte valuty fo, 1 4 babubar Semmoy of dlate Bang Bee ne. items to ene 0; semerafp ronrover ppl — ‘+ . ft 7 Sea Oe Kelahuc agit A OP is ae frnchen or prope of emg belonging to 4 cles: . Appyeaing Is re waret hy Appi ¢ om + Page - Sriallaale date. wi Wo, of eleiaes (») the tS und when pone Carre fo Confers a abibrbufeor , hi Feprem » relppve frog ven haskepreoro » frapuceney polgym, opives ths“Tauatay anf Graplovel psltse] fee sere sop da, Pat —— Qealtiakue. Quant faba Data Dats ey 2 wt abular (paplret “Tebulo Gaps petied — Adettioef abe pe ¥ p fe Pend pot tht med Bar pe Haran sbi buhen Graph char} Relapac— tu Dave Rubee et eien oo on a forcen{- sem oo t ; us leaf apy. Percewh Pid Seaton Cities tumnthine Ls cv0ss fatusta baby Fevpatig dishilotie, Ceenarmalaprte, relat fe vee dnstrbokes J Cecmrrle fee Percomf— pocpaceesy clsspiuebt crrot, eblabers‘Qualitative data Labels or names used Quantitative data Numerical values th distribution A tabuar sean » identity extegories of like items, ica nw Erich a How any mber (Frequency) of of data: showing th ping. classes, Mistribution 4 tabular summary of data showing the ch of several nonoverlapping classes, eerent frequency distribution J tabular sunimary of data showing the percentage of dati Values in each wf several nonoverlapping classes Nar graph A graphical device for depicting qualitative data t frequency, retat wr pro- have been summiaized in frequetiey, or percent frequency distribution, "A graphical device for presenting data summaries Based on substi ut orresppond (o the relative frequency fac each class. ‘The vale halfway between the lower aml upper elas Hits, Dot plot A graphical device that summarizes dats hy’ the nintber of dois above ench dita ‘value on the horizontal axis Histogram A graphical presentation of a frequency listibulion, relaive frequency distri- ‘button. or percent frequency distribution of quantitative data consimicted by placing dhe sluss intervals on the horizontal axis apd the frequencies, relitive faequencies, or percent frequencies on the vertical axis an of a cir Cumulative frequency distribution A tabuler-summary of quantitative data showing the ‘amber ef data values that are Jess than or equal to the upper class limit of each class Comutative relative frequency distribution A tabular summary of quantitative Uitg showing te fraction oe proportion of dt values Nat are less than or equ tthe Lipper nt ie tee wate watoe ey 1 x obtemeboe fa patinel, dete , 4 smegehin ley em (02)3] — fer odd a tf obsurefinn , , | Maclin = ravldle, valine, (ede) | — fer wee roa} phewekierm , pueden > Ayp ef tus jostle (# s hess)RQ FH madsen dow minions of hocateer past fies reported fev aomcat (Aum atl property Hee dene at teecom® Of feo enfvennl: Lage farentes Pept verbs can feiflate tow meee. Jan Genel, Case, Het nacdtan fy fete pref cod nocamne of genoa! tecehor » or— ip ie neh an tale err round up to rent iateper greater Hite Fewlaed, eleroder buns v d perk of pi pereenble : - if a ag tnlger, tee pha prrcembl, 5 tha a of tee vel pot petikens ig Gay Spr Fen Pe as a'r N2Id | is (CS )vn = to Sesue powhion of 83% perantide, Is I pak . fer, PPSOd nets Maite p= (Poe Mw 6 Ge, dae sth prreebifle SO { Vee alata. vole MM (Hh date + 4 tet Bus Hl A qiartidx is & tye of gua ihe | vavielke which | Guaitile = enh of valuen of 4 ( "aertolle nel pery fraabracr of 142 fort pt) Cidicle a Preficerg each con bette dug sone ash acy, ’ . ' oH 1 cn : Fist Quovkhe wate Le & i Casta yale) GoM petite) | (medieiey jQ) = asl ne. bafucen the Smantteod Me vol nicclinn, of He ale sek fu = Aletion Of Hoe Arte, $06 Oa = Med ya (ue ble tise pacer ol Hexe bg hegh tales of date 08 Ruar hee mae fot gpaed for prramble, ve tee skeps for Sempecigg perumbits evn be capplted “> {>ample maven fr alles a ap aeanh of je on wubatieo] esbimate, be (noi) TE proent oI te population eens Ths i's he fit srvaple vorianer, Coeosted as) 7 | < masa ple td otzps (FH obs oie font re gfots |) nith b- "he | SO GO > ue eg the papwlation wartow ce oe | _ x > g(a Cue) 2 eS (aye) yee EDs 6 ere poe eo os aaa Lp A 7et gee eo as . 2 vattene (S92 BCH), we = B Mifare —— - 3 yet ot =btF The Yaninmce arepal Hy compart da peuiaGlitys of tHe er hme varletle » Go nw date Sef, toe Fain Of Pee cbeveiahion abet Mo pa en cael ange qual te ere (EGe-R =e.Shondond Dewiahy ; : Th iy doe panayugne $uak ts obo fo poaby _ fe amount of veewe hen | dispeenia of O set of dla voluey + — Loco Bel dew = dle. pedal fend #0 bs ebese Jo mere -Co effector! of Veathene e a | MueAsig, of seein bilby, sq. dev welabing $6 B, Aw en Vi eases fre S re ole pttes throw hove qa oy he velahod e te Ste] lee iS vebbine pe de mene off af Yr = (4 fete oO pau x! °) Vo . 20 pf eA x1? 2 OK oo cee ye ete csep Meo Gane se. ak SHA efi mutans peek Cathe de supe 5 eae Sr aaa po eetid Lit wee of es real — A pad Lent He OY Sktwnem © == Cade) eee Praht Skee eof fittobetin I (sewn etve) [meen pimaelont mee) | Lest sxeso ot dibsbeh? (sxevonen zou) [ Maan median sre) - |cymmulie piebllubion freon 2 2.Chebyshev? Theorem Ss fe shapes wr, “at Lecod CIm ve” ) of dae dae, value noveb be nsceuy”, (ester, Zits auy yoke >} bute ee maak be or dahepem foe iafe about fut proportion of mop be wartla a Speci feo caatttdy 2 shes elerw Of py &, gr? lat. velues phot no. of the. lev yange of th ahd. dew Dead tet! reetng Com jeter! Rude? fer Aste Kabiag> bed goapesl dis bbapmy “y std dar Ca) * 63% late Vales a ste eine 2 IS% dal, vols % shd- en(6) = T% hatte, vues gis diupirical mute a begin te heck prevelant, hittribuften -da por te eupiviea] yuke att Brel rater altmard Seal date veliey pill be nettle lee bet, chao. liibobub or + fo, yue. cow pee de Zn keme Leu daow G3) ew goonter foe (43), 2 09 a pote enbter stent cok necerentg fae bak flratar co app ee be vertpreo| » Loa dD oe ALG Covetiance ) ; —— ee The OeComlatin, docfpitenk _ fh nes cateatated 4° 4 ste preach Hea. Linens, indspundaver- af fee veviable or sot Of oliele | Reape of caro off = (Hs # 48) | vor I A | ios Lf | Wy | ke, covSraup Dota : Date wd ti)qar mn : Ce —— 4 ople aay . 1 a ’ gen re ee | | © 2s fr ii (om / , WA | mw aaa'el po cet a Oy 7 = fae ae acu le aR /*Prot ts Hn panerteal mance fe g Lelthecel Hak om ascot nail eter GAG resutt +f He. capentnent « She porta alin, ar ens Seen OX. 03 twat fe uel Fe caer aa N ash itCue Ewen} : Vv th Exend Collec ft 4 ns c of all Seale psn ‘ Pre babs (tte tig of Som M it Sample potab (4 fe evenp Tre. A few Tafel | My porbeulor uw a OF a ovolen capone , r Rearvlery Lape’ Ae = “aes pute se be) % — of a yanclom expen? . A bat We oupein st is & pens! okcemen, 1h) Lemadeabrey reauth fe oe Combinakinn: . of celalPrommnatatton Ji sglata fo He eel t sans d 1 fe dhe tel if agwaneres. all fle amber fas ,, Hoa set fabo sone Sepuanee pvelty . nf ate eed bred aveline 208 “pip, (reordatg’ i clewanbs Fe ealite] perme & mp et (er) Union of dtwe Suen (A us) Jaa) wien of hue eink AAR ts Hur extige gentedecg all seryple petal heleop-tag tle hor or jateblh | * ab ‘Dn hersce We Of fe etdenh (ANE? uy om] + fF conheortae Ee oe belewg-nf be beth 4 md & only: Of? she tnpersect™ Ff A Abe sample pomts Addit, Law Ga tt seed fo Computle. ape ee pe antie B reeaay IF PA ab) =P) + PBD- Pans)Mabualiy, Praline, Fuonls TJiww eacrty me sect te be mnupuatly erelurtre ff te gumbs Kase ne saniple poh in lommror) ce a es brevet baw fet paatealie, Selene Suen A dell oa Tf Sacah oR B one meter Poume poht bre teenenf peer The ober reef te cane} PLA. PUB? pray tRXS) fendi Henel Prre ba bility PK 1) “al fount aeebseity of arunb4 ncdespeudend Syle Theo tung are sac fo be independenf of each obhir tf ee yebalrkitey, tf OE Lertryf- eeu dsero'h affect Fe preebil te, of He BR caso} Ceog p(Ain) = Pla? P )Ay= PB) Mat tip lca fan, ‘Desi TE Weel fo cemapile tlaed prebehictcs of He tabysean of Huo atuby; wheel is bareol mm Moe ab Couept Of tomctitirnel pe babar it : P(ANG) = Pea) PA Ia) P(aae) = PA) 7(B]a) Mal Ep Uicabten Lao fur trelep enclenh wren ap sien PC nBD = PAK PG) | 9Bayes dheoren Theorem Jy clecwibes hee He ta ndiben at probeinitthy of anely of a gee of powtle causes fe a haan Obgerwesf octtonen 687 be ce mpactof rom Knecoladge of Hire pve baler liter of Ath Cte poaf Tee Leneditavel prety outcomes of pReh 7a) * Gl) a P's pe 21@ # 7(a)@) dpe sth Plireec) = PAD + RDF PED ~ 7 Gs) ~ plac = PCB + PASE) - pac) = pur # Pla) * P@}a8) p OB)= BOB. + P@e +P(48) P bio? 2 a pow) (F PA ae Ly a) pc) = plas) ¢ PCB) Pp (8) = P @8) + P(F &)Efefansira Sot ef att posstble celemnen bit oun (8) + Cigtly > - Outeemes ef 4 apvlon Laperterenk ble - nae a pooh ~ pp! >