Science and Technology in the World Stone Age (2.5 mya — 3000 BC) * Period of weapons made of stone, wood, bone or some other materials aside from metals. * Subdivided by John Luhbock into Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods = Mesolithic period was introduced by John Allen Brown in 1892 V-@® O48 SA ..77 Stone Age (2.5 mya — 3000 BC) Palaeolithic (“Old Stone”) Period "Lower Palaeolithic Period Middle Palaeolithic Period "Upper Palaeolithic Period Stone Age (2.5 mya — 3000 BC) Tuprzaess of tae Roveu Stoxe Ace Fist teksts and knives. Such implements were made by siting and chipgin tones, using enter stones & harrow this pars "AY the right of th ‘ichre tour ls fa the re hand being shaped hy ciping Bows trae withthe stuns inthe per tan y Ancient Age: Three-Age System Introduced by Christian Jurgensen Thompsen in the early 19" century. - archaeologist and curator of the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen. Proposed the prehistorical periods: "Stone Age "Bronze Age "Iron Age Stone Age (2.5 mya — 3000 BC) Palaeolithic (“Old Stone”) Period - longest phase of human history which began 2 mya and ended between 40,000 to 10,000 ya. - period when humans suggested to evolve from an ape-like creature to a true Homo sapiens. - nomadic hunter-gatherers - used tools made of stones, flints, bones, and antlers Stone Age (2.5 mya — 3000 BC) Palaeolithic ("Old Stone”) Period * Lower Palaeolithic Period = marked the age of human evolution = development of simple tools like stone choppers ~ Australopithecus = Old stone tools made by Horo erectus Stone Age (2.5 mya — 3000 BC) Palaeolithic (“Old Stone”) Period "Middle Palaeolithic Period - encompassed the cultural development of Neanderthal man ~ cavemen, which used fire, stone tools of flake ‘types for hunting, and bone implements such as needles ~ evidence of painting of the cs dead (religious practice)Middle East Civilization - The home of the "Cradle of Civilization’, many of the world’s oldest cultures and civilizations were seen = The history started from the earliest human settlements continuing through pre- and post- Islamic Empires Developed the ff ~ First writing system in the world ~ Potter's wheel, vehicular and mill wheel - First generalized governments and law codes ~ Foundation of astronomy and mathematics African Civilization - Advances in Metallurgy and tool making ~ Steam engines ~ Metal chisels and saws ~ Copper and iron tools = Weapons (bronze) = Nall = Glue = Carbon = Steet - Att African Civilization + Lineage and culture achievements include in the field of Mathematics, Astronomy, Metallurgy, Agriculture and Engineering, Navigation, and Medicine. ~ In math, they developed the Yoruba system ~ based Con units of 20 instead of 10 and required impressive amount of subtraction to identify different numbers. «In Astronomy, Aftican Stonehenge was considered as remarkably accurate calendar. African Civilization - African empire of Egypt devolopad divorse structures and great architectural monuments along the Nile river = Great pyramid of Giza + Great Sphine of Giza = Medicine in Africa is more advance than in Europe, which performed medizinal procedures: = Veecnation fling the dent! cavities + Autopsy “instalation f false tect Li action snesthesie + Broken bone seting —-tesuecautertzation © pul removal + Brain surgery + 5kingrating Note: These procedures lredy evitainAfica before in Europe.Information revolution = Gutenberg’s printing press in 1455 ~ Analytic engine by Agusta and Babbage in 1830 - First telephone during 1870 - Turing’s work during World war I ~ Allan Turing (1912-1954) provided a fundamental contribution to computer sciences by refining the concepts of algorithm and computation = Turing Machine Mesoamerican Civilization ~ 2 regions and cukural area in the Americas, extending, to the countries in South America - Contributed greatly in agricuiture ~ cultwation af be, corn, beans, tomato, squash, and chi * Tyee Sisters the mal food soures including beans, comm and sauesh Domestication of turkey ane dogs = cot plats were ued mate tetles, ander trees Combined crop rotation and slash-and-burn technique {oretain soll nutrients Formed terraces along the mountain slopes. + First to use itigation techniques Asian Civilization + Two world’s known religions: Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism is based on the four sacred books, Vedas. This holds the records of Indian history and beliefs, which were written by the Aryan people. ~ caste system: priasts called Brahmans ranked the highest ‘and the “untouchables” as lowest Buddhism embraces followers who praise Buddha (The Enlightened One], in the person of Siddhartha ‘Gautama (e wanderer who believed that human ‘reed and selfishness lead to human pain) Patten 705 ‘ene acne Mesoamerican Civilization « First created calendars. Haab or chil calendar, had 19 months of 20 days each = Teolkn calendar, contained 20 months of 13 days each for 260 days in each cycle. Combined calendars helped in the creation of complicated long calendar that tracks both planetary ‘movements ees vs ge cenla ance Asian Civilization i ‘Confucianism is based on teaching of Confucius. ~Emphasied personal and governmental meralty correctness of social relationships justice and sincerity Great wall of China was built to protect themselves from the invasions of “barbarians” from other parts Of AsiaThe birth of agencies of the government: + Institute of Science (1947) — for resource survey, testing, and standardization + Institute of Nutrition (1947) —with research, advisory, and extension + Science Foundation of the Philippines (1952) — encouraged science and engineering researchers and promoted science awareness among Filipinos. + Commission on Volcanology (1952) ~ basic researches on volcanology Intellectual revolution - Greek speculation about “nature” ~ Known as “Pre-Socratic” or “non-theological” or “first philosophy” a 3 characteristics of this philosophy + The world isa natural whole + There is natural ‘order’ + Humans can ‘discover’ those laws c Aristotle, however, believed that the earth is the true center of all the orbitals carrying the heavenly bodies ‘and all motions are uniform and unchanging. Geocentric Model Freudian ~ Sigmund Freud "Father of Psychoanalysis” ~ Believed that when people explain their behavior, they rarely give a true account ‘of thelr motivation, nat because they ar) ‘eliberately ving, but because they are more adept at sell-decention. ~ Rationalizations of people's conduct are therefore disguising the real - Freud's structural theory of personality ‘emphasizes the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality. Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society Copernican ~ Nicholas Copernicus (1473- 1543) ~ Astronomer and mathematician = Proposed thatthe sun was Stationary inthe center of the “inverse and the earth revolved round ~ Adopted the ‘heliocentric model’ suggesting the idea that the sun isthe center of the solar system - Published an essay “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres” Darwinian = Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution Suggested that all organisms are related ‘and have descended from a common + Beplains that complex creatures evolved naturally from simplistic ancestors over time - Proposed the “natural selection’ organisms survived due to random genetic ‘mutations leading tothe preservation of their descendant. “survival of the fittest the better adapted aspeciesis, the more ited itis to reproduce 3 Components of the mind affecting human behavior + Id is made up of unconscious psychic energy that, ‘works to satisfy basic needs, urges, and desires, + Superego is composed of people's internalized ideas acquired from parents and society ~ Works to suppress the urges ofthe id and tres to make the ego behave normally rather than realistically. + Ego mediates the demands of the id, the superego and the reality. = Works to satisty the is desire in a manner that is realistic and socaly appropiate.Economy + spanish colonizers largely depended on profits from ‘the Galleon (Manila-Acapulco) trade (1565-1813), + Manila emerged a the entrepot ofthe Orient Chinese goods were brought to latin America + Goods were bout to Manila by ship rom epan * Rorugiese hips om San ni, Malacen Somes, nd Carmo were cried to hua by ealeohs + Direct involvement in the Galleon trade was limited toSpanish ooaupantsof Manila ts Science and technology development during ‘American Regime * Secularized public education * Department of Public Instruction —offers free primary education with English medium instruction ippine Normal School ~ training ground for Filipino teachers + Secondary schools was established in 1902 * University of the Philippines + Advanced international training for Filipino teachers + Scholarships for HS students to take teaching, ‘medical and law courses in US In exchange with return service in the country. Other offices organized: * Bureau of Health * Bureau of Mines + Bureau of Forestry + Bureau of Agriculture + Weather Bureau + Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey + Bureau of Plant Industry + Bureau of Animal Industry Despite of the efforts, the goal of economic self- reliance was not attained = due to control of Americans and Japanese in the foreign trade policies. - Japanese occupation destroyed to various Institutions built for the country’s science and technological development American Regime ~ Marked the rapid development of science and technology in the Philippines. Contributing factors: + Encouragement and support of the government for an extensive public education stern + Scholarship grants in science and engineesing + Organization and establishment of science research agencies + Establishment of science-based public services. +The Private Sector Act (Act No. 2076) ~ recognize ‘the increasing number of private schools as ‘educational and not commercial institutions. + Office of Private Education — for the improvement (of educational machinery (physical plant, facilities, equipment and administrative regulations * Bureau of Government Laboratories in 1901 to Bureau of Science ~ primary research institutions until the end of World War Il + National Research Council of the Philippine Islands In 1933 - responsible for the promotion the scientificresearch Commonwealth Period Philippine Commonwealth inauguration in 1935 - marked the baginning of the country’s transformation to a politically independent nation ~ Paved the way of opening additional government recognized private schools - National Economic Council was established to sustain the Philippine political independence, Period Since Independence . Philippine independence was regained in 1946 Department of Education and Culture supervised several state and private universities = Led to increase in numbers of college graduates, however only few were into agriculture, science and engineering. Why? ~ Low employment opportunities in these fields ~ Longer periods of study - Non-atfordabily forthe publicIn remote areas many Filipinos were still hunter- gatherers. - they were trading with lowland and coastal locals In terms of religious beliefs, they were believers of superstitions Politics + Reduccion system — grouped far-flung, scattered ‘barangays into fewer but larger and more compact ‘towns within the hearing area of church bells + Datus and hereditary successors served as heads of, ‘cabeza de barangay, the lowest level of local government. + Political control is centralized + tribute tax was imposed and collected - compulsory labor services for Filipinos + Compulsory sale of local products to the government was implemented Medicine * Manual de Medicinas Caseras by Father Fernando de Sta. Maria in 1763 Catalog of Philippine plants with medicinal values + University of Santo Tomas School of Medicine and. Pharmacy were opened in 1871 ~ Leon Ma. Guerero (Father of Philippine Pharmacy] is ‘among the graduates of 8S Pharmacy + In 1887, Laboratorio Municipal de Cludad de ‘Manila was established ~ Perform biochemical analyses for publichealth purposes «Specimen examinations for einical and medico-legal CConclucted studies on infectious diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis, leprosy, and beribei Spanish Regime - Period of birth of modern science and technology * ‘the Philippines." + Religious orders had great influence on its development. “The interaction between these forces resulted to political and socio-economic changes Education “+ Primary education was mainly religious in nature. “Established higher education for the elite of the society. Jesuits * Colegio de San tldefonso, Cebu city (1585) ~ Colegio de San ignacio, Manila (1595) ~ Ateneo de Manila (1859) + Dominicans ~ University of Santo Tomas, Manila (1612) = Colegio de San Juan de Ltran, manila 1640) Education + Higher education was initially offered for priesthood and for clerical positions in the government. + Filipino students were able to go to Europe for professional advanced studies, including * Jose Rizal ~ Medicine and Specialization in Opthalmology in Spain and Germany + Galicano Apacible ~ Medicine in Madrid + Antonio Luna~ Pharmacy in Madrid + Jose Alejandra ~ Engineering in Belg Agriculture : + Philippine exportation of agricultural products started to increase when Manila was opened in 1789 to Asian shipping * Subsequently followed by the opening of Philippine ports + Mania Schoo! of agriculture was established in 1887 to provide theoretical and practical education to farmers and to promote agricultural developmentin the country.Pre-Gutenberg World Before the printing press, books were written and produced by hand Books are restricted only to people who can afford known as elite groups Information was only relayed through a word-of-mouth channels Post-Gutenberg World Rise of Digital Age 1. Computers by Charles Babbage 2. The Internet by Virton Cerf and Robert Kahn 3. World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee 4, Electronic Mail or E-mail claimed by Shiva Ayyadurai 5. Facebook by Mark Zuckerberg 6. Twitter by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone and Evan Williams 7. Google by Larry Page and Sergey Brin Precolonial Period Philippines has numerous geographically scattered, self-sufficient autonomous communities (called barangays) ~ more on kinship rather than politcal group + Early settlers used to make simple tools by sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones. '= They produced seashell ornaments and pottery but. ‘over time replaced by imported Chinese porcelain. = Manufacture tools made of copper, gold, bronze, and iron as evidenced by iron slags. " Used of caracoa for inter-island trade raids. Philippines has trading relations with Vietnam, China, Borneo, Malacea, and other parts of Malay peninsula Examples of treded products: = Porcelains = Beeswax = Cotton = Pearl = Cloth + Iron pots + Colored glass beads = Iron needles and tins Gutenberg Revolution Gutenberg principle is to have access and pass the information to every individual Access was expensive Books were printed including religious books on the medieval period Science and Technology in the Philippines Agriculture was practiced including : + Growing crops: rice, cotton, vegetables + Raising farm animals : swine, goats, fowls + Producing wine, vinegar, salt and bee products, Other activities + Mining of gold + Lived in wood, bamboo or nipa houses + Wore colorful clothes, self-made jewelry + Teeth were ornamented with goldMiddle Ages India Technology ~ Ayyear was divided into 12 months with a total of 360 days - they practiced the mathematical equations and values Pre-Columbian America Three groups of people 1. Maya (ancient natives of Central America) 2. Aztec (pre-Columbian Indians of Mexico) 3. Incas (pre-Columbian of Peru) Industrial Revolution (1750 — 1895 AD) Covers the complex technological innovations that led to the substitute of machines and inanimate power for human skills Textile Coal, iron, and steel Transportation ‘Communication Lighting Agriculture 20% Century Science and technology had structurally and methodologically changed Renaissance era was born. ~ Atime of great intellectual and economic change, bbut it was not a complete “rebirth”. Scientific Revolution (1440-1690 AD) 1. Universe Model by Nicholas Copernicus 2. Law of Planetary Motion by Johannes Kepler 3. Work of Motion by Galileo Galilei 4. Law of Motion by Isaac Newton 5. Law of Universal Gravitation by Isaac Newton 18% to 19'* Century Connection between science and technological was very minimal Gradually shifted to developmental stage when science, technology, and industry united Information Age Changed from traditional industry to an economy based Information computerization known as Information Age, Digital Age, or New Media Johannes Gutenberg — movable type printingp | i | Middle Ages (450AD — 1450 AD) CB Dark Ages (450-1000 AD) = No scientific accomplishments had been made, no great art produced, no leaders born. - Barbarism - Between 1347 and 1350, “Black Death” (the bubonic plague) killed some 20 million people in Europe (30% of continent’s population) Middle Ages China Agriculture and Economy - Farming, silk production, and bronze production became more sophisticated Science ~ Convex and concave mirrors give virtual and inverted images, calendars, numbers expressed in decimal places, and acupuncture Middle Ages Europe Economy - developed due to Feudal system and dependent on local agricultural and handicraft production Education - cathedral schools that became universities Middle Ages (450AD — 1450 AD) Middle ages or Medieval Period lasted from 5" tothe 15* century Started during the collapsed of the Western Roman Empire The rise of Renaissance and Age of Discovery Middle Ages (450AD — 1450 AD) Catholic Church ~ the most powerful institution kings, queens, and other leaders derived their power from their alliances with and protection of the Church Islamic world was growing larger and more powerful, which was more than 3 times bigger than all of Christendom. Middle Ages China Technology - paper, seismograph, mechanical clock, gun powder, printing press, magnetic compass, etc. Middle Ages Europe Technology - horse-collars, clock/watch, magnetic compass, water-mill and windmill, gun powder and cannon, etc. ‘Some of these technologies were originally started by Chinese people, and Europeans made advancements on these.Stone Age (2.5 mya — 3000 BC) Palaeolithic (“Old Stone”) Period "Upper Palaeolithic Period = Variety culture of Homo sapiens groups (e.g. Cro- Magnon man, Grimaldi man, etc). = Communal hunting, extensive fishing, supernatural beliefs, cloth sewing, sculpture, painting, ‘and ornamentals out of bones and horns Stone Age (2.5 mya — 3000 BC) Mesolithic (“Middle Stone”) Period - gradual transition in how humans live that can be attributed to the retreat of glaciers and growth of forests and deserts - people began to learn fishing along rivers and lake shores, make pottery and use of bow. - gradual transition from food gathering to agriculture or food processing EVOLUTION OF THE SKULL BAee Maharani ot ie Msc Egan Stone Age (2.5 mya — 3000 BC) Neolithic (“New Stone”) Period cultural and technological development based on agriculture - Wide domestication of plants (e.g. rice, corn, beans, etc.) and animals (e.g. goats, cattles, sheeps, pigs, etc. - use of stone tools, pottery and weaving ~ ise of urban civilization. Bronze Age (3000 BC — 1200 BC) Tools and weapons were widely made with copper and bronze, achieved through extraction from ore. ~ smelting - blended copper and tin to produce harder and stronger material = Bronze tools Iron Age (1500BC — 450 AD) Tools and weapons were widely made with iron ‘Smelting pits made advancement to produce higher temperature that could smelt the iron ore. Iron technology diffused slowly in parts of Africa.