Basic 2

Student’s Book

Gabriel Carvalho
Plus English Course
2019.1
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CONTENTS
Class 1 Family Members/ Describing someone’s appearance/ The weather/ Review adverbs of
Frequency

Class 2 Jobs and Occupations/ Prepositions Review/ Parts of the house/ Similar in- Different from/
Question tag- Review

Class 3 Modal Verb- Can( Interrogative and Negative)/ Question Tag- Can

Class 4 Comparative as + adjective + as/ Not as- Not so + Adjective + as/ Prepositions( On x In x
By)

Class 5 Pronunciation/ Idioms/ Have- Has/ Breakfast vocabulary+ had/ Possessive Pronouns
Review

Class 6 Can( Ability/ Request/ permission)/ Too( extremely, very)/ Kitchen vocabulary

Class 7 Present Tense Review/ Past Tense- Regular Verbs

Class 8 Spelling Rules/ Large Numbers/ /id/ sound

Class 9 Present Continuous X Simple Past/ Simple Past x Future- Will/ Idioms

Class 10 Comparatives 2 and 3 syllables adjective/ Superlative

Review 1 Oral and Written( Class 1 to Class10)

Class 11 Could/ Comparative 1 syllable adjective/ Comparisons of Equality/ Comparisons of

Superiority and Inferiority
Class 12 Superlative(…..the….est)/ Comparatives- more- fewer/ The most/ The Least

Class
Fa 13 Opposites/ Directions/ Preposition- Relationship in Space

Class 14 Past Continuous/ Positive/ Negative/ Question

Class 15 While/ There was x There were/ There’s going to be

Class 16 If- Condition/ Future possible-if/ Articles Review( A/An/ The)

Class 17 Subordinate Clause/ Conjunctions/ Plural of nouns/

Class 18 Parts of the Body

Class 19 When/ If/ Expressions- All day long- All night long/ How do you feel today?

Class 20 Ago x In/ Family Members Review/ Prepositions

Review 2 Oral and Written(Class11 to Class 20)

Class 21 Comparatives and Superlatives Review/ Past Tense Review/ Reflexive Pronouns

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Class 22 Synonyms / Questions( Family)/ Review( All of- Both of/ One of/ Neither of)

Class 23 Can- Asking for Permission/ Idioms/ Unless

Class 24 How often/ Possessive Pronouns/ Possessive Case/ Go + verb ING/ Have- have got/ Wear/
opposites Review

Class 25 If Review/ Will( Question)/ No much for/ as usual

Class 26 Prepositions(Review) / Vegetables

Class 27 Would like/ Would offer

Class 28 Prepositions + ING( Gerund) / Even if

Class 29 Present Unreal/ Would Question Tag

Class 30 Review- Past Continuous/ Questions in the Past Tense

Review 3 Oral and Written(Class 21 to Class 30)

Class 31 Present Perfect/ Present Perfect x Simple Past

Class 32 Present Perfect- Indefinite time/ Repeated actions/ Action has just finished/ Adverbs of
Frequency/ Present Perfect- short answers
Class 33 Question tag- Present Perfect/ Adverbs of manner/ Adjectives x Adverbs

Class 34 May- Can/ Can- Could( Review)

Class 35 Present Perfect Review/ Present Perfect + Since/ Present Perfect + For
Class 36 Make x Do/ Present Perfect + Yet( Action expected to happen)

Class 37 Very x Too x Enough/ Already/ Present Perfect Continuous

Class 38 Present Perfect x Simple Past/ Present Perfect Simple or Continuous/ Verb Review

Class 39 Present Perfect + Just

Class 40 Would you like?/ I’ve already/ Although

Review 4 Oral and Written (Class1 to Class 40)

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Class 1- One

Family Members

Extra Family Members Vocabulary

Single / only child / parents/ married / sibling /relatives/ widow / widower / brother /in-laws/
divorced /sister /godfather / godmother / godparents/remarried / stepfather / stepmother /
stepchildren

Describing someone’s appearance

To describe someone’s appearance, you will often use adjectives. An adjective is a kind of
word that describes a noun (a person, place or thing).

What’s she/ he like?

What does he/she look like?

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In your brother chubby or skinny?
- My brother is overweight.

Is your friend good-looking?

- Yes, he’s suntanned but completely bald.

How old is your daughter? Is she a teenager?

- No, She in her early thirties.

Who is over forty in your family?

- My parents. They are in their late forties.

Descriptions Vocabulary
Body-Athletic/ suntanned/ strong/ bald / chubby/ skinny/ fat/ overweight/ Weak
Eyes- Blue/ Green/ Brown
Hair- Long/ short/ straight/ curly/ wavy

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 The Weather
Humid/ dry/ foggy/ chilly/ nasty/ crummy/ windy/ cloudy/ rainy/ sunny/ pleasant/
hot/ sticky/ Cool/ nice

Do you like to go out on rainy days?

What do you do when you stay indoors?

It´s cold, isn´t it? Yes, it is.

It´s nice, isn´t it? Yes, it is.
It´s sunny, isn´t it? Yes, it is.
It´s pleasant, isn´t it? Yes, it is.
It´s hot, isn´t it? Yes, it is.
It´s sticky, isn´t it? Yes, it is.

How’s the weather today?

It´s chilly, isn´t it?
Is today nice or nasty? /How about yesterday?
What´s the weather going to be like tomorrow?

What´s the weather forecast for tomorrow?

The weather channel says it´s going to rain tomorrow.
I think it´s going to rain tomorrow.
I guess it´s going to rain tomorrow.

Adverbs of Frequency

- Adverbs of Frequency before the principal verb:

I always 100% forget things.

I usually / generally 80% forget my keys.
I frequently / often 50% forget appointments.
I frequently x rarely forget to do the homework.
I sometimes 30% forget to pay the bills.
I seldom / rarely 5% forget to close the door
I never x always 0% forget to give messages.

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- Adverbs of Frequency after Verb to be:

I am always on time.
I am usually on time.
I am generally busy.

John is frequently busy.

John is often at work in the afternoon.
John is rarely at work in the afternoon.
John is sometimes at work when she calls.

They are seldom at work when she calls.

They are rarely late for class.
They are never late for class.

Do you ever forget your glasses?

Do you ever forget to brush your teeth?
Do you ever forget to make dinner?
Do you ever forget to do the dishes?
Do you ever forget to walk the dog?
How often do you have to see your dentist?
How often do you buy clothes ate the mall?
How often do you do your homework?
How often do you go to the supermarket?
How often do you call your girlfriend?

Class 2- Two
Jobs and Occupations
Accountant Banker Cook Economist Homemaker Musician
Housewife
Actor/actress Bellboy Dentist Electrician IT professional Nurse

Architect Businessman Designer Engineer Lawyer Operator

Businesswoman Judge
Artist Butcher Diplomat Executive Lifeguard Painter
ambassador

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 Astronaut Carpenter Disc jockey Firefighter Magician Pilot/flight
DJ attendant
Athlete Cashier Doctor Gardener Maid Soccer
Player
Baby-sitter Comedian Doorman Gas Manager Policeman
station bank\hotel policewoman
attendant
Baker Computer Driver Hairdress Model Politician
salesperson Programmer Scientist er Singer Senator/
Secretary president
postman Professor Psychologist Reception Repairman Reporter
mailman ist Janitor Journalist
Students Surgeon Teacher Sport Personal Travel agent
Coach instructor trainer Tour guide

Veterinarian Waiter Writer Retired

Waitress Author

The Soccer coach is working out now.

The police officer is arresting the thieves now.
The secretary is typing now.
The painter is painting the garage now.
The baby- sitter is taking care of the baby now.
The pilot is carrying a travel bag now.
The engineer is visiting the building now.
The Server is talking an order at the restaurant now.

How was the hotel manager yesterday?

The hotel manager was polite.
The TV reporter was curious.
The cop was suspicious.
The electrician was scared.
The lifeguard was beat.

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Attention- Prepositions
I like to jog along the beach.
The meeting is at 9 o’clock.
He’s at the door.
Patients are in the hospital.
Doctors and nurses are at the hospital.
She’s usually here on Christmas day.
She’s usually here at Christmas.
This is a present for you.
Peter is usually late for class.
The days are beautiful in spring.
His birthday is in November.
There’s a picture on page 45.
His house is on Nelson Street.

The Kids can go camping by the river.

The kids can go camping in the mountains.
The kids can go camping near the lake.
The kids can go camping on the farm.
The Kids can go camping in the forest.

Parts of the house

Outside the house

Chimney Balcony Fence Attic Basement

Roof Veranda Yard / Garden Garage

The chimney is on the roof.

The attic is under the roof.
The balcony is on the second floor.
There are a garage and a basement in the house.
Is there a yard around the house?

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Inside the house:

bedroom Kitchen Living room Dining room Bathroom

Laundry room Hall

I sleep in my bedroom.
I cook in the kitchen.
I have lunch in the dining room.
I play video game in the living room.
I do the laundry in the laundry room.
I take a bath in the bathroom.

Similar in x Different from

A triangle is different from a square.
The shapes are different. They are not the same.
Opposites are different. They´re not the same.
Synonyms are the same.

They´re similar in color.

They´re similar in speed.
They´re similar in price.
They´re similar in taste.

Question tag- Review

A Mercedes is expensive, isn´t it?
This is a different hairdo, isn´t it?
The price wasn´t reasonable, was it?
You aren´t looking for a car, are you?
You aren´t going to buy a car, are you?

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Class 3- Three
Modal Verb- Can

"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express
ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or
impossibility.

Examples:

• I can ride a horse. (ability)

• We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. (opportunity)
• She cannot stay out after 10 PM. (permission)
• Can you hand me the stapler? (request)
• Any child can grow up to be president. (possibility)

Can- Ability
I can speak English. X I cannot speak Russian.
You Can swim.
He can dance.
She Can drive.
It Can be relaxing.
We Can play the piano.
You Can learn English.
They Can play tennis.

Interrogative

Can you water-ski?

Can we speak Portuguese?
Can she dance?
Can you understand Chinese?
Can he drive?
Can they row?
Can the dog swim?

Question Tags

You can play tennis, can´t you?

You can´t play baseball, can you?
You cannot dance, can you?

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Negative
I cannot sing. She can´t swim.
I can´t sing. We can´t cook.
You can´t dance. They can´t play the guitar.
He can´t drive.

Class 4- Four
Comparative Expressions

Comparative is the name for the grammar used when comparing two things. When
comparing with as ... as, the adjective does not change.

Form: as + adjective + as
Mary is tall. So is Jane. Jane is as tall as Mary.
Mary is Pretty. So is Jane. Jane is as pretty as Mary.

My brother is as fat as my father.

My sister is as pretty as my mother. To be like- character
My cousin is as handsome as my uncle.
Who is as pretty as your sister? To look like- Appearance
What does your sister look like?

Is your mother as elegant as a model?

Is your father as good-looking as a TV actor?
What game is as popular as soccer?
The movie was as good as the book.
The groom was as nervous as the bride.
The Daisies were as beautiful as the roses.

She´s as quiet as a mouse. He was a talkative as a parrot.

She´s as slow as a snail. He was a busy as a bee.
She´s as proud as a peacock. He was a blind as a bat.
He was as brave as a lion.
He was wise as an owl.
I´m as sick as a dog.

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Is this difficult? No, it´s as easy as pie.
John doesn´t have any hair. He´s as bald as an egg.

- Soccer is a popular as swimming.

- Volleyball is as exciting as basketball.
- Fishing is as relaxing as sailing.

Negative

Form: Not as ….as/ Not so… as

English is not as difficult as Chinese.

Japan is not as big as France.

The club wasn´t so crowded as the beach.

Me wedding wasn´t so beautiful as Diana´s.
The food wasn´t so tasty as my mother´s.

Comparatives

As( Adjective) AS- used in the affirmative, for comparisons of equality.

She´s as tall as her mother.
It´s as cold today as it was yesterday.

Not As /Not So (Adjective) As – used in the negative, for comparisons of equality.

She isn´t as tall as her sister.
It isn´t so cold today as it was yesterday.

Prepositions

ON – a motorcycle/a bicycle/an animal/public transportation.

IN – a car, a taxi.
BY- method (How?)They usually travel by plane.
Attention- On Foot- He walks to school. He goes on foot.

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 Class 5- Five
Pronunciation

/S/ /Z/ /M/ /n/

Pilots has them / come / them - then
Mechanics he´s some / time / dime - dine
What´s there´s same / from / some - sun
That´s doctors home / arm / Tom - ton
It´s chairs him / fame / Same - sane
Yes apples room / warm

A B

I don’t eat fruit every day. I didn’t eat fruit this morning.
I don’t drink coffee every day. I didn’t drink coffee this morning.
I don’t eat bread every day. I didn’t eat bread this morning.
I don’t have eggs every day. I didn’t have eggs this morning.

Idioms
A group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the
individual words.
To get along with- To be friends with.
To be similar to- To have something in common.
To be different from- Things differ from each other.
To look like- To be similar to.
To work out- To exercise.
To worry about- to be anxious.

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Have- Simple Present and Simple Past

Present

Affirmative
Pronouns Negative sentences Questions
sentences

I, we, you, I have to get

I do not have to get up early. Do I have to get up early?
they up early.

She has to get She does not have to get Does she have to get
he, she, it
up early. up early. up early?

Past

Affirmative
Pronouns Negative sentences Questions
sentences

I, he, she, it, we, you, I had to get I did not have to get Did I have to get
they up early. up early. up early?

What did you have for breakfast?

I HAD scrambled eggs.
I HAD hard-boiled eggs.
I HAD pancakes.

I had toast for breakfast. (Only that! I´m on a diet.)

I had toast at breakfast. (I also had fruit, eggs, coffee.)

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I didn’t drink orange juice.
I didn’t drink milk.
I didn’t eat bacon and eggs.

Chocolate Tea Coffee Milk

Orange juice Toast Sweet rolls Loaf of bread
Bacon and eggs Soft-Boiled egg Fried eggs Scrambled eggs
Ham and eggs Jam Grapefruit Cereal

What did you have for breakfast?

I usually have coffee, but this morning I had tea.

I usually have bread, but this morning I had cookies.
I usually have juice, but this morning I has fruit.
I had coffee with milk for breakfast.
You had eggs with toast for breakfast.
He had hard-boiled eggs for breakfast.
Mary had ham for breakfast.

Possessive Pronouns-Review

Whose newspaper is this?

This is my newspaper. It´s mine.
Whose suitcases are those?
Those are her suitcases. They´re hers.
Whose pen is that?
That is your pen. It’s yours.
Whose Backpacks are these?
These are their backpacks. They’re theirs.

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Whose apartment is this?
This is our apartment. It’s ours.
Whose keys are these?
These are his keys. They’re his.

Class 6- Six
Can- Ability
He can swim.
He can water-ski.
He can ride a horse.
He can buy a car.

Can you Hear me? Yes, sure.

Can you See me? Yes, naturally.
Can you understand me? Of course, I can.
Can you Help me? Absolutely!

Can- Request/ Permission

Can I come in?
Can I seat here?
Can I take this seat?
Can I ask a question?
Can I turn on the air conditioner?
Can I have some coffee?
Can I borrow your pen?

Attention: Not followed by to. Ex: I can go.

Too-(extremely, very)
The car is very expensive.
It’s too expensive for me.
I can’t buy it.

I’m very tired.

I’m too tired to go out.
I can’t go out.

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Why can’t you buy that car?
I can’t buy that car because it’s too expensive for me.

Why can’t you walk to the office?

I can’t walk to the office because I’m too tired.

Kitchen- Vocabulary

Refrigerator = fridge// freezer// microwave oven// toaster//blender//

cabinet= cupboard//cups and saucers// spice rack// sink// can opener//
dishwasher// sugar bowl/ stove// salt and pepper shakers// paper towel holder.

Countable and Uncountable

Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used
with a number- they can be counted. (That's why they are called "countable nouns").

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Example:

1 friend, 2 friends, 3 friends...

1 book, 2 books, 3 books...
100 friends – many friends

Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a
number- they can't be counted. (That's why they are called "uncountable nouns").

Examples:

I have a lot of money. (Not 1000 money)

You say I drink a lot of milk. (Not 5 milk)

Example:

100 money – much money

Note: Of course you can count money, milk, meat; but then you would use the currency,
liter, kilo, glass,..and say that you have got:

• 5 euros or dollars... (but not 5 money).

• 2 liters, pints, glasses... of milk (but not 2 milk)
• 3 kilos... of meat (but not 3 meat)
• 10 bottles of mineral water... (but not 10 mineral water)

Uncountable- Singular Countable- Singular or Plural

Ice cream Scoops
Sugar Spoonfuls
Time Hours
Money Dollars( bills, coins)
Furniture Chairs, sofas
Cake Pieces, slices
meat steaks

A scoop of ice cream

A bottle of wine
A slice of cheese/ ham
A cup of coffee/ tea
A glass of coke
A can of beer
A piece of cake/ pie
A bar of chocolate

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There’s some money in the bank.
There are some dollars in my pocket.
There’s some time to study.
There are some minutes to finish the test.
Put some sugar in the coffee.
Put some milk in the tea.
Put some ham in the sandwich.
Put some butter on the bread.
Put some salt on the French fries.

Class 7- Seven
Simple Present Tense
The simple Present Tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or
normal.

Pronouns
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY

Affirmative Form:
Pronoun + Verb + Complement
I drink water.
YOU drink water.
HE drinks water.
SHE drinks water.
IT drinks water.
WE drink water.
YOU drink water.
THEY drink water.

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In general, in the 3 rd person we add an s.

1. For verbs that end in –o, -ch , -sh, -ss,- x, or –z we add –ES in the third person:
GO- GOES
KISS-KISSES
WASH-WASHES
2. For verbs that end in consonant + y, we remove the y and add –IES.
STUDY-STUDIES
MARRY-MARRIES
WORRY-WORRIES
3. For verbs that end in vowel + y we just add S.
ENJOY-ENJOYS
PLAY-PLAYS
SAY-SAYS
Negative Form: To make a negative sentence in English we normally use don’t or doesn't
with all verbs EXCEPT To Be and Modal verbs (can, might, should etc.).

Pronoun + (don’t ) or (doesn’t) +Verb + Complement

I don’t drink water.
YOU don’t drink water.
HE doesn’t drink water.
SHE doesn’t drink water.
IT doesn’t drink water.
WE don’t drink water.
YOU don’t drink water.
THEY don’t drink water.
Note: do not = don’t /does not = doesn’t
Interrogative Form:

Do/Does +Pronoun +Verb + Complement

Do I drink Water?
Do YOU drink Water?
Does HE drink Water?
Does SHE drink Water?
Does IT drink Water?
Do WE drink Water?
Do YOU drink Water?
Do THEY drink Water?
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Simple Present Tense-Verb to be

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I Am( I´m ) I´m not Am I ?
YOU Are(you´re) You aren’t Are you?
HE Is(he´s) He isn’t Is he?
SHE Is(she´s) She isn’t Is she?
IT Is(it´s) It isn’t Is it?
WE Are(we´re) We aren’t Are we?
YOU Are(you´re) You aren’t Are you?
THEY Are(they´re) They aren’t Are they?

Simple Past Tense

The past tense (abbreviated PST) is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to
place an action or situation in past time. In languages which have a past tense, it thus
provides a grammatical means of indicating that the event being referred to took place in
the past. Is used to describe an action that occurred and was completed in the past. The
simple past is formed by adding –ed to the base form of the verb (the infinitive without to).

base + ed = simple
form past

walk walked

push pushed

greet greeted

watch watched

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In English, the simple past of regular verbs is extremely easy. It is the same
for all persons. Here are example sentences of the simple past with the verb WORK.

singular plural

1st per I worked yesterday. We worked yesterday.

2nd per You worked yesterday. You worked yesterday.

3rd per He, She, It worked yesterday. They worked yesterday.

There are several irregularities regarding orthography (spelling) for the simple past ending
of regular verbs. Similarly, there are different ways to pronounce this ending. See the

For regular verbs ending in the vowel -e, add –d.

base simple
form past

hate hated

seize seized

hope hoped

assume assumed

tie tied

For the very few English verbs that end in a vowel other than -e, add –ed.

base simple
form past

ski skied

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For regular verbs that end in a vowel+y, add –ed.

base simple
form past

play played

decay decayed

survey surveyed

enjoy enjoyed

Interrogative
I worked hard yesterday.
- Did I work hard yesterday?

Negative
He cleaned the house this morning.
- He didn’t clean the house this morning.

/t/ sound- worked, asked, thanked, liked, helped, shopped, watched, missed
/d/ sound- played, traveled, loved, learned, cleaned, stayed, turned, called, lived, prayed

Class 8- Eight
Idioms and Question Tags
They didn’t get up early, did they?
They didn’t work hard, did they?
They didn’t eat out, did they?
They didn’t take off their shoes, did they?
They didn’t hang up their towels, did they?

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Spelling Structure Rules
We double the final consonant letter before – ing or –ed if all the conditions below are
present:
1) The verb ends in the single consonant;
2) The final consonant is preceded by a single vowel sound;
3) The verb has only one syllable or the main stress is on the last syllable.
Ex: shop- shopping- shopped
Beg- begging – begged
• Verbs ending in Y
Consonant + y = consonant + IED (study- studied)
Vowel + y = vowel + ED (play- played)

ADVERB- Qualifies the verb (He swims well).

ADJECTIVE – Qualifies the noun (He is a good swimmer)

Large Numbers- How to read

Money
$ 104 one hundred (and) four dollars.
$ 1,500 fifteen hundred dollar or a thousand five hundred dollars.
Street Address
1004 Americas Avenue - ten –oh- four Americas Avenue.
2453 Park Lane – twenty- four - fifty -three Park Lane
*Calendar years are read the same way as street addresses.
Telephone Numbers
2256-1003 - double two- five- six- one-oh-oh- three.
2286- 8765- double two- eight- six- eight- seven- six-five.

/id/ sound
I painted the house, and Mary did too.
He visited his cousins, and Helen did too.
You started the class early, and Jane did too.
You didn’t work in January and I didn’t either.

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You didn’t study I February and I didn’t either.
You didn’t save money in May and I didn’t either.
You didn’t go to New York in July and I didn’t either.

You didn’t miss class in August and neither did I .

You didn’t move to France in October and neither did I .

I used Jane’s book last class, didn’t I ?

He played soccer on the beach, didn’t he?
She lived in New York for a year, didn’t she?
They weren’t afraid of dogs, were they?
They weren’t proud of their grades, were they?
They weren’t picky about clothes, were they?

Past Tense- Irregular Verbs

Verbs- Present/ Past
Begin- began Cut- cut Fly- flew
Break- broke Do- did Get- got
Bring- brought Drink- drank Go- went
Buy- bought Draw- drew Take- took
Catch- caught Drive- drove Can- could
Come- came Eat- ate Leave- left
Cost- cost Feel- felt Lose- lost
Choose- chose Find- found Sweep- swept
Wake- woke Make- made Take- took
Put- put Lose- lost Ring- rang
Ride- rode Read- read Run- ran
Say- said Go- went Hold- held
Forget- forgot Have- had Keep- kept
Get-got Hear- heard Know- knew
Leave- left Pay- paid Think- thought
Let- let See- saw Understand- understood
Meet- met Sell- sold Wear- wore
Write- wrote Win- won Wake up- woke up

I played cards all day yesterday.

I listened to music all day yesterday.
I shopped all day yesterday.
I woke up late.

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I made the beds.
I put away the clothes.
I took the children to school.

Ago
Used with a time word indicating a point of time in the past.
I had breakfast 3 hours ago.
I met my mother 20 minutes ago.
I had lunch half an hour ago.
I talked to Jane a long time ago.

Extra Sentences

I usually wake up in a good mood.

I’m upset because everything went wrong this morning.
I took the butter out of the bridge.
The alarm went off at 6 o’ clock.
I looked everywhere for the keys.

I used Jane’s notebook last class, didn’t I?

They studied French last year, didn’t they?
She lived in London for one year, didn’t she?
Your parents traveled to the United States last month, didn’t they?

Class 9- Nine
Present Continuous x Simple Past
I’m not working today but I worked yesterday.
You’re not helping me today, but you helped me yesterday.

Simple Past x Future (Will)

I helped my mother yesterday and I’ll help her tomorrow.
I missed class last week and I’ll miss class tomorrow.

I had sandwich for lunch and my sister did too.

John left for lunch at noon and so did his brother.
Mary had ham and eggs for breakfast but her niece didn’t.

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Jane didn’t come to work late but her son did.
Idioms
To be interested in- ____________________________________________________
To be good at-________________________________________________________
To be afraid of-________________________________________________________
To be crazy about-_____________________________________________________
To be fussy about-_____________________________________________________
To be proud of-________________________________________________________
To be ashamed of-_____________________________________________________
To pick up-___________________________________________________________
To pick out-___________________________________________________________

SPECIFIC- it/ them

NOT SPECIFIC- one/ some

Buy that magazine. – I bought it.

Buy a newspaper. – I bought one.
Buy some sandwiches. – I bought some.
Buy those shoes.- I bought them.

Is this difficult/ hard/ tough?

- No, it’s easy!
- No, it’s as easy as pie!
- No, it’s a piece of cake!
- No, it’s a snap.

She called her, but she didn’t call me.

I phoned her, but I didn’t phone him.
I visited her, but I didn’t visit you.
I loved her but she didn’t love me.

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To Work+ Prepositions
- I work for Burger King.
- I work for a doctor.
- I work for Mary.
*FOR- name of a company, person and professional.
- I work in a store.
- I work at a hospital.
* IN/AT- workplace.
- I work in the sales department.
*IN- department/section
To See + Prepositions
- See you at home.
- See you at school.

* AT- place
- See you in the afternoon.
- See you at night.
- See you at eight.
- See you at eight at night.
*IN/ AT – part of the day, hour.
To go to- a destination
- Where are they?
They went to the park/garden/beach.
To be IN/ ON/ AT
- Where are they?
They are in the playground.
They are at school.
They are at home.
They will be at the meeting.
We met them at home.
We met them at 25 Park Avenue.
We met them at the mall.

* Objects are ON SALE or FOR SALE.

29
Class 10- Ten
Comparatives 2 and 3 Syllable Adjective
( MORE +/ LESS - )/ ( MUCH MORE ++++/ MUCH LESS ----)
MORE + adjective + THAN- London is more exciting than Lisbon.
- Japanese is more difficult than English.
- Peter is more handsome than Paul.
LESS + adjective + THAN – Peter is less intelligent than Jane.
- Helen is less elegant than Mary.
MUCH MORE + adjective + THAN – Ferraris are much more expensive than Mercedes.
- Five star hotel are much more comfortable than three star hotel.
MUCH LESS + adjective + THAN – It’s much less polluted in the country than in big cities.
- These shoes are much less comfortable than sneakers.

Superlatives
THE MOST (+) 2 SYLLABLE ADJECTIVE
THE LEAST (-)

Snakes are the most dangerous animals.

Asia is the most crowded continent.
Africa is the least developed continent.

What is the most fascinating city in the world?

Rio de Janeiro is the most fascinating city in the world.

Who is the least popular intelligent man on TV?

Paul is the least intelligent man on TV.

30
 Class 11- Eleven
Could
Past of Can
I can’t go out today, but I could yesterday.
I can’t play today, but I could yesterday.
I couldn’t swim yesterday, but I can today.
I couldn’t dance yesterday, but I can today.
Attention! Can x Can’t/ Was x Wasn’t / Were x Weren’t

Comparative 1 Syllable Adjective

Long Words = 2 or more syllables
More than/ Less than
Short Words= 1 or 2 syllables
… ER (richER than)
Paul is as tall as Peter.
Paul is more intelligent than Mark.
Bill is less intelligent than Paul.
Paul is not as rich as Bill.
Paul is older than Bill.

Ugly Uglier
Friendly Friendlier
Pretty Prettier
Easy Easier
Big Bigger
Fat Fatter
thin thinner

She’s very young. She’s younger than me.

It’s very cold. It’s colder than yesterday.

31
Comparatives

1) COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY: AS adjective AS/ NOT AS adjective AS

Mary is as tall as Jane.
Mary is not as tall as Jane.

2) COMPARISON OF SUPERIORITY/ INFERIORITY

a) Comparatives of one syllable adjectives are formed with the ER suffix.

It’s cheaper here than in New York.

It’s cooler here than in the mountains.
The model is thinner than I.
* Exceptions: He’s a better student than I. / He is a worse student than I.
b) Comparatives of adjectives of three or more syllables are formed by adding
MORE/ LESS before the adjective.

She’s more (less) beautiful than Susan.

This house is more (less) comfortable than that old one.

c) Comparatives of adjectives of two syllable follow rule A or B.

Those ending in ful, re or ous usually take more (less)
John is more careful than Bill.
Shakespeare is more famous than Jorge Amado.

Those ending in er, y, or ly take the ER suffix.

Peter is cleverer than John.
She is prettier than Mary.
* Attention- Y after consonant becomes I + ER ( happier)
But: His hair is Grayer then mine.

d) Adjectives formed by prefixes follow the same rule as the original adjective:
Ex: unhappy- unhappier

32
Class 12- twelve
Superlatives- THE ……. EST
Paul’s car is expensive.
It’s very expensive.
It’s too expensive for me.
It’s as expensive as a Mercedes.
It’s more expensive than a Fiat.
It’s much more expensive than a Fiat.
It’s the most expensive car at the club.

Attention:
Good- Better than- The best
Bad- - Worse than- The worst
More expensive than- The most expensive
Taller than- The tallest

Superlatives
Are always preceded by the definite article THE.
Are formed according to the same rules used for Comparatives.

1. One syllable adjectives ( suffix EST)

Tall- Mary is taller than Susan.(Comparative)
Mary is the tallest girl in class.( Superlative)
2. Three or more syllables
She’s more intelligent than Susan. (Comparative)
She’s the most intelligent girl in this class. (Superlative)
She’s less intelligent than her sister. (Comparative)
She’s the least intelligent in her family. (Superlative)

* Attention: Adjectives ending in FUL – Ex: useful

Ex: English is the most useful language in the world.

3. Two syllables – rule 1 or 2

Pretty- She is the prettiest girl in this class.
Modern- That’s the most modern building in this area.
Exceptions
Good- the best: She’s the best teacher at that school.

33
Bad- the worst: Which is the worst month of the year?
Extra sentences
One of them is happy.
Both of them are …
Neither of them is…
Some of them are …
Most of them are…
All of them are…
None of them are…

One of my sisters is adopted.

Neither of my parents is stingy.
Most of them are hot-tempered.

Some of them had lunch at a restaurant.

All of them came here on foot.
Many of them visited the U.S.A.
Few of you had beer at lunch.
None of you smoked a cigarette before class.
Most of you went to the movies last night.
Five of us got up early last Sunday.
Several of us had ham and eggs for breakfast.

Comparatives
Comparing 2 elements: use comparative form MORE/FEWER.
Comparing 3 elements or more: use superlative form THE MOST/ THE LEAST

Do bananas have fewer calories than oranges?

- Bananas have more calories than oranges.

To be able to
To be able to do something means to have the ability to do it. Be able to is
sometimes used in place of can or could. Instead of, "I can't go," you might say,
"I am not able to go."

You can use be able to in any tense. Just change the tense of the verb be. For
example, you can say, "I was able to see a movie last night," or, "He will be
able to visit me tomorrow."I can go with you.- I’m able to go with you.

34
He can see you tonight.- he’s able to see you tonight.
They can have lunch with us. – They are able to lunch with us.

What are you able to do?

The boy is able to make his bed.
They are able to do the laundry.
They are able to iron their clothes.

I could go yesterday. = I was able to go yesterday.

The children were able to play yesterday.
The teacher was able to finish the lesson last class.
We were able to buy a new car last month.

Class 13- Thirteen

Opposites
Smart x dumb Messy x neat Generous x stingy
Lazy x hard working Neat x sloppy Modern x conservative
Cute x ugly Shy x outgoing Straight x curly
Handsome x ugly Easy x difficult
Terrible x great Chubby x thin
Polite x rude A bargain x a rip off
Calm x nervous Sweet x sour
Quiet x talkative Boring x interesting

35
Directions

Go down this street.

Go down this street for two blocks.
Go all the way down this street.
Go straight ahead.
Go to the corner and turn left.
Turn right at the end of the block.
Turn left at the traffic light.
Walk as far as the police station.

I could go yesterday but I can’t today.

I was able to go yesterday but I can’t today.

John was able to play yesterday but you can’t today.

She was able to watch TV last night but she can’t tonight.
She can’t go to the movies today but she’ll be able to go tomorrow.
She can’t see him today but she’ll be able to see him tomorrow.

36
Prepositions- -Relationships in space
A point Line or surface Space
Motion Approaching(go) TO ONTO INTO

Position( be, stay, stop…) AT ON IN

Motion and Leaving(go) AWAY OFF OUT OF

Position(distance-stay)

Motion and Passing (Pass, drive, BY ALONG/ACROSS THROUGH

walk…)

I go from my work to the supermarket by car.

I park in a parking lot.

On weekends I like to get away from town.

On Saturdays there are many cars on the road.

I’m going to spend the holiday in the country.

I’m going to spend my day-off at the seaside.
I’m going to spend my long weekend at the beach.

I spent my vacation abroad.

I spent my honeymoon in Europe.

He was playing football on the beach when he broke his leg.

He was going to the mountains when his car broke down.

He was going to the seaside when he had an accident.

He was looking for a house when he found his apartment.
He was working in the garden when he hurt his back.
He was visiting his mother- in- law when he got sick.

37
 Class 14- Fourteen
Past Continuous- was /were + present participle

• You were studying when she called.

• Were you studying when she called?
• You were not studying when she called.

Positive Negative Question

I was singing. I was not singing. Was I singing?

You were singing You were not singing. Were you singing?

We were singing. We were not singing. Were we singing?

They were singing. They were not singing. Were they singing?

He was singing. He was not singing. Was he singing?

She was singing. She was not singing. Was she singing?

It was singing. It was not singing. Was it singing?

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The
interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real
interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

• I was watching TV when she called.

• When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
• While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
• What were you doing when the earthquake started?
• I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
• You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
• While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.

38
 • Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.

The Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you
can also use a specific time as an interruption.

• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.

• At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
• Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

Important!

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the
Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.

• Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.

I started eating at 6 PM.
• Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the
idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

• I was studying while he was making dinner.

• While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
• Were you listening while he was talking?
• I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several
mistakes.
• What were you doing while you were waiting?
• Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
• They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

Present Continuous- Past Continuous

- It is raining now.- It was raining on Sunday.
- She is playing tennis now.- She was playing tennis yesterday.

39
Now- We can’t play tennis because it’s raining.
Past- We couldn’t play tennis because it was raining.

SIMPLE PAST- I saw a movie on TV last night.

PAST CONTINUOUS- I was watching TV when the lights went out last night.

* Simple Past- Complete action in the past.

* Past Continuous- the action takes place at a specific period in the past.

They were playing cards when I arrived.

We were drinking beer when he came in.
My mother was moving the furniture when she hurt her leg.
He was traveling in Europe when he lost his passport.

What are they doing now?

- They vet is working at the Pet shop.
- The pilot is working at the airport.
- The waitress is working at the coffee shop.

What were they doing when you saw them?

- The mechanic was repairing a car at the gas station.
- The teacher was buying books at the bookstore.
- My sister was buying shampoo at the drugstore.
- The kids were taking a nap.
- My brother was hanging up his shirts.

Class 15- Fifteen

While
Simultaneous actions during a period of time, during the time that. or at the same time as:

I read it while you were drying your hair.

While I was in Italy I went to see Alessandro.
I thought I heard him come in while we were having dinner.
"I'm going to the post office." "While you're there can you get me some stamps?"

40
Mary was cooking when I got to her house.
While Mary was cooking her husband was watching TV.

The earth is getting hotter and hotter.

Ann is getting taller and taller.
Slums are getting bigger and bigger.
Gold is getting more and more expensive.
People are growing less and less careful.

There Was/ There Were

There are some parks in Modern cities.
There were many forests around the world.

My friend and I took a trip To Thailand.

- There were few lions.
- There were few leopards.
- There were few giraffes.

My boyfriend and I went to a restaurant last night.

- There were mosquitoes under the table.
- There were flies on the wall.
- There were cockroaches on the floor.
- There were insects in the restroom.
- There were bugs everywhere in the kitchen.

There’s going to be

There’s going to be a good movie next Saturday.

There’s going to be an excellent TV program on Tuesday.
There are going to be soccer games on Sunday.
There are going to be many parties on Friday.

What did you think about the trip?

I thought it was tiring.
I thought it was exciting.

What did you think about Mary?

41
I thought she was pretty.
I thought she was cute.

Class 16- Sixteen

If- Condition
Used to talk about the result or effect of something that may happen or be true . A future
possibility.
Will you go to New York? – Sure , if I have the money.
Will you pass the test?- Sure, If I study hard.
Will you accept Ann’s invitation?- Sure, if she calls me.
Will you go to the movies? Sure, if I get a ticket.
I’ll go if I get an invitation.
I’ll go if she calls me.
I’ll go if John goes with me.
I’ll call the manager if the bill is too high.
I’ll call the maid if the room is too messy.

Will they take a vacation if they have enough money?

Yes, if they have enough money they’ll take a vacation.

If we have enough money, we’ll stay at good hotels.

If we have enough money, we’ll visit different places.

If I have time, I’ll visit some friends.

If I have time, I’ll visit some parks.

Future Possible- If
An action in the future is possible depending on a certain condition.

I will go to Europe if I have enough money.

I will go on a trip if I have enough time.
I will speak English well if I study hard.
I will go to a dentist if I have a toothache.
* toothache/ headache/ backache/ stomachache/ earache.

42
Articles- Review (A/ AN/ THE)

Should I use A, AN or THE? Even after years of studying English, students may find
themselves asking that question over and over again. English articles can be quite a
challenge.

A and AN are called indefinite articles. "Indefinite" means "not specific". Use A(AN) when
you are talking about a thing in general, NOT a specific thing.

Examples:

• I need a phone. Not a specific phone, any phone

• Mark wants a bicycle. Not a particular bicycle, a bicycle in general
• Do you have a driver's license? In general

Use A(AN) when talking about a thing which is new, unknown, or introduced to a listener
for the first time. Also use A(AN) when you are asking about the existence of something.

Examples:

• I have a car. The car is being introduced for the first time.
• Tom is a teacher. This is new information to the listener.
• Is there a dictionary in your backpack? Asking about the existence of the dictionary

Similarly, use A(AN) to introduce what type of thing we are talking about.

Examples:

• That is an excellent book. Describing the kind of book

• Do you live in a big house? Asking about the kind of house
• I ate a thick, juicy steak. Describing the kind of steak

Remember: You cannot use A(AN) with plural nouns because A(AN) means "one" or "a
single".

Examples:

• I saw a bears in Yellowstone National Park. Not Correct

• I saw bears in Yellowstone National Park. Correct

43
THE is called a definite article. "Definite" means "specific". Use THE when talking about
something which is already known to the listener or which has been previously mentioned,
introduced, or discussed.

Examples:

• I have a cat. The cat is black.

• There is a book in my backpack. The book is very heavy.
• Do you know where I left the car keys? The listener knows which specific car keys
you are talking about.
• Do you own a car? Is the car blue? You assume they do have a car after asking
about it in the first sentence.
• Nobody lives on the Moon. The Moon is known to everyone.

Important: You can use THE with both singular nouns and plural nouns.

Examples:

• I saw the bear in Yellowstone National Park. Correct

• I saw the bears in Yellowstone National Park. Correct

Many clauses and phrases make the noun known to the listener by telling the listener
which person or thing we are talking about. Let's look at an example sentence:

Can you give me the book on the table.

We use THE in this sentence because the phrase "on the table" tells the listener which
book we are referring to. We are not talking about other books, we are talking about a
specific book that the listener can see or already knows about. Learning to recognize such
identifying clauses and phrases will help you use THE correctly.

Examples:

• Did you read the book which I gave you?

• He didn't like the movie that you suggested.
• He loved the dessert with chocolate and cherries.
• The phone on my desk belongs to Ken.
• Did you know the man who was talking to Leonie?

Class 17- Seventeen

Subordinate Clause
A clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a
main clause.

44
When will you go to the States?
-I don’t know When I’ll go to the States.

Extra Sentences:

I don’t know when I’ll go to the movies.

I don’t know where I’ll go on Friday.
He doesn’t know how he’ll get some money.
She doesn’t know why she’ll work alone.

Conjunctions
A word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause.
There are only a few common conjunctions and these words perform many functions:
They present explanations, ideas, exceptions, consequences, and contrasts. Here is a list
of conjunctions commonly used in American English:
Conjunction Idea
And Addition
But Contrast
Or Choice
Because Reason
So Result

if Condition

He’ll go to New York and he’ll work there for a year.

He’ll go to New York but his family won’t.
He’ll work there or he won’t get a promotion.
He’ll go because his company is sending him.
He has no choice, so he’ll do what the company decides.
He’ll stay there longer if they give him a good salary.

The Plural of Nouns

Is usually formed by adding an ‘S’ at the end of the word in the singular: books/ colleges/
students/ teachers

45
The plural of words ending in S, X, Z, CH, or SH is formed by adding ‘ES’: classes/ faxes/
buses/ churches/ coaches

* the consonant is double whenever it is necessary to preserve the original sound of the
vowel.(Quiz- Quizzes)
Y is changed to IES when preceded by a consonant : ladies/ hobbies
The plural is regular when Y is preceded by a vowel: days/ boys
Words ending in O preceded by a consonant takes ‘ES’: potatoes/ tomatoes
Some exceptions: pianos/ photos
The plural is regular when ‘O’ is preceded by a vowel: Radios
Words ending in ‘F’ or ‘FE’ take the regular plural: safes/ beliefs
Exceptions: wives/ knives/ lives/loaves

In compound nouns only the second noun is made plural: classrooms/ housewives

In hyphenated words, the first word usually takes the plural, because it’s the noun while
the others are the qualifiers: mothers- in- law.

Some irregular plurals: man-men/ tooth- teeth/ child- children

There are some words that are used both in the singular and plural: deer/ sheep/ series/
fish
Although most foreign nouns follow regular plural rules, there are some exceptions that
preserve the foreign plural form: Basis- bases

Certain words are always plural: clothes/glasses/ scissors

Name of sciences like: Mathematics/ economics/ physics
Words ending in FUL usually take an ‘S’ in the plural: handfuls/ armfuls

46
Class 18- Eighteen
The Human Body

Hair: grown on top of the head.

Head: part of the body that's on top of your neck
Ears: on each side of the head and used for hearing.
Neck: connects the head to the body.
Shoulder: connects the to arm and to the base of the neck
Arms: Used for touching things

47
Chest: is the below the neck and above the stomach.
Arm pit: joint where the arm connects to the shoulder
Nipple: small projection of a woman's or girl's breast
Stomach: is used for digesting food.
Navel: The little hole in in the center of a person's belly
Waist: Part of the body just above hips.
Elbow: is between the forearm and the upper arm
Forearm: Is between the wrist and elbow.
Back: is rear surface of the body from the shoulders to the hips.
Small of the back: is the lower part of the back.
Hips: from the waist to the top of the leg.
Waist: is just above the hips
Groin: above the thigh on either side of the body
Buttocks: Sometimes called bottom or behind.
Thigh: part of the leg between the hip and the knee
Knee: connects the lower and upper leg.
Calf: muscle at the back of the lower leg
Shin: front of the leg below the knee
Heel: is the back part of the foot below the ankle.
Arch of foot: where the bottom of the foot curves.
Ball of foot: The padded portion of the sole of the human foot between
the toes and the arch.
Instep: The padded portion foot between the toes and the arch
Toe nails: covers the end of the top of the toes.
Ankle: connects the foot to the leg
Foot: the lower part of the leg below the ankle
Big toe: each foot has 2 big toes

Extra Sentences
I feel tired today.
I feel beat today.
I feel exhausted today.
I feel run- down today.
I feel bored today.
I feel lonely today.
I feel frustrated today.
I feel depressed today.
I feel miserable today.
How do you feel when you meet new people?
When do you feel jealous?

48
Who is always in a good mood in your family?

I never take medicine without a prescription.

If you tell her it’s an emergency, the doctor will see you.
If you tell her it’s an emergency, she will make an appointment with the doctor.
If you tell her it’s an emergency, the doctor will see you immediately.

Class 19- Nineteen

When?
The nurse will call you in 5 minutes.
The ambulance will arrive in 10 minutes.

He couldn’t see me yesterday, but he can today.

He couldn’t invest money last year, but he can next year.
We were able to save money last year, but we won’t be able to next year.
* It isn’t necessary to repeat the verb after ‘ can’ or ‘to be able to’.

When I have a bad headache, I take an aspirin.

When I have a stomachache, I see a doctor.
When I have a stiff neck. I get a massage.
When I have a high fever, I check my temperature.
When I have a strong pain in the chest, I call a doctor.
When I have a terrible pain in the chest, I call an ambulance.

If you tell her it’s an emergency, the doctor will see you.
If you tell her it’s an emergency, the doctor will see you today.
If you tell her it’s an emergency, the doctor will see you immediately.
If you tell her it’s an emergency, she will make an appointment with the doctor.
If you tell her it’s an emergency, she will make an appointment for this afternoon.

Expressions:
All day long: The teenagers danced all night long.
All night long: Small children play all day long.( from morning to night)

49
Emotions:
How do you fell today?

Beat= exhausted/ confused/ shocked/ bored/ hysterical/ sad/ frustrated/ lonely/ anxious/
Ashamed/ happy/ depressed/ in love/ jealous/ confident/ shy/ happy/ excited.

Class 20- Twenty

Ago x In
We had coffee ten minutes ago.
We drove home one hour ago.

They’ll get the presents in two days.

They’ll be back in a couple of days.

Review- Family Members

My great – grandmother (grandmother’s mother) is Jacqueline.
My great- grandfather (grandmother’s father) is Steve.
My grandmother (mother’s mother) is Molly. She’s over sixty.
My grandfather (mother’s father) is Bob.
My uncle is Bill and my aunt is Mary.
My mother is Helen and my father is Peter.
My sister-in-law is Nancy. She’s in her early twenties.
My brother-in-law is Arthur.
My nieces are Pam and Pat.
My nephew is John.

Single/ engaged/ married/ widow/ widower/ divorced/ remarried/ Only-Child/ Sibling/

Adopted- child/ twins/ half-brother/ half- sister/ Parents/ Relatives/ Godparents (godfather
and godmother)/ Godchild (Godson and goddaughter)/ stepfather and stepmother=
stepparents.
*Attention: Parents# relatives
My grandmother is over seventy.
My sister-in-law is in her twenties.
I imagine my uncle is in his forties.

50
I suppose my godfather is in his fifties.

I have four brothers. All of my brother are charming.

None of them is hot-tempered.
Two of them are really good- looking. However, both of them are bald.
One of them is very shy. Most of my relatives are outgoing.

Prepositions- Relationships in Space- Review

I go from my office to school by car.
I park in a parking lot.
When I come home, I drive into the garage.

On weekends, I like to get away from town.

On Saturdays, there are many cars on the road.
The other day I had a flat tire and my car went off the road.

I took the jack out of the trunk and changed the tire.
On my way from Leblon to Niteroi, I went by the church, along the beach, and through the
tunnel. I had to go across the bridge.

The exercise is on page 1.

Open your books to page 1.

Can you find it in your book?

Can you find it in your manual?
Can you find it in your report?

Class 21- Twenty- One

Review Comparatives and Superlatives
Do you play any sports?
What’s the most dangerous sport in the world?
What’s the healthiest sport?
Is hiking as exciting as downhill skiing?
What monument is as famous as Corcovado?

• Attention: to play sports is more common than to practice sports.

51
Past Tense Review
What did you do on your last travel abroad?
- I visited some friends.
- I saw some movies.
- I rode a bike.
- I had an accident.

I have an excellent cook. Maria is her name.

What did Maria do yesterday?

She went shopping in the morning.

She got to the market very early.
She chose some vegetables.
she bought shrimp.
She sliced the onions.
She squeezed one lemon.
She cooked a fantastic meal.

Yesterday I was really upset.

Everything went wrong yesterday.
I got up too early because the alarm went off at 5 o’clock.
I poured a glass of milk. The milk was sour.
I heard the forecast on the radio. It was bitter cold.
I looked everywhere for the car keys. I couldn’t find them.
I left home in a really bad mood.
I forgot my glasses at home. I’m as blind as a bat.

What gets you in a bad mood?

Do you wear contacts?
Who in your family is as blind as a bat?
Do you take medicine when you are as sick as a dog?

Extra Sentences:

Let’s bake a cake. What do you need for the cake?

Let’s check the ingredients:

I need a lot of sugar.

52
I need some chocolate.
I need a lot of milk.
I need a few eggs.
I need some flour.
I need some baking powder.

There are no apples.

There aren’t any apples.

There are no sugar.

There aren’t any sugar.

There are no oranges.

There aren’t any oranges.

Reflexive Pronouns
A reflexive pronoun is normally used when the object of a sentence is the same as the
subject. Each personal pronoun (such as I, you, and she) has its own reflexive form.
Reflecting back on the subject, like a mirror. We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to
refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self"
(singular) or "-selves" (plural).

There are eight reflexive pronouns:

reflexive pronoun

singular myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself

plural ourselves
yourselves
themselves

53
Look at these examples:

non-reflexive REFLEXIVE pronouns

the underlined words are NOT the underlined words are the
the same person/thing SAME person/thing

John saw me. I saw myself in the mirror.

Why does he blame you? Why do you blame yourself?

David sent him a copy. John sent himself a copy.

David sent her a copy. Mary sent herself a copy.

My dog hurt the cat. My dog hurt itself.

We blame you. We blame ourselves.

Can you help my children? Can you help yourselves?

They cannot look after the babies. They cannot look after themselves.

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Class 22- Twenty- Two
Synonyms
Synonyms are similar in meaning.
Clever =
Cute=
Awesome =
Usually =
Rarely =
Weird =
Tough =
Picky =
Stingy =
Neat =
Timid =
Foolish =
Pleasant =
Plump =
Nuts =
Jerk =
Idiot =

Questions:
How do you get along with your in laws?
Are your in laws a pain in the neck or are they cool?
Who is the oldest in your family?
Who is the stingiest in your family?
Who works out in your family?
Is he getting stronger and stronger?

To die(verb)- dead (adj)- death (noun)

55
To live(verb)- alive( adj) – life ( noun)

All of my grandparents are alive. None of them are dead.

My mother’s parents live with us.

Both of them are elderly.

Neither of them is overweight.

One of them, my grandfather, is usually grumpy.

My grandmother is easygoing. She’s really great! She’s cool.

My father’s parents live out of town.

Both of them are very dynamic.
Neither of them is lazy.
None of my grandparents are generous.

The food is too cold.

The meat is too tough.
The beer is too warm.
The bill is too high.
The room is too messy.
The jacket is too big.

Can you buy this car? – No, it’s too expensive for me. I can’t buy it.
Can you go out? – No, I’m too tired to go out. I can’t go out.
Can we play tennis? – No, It’s too hot to play tennis. We can’t play tennis.

Class 23- Twenty- Three

CAN- Asking for permission
Can I come in?
Can I smoke?
Can I sit here?
Can I look at your book?
Can I turn on the light?
Can I turn on the air conditioner?
Can I turn off the air conditioner?
Can I ask a question?
Can I have some coffee?
Can I borrow your car?
56
What do you wear when you go to a party?
How do you feel when it rains cats and dogs all weekend?
What do you wear when it rains?
What can’t you do when the weather is nasty?
How do you feel when it’s boiling hot?
What do you like eating when it’s cold?
How does a hot chocolate cake smell?
How does “vatapa” taste?
How does a vacation in Europe sound?

Attention! Expressions
- It’s very, very hot. = It’s boiling hot.
- It’s very, very cold. = It’s bitter cold.
- It’s very, very pricey. = it’s a rip- off.
- It’s very, very cheap. = It’s a bargain.
- It’s very, very nice. = It’s cool. It’s awesome.
- It’s very, very bad. = It’s miserable. It’s crummy.

Attention!
- I can’t decide. = I can’t make up my mind.

Idioms
To go out-
_________________________________________________________________
To eat out-
_________________________________________________________________
To take someone out for dinner-
_________________________________________________________________
To show to a table-
_________________________________________________________________
To wait for-
_________________________________________________________________
To wait on-
_________________________________________________________________
To get drunk on-
_________________________________________________________________
To look for-

57
_________________________________________________________________
To take a look at-
_________________________________________________________________
To hang out-
_________________________________________________________________
To wake up-
_________________________________________________________________
To put away-
_________________________________________________________________
To go off (alarm)-
_________________________________________________________________
To be in a good mood-
_________________________________________________________________

Unless
Is a conjunction ( Except if) and is used to introduce a case in which a statement being
made is not true or valid.
Can be used in forming Future Possible= Conditional Sentences.
It means “if not”
I won’t pass if I don’t study.= I won’t pass unless I study.

They’ll go swimming if it doesn’t rain.

They’ll go swimming unless it rains. (= if it rains, they won’t go swimming)

She’ll go skiing if it doesn’t rain. =She’ll go skiing unless it rains.

You will go jogging if it doesn’t rain. = You will go jogging unless it rains.
He won’t play soccer if the weather isn’t good. = He won’t play soccer unless the weather
is good.

I can’t go snowboarding unless I borrow a board.

I can’t go swimming unless I borrow a bikini.
I can’t go camping unless I get a tent.
I can’t go diving unless I get a mask.
I can’t send e mail unless I have a computer.
I can’t borrow my brother’s computer unless he’s in a good mood.

58
Class 24- Twenty- Four
How often?
How often do you work out?
How often do you wake up in a bad mood?
How often are you late for work?
How often do you use a car?
How often do you go jogging in the park?

My daughter goes to the gym three times a week.

My son seldom goes to the gym, but he usually plays tennis.
My sister seldom exercises.
My sister-in-law plays volleyball once a week.
A cousin of mine works out twice a week.

Attention
A friend/ sister/ cousin of mine (possessive pronoun)
A friend/sister/relative of John’s (Possessive case)

Ex: A relative of Peter’s is afraid of animals.

I went to the movies with a friend of mine.

They went shopping with some friends of theirs.
She’s going out with a friend of hers.
He went on vacation with a friend of his.
We had dinner with some friend of ours.

I played tennis with a friend of yours.

I played volleyball with a friend of Jim’s.
Ann is dating with a friend of Bill’s.
Paul is kissing a cousin of Jane’s.

Go + verb(ing)
Let’s swim./ Let’s go swimming.
Let’s bowl./Let’s go bowling.
Let’s jog./Let’s go jogging.
Let’s dance./Let’s go dancing.

59
Let’s shop./Let’s go shopping.
Let’s go swimming.- I can’t . I don’t have my swimsuit.
Let’s go diving. – I can’t. I don’t have a mask.

Have /Have got

Have got and have mean the same. Have got is more informal.

Have = have got= ‘ve got

Has = has got = ‘s got

Some Examples:

I’ve got a terrible pain in my back.

I have a terrible pain in my back. (more formal)
They haven’t got a car.
They don’t have a car. (more formal)

We use have (got) to talk about possession, relationships, characteristics and illnesses.
In these contexts, it is not used in the continuous form:

I have a boat.- I’ve got a boat.

I have a helmet. – I’ve got a helmet.
I have a twin sister. – I’ve got a twin sister.
I have a computer. – I’ve got a computer.
I have an email address.- I’ve got an email address.
I have a cell phone. – I’ve got a cell phone.
I have a passport.- I’ve got a passport.

She’s got two cats and a dog.

She has two cats and a dog.
Not: She is having got two cats and a dog.
How many brothers have you got?
How many brothers do you have? (more formal)
She’s got a new boyfriend.
She has a new boyfriend. (more formal)

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It’s got 153 calories and 45g of carbohydrates.
It has 153 calories and 45g of carbohydrates. (more formal)
She’s got a headache.
Not: She is having a headache.

Interrogative and Negative without the auxiliary DO

Have you got…? I haven’t got….
Has he got…? He hasn’t got…
Have got x have
Possession – have or have got – Do you have a raincoat? = Have you got a raincoat?
Activities- have- I have breakfast every day.
Do you have a shower before breakfast?

Do you have a raincoat? = Have you got a raincoat?

Do you have an umbrella? = Have you got an umbrella?
Do you have a jacket? = Have you got a jacket?
Do you have a pair of boots? = Have you got a pair of boots?

ONE= general X IT = specific

Have you got a sweater? – Yes, I’ve got one.
Have you got your sweater? – Yes, I’ve got it.

Have you got a digital camera? – Yes, I’ve got one.

Have you got your digital camera?- Yes, I’ve got it.

Have got
Describing people:
Ex: What does your brother look like?
He’s got dark hair.
Used for diseases people have:
Ex: She’s got a cold.

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Attention- to wear

She’s wearing braces.

She’s wearing glasses.
She’s wearing contacts.
She’s wearing perfume.
She’s wearing make up.

Review!
smart x Dumb, silly
lazy X Hard-working
cute X ugly
terrible X Great, terrific
polite X rude
Calm, easygoing X nervous
boring X interesting
generous X stingy
modern X conservative
messy X neat
shy X outgoing
easy X Hard, tough
chubby X Skinny, thin
A bargain X a rip-off
sweet X Sour
usually X Seldom
straight X Curly(hair)
alive x Dead

Class 25- Twenty- Five

Warm up

If he practices, he’ll be the best player on the team.

If he practices, he’ll be the best athlete on the team.
If he practices, he’ll be the best skier on the team.
If he practices, he’ll be the best Skater on the team.
If he practices, he’ll be the best swimmer on the team.
If he practices, he’ll be the best diver on the team.
If he practices, he’ll be the best runner on the team.
If he practices, he’ll be the best bowler on the team.

62
If I get sleepy, I’ll go to bed.
If I get drunk, I’ll throw up.
If I get thirsty, I’ll have a beer.
If I get hungry, I’ll grab a sandwich.
If I get nervous, I’ll take it easy.
If I get angry, I’ll count to ten.
If I get upset, I’ll try to keep calm.
If I get robbed, I’ll call the police.

Will- Questions

Will you wake me up at seven?

Will you give him a message?
Will you call me when he comes?
Will you let me know when he comes?
Will you translate this to me?
Will you give me some information?
Will you tell me how to get there?
Will you introduce us?
Will you send me an email?
Will you take care of the problem?
Will you set up a meeting with the manager?

*WILL is often used as a polite way to make a request, ask a favor or give an order.
Will you pass me the salt, please?
Will you explain the word again?
Will you do me a favor?

Will you swim in the swimming pool?

I’m afraid not because the swimming pool is dirty.
I won’t swim unless you clean the swimming pool.

I won’t send the e-mail unless you fix the computer.

I won’t use the bathroom unless you flush the toilet.
I can’t make a cake unless you buy some eggs.
I can’t go to the country unless you give me a ride.
I can’t throw a party unless my mother agrees.

I’ll play tennis if it stops raining.

I won’t play tennis unless it stops raining.

63
Much for- ( Don’t like) Expression

I don’t like beer. – I’m not much for drinking beer.

I don’t like fish. – I’m not much for eating fish.
I don’t like cards. – I’m not much for playing cards.
I don’t like jogging. I’m not much for jogging.

As Usual
The expression as usual means 'the same as normally happens, or very often happens.

I go to school by bus, as usual.

I met my friends, as usual.
I ran along the beach, as usual.
I drank a lot of beer, as usual.

Class 26- Twenty- Six

Attention- preposition Review.

I’ll go to the beach.

I’ll play volleyball at the beach.
I’ll play soccer with my friends.
I’ll play soccer in the morning.
I’ll go for a walk after lunch.
I’ll ride a bike in the park.
I’ll give you a call at the office.
I’ll go to the soccer game at the stadium.
I’ll go to the swimming competition at the pool.

I can drive.- I’m able to drive.

I can fly a kite.- I’m able to drive.
I can go camping.- I’m able to go camping.

I won’t be able to take you out.

I won’t be able to go to the movies.
I won’t be able to swim in the river.

If a have a chance, I’ll buy the tickets.

If I have a chance, I’ll visit my parents.
If I have a chance, I’ll give you a call.
If I have a chance, I’ll take a rest.

64
Next weekend, I’ll be able to take my friends out.
’ll be able to take them to a restaurant.
I’ll be able to work out at the club.
I’ll be able to go dancing.

I won’t be able to go camping because I don’t have a tent.

My sister won’t be able to go camping because my mother grounded her.
I won’t be able to swim because the swimming pool is very dirty.
I won’t be able to swim unless I clean the pool.
I won’t be able to go to the gym unless I get a ride/lift.
They won’t take part in the play and neither will their brother.
They won’t complain about the weather and their relatives won’t either.

Vegetables

65
Do you like vegetables?
Yes, I love. I’m vegetarian.
No, I’m not much for veggies.

What do you need for your favorite salad?

Do you need tomatoes? No, we’ve got plenty of tomatoes.
Do you need onions? Yes, I’d like a pound of onions.
Do you need celery? Yes, I’d like a bunch of celery.

Class 27- Twenty- Seven

Would Like
We use would like or ’d like to say politely what we want, especially when making offers
and requests:
Would you like a biscuit with your coffee?
Can you order for Ellie? She’d like the Margarita pizza, please.
Verbs that follow would like are in the to-infinitive form:
Would you like to listen to that again?
I’d like to get a return ticket for tomorrow.

*We use Do you like …? to ask about preferences in general.

*We don’t use Do you like …? to make offers or requests.

I feel hungry. I’m very, very hungry. I’m starving.

I want to eat. I would like something to eat.

I would like a salad.= I’d like a salad.

I’s like a green salad.
I’d like a shrimp salad.
I’d like a sliced tomato salad.
I’d like a lettuce and tomato salad.
I’d like a fruit salad.

I’d like some cream in my coffee.

I’d like some beer.
I’d like to have more free time.
I’d like to have a party.

66
Would- Offer
Would is also used for an offer, a polite or an order.
Ex: would you like some cake?
Attention: Use some in interrogative sentences for an offer.
Would you like some mayonnaise on your salad?
Would you like something to eat?
Would you like something to keep you busy?

Class 28- Twenty- Eight

Preposition + …ING (Gerund)
Use the ING form of the verb after prepositions.

I’ll buy a car after saving enough money.

I’ll visit Mary after calling her.
I’ll feel warm after drinking tea.
She’s tired after waiting.
He’s worried about failing the test.
I’ll learn French before going to France.
I’ll be cold after swimming.
He’s tired of waiting.
He’s interested in learning Italian.

After some verbs: Use the infinitive with TO or the ING form:
To prefer/ to like/ to dislike/ to love/ to hate/ to start/ to begin/ to continue

I like to dance./ I like dancing.

I love to sing./ I love singing.
I hate to fly./ I hate flying.
I prefer to eat out./ I prefer eating out.
I started to cry./ I started crying.
I continue to learn English./ I continue leaning English.

After the following verbs: ING form:

To enjoy/ to stop/ to finish/ to suggest/ to avoid/ to mind

67
I enjoy dancing.
I stopped smoking.
I finished doing the dishes.
I suggest going to the movies.
I avoid driving after parties.
I don’t mind waiting with you.

Even If
Used to stress that something will happen despite something else that might
prevent it Even if focuses that something will happen, would happen or would have
happened in any case or condition. This conjunction emphasizes that a specific situation
will continue no matter what happens.

My sister will go to the beach if it’s hot.

My brother is a surfer. He will go to the beach even if it’s not sunny.
He will go to the beach even if it’s cold.
He will go to the beach even if it rains.

They won’t travel abroad even if they have the money.

They won’t cook dinner even if they are starving.
I won’t go to the party even if it’s cool, because I hate parties.

Class 29- Twenty- Nine

Subjunctive
Relating to or denoting a mood of verbs expressing what is imagined or wished or
possible.

IF Present / Future

If I save enough money (condition), I’ll buy that car (possible).

* The condition is possible. I can save money and buy that car.
If I don’t save money, I won’t buy that car.
An action in the future will be possible depending on a certain condition.

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IF Past( Subjunctive)/ Condition(Would)

If I had enough money, I’d buy that car.

Unreal condition- Imaginary Situation.
*The condition is unreal. I don’t have money and I can’t buy that car.
Attention: The sentence refers to the present time.

I don’t have money, so I can’t travel.

If I had money I’d travel.

He doesn’t feel well, so he cant work.

If he felt well, he’d work.

We don’t need a laptop, so we don’t have one.

If we needed a laptop, we’d have one.

I wouldn’t call a doctor unless I were very sick.

I wouldn’t buy a house unless I had a lot of money.
I wouldn’t sunbathe unless I had sunblock.

The Present Unreal or Present Subjunctive

Is used to express an unreal or imaginary situation in the present.

Real situation – I don’t have money. I can’t buy a car.

Imaginary Situation- if I had money, I would buy a car.

The subjunctive is the same as the Simple past for all the verbs except the ‘verb to be’. For
‘verb to be’ use ‘were’ for all the persons in the subjunctive.
If I were rich, I’d buy a Ferrari.
If she were rich, she’s buy a House at the beach.
Attention: ‘If I was rich…’ is also used but ‘If I were rich…’ is the usual form used for
advice.

The sentence order can be reversed:

If I had a car, I’d go to the game. Or I’d go to the game, if I had a car.

Interrogative: Would you go to the game if you had a car?

69
Negative: I wouldn’t travel by plane if I had money.( I don’t like planes)
I wouldn’t travel by plane even if I had money.(I hate planes)
I wouldn’t travel by plane if I didn’t have money.(the tickets are expensive)

Attention: Using UNLESS ( = IF NOT): I wouldn’t travel by plane unless I had money.

Question tag- Would

You’d pay for it, wouldn’t you?
You’d sell it, wouldn’t you?
You’d go there, wouldn’t you?
You wouldn’t take it, would you?
You wouldn’t tell him, would you?
I’d pass if I studied, wouldn’t I?
She wouldn’t learn if she didn’t listen, would she?
If I didn’t study I wouldn’t pass, would I?
*Attention: Question tag according to the main clause.

If you smiled more, you’d be happier, wouldn’t you?

If you smoked less, you’d be healthier, wouldn’t you?

Class 30- Thirty

What was he doing when his car broke down?
He was going to the mountains when his car broke down.
He was going to the seaside when he had an accident.
He was playing soccer on the beach when he broke his leg.
He was traveling in Europe when he lost his passport.
He was looking for a house when he found his apartment.
He was visiting his mother-in-law when he got sick.
He was working in the garden when it began to rain.
He was going to work when it started raining.

What was he doing while you were cooking dinner?

What was he doing while you were setting the table?
What was he doing while you were reading the newspaper?
What was he doing while you were taking a shower?
What was he doing while you were watching TV?

70
When were you ate the mall?
Who was at the mall with you?
Who(m) do you like to hang out with at the mall?
Do you often have a snack at the mall?
Did you grab a sandwich at the food court?
Is the food court a good place to flirt?
How fussy are you about food?
How picky are you about food?
What kind of food do you like the most/ the least?

What did you order for dinner last night?

What did you eat for dinner last night?
Whose car did you drive today?
What time did the telephone ring?
What did the teacher tell you to study?
Who gave you your name?
How did your father go to work?
Who made your coffee this morning?
What time did the class begin?

Class 31- Thirty- One

Present Perfect
The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE is formed with a present tense form of "to have" plus the past
participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form)

[has/have + past participle]

Positive Negative Question

I have traveled. I have not traveled. Have I traveled?

You have traveled. You have not traveled. Have you traveled?

We have traveled. We have not traveled. Have we traveled?

They have traveled They have not traveled. Have they traveled?

He has traveled. He has not traveled. Has he traveled?

She has traveled. She has not traveled. Has she traveled?

It has traveled. It has not traveled. Has it traveled?

71
You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.

Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before
now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific
time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I
lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect
with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before,
so far, already, yet, etc.

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to
associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the
experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain
experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

I have been to France.

This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you
have been there once, or several times.

I have been to France three times.

You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.

I have never been to France.

This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.

72
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.

Joan has studied two foreign languages.

A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of
time.

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

The government has become more interested in arts education.
Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian
studies program was established.
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity.
You cannot mention a specific time.

Man has walked on the Moon.

Our son has learned how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
Scientists have split the atom.

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not
happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to
happen.

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
Bill has still not arrived.
The rain hasn't stopped.

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have
occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not
complete and more actions are possible.

The army has attacked that city five times.

I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
We have had many major problems while working on this project.
She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is
sick.

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in
our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
73
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this
with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far,
up to now, etc.

Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
They have had three tests in the last week.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three
different companies so far.
My car has broken down three times this week.

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year
before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last
year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it
requires Present Perfect.

I went to Mexico last year.

I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present
Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For
five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used
with the Present Perfect.

I have had a cold for two weeks.

She has been in England for six months.
Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

74
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs
and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are
sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only,
never, ever, still, just, etc.

You have only seen that movie one time.

Have you only seen that movie one time?

I have eaten…
I hate at the mall yesterday.
Yesterday- definite time- We know when. We use the Simple Past.

I have eaten Japanese food and I don’t like it.

Present Perfect- We don’t know when. Indefinite time in the past.

I’ve eaten Japanese.

I’ve seen that film.
He’s done the exercise.

INTERROGATIVE – Have you seen…?

NEGATIVE- I have not ( = I haven’t ) He has not(= He hasn’t )

I’ve eaten out.

You’ve watched TV.
He’s played cards.
She’s visited her in- laws.
We’ve visited our relatives.
You’ve read several articles.
They’ve paid several bills.
They’ve ridden on the subway.

Present Perfect x Simple Past

I’ve seen that movie.
I saw that movie yesterday.
I’ve watched TV.
I watched TV last night.
I’ve played soccer.
I played soccer last night.
I’ve been absent.
I was absent last week.
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I’ve seen that movie many times.
I’ve eaten out lots of times.
I’ve fixed my car a couple of times.
I’ve answered the phone quite a few times.
You’ve played that song over and over again.
We’ve seen it a zillion times.

Simple Past with ago- Definite time in the past.

Mary arrived one minute ago.- She’s just arrived.
John left five minutes ago. – He’s just left.
The kids woke up a little while ago. – they’ve just woken up.
Peter took a shower ten minutes ago. – He’s just taken a shower.

Class 32- Thirty- Two

Present Perfect
1. Indefinite time in the past.
2. Repeated action in the past.
3. Action has just finished.

My family has traveled to Italy many times.

We have called our friends many times.
We have phoned our friends several times.
We have been to Europe several times.
I’ve just turned on the air conditioner.
I’ve just heard that song.
The singer has just sung my favorite song.

I’ve seen that film many times.

I’ve eaten out lots of times.
I’ve eaten raw fish lots of times.
I’ve fought with my brother several times.
I’ve argued with my sister several times.
I’ve fixed my bike a couple of times.
I’ve come late to class a couple of times.
I’ve answered the phone quite a few times.
I’ve called him quite a few times.

76
Mary arrived one minute ago./ She’s just arrived.
John left five minutes ago. He’s just left.
The kids woke up a little while ago./ They’ve just woken up.
Peter took a shower ten minutes ago. / He’s just taken a shower.
I met Susan a short while ago./ I’ve just met her.

Adverbs of Frequency
Before the main verb/ After the verb to be.

I’m usually broke around the middle of the month.

I often use my credit card around the middle of the month.

Present Perfect-Short Answers

*No contractions in the affirmative. Contractions can be used in the negative.

Have you read this book?

Yes , I have. / No, I haven’t.

Has your sister seen Titanic?

Yes, she has. / No, She hasn’t.

Class 33-Thirty-Three
Question Tag with Present Perfect

They pay their bills, don’t they?

They have paid their bills, haven’t they?

You haven’t bought the car, have you?

You haven’t taken the test, have you?
The film hasn’t started, has it?

Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs are used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Most adverbs of
manner end in IY but there are exceptions.(fast/ hard/ well).Adverbs of manner tell
us how something happens. They are usually placed either after the main verb or after the
object.

77
He swims well.
He ran quickly.
She spoke softly.
James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
He plays the flute beautifully. (after the direct object)
He ate the chocolate cake greedily. (after the direct object)

An adverb of manner cannot be put between a verb and its direct object. The adverb must
be placed either before the verb or at the end of the clause.

He ate greedily the chocolate cake. [incorrect]

He ate the chocolate cake greedily. [correct]
He greedily ate the chocolate cake. [correct]
He gave us generously the money. [incorrect]
He gave us the money generously. [correct]
He generously gave us the money. [correct]

If there is a preposition before the verb's object, you can place the adverb of manner either
before the preposition or after the object.

The child ran happily towards his mother.

The child ran towards his mother happily.

Adverbs of manner should always come immediately after verbs which have no object
(intransitive verbs).

The town grew quickly after 1997.

He waited patiently for his mother to arrive.

These common adverbs of manner are almost always placed directly after the verb: well,
badly, hard, & fast

He swam well despite being tired.

The rain fell hard during the storm.

The position of the adverb is important when there is more than one verb in a sentence. If
the adverb is placed before or after the main verb, it modifies only that verb. If the adverb
is placed after a clause, then it modifies the whole action described by the clause. Notice
the difference in meaning between the following sentences.

78
 Example Meaning

She quickly agreed to re-type the letter. the agreement is quick

She agreed quickly to re-type the letter. the agreement is quick

She agreed to re-type the letter quickly. the re-typing is quick

He quietly asked me to leave the house. the request is quiet

He asked me quietly to leave the house. the request is quiet

He asked me to leave the house quietly. the leaving is quiet

ADJECTIVE ADVERB
usual Usually
frequent Frequently
happy Happily
slow Slowly
bad badly
fast Fast
good Well
hard Hard

I’m a happy person. I live happily with my family.= I get along well with my family.
*Adverbs are usually placed after the main verb or after the object if there one.

I drive carefully in town.

I speak quickly on the phone.
I walk slowly on the beach.

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Adjectives x Adverbs

Adjectives indicate what something or someone is ( or seems like), before nouns or after
verbs that describe the subject.

Examples:
✓ a beautiful song
✓ a pretty baby
✓ She’s beautiful.
✓ She smells nice.

Adverbs give more information about the action (how, when, etc…)
Examples:
✓ She sang beautifully.
✓ I’m terribly sorry.

Attention!
There are adjectives and adverbs with the same form, like fast, late, low:
Example: A fast car goes fast

Many adjectives + LY become adverbs of manner:

✓ The children are quiet./ They play quietly.

Some words that end in IY are adjectives, not adverbs.

Examples: friendly/ lovely/ lonely/ elderly/

Some other words that end in LY can be both adjectives and adverbs.
Examples: daily/ weekly/ early/ monthly/ yearly)

Attention: Be careful with adjectives/ adverbs with different meanings, such as hard/
hardly.
Learning English is hard./ I hardly ever visit my grandparents.

They celebrated noisily.

They’ve lived healthily.
They’ve spoken quickly.
They’ve hurt themselves badly.
They’ve cut themselves deeply.

He hasn’t behaved well.

He hasn’t left urgently.

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He hasn’t reacted calmly.
He hasn’t spent the weekend quietly.

The driver seems drunk.

The dress looks new.
The food smells good.
The cake tastes terrible.
*Attention to the use of some adjectives after certain verbs that describe the subject.

Class 34- Thirty- Four

MAY= CAN - Asking Permission

People are often uncertain about whether there is any difference between can and may
when these verbs are used to ask for or permission.
*may is more polite.

May I borrow your car?

May I smoke?
May I order the wine?
May I use your phone?
My I hold the baby?
May I take a look at your camera?

Can you show me some cameras?

Could you show me some video games?
May I see some cameras?

Offering help or service- May I help you?

On the phone- may I leave a message ,please?
Asking for a favor- May I borrow your car?

Can / Could –Review

Possibility
We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:
It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)
You can easily lose your way in the dark. (= People often lose their way in the dark)

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We use could as the past tense of can:
It could be very cold in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
You could lose your way in the dark. (=People often lost their way in the dark)
We use could to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:
If we don’t hurry we could be late. (=Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)
We use could have to show that something is/was possible now or at some time in the
past:
It’s ten o’clock. They could have arrived now.
They could have arrived hours ago.

Impossibility:
We use the negative can’t or cannot to show that something is impossible:
That can’t be true.
You cannot be serious.
We use couldn’t/could not to talk about the past:
We knew it could not be true.
He was obviously joking. He could not be serious.
Ability:
We use can to talk about someone’s skill or general abilities:
She can speak several languages.
He can swim like a fish.
They can’t dance very well.
We use can to talk about the ability to do something at a given time in
the present or future:
You can make a lot of money if you are lucky.
Help. I can’t breathe.
They can run but they can’t hide.
We use could to talk about past time:
She could speak several languages.
They couldn’t dance very well.

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Permission:
We use can to ask for permission to do something:
Can I ask a question, please?
Can we go home now?
Could is more formal and polite than can:
Could I ask a question please?
Could we go home now?
We use can to give permission:
You can go home now if you like.
You can borrow my pen if you like.
We use can to say that someone has permission to do something:
We can go out whenever we want.
Students can travel free.

Instructions and requests:

We use could you and as a polite way of telling or asking someone to do something:
Could you take a message please?
Could I have my bill please?
Can is less polite:
Can you take a message please?

Offers and invitations:

We use can I … to make offers:
Can I help you?
Can I do that for you?
We sometimes say I can ... or I could ... to make an offer:
I can do that for you if you like.
I can give you a lift to the station.

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Class 35- Thirty- Five

Present Perfect
Indefinite time in the past.(Time is not important. The Action is important)
Mary has borrow money from John.
They’ve quit smoking.

Repeated action in the past.

They’ve traveled abroad quite a few times.
They’ve dated a couple of times.

Action just finished.

They’ve just decided to get married.
They’ve just told their parents about their plans.

Present Perfect – Can also express an action that started in the past, continued to the
present and may continue in the future.
Present Perfect+ Since
My brother got a drive’s license last month.
He has driven my father’s car since last month.
They haven’t eaten well since Sunday.
They haven’t been to Europe since last Fall.

Present Perfect + For( Period of Time)

I bought my car last year.
I’ve had my car for one year.

I’ve lived here for two years.

I’ve been a teacher for five years.
I’ve driven for many years.

How far is the drugstore?- It’s ten blocks from here.

How long does it take to get there by bus? - It takes about 5 minutes.
How long does it take to walk there? – It takes half an hour.

How far is your house from here?

How long does it take to get there?

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Class 36- Thirty- six

Use DO for actions, obligations, and repetitive tasks.

Use MAKE for creating or producing something, and for actions you choose to do.
DO generally refers to the action itself, and MAKE usually refers to the result. For
example, if you “make breakfast,” the result is an omelet!

Do your homework carefully or you will make lots of mistakes.

To make progress, you have to make an effort and study hard.
Can you make the plane reservation for next week?
If you try you’ll make a lot of money.
If you try you’ll make a lot of friends.
I make dinner every day.
I cant cook, so I’ll do the dishes.
He is so lazy he says he cant do the housework.
Do yourself a favor, pay attention.
Don’t do silly things. Try to do your best!

85
Present Perfect + Yet=Action expected to happen
I haven’t lost any weight yet,… but I will!
I haven’t got in shape yet,… but I will!
Why are you hungry? – I haven’t eaten lunch yet.
Why are you in a hurry?- I haven’t finished the homework yet.
Why are you broke?- I haven’t received my salary.
Have you learned any slang yet? No, Not yet.
Have you seen that movie yet? No, Not yet.
Have you been to New York? No, Not yet.

Attention!
*to leave for a place
*to go to a place
*to arrive at a place
*to be in/at a place

Class 37- Thirty- Seven

Too( To show you can’t)/ Enough( To show sufficiency)

86
Are you going to buy that beautiful car?
No Way! Unfortunately I can’t, it’s too expensive for me.
I don’t have enough money.

The price is too high. – I don’t have enough money.

The film is too long. – I don’t have enough time.
The trip is too long. I don’t have enough gas.

Already
Already refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It
suggests that there is no need for repetition.

Have/ Has + already + Past Participle

I've already drunk three coffees this morning. (= and you're offering me another one!)
Don't write to John, I've already done it.

It is also used in questions:

Have you already written to John?

Has she finished her homework already?

Have you lost enough weight? – No, Not yet.

✓ I’ve already started a serious diet.
✓ I’ve already bought an exercise bike.

Already- Used in the interrogative to show surprise. (End of the sentence) An affirmative
answers is expected.

Examples: Has Mary arrived already?

Are they going to get married already?
I’ve already eaten a lot, but I still want dessert.
I’ve already traveled a lot, but I still want to see places.
I’ve already bought a lot of clothes, but I still want to buy a jacket.
I’ve already spent a lot of money, but I still want to buy some gifts.

87
Are you still hungry?
Are you still going to order dessert?
Are you still married to the same guy?
Are you still saving to buy an apartment?
*STILL- Used in the interrogative to show surprise.

Present Perfect Continuous

*Present perfect of to be + verb(ing) to emphasize the continuity of the question.
You have been waiting here for two hours.
Have you been waiting here for two hours?
You have not been waiting here for two hours.

Positive Negative Question

I have been sleeping. I have not been sleeping. Have I been sleeping?

You have been sleeping. You have not been sleeping. Have you been sleeping?

We have been sleeping. We have not been sleeping. Have we been sleeping?

They have been sleeping. They have not been sleeping. Have they been sleeping?

He has been sleeping. He has not been sleeping. Has he been sleeping?

She has been sleeping. She has not been sleeping. Has she been sleeping?

It has been sleeping. It has not been sleeping. Has it been sleeping?

Duration from the Past Until Now

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and
has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are
all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

They have been talking for the last hour.

She has been working at that company for three years.
What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
James has been teaching at the university since June.
We have been waiting here for over two hours!

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Recently, Lately

You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two
weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often
use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.

Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

She has been watching too much television lately.
Have you been exercising lately?
Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
Lisa has not been practicing her English.
What have you been doing?

IMPORTANT

Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If
you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling
alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have
you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense
in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is
possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous

tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in
continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you
must use Present Perfect.

Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
Sam has had his car for two years. Correct

Diana has been eating strange dishes since she started her career.
John has been eating like crazy since he stopped smoking.
Bill has been drinking heavily since his girlfriend dumped him.
Jack has been watching a lot of movies since he bought his DVD.

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Class 38- Thirty- Eight
Present Perfect x Simple Past

Have you had breakfast yet?( Important point: are you hungry now?)
Yes, I have. I had breakfast at 6 o’clock.( Important point- When)

Have you taken a shower yet?

Yes, I have. I took a shower a few minutes ago.

Present Perfect + Yet- The speaker is expecting that action to happen. Used with the
negative interrogative, Yet usually expresses surprise or impatience.
Haven’t you had breakfast yet?
Haven’t you picked up the tickets yet?
Haven’t you asked her out yesterday?

Present Perfect Simple Or Continuous

I’ve built a house. (It’s ready)
I’ve been building a house.( I’m still building it.)

My mother has baked a cake.(It’s ready, let’s eat!)

My mother has been baking a cake. (It smells good, but it’s not ready yet.)

He’s been working at the factory for ten years.

He’s been taking care of the farm for two years.

He’s been traveling for about two weeks.

He’s been dieting for about eight years.
He’s been driving for over five years.

They’ve been living here since they were born.

They’ve looking better since they had plastic surgery.
They’ve taking the bus since they crashed the car.
They’ve sleeping well since they stopped worrying.

If I have a chance, I’ll join a health club.

If I have a chance, I’ll start swimming.
If I have a chance, I’ll hire a personal trainer.

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Verb Review

Simple Present: I have lunch at 1 p.m. every day.

Present Continuous: I am having lunch now.
Future: I’ll have lunch at 1 p.m./ I’m going to have lunch at 1 p.m.
Past: I had lunch at 11 a.m. today.
Past Continuous: I was having lunch when Mary called.
Present Perfect: I’ve already had lunch.

Present Perfect Continuous: I’ve been having lunch at that restaurant for two years.

Some verbs are not usually used in the ING form: to believe, to belong, to forget, to hate,
to hear, to know, to like, to love, to need, to prefer, to remember, to see, to seem, to
think(to believe), to understand, to want.

Class 39- Thirty- Nine

Present perfect/ Just

An action just finished and just can refer to a couple of minutes, days or weeks.

Examples: She’s just called us.

The singer has just sung my favorite song.
I’ve just started a new diet.

Action at an unspecified time in the past.

He’s cut his hair. ( When did he cut?- I don’t know.)

He’s lived in Europe.

Repeated action in the past.

We’ve painted the house five times.

I’ve surfed the Net a few times.

Action that began in the past, goes on in the present and may continue into the future.

I’ve eaten at that restaurant since it opened.

I’ve lived here since I bought the house.

91
He’s diabetic but he eats a lot of sugar.
Although he’s diabetic, he eats a lot of sugar.

Although he’s diabetic, he doesn’t avoid sugar.

Although he wants to save, he spends a lot of money.
Although he’s obviously wrong, his mother keeps defending him.

*EVER= From the moment you were born, in your whole life.
What’s the best restaurant you’ve ever eaten at?
What’s the best food you’ve ever tasted?
What’s the most polluted city you’ve ever been to?
What’s the best car you’ve ever driven?

Class 40- forty

Warm up

Would you like desserts?

I’d like a piece of cherry pie, please.

I’d like a slice of chocolate cake, please.
I’d like some vanilla ice cream, please.

If he has a chance, he’ll drive a Mercedes.

If he has a chance, he’ll apply for a new job.
If he has a chance, he’ll send you an e-mail.
If he has a chance, he’ll give you a ring.
If he has a chance, he’ll write the company reports.

We’ve traveled abroad.

We’ve taken several trips.
We’ve made reservations.
We’ve called a travel agent.
We’ve bough tickets.
We’ve gotten the passports.

Why don’t you call your brother?

I’ve already called him.

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Why don’t you have another piece of pizza?
I’ve already eaten a lot.

Why don’t you take the dog for a walk?

I’ve already taken him for walk.

Why don’t you ask the boy to change the flat tire?
I’ve already asked him to do it.

I’m very hungry, I’m starving.

I’ve already asked the menu.
I’ve already ordered an appetizer.
I’ve already ordered the main dish.
I’ve already ordered some vegetable soup.
I’ve already some French fries.

What do you order when you’re on a diet?

Do you avoid eating potatoes when you want to slim down?
What do you avoid eating when you want to slim down?
Should diabetics avoid eating sugar?

He’s diabetics but he eats a lot of sugar.

Although he is diabetics, he doesn’t avoid sugar.

Although he wants to slim down, he stuffs himself with junk food.
Although he wants to save, he spends a lot of money.
Although he wants to get married, he cant resist beautiful girls.

93
Irregular Verbs List

Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle

arise arose arisen

awake awoke awoken

bear bore borne

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent

beset beset beset

bet bet/betted bet

bid bid bid

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

94
bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast broadcast

build built built

burn burnt/burned burnt/burned

burst burst burst

buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

cling clung clung

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

dive dived/dove dived

do did done

95
draw drew drawn

dream dreamt /dreamed dreamt /dreamed

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

fit fit fit

flee fled fled

fling flung flung

fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden

forget forgot forgotten

forego /forgo forewent foregone

forgive forgave forgiven

96
forsake forsook forsaken

foretell foretold foretold

freeze froze frozen

get got got /gotten

give gave given

go went gone

grind ground ground

grow grew grown

hang hung hung

hang hanged hanged

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

97
kneel knelt knelt

know knew known

lay laid laid

lead led led

lean leant /leaned leant /leaned

leap leapt /leaped leapt /leaped

learn learnt /learned learnt /learned

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

light lit /lighted lit /lighted

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

misspell misspelt /misspelled misspelt /misspelled

mistake mistook mistaken

98
mow mowed mowed/mown

overcome overcame overcome

overdo overdid overdone

overtake overtook overtaken

overthrow overthrew overthrown

pay paid paid

plead pleaded/plead pleaded/plead

prove proved proved/proven

put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

rid rid rid

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

99
S

saw sawed sawn /sawed

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewn/sewed

shake shook shaken

shear sheared sheared/shorn

shed shed shed

shine shone shone

shoot shot shot

show showed shown

shrink shrank shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

100
sink sank sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slay slew slayed /slain

slide slid slid

sling slung slung

slit slit slit

smell smelt /smelled smelt /smelled

smite smote smitten

sow sowed sown /sowed

speak spoke spoken

speed sped /speeded sped /speeded

spell spelt /spelled spelt /spelled

spend spent spent

spill spilt /spilled spilt /spilled

spin spun spun

spit spat spat

split split split

spoil spoilt /spoiled spoilt /spoiled

101
spread spread spread

spring sprang sprung

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

sting stung stung

stink stank stunk

stride strode stridden

strike struck struck

strive strove striven

swear swore sworn

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swelled /swollen

swim swam swum

swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

102
think thought thought

thrive thrived /throve thrived

throw threw thrown

thrust thrust thrust

tread trod trodden

understand understood understood

uphold upheld upheld

upset upset upset

wake woke /waked woken /waked

wear wore worn

weave wove /weaved woven /weaved

wed wedded /wed wedded /wed

weep wept wept

win won won

wind wound wound

withdraw withdrew withdrawn

withhold withheld withheld

withstand withstood withstood

103
wring wrung wrung

write wrote written

104