USED OF BLACK TONER AND

A Thesis proposal
Presented to the faculty of the
College of Hospitality Management and Tourism
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Siniloan, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science

in Hotel and Restaurant Management

JAINARE M. LINOG

2018

1
 MISSION, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Vision

The Laguna State Polytechnic University shall be the center of development

transforming lives and community.

Mission

Laguna State Polytechnic University provides quality education through

responsive instruction, distinctive research, sustainable extension and production

services for improved life towards nation building.

Core Values

Spirited

Transparent

Upright

Disciplined

Efficient

Noble

Trustworthy

Skillful

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

TITLE PAGES

VISION, MISSION, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

APPOVAL SHEET

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF APPENDIX PLATES

Chapter

1 PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Statement of the Problem

Literature Review

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework of the Study

Definition of Terms

Significance of the Study

Scope and Limitation

3
2 METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Subject and Sampling Technique

Data Gathering Instrument

Data Gathering Procedure

Data Processing and Statistical Analysis

4
 Acknowledgement

Foremost of all I would to give thanks to our almighty god…….

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my adviser________ the

continuous support of my study and research, for his patience, motivation,

enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of

research and writing of this thesis.

To his Language critic, _____________for giving time and assistance in

finishing his manuscript

to his Technical Editor, ____________for being considerate in those times

that the researcher is plunged into deep depression due to stress encountered

during their thesis defense.

To my Statistician __________for being a good statistician for giving good

statistical solutions and answers into the researchers thesis

To my supportive parents, _________________, for the unconditional love, for

their guidance in getting through such hindrances; for the moral support they gave;

for the wisdom to distinguish what is right from what is wrong.

To my __________for giving moral support and financial assistance when

he needed it.

To the respondents where the study conducted for actively participating to

finish the study

5
 Dedication

This work is lovingly dedicated first and foremost to our Almighty God for

the care and for giving knowledge and strength to accomplish this study. To my

parents_______________ (To my_______________ To my_________________

To my ______________. To My special someone(

--------------------------Who keeps on cheering him up during the conduct of

the study and giving trust and support.

<MRD

6
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
College of Hospitality Management and Tourism

Siniloan Campus

CERTIFICATE OF CONTENT VALIDATION

This is to certify that the instrument for the study entitled “CUSTOMER’S
AWARENESS IN HALAL FOODS IN SELECTED FAST FOOD AT ERMITA
MABINI MANILA” prepared and submitted by _____________ has been
evaluated, is conform to the required standards for scholarly research.

In view thereof, we, evaluators have affixed our signature below as testament of
the examination and approval we made hereto.

Issued on this day of ___________, At LSPU Siniloan Campus, Siniloan,

Laguna.

Adviser Subject specialist

Technical editor/ RIU- head Statistician

Program Coordinator English Critic

Chairman

Dean, College of Hospitality Management and Tourism

7
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

There are currently many methods available for development of latent fingerprints

on various substrates. Specially-designed fingerprint powder, for example, has

been found to be well suited for fingerprint development on hard, non-porous

surfaces (Fisher, 2003). Other methods have been found to work well with other

types of substrates. However, despite many available techniques, certain

substrates have been perceived as not suitable for fingerprint development. This

research aims to address the issues associated with fingerprint evidence in sexual

assault cases, show the limitations of current procedures, and assess the potential

of new advances in fingerprint development techniques. The goal is to improve

enhancement techniques through exploiting more potent means of visualizing

latent fingerprints on condoms

The aim of this paper is to increase the awareness of customers towards

halal food, some question that might be arise is how well the knowledge and

understanding of customers towards halal product and how the information about

halal product will influence their buying decision to choose halal product in their

daily lives. In attempt to answer these questions, the following objectives are aimed

to find out the relationship between the information and their purchase decision on

halal product and to find out the dominant factors that can increase the awareness

of customers towards halal product and food.

8
 It this statement that the researcher found interest to determine customer’s

awareness in halal foods in selected Fast food at Ermita Mabini Manila.

Background of the study

The term Halal and Haram were not popular and were not used in the world

food industry commonly. Today, it has been great increase known as an important

dominant element of the food industry. However, when the population increases it

outpaced the Halal food supply and Muslim trader was compelled to import foods

from agriculturally leading countries which include Philippines.

The Halal marketplace is emerging as one of the most profitable and

influential market arenas in the world food business today. The word “Halal” is not

just a purely issue or guarantee that product is permitted for Muslims people but it

has become a global symbol for quality assurance and lifestyle choice. (E-Halal

organization 2010) “

According to Republic Act no. 10817 sections 9. Accreditation of Halal

Certification As the agency mandated to handle the accreditation of certification

9
bodies, inspection bodies, and testing and calibration laboratories, the Philippine

Accreditation Bureau (PAB) is hereby empowered to: (a) formulate accreditation

policies and guidelines which shall govern the accreditation of Halal certification

bodies; and (b) grant or deny accreditation of Halal certification bodies and

suspend or withdraw such accreditation in accordance with established policies

and guidelines.

Theoretical Framework

This study will use the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) as a

basic underpinning theory to support the relationship between halal concept and

other antecedents with intention to purchase by customers. TPB has been widely

recognized and applied in food-related studies (Sparks & Shepherd,1992; Verbeke

& Vackier, 2004) and halal food study (Bonne & Verbekem,2008). Similarly,

previous studies on halal purchase intention apply the TPB as its theoretical

foundation (see, e.g., Alam & Sayuti, 2011; Aziz, Amin,& Isa, 2010). According to

TPB, there are three major components that influence human attitude to behave.

The components are attitude, subjective norms, and behavioral control. TPB

provides guidelines for predicting human social behavior

.In the context of this study, it is predicted that humans behave accord-ing

to a predicted framework as suggested by Ajzen (1991) in purchasing halal food.

The proposed framework for the study may not translate the TPB directly but it

10
helps to explain the way in which individual human beliefs or perceptions are

determined or influenced by the individual’s wishto perform that behavior. The

most relevant component of TPB is attitude toward behavior.

Subsequently, attitude toward behavior, which originated from a collective

behavioral belief such as belief that the product is halal may lead to favorable

attitudes such as having intention to purchase. Subjec-tive norm is, another

function of belief, which is perceived social pressure to engage or not to engage in

that particular behavior. However, in the context of this study subjective norms as

well as perceived behavioral control are less relevant because this study integrates

some of the basic assumptions of mar-keting by examining the relationships

among three key variables that are deemed to be important in understanding halal

concept related to purchase intention.

concept receives growing attention among non-Muslim consumers due

toseveral reasons, such as how food is prepared in a hygienic and safe environ-

ment as well as the slaughtering process, which is performed according tohumane

animal treatment. Hence, similar to the Muslim community, non-Muslims perceive

halal as the standard of choice. The availability of halal food around the world and

the growing numbers of non-Muslim halal food manufacturers has provided an

indication that the demand for halal productsis strong and increasing every year.

Therefore, the study of halal concepts among non-Muslims is critically important

as marketing the halal product can provide market expansion and growth to food

manufacturers especially in the non-Muslim market.

11
 Asnon-Muslims are able to accept halal products, the factors that influence

the non-Muslim to purchase halal products demand further research. In parti-cular,

determining the attitude of non-Muslims and their behavior towardhalal foods is

vital when marketing halal products, especially in the contextof intention to

purchase

A study conducted by Luthfi and Imam(2010) took a look at the intention to

switch from products without certified halal labels within a wide array of purchase

context, especially in the context of food and medicine products. A recent study by

Shaari and Arifin (2010)only looked at the halal purchase intention component in

general without empirically examining the impact of each component on purchase

intention. Thus, the causal relationships between halal components with intention

to purchase have been only conceptually discussed.

This study offers an integrated approach to understanding customer

behavior and extends the theoretical and empirical evidence on the causal

relationship between the proposed constructs. Accordingly, are search model is

proposed and tested using a structural equation mode lin the study. It is hoped that

the findings derived from the model will serve as the basis for the development of

halal marketing strategies, especially in the context of halal food.

12
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies that give

relevant information helped the researcher in establishing the justification and

additional insights to the study under consideration.

Every person has unique characteristics that distinguish him or her from

everyone else (Fish, Miller, & Braswell, 2010). These characteristics include

exceptional design on the fingertips and palms of hands, as well as soles of feet.

The impressions from these designs have been used for thousands of years for

the purpose of identification (Holder, Robinson, & Laub, 2011). Although fingertips,

palms of hands, and soles of feet are equally effective for the purpose of

identification, the focus of this thesis will be fingertips.

There are three categories of fingertip impressions, according to Geberth

(2006). These categories are visible prints, plastic prints, and latent prints. Geberth

states the visible print occurs when the ridged surface of a finger is contaminated

13
by some substance and that finger comes into contact with another surface,

leaving a print visible to a naked eye. The plastic print is an impression print that

occurs when the finger is pressed into something soft, such as clay, according to

Geberth. Finally, the latent print occurs from natural skin secretions (Geberth,

2006).

According to The Report of the Expert Working Group on Human Factors in

Latent Print Analysis (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2012), fingerprints found at

crime scenes usually are latent prints. These prints are the exact replica of the

friction ridges (minutiae) that contacted the surface on which the print was found

(Swanson, Chamelin, Territo, & Taylor, 2009). Swanson et al. contend that latent

prints are fragile and can easily be wiped off the surface. Therefore, special care

must always be taken when handling these types of fingerprints.

Swanson et al. assert since a fingerprint from one finger has never been

known to duplicate another person's fingerprint, it is possible to identify a person

only from one latent fingerprint impression. According to Swanson et al., there are

"as many as 150 ridge characteristics in an averaged-sized fingerprint" (p. 110)

and several bases for identification of fingerprints exist. Classification and

identification of fingerprints is possible because of various features of the friction

ridge lines. These features are subdivided into class characteristics and individual

characteristics (Osterburg & Ward, 2004).

The major fingerprint patterns according to Swanson et al. are: plain arch, tented

arch, loop, double loop, central pocket loop, plain whorl, and accidental. Of all

14
patterns, approximately 5 to 10 percent are arches, 60 to 65 percent are loops,

and 25 to 30 percent are whorls. Furthermore,

according to Osterburg and Ward (2004), arches, loops, and whorls are

subdivided as follows: arches can be plain or tented, loops can be radial or ulnar,

and whorls can be plain, central pocket loop, double loop, or accidental. Finally,

loops are even further divided by counting ridges between the delta and the core.

Whorls are also further divided through ridge tracing, resulting either in a meet,

inner tracing, or outer tracing, Osterburg and Ward assert. Individual

characteristics on the other hand come from ridge characteristics, also known as

minutia. Individual characteristics make identification possible through comparison

of a fingerprint from a crime scene with a known fingerprint. In contrast, when a

fingerprint pattern collected at a crime scene differs from suspected person’s

pattern on each finger, (i.e. all of his patterns are arches) but the fingerprint from

a crime scene is a loop, the suspected person is definitively eliminated as the

source and no further fingerprint analysis is needed. On the other hand, if patterns

are the same, further analysis is needed (Osterburg & Ward, 2004).

The quality of a fingerprint being analyzed for evidentiary purposes is of

utmost importance. A fingerprint that has most of its ridge details preserved, such

as bifurcations, deltas, ridge endings, and islands, has a better chance of being

matched to a suspect (Saferstein, 2015). According to Barnum and Klasey (2008),

many variables effect the quality of the print, the major one being the surface on

which the latent

15
 fingerprint is deposited. Dusty surfaces and certain substrates tend to be

resistant to latent prints, whereas clean and smooth surfaces are ideal, Barnum

and Klasey assert. The number of individual characteristics necessary to identify

the suspect vary among criminalists and a specific standard has not been set in

the United States to this date, according to Saferstein (2015). Saferstein further

asserts in the U.S., a fingerprint specialist assigned to compare and examine

fingerprints makes the ultimate decision whether or not there is a match. In

contrast, several European countries have agreed on a predetermined number of

fingerprint points needed for a positive identification.

France for example has set this number at 17, England at 16, and Spain at

10 to 12 (Osterburg & Ward, 2004). In Netherlands, 12 minutiae points are

necessary for a positive identification, while in South Africa that number has been

set at 7 points (Girard, 2008). In the cases that were recovered latent fingerprints

are of insufficient quality for identification through Automated Fingerprint

Identification System (AFIS) or by comparison, these fingerprints can still be of

value as they can help determine many other facts important to the investigation.

Dhall and Kapoor (2016) suggest the ridge density of a fingerprint is a

potential tool for sex identification. In their research, Dhall and Kapoor compared

the ridge density of 245 males and 246 females and discovered the females had

a significantly higher ridge density than males. Dhall and Kapoor state, “The

accuracy of sex identification was more than 95%” (p. 428). Other studies support

the possibility of sex identification through analysis of fingerprint residue.

Buchanan,

16
 Asano, and Bohanon (1996) and Hartzell-Baguley, Hipp, Morgan, and

Morgan (2007) allege some compounds contained in fingerprints could be used

for the purpose of sex differentiation. Besides the possibility of sex identification,

other studies (Baniuk, 1990, Barros et al., 2013, De Alcaraz-Fossoul et al., 2013;

Popa et al., 2010) have demonstrated it is also possible to determine the age of

fingerprints through analyzing the color contrast and the width of ridges, as well as

the number of discontinuities and microscopic minutiae. Finally, fingerprints can

reveal valuable chemical information through “touch chemistry” (Kaplan-

Sandquist, LeBeau, & Miller, 2015, p. 611).

According to Kaplan-Sandquist et al., touch chemistry refers to the analysis

of fingerprint residues to provide chemical information about the person’s use of

illegal drugs and exposure to explosives. This analysis is possible because the

chemical composition of fingerprints differs from the chemical composition of

sweat, because fingerprints originate from a complex combination of composites

that initiate from different glands rather than exclusively from eccrine glands

(Girod, Ramotowski, & Weyermann, 2012).

In their book, Holder, Robinson, and Laub (2011) suggest the age of the

person who deposited fingerprints can be determined from examining squalene

composition of the deposited prints. These authors explain that concentration of

squalene changes with age, beginning at 9.9% for newborns and reaching 6.2%

in children between 2 and 4 years old. In children between the ages of 4 and 8,

the concentration rises to 7.7% and increases to a maximum of 12% in adults

(Holder et al., 2011).

17
 In their book, Holder, Robinson, and Laub (2011) also state, “Friction ridge

skin impressions were used as proof of a person’s identity in China perhaps

as early as 300 B.C., in Japan as early as A.D. 702, and in the United States since

1902” (Ch. 1, p. 7). A Chinese document produced sometime between 221 and

206 B.C., Holder et al. assert, describes how handprints were used as a type of

evidence in burglary investigations. Chinese have also used ridge impressions to

mark authorship of various writings. Documents show after the Chinese, Japanese

and Indians have followed suit and discovered value in friction skin detail in A.D.

702 and A.D. 1637. Europeans have first published observations pertaining to

human friction ridge skin only in the late 17th century. The Italian physiologist

Marcello Malpighi first noted the purpose of ridges on the skin was to improve

friction when handling objects and to improve traction between the soles of feet

and the walking surface (Holder et al., 2011) Through the end of 18th and

beginning of 19th centuries, several Europeans studied fingerprints and their

uniqueness but only a few published papers suggesting fingerprints could be used

for the purpose of criminal investigation: “Faulds was the first person to publish in

a journal the value of friction ridge skin for individualization, especially its use as

evidence” (Holder et al., 2011, Ch. 1, p. 12). In 1892, Sir Francis Galton, a cousin

of Charles Darwin, was the first person to publish a book on fingerprints. In his

book, Galton defined and named specific fingerprint minutia and later these details

became known as Galton details (Dutelle, 2011). The first crime solved by

fingerprint evidence was a murder committed in Argentina in 1892 (Dutelle, 2011),

but it was not until 1898 that the first conviction was achieved in a criminal case

18
based on fingerprint evidence (Holder et al., 2011). In the year of 1900, Holder et

al. state, the individualization of criminals by fingerprints became the norm in

England and quickly became the norm in other countries as well.

In the United States, the systematic use of fingerprints began in 1902 by

Doctor Henry P. de Forest and 1903 by Captain James H. Parke. Forest used

fingerprints to keep track of civil service test takers for the purpose of fraud

prevention, whereas Parke used fingerprints to keep track of prisoners being

released from incarceration. In the United States, People v. Jennings (1911)

criminal case became the first case that concerned admissibility of fingerprint

expert testimony in court. In essence, the ruling of this case was that fingerprint

identification was in fact a science and that fingerprint experts could testify to it.

Later, People v. Crispi (1911) became the first case where a conviction was

achieved solely based on fingerprint evidence (Holder et al., 2011). Other

noteworthy figures who contributed to advancement of fingerprint science were

Doctor Edmond Locard, Harris Hawthorne Wilder, and Bert Wentworth.

In several articles Locard “explained the theory of poroscopy and how the use of

pores could supplement a fingerprint comparison by lending supporting data”

(Holder et al.,

2011, Ch. 1, p. 19). Wilder and Wentworth on the other hand published a

book in 1918, demonstrating the value of fingerprints as well as how the science

and law enforcement “could function together” (Holder et al., 2011, Ch. 1, p. 19).

Other researchers of the 20th century have contributed to the field of fingerprint

19
science by studying fetal skin, relationship between epidermal ridge dimension and

bone dimension of the hand of the fetus, defining ridge shapes, and examining

incipient ridges (Holder et al., 2011). During the 20th century, the use of

fingerprints for the purpose of criminal investigation spread throughout the world.

In the course of several decades the science of fingerprints evolved from primitive

methods to sophisticated techniques that allow visualization on the most difficult

surfaces. The ways of storing known fingerprints evolved from manual cataloging

to computer databases, which store fingerprints of millions of people and allow

automated comparisons. Even with the introduction and advancement of

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) techniques in forensic science, fingerprints continue

to play an important role in the identification of criminals. A twenty-three-year-old

cold case murder in Utah, for example, was solved in 2014 through fingerprints left

at a crime scene by the killer’s child (Curry, 2014).

1.3. Composition of Fingerprint Residue

First, any residue touched by fingers has the potential of being transferred

onto another surface through touch as well. Hence, the basic principle behind

composition of fingerprint residue is that it can contain literally any chemical

constituent from “exogenous sources” (Friesen, 2015, p. 498). In his article,

Friesen gives an example of cooking oil adhering to fingers from a breakfast donut.

Similarly, fingerprints deposited onto a surface by someone who had just

manipulated a lubricated condom will likely contain lubricant residue. Friesen

states another common constituent found in latent fingerprints is residue from

20
personal care products. Other types of residues found in fingerprints come from

endogenous sources,

according to Friesen (2015). The author alleges these residues are more

predictable as they originate from four glands: eccrine, apocrine, apoeccrine, and

sebaceous. The latter three produce lipophilic fatty and waxy substances, while

the former exudes “classic sweat, an aqueous solution of electrolytes and

hydrophilic compounds such as urea” (p. 498). In essence, Friesen asserts almost

all common chemicals can be found in latent fingerprints.

One interesting fact Friesen (2015) ascertains is that a particular mix of

chemicals found in fingerprint residue can be as individualistic as the

fingerprint itself. While this may be true, further research in fingerprint residue

composition, however, is unlikely to lead to the discovery of a new method of

individualization, since other investigations have shown that composition of

fingerprints is affected after deposition as well, by “chemical, physical and

biological” modifications (Girod, Ramotowski, & Weyermann, 2012, p. 11). These

post-deposition alterations will certainly make it challenging to compare residue

found at a crime scene against the residue of a suspect.

Another interesting fact is that fingerprint residue composition of children

differs from fingerprint residue composition of adults, producing noticeable

differences in the quality of enhanced fingerprints between adults and children.

Enhanced fingerprints of children tend to be of poorer quality (Girod et al., 2012).

21
 The skin everywhere on human body is the same, as it is composed of three

layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (Holder et al., 2011). Epidermis is the

top layer. During the process of desquamation “different proteins are expressed”

(Girod et al., 2012, p. 12), which then transfer to fingerprint residue when the finger

is pressed against a substrate. Girod et al. further contend the proteins exchanged

during desquamation process have not been explored well, since only one study

identified expressed proteins during this process in fingerprint residue: “keratins 1

and 10 (56 and 64 kDa) and cathepsin D (the 48 and 52 kDa forms)” (p. 12). The

dermis contains five million secretory glands whose secretions reach the skin

surface through epidermal pores, according to Girod et al. Among these glands

are apocrine, eccrine, and sebaceous glands. The contribution of apocrine glands

to fingerprint residue remains unclear but eccrine glands play a major role in

fingerprint residue composition, as 99% of eccrine secretions are comprised of

water. Unlike the eccrine glands, sebaceous glands, which secrete sebum, are not

present on hands at all. Hence, sebum is transferred onto fingertips only after

contacting other parts of the body, such as face and hair (Girod et al., 2012). Girod

et al. (2012) reveal the most abundant group of compounds that comprise

fingerprint residue and that come from eccrine glands are proteins/polypeptides.

Amino acids also are present in fingerprint residue and have been thoroughly

studied. Lactic, phenol, uric, and creatinine acids, as well as vitamins and choline

also were identified in fingerprint residue. Finally, chloride, sodium, potassium,

ammonia, calcium, sulphide, and magnesium were also identified as components

(Girod et al.).

22
 Per Girod et al. (2012), the following compounds of sebaceous origin are

present in fingerprint residues: squalene, wax esters, triglycerides, phospholipids,

glycerides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and free fatty acids. Various

contaminants, such as food residue, cosmetic products, dust, bacteria spores, and

nicotine also are often present in fingerprint residue. It is possible to find illicit

drugs, explosive materials, gunshot residue, aspirin, diazepam, and aspirin within

composition of fingerprint residue, Girod et al. note. However, those authors

acknowledge “such applications have a limited usefulness in practice because they

do not correspond to routine casework” (p. 17).

1.4. Latent Fingerprint Processing Methods

Throughout the years many latent fingerprint processing methods have

been identified and developed. These methods mostly vary by substrate; however,

some methods have been determined to work on several different types of

substrates. Fingerprint powders, for example, such as black powder, fluorescent

powder, and magnetic powder, have been determined to work on many surfaces

with varying degrees of success, while chemicals such as ninhydrin have been

identified to be most suited for paper (Saferstein, 2014). 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one,

also known as DFO, has been “identified as the best fluorescent reagent for

fingerprint development” (Holder, Robinson, and Laub, 2011, Ch. 7, p. 18). This

chemical is reportedly better than ninhydrin in that it produces a higher number of

quality fingerprints, Holder et al. contend. Ninhydrin and DFO both react with amino

acids present in fingerprints. Nevertheless, these authors allege to achieve optimal

23
results it is recommended to use DFO and ninhydrin in combination with each other

on porous surfaces such as paper.

Another analogue of ninhydrin is a chemical known as 1,2-Indanedione.

This chemical produces more fingerprints than DFO and ninhydrin in combination,

but the indaneodione-DFO blend is capable of developing even more fingerprints

than 1,2-Indanedione alone (Holder et al., 2011). Another analogue of ninhydrin is

known as 5-Methylthioninhydrin (5-MTN). Like ninhydrin, 5-MTN also reacts with

amino acids but its advantage is in fluorescence. 5-MTN glows with an intensity of

DFO (Holder et al., 2011). While ninhydin and its analogues work well on regular

paper, chemically treated papers treated with ninhydrin, DFO, or 5-MTN, will

unfavorably result in blackening and destruction of writing, according to Holder et

al. Hence, special methods have been devised specifically for paper

encompassing thermal paper and carbonless specialty papers. These methods

are known as “DFO-Dry”, “Nin-Dry”, indanedione formulation, and 2-

Isononylnihydrin (INON). Nin-Dry, DFO-Dry, and indanedione formulation are

similar processes in that they produce fluorescence, whereas INON treatment

results in “somewhat less intensely colored than a traditionally ninhydrin-

developed print” (Holder et al., 2011, Ch. 7, p. 23).

Another method of fingerprint development is chemical and physical

treatment such as use of fluorescent powders, dye stains, and chemical reagents

designed to produce fluorescence. According to Holder et al. (2011), good results

24
can be achieved using these treatments. Some of the chemicals will develop

fingerprints that are visible without any special lights, but other chemicals such as

DFO, rhodamine 6G, and basic yellow 40 will require a light source (Swanson,

Chamelin, Territo, & Taylor, 2009). Different light sources of diverse wavelengths

are used to visualize fingerprints with the above listed chemicals. Yellow, orange,

and red viewing goggles and photo lenses are required to make it possible to view

and photograph fluorescent fingerprints. These colors of lenses are suited to be

used with different ranges of wavelengths. Yellow filters, for example, “are used

for incident light wavelengths from UV to 445 nm, orange filters for light sources of

445-515 nm, and red filters for 515-550 nm” (Holder et al., 2011, Ch. 7, p. 30). An

alternative to light sources are forensic lasers. Geberth (2006) states these devices

produce a very “high-energy beam of light capable of causing fluorescence” (p.

192). Due to their size, however, these devices are not suitable for field use and

are expensive, Geberth asserts. According to Swanson et al. (2009), lasers are

suitable for both, porous and nonporous surfaces. Even cloth and documents

almost 30 years old have been known to yield fingerprints using lasers, Swanson

et al. contend. The most common method of fingerprint visualization is to “dust”

a surface or an object using fingerprint powder (Osterburg & Ward, 2004). The

application of

powder involves "finely divided material and the subsequent removal of the

excess powder by brushing, blowing or tapping" (Sodhi & Kaur, 2001, p. 172). This

technique, unlike a chemical method, relies on adherence of fine powder particles

to the deposit components of fingerprints and dates back to the early nineteenth

25
century (Omar & Ellsworth, 2012). The effectiveness of powder adherence to the

fingerprint depends on the size and shape of the particles, Sodhi and Kaur allege.

They also allege the most effective fingerprint powder particle size range is

between 1 and 10 microns. Omar and Ellsworth also believe this range of particle

sizes is optimal for fingerprint development. Upon locating latent prints, a crime

scene technician applies fingerprint powder onto a surface with a fingerprint brush

and by doing so either enhances ridge pattern or destroys the print by

“overworking” it with too much powder. The technician then applies special

transparent fingerprint lifting tape over the visualized latent print and transfers the

latent fingerprint onto a small paper card. The lifting tape is the most common

method of collecting latent fingerprints from non-movable objects

(Saferstein, 2014), such as a wall inside of a residence; however, other products

could be used as well to lift fingerprints. On occasion this lifting tape method is a

success, but sometimes the lifted print appears worse on a card than under an

oblique white light, before the print was dusted with a fingerprint brush (Frost,

2005). Regardless, the brush-and-powder technique is the most common method

of visualizing latent

fingerprints (Fish, Miller, & Braswell, 2010).

Before discussing different types of powders, it is important to understand

the

basics of the brush-and-powder technique. Per Gardner (2012), it is

recommended to

26
 use a brand new fingerprint brush each time latent fingerprints are lifted. A

new brush

can help avoid cross-contamination, Gardner alleges, because an old brush

is capable

of transferring DNA from one crime scene to the next. Gardner's statement

is

supported by Geberth (2006) who asserts, "DNA can be obtained from

fingerprints..."

(p. 609), thereby suggesting DNA can be carried from one latent fingerprint

to another

surface with a single fingerprint brush. Next, to avoid cross-contamination,

Texas Tech University, Michael Radford, December 2016

15

fingerprint brush should never be dipped into a plastic jar containing

fingerprint

powder. According to Gardner, an old brush placed inside a container with

fingerprint

powder contaminates the powder in the container by introducing DNA from

another

27
 crime scene. In addition, Gardner alleges dipping a fingerprint brush into a

jar with

powder damages bristle ends of the brush. The bristles of a fingerprint brush

are

sensitive and permit visualization of fingerprints when the brush is applied

to a surface

with latent fingerprint on it. Damaged bristles can certainly yield inferior

results,

producing latent prints that are insufficient for identification. Next, to apply

fingerprint

powder onto a brush before dusting for prints, a crime scene investigator

should

sprinkle powder from the jar onto a clean sheet of paper. A fingerprint brush

should

then be gently dipped into the powder on a sheet of paper, avoiding picking

up excess

amounts of powder. Finally, a brush that has been used with one color

powder should

never be used with a different color powder (Gardner, 2012).

28
 Bi-chromatic powders can be used on any flat nonporous surface, whether

dark

or light. The advantage of bi-chromatic powder is that the color of the

fingerprint

developed using this powder will be prominent on any color surface,

replacing the

necessity of acquiring multiple different colors for a variety of surfaces

(Gardner,

2012). On a light surface, fingerprints visualized using bi-chromatic powder

will

appear dark, while on a black or another dark surface they will appear gray

or silver.

This unique characteristic might become valuable when dusting condoms

that are

made of dark latex.

Texas Tech University, Michael Radford, December 2016

16

Magnetic powders are useful because they do not create a mess unlike

fine

29
 particle powders that become airborne at the slightest movement of the

fiberglass

brush. Magnetic powders also are better on certain surfaces where regular

powders are

ineffective, a Styrofoam cup for example. Magnetic powders often produce

superior

ridge detail; however, when fingerprints are lifted with a lifting tape that

detail often

appears unclear. Price et al. (2014) have tried magnetic powder brushing

on used

prophylactics after fuming with cyanoacrylate ester and "minimal ridge

definition was

developed" (p. 201) as a result of this technique. Fluorescent powders

produce

superior contrast, but they require expensive equipment for visualization,

according to

Gardner (2012). There are, however, many other nonconventional methods

that are

capable of developing quality latent fingerprints.

30
 Badiye and Kapoor (2015) suggest that Robin powder blue is a new

effective

method in latent fingerprint development on various surfaces. This powder

is widely

known in India as "neel" and it is used as a post-wash whitening agent.

These authors

allege this powder is inexpensive, user friendly, and nontoxic. Most

importantly, it

produces good results when applied with a fingerprint brush to various

surfaces.

Badiye and Kapoor write, "It was shown that this powder gives very good

results,

even on most of the intricate and multi-colored surfaces tested" (p. 1).

Multiple

photographs of dusted surfaces included in the article certainly support

Badiye and

Kapoor's claim.

There also are other nonconventional fingerprinting methods that use

natural

31
 substances rather than specially developed chemical compounds.

Thonglon and

Texas Tech University, Michael Radford, December 2016

17

Chaikum (2010) conducted a study where they tested if natural magnetite

found in

Thailand could be used as a substitute for conventional magnetic powder in

the

detection of latent fingerprints. They discovered that mixing natural

magnetite with

nickel powder in a certain ratio produces a mixture sufficient to be used in

detection of

latent fingerprints. Further, they found that developed fingerprints on

nonporous

surfaces appeared to be of quality comparable to that of regular magnetic

powder.

Thonglon and Chaikum verified their results through AFIS and their final

conclusion

was that a mixture of natural magnetite and nickel powder developed high

quality

32
 latent fingerprints.

In his book, Gardner (2012) discusses the use of fluorescent fingerprint

powder

for visualizing latent fingerprints. According to Gardner's text, it seems that

fluorescent powder is a necessity in modern crime scene investigation that

allows

investigators photograph fingerprints that otherwise would have been

difficult to

visualize. An alternative to fluorescent powder is phosphorescent powder

which does

not require alternate light source (ALS) equipment, camera filters, and other

accessories that are required for use with fluorescent powder (Scott, 2013).

According to Scott (2013), the advantage of phosphorescent powder over

traditional fluorescent powder is not only in cost but in overall better contrast

of the

print. Sodhi and Kaur (2001) are in agreement with Scott, stating the

advantage of

phosphorescent powder is that it is useful for visualization on multicolored

surfaces

33
 that would otherwise present a contrast problem. In addition, Sodhi and

Kaur allege

phosphorescent powder is better for developing weak prints but is not

suitable for field

Texas Tech University, Michael Radford, December 2016

18

use. These authors, however, fail to explain why they believe

phosphorescent powder

is not suitable for use in the field.

A phosphorescent object, unlike a fluorescent object, will emit light even

after

the incoming UV light has been removed. Scott (2013) writes he discovered

through

trial and error that the best particle size for phosphorescent powder was 10

microns.

He alleges that particles of less than 10 microns will fill in between the ridges

while

larger particles will glow too brightly and decrease the photograph exposure

time.

34
 Scott states another problem is that the phosphorescent powder he used

(Ultra Green

V10) was too heavy for his fiberglass brush or feather brush. In another

study Liu,

Zhang, Zhang, and Zhai (2009) suggested that a squirrel hair brush may be

a better

applicator for phosphorescent powders.

Liu et al. (2009) have conducted experiments with europium doped

strontium

aluminate phosphors (ESAs), which is similar to Ultra Green V10 described

in Scott

(2013). ESA powder, Liu et al. note, also has shown great promise due to

its afterglow

effect observable without a filter or specialized lighting. In addition to this

property,

Liu et al. suggest another advantage of phosphor powder is that it can be

used to detect

cyanoacrylate fumed fingerprints on a variety of surfaces including paper,

plastic bag,

and fabric.

35
 In contrast to Liu et al.'s (2009) brushing process, in his experiment Scott

(2013) simply poured phosphorescent powder on an item and tilted the item

from side

to side in order to evenly distribute powder, developing latent prints as the

powder

moved over the item. In his article Scott also describes another method of

Texas Tech University, Michael Radford, December 2016

19

phosphorescent application to an object. He writes that mixing

phosphorescent powder

with ferromagnetic material allows the mixture to be applied to a surface

with a

magnetic brush. However, Scott alleges this method could lead to inferior

results

because phosphorescent powder, being much heavier than normal powder,

tends to fall

off the magnetic brush during application process.

Although there are some pitfalls in their methods, the techniques Liu et al.

36
 (2009) and Scott (2013) describe are promising. According to multiple

photographs

that compare phosphorescent fingerprints with fluorescent, traditional black,

and

fluorescent magnetic prints in Liu et al. and Scott's articles, it is evident their

methods

produce superior results compared to traditional techniques. Phosphor

powders work

well for visualizing latent prints on flat, nonporous surfaces; however,

without

introducing other techniques these powders will likely not be effective on

latex.

One more fingerprinting technique Price et al. (2014) hint could be effective

on

latex is ninhydrin. This chemical has proven effective in visualizing latent

prints on

paper (Saferstein, 2014). Price et al., however, allege there have been

several studies

(Pressly, 1999; Rinehart, 2000) that used ninhydrin to visualize latent

fingerprints on

37
 latex gloves as well. Considering that latex gloves and latex condoms are

made of

similar material, it is possible that ninhydrin could be effective on used

prophylactics.

In his article, Rinehart (2000) describes two cases where he successfully

used

the ninhydrin-heptane carrier formula by dipping a latex glove into the

solution and

then drying it in a vent hood. In the first test, Rinehart alleges the clearest

ridge detail

was achieved after 1-hour of drying in the vent hood. In the second test,

Rinehart

Texas Tech University, Michael Radford, December 2016

20

states the clearest ridge detail was achieved at three hours and 10 minutes

for the first

glove, and the second glove displayed the best results at three-hour and

40-minutes

interval and four-hour and 50-minute interval. In comparison to Rinehart’s

work,

38
 Pressly (1999) also determined the dipping method to be optimal on latex

gloves.

Pressly states he found ninhydrin was not effective on all types of latex.

Hence,

another possible alternative to ninhydrin is Wetwop, which was designed

for

development of latent fingerprints on sticky surfaces, such as duct tape.

Pleckaitis (2007) used a “simple one-step process” (p. 230) using Wetwop

to

develop latent fingerprints on latex gloves, and his method produced

identifiable

fingerprints in seventy-seven percent of the time. In his paper, Pleckaitis

states he

painted several brands of used latex gloves with Wetwop solution using a

camel hair

brush. Pleckaitis writes as a result of using this technique, “Some of the

gloves had all

five fingers, lower finger joints, and different areas of the palm suitable for

identification” (p. 234). Pleckaitis alleges gloves as old as 1-year yielded

quality

39
 results. Nevertheless, Pleckaitis contends in another experiment, he

processed several

used gloves that were more than ten years old and was still able to develop

identifiable

fingerprints on them using Wetwop (personal communication, May 5, 2016).

One technique capable of enhancing latent fingerprints found at crime

scenes is

known as cyanoacrylate (CA) fuming, also known as superglue fuming.

According to

Lee and Gaensslen (2015), CA fuming was devised by the Japanese

National Police

Agency Criminal Identification Division in 1978. Its use was soon introduced

in the

United States and the procedure was concluded to be superior for

fingerprint

Texas Tech University, Michael Radford, December 2016

21

development (Lee & Gaensslen, 2015). Presently, many law enforcement

agencies

40
 continue to use CA fuming for fingerprint development.

CA fuming causes an interaction between the fingerprint residue and the

CA

vapor, causing polymerization, which results in a visible white polymer

coating

(Wargacki, Lewis, & Dadmun, 2008). Once polymerization is achieved, the

fingerprint is fixated on the surface and is difficult to remove, allowing for

multiple

repeated treatments. A latent fingerprint treated with CA for example can

be “dusted”

with fingerprint powder and lifted with lifting tape numerous times, without

distorting

the ridge detail. Wargacki et al., however, allege the results of CA fuming

can be

improved by exposing the latent fingerprint to ammonia or acetic acid prior

to CA

exposure.

According to Wargacki et al., ammonia and acetic acid have a sufficient

vapor

41
 pressure that allows the vapor to interact with the latent fingerprint without

damaging

the ridges. The exposure periods of only 5 to 10 minutes, resulted in large

increases in

the rate of polymer growth, the authors state, and “images of the developed

fingerprints show significantly more ridge definition than the aged, unaltered

fingerprint” (p. 1141). Wargacki et al. further report, “Acetic acid has been

used to

regenerate an 8-month-old clean print deposited by a prepubescent child to

yield a

cyanoacrylate-developed print equal in quality to that of a freshly deposited

print” (p.

1139).

CA fuming can be accelerated with heat or by increasing the total surface

area

of the liquid CA. An alternative method is a chemical acceleration produced

by the

Texas Tech University, Michael Radford, December 2016

22

42
 exothermic reaction (Holder et al., 2011). Kollar (2010) recommends

saturating water

to maximum capacity with baking soda, and then dipping a cotton ball inside

this

solution. The cotton ball is then allowed to air dry before liquid CA can be

added to it.

Inside of a fuming chamber, CA added to a pretreated dry cotton ball reacts

instantly,

causing a thick white smoke to rise thereby exposing items to CA fumes

quicker.

CA fuming will continue to be a reliable method of fingerprint development

not only because it produces excellent results but also because of its

versatility and the

ease of use. Several companies have developed portable CA fuming

chambers that can

be used in the field, eliminating the need to process some evidence in the

lab. A CA

chamber also can be easily constructed of household items, such as a

plastic storage

43
 container. Although CA fuming has proven itself to be a very dependable

method in

the field of fingerprint development, in the recent years another alternative

emerged.

This method of fingerprint development provides significant advantages

over CA

fuming (Holder, Robinson, & Laub, 2011).

Unlike CA fuming, the Vacuum Metal Deposition (VMD) method is capable

of developing fingerprints on substrates that have been exposed to high

humidity and

water. VMD equipment consists of a vacuum chamber that can be pumped

to a low

pressure. It also contains gold and zinc filaments for evaporation. Just like

in a CA

chamber, items to be coated using VMD are suspended above the coating

filaments.

The following items have known to be successfully treated using VMD:

leather

handbags and shoes, firearms, paper, glass, and plastic substrates (Holder,

Robinson,

44
 & Laub, 2011). In their book, Holder et al. further state:

Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework consists of two boxes, the first box is Independent

variable consisting of the Demographic profile of the respondents, level of

awareness of the respondents in Halal foods and significant relationship between

the Demographic profile of the respondents and level of awareness of the

respondents in Halal foods the second box is dependent variable consisting the

45
Customer’s Awareness in Halal Foods in Selected Fast Food at Ermita Mabini

Manila.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

 Demographic profile of the

respondents in terms:

 level of awareness of the

respondents in Halal foods
Customer’s Awareness in
Halal Foods in Selected Fast
 significant relationship
Food at Ermita Mabini Manila
between the Demographic
profile of the respondents
and level of awareness of
the respondents in Halal
foods

Fig1. Research Paradigm

Statement of the Problem

This study aim to determine the Customer’s Awareness in Halal Foods in

Selected Fast Food at Ermita Mabini Manila. More specially, this study aim to

answer the following question:

1. What are the composition to produce latent print powder for light substrate?

2. What are the steps on the process of latent print powder for light substrate?

46
 3. What are claims on producing latent print powder to be use in non- porous

and porous surface?

4. What are the observation during the process of latent print powder for light

substrate?

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study will focus to determine the Customer’s Awareness in Halal Foods

in Selected Fast Food at Ermita Mabini Manila. The researcher will be conducting

this study on September-October this year, Pertaining to Demographic profile of

the respondents in terms :level of awareness of the respondents in Halal foods,

significant relationship between the Demographic profile of the respondents and

level of awareness of the respondents in Halal foods.

However, the result of this study was based on the respondents’ answer on

the item of the questionnaire made by the researcher.

47
Definition of Terms

The following terms will be operationally defined for a better and clearer

understanding of the study.

Demographic or demographic profile is a term used in marketing and

broadcasting, to describe a demographic grouping or a market segment. This

typically involves age bands, social class, and gender

Age The amount of time during which a person or animal has lived.

Halal means “proper and permitted.” Halal food is permitted by Allah (God) for

Muslim consumption

Haram means “prohibited” or “forbidden” by Allah for Muslim consumption.

Halal Food - Food permitted under the Shariah law. That it does not contain any

parts or products of animals that are non-halal to Muslims or products of animals

which are not slaughtered and does not contain any ingredients that are najs

according to Shariah law. Also, the food is safe and not harmful.

Shariah Law Islamic Laws that governs personal behavior as well as larger

matters such as politics and economics.

48
Dhabīhah is the prescribed method of slaughtering all meat sources, excluding

fish and other sea-life, per Islamic law.

Najis Things that is filthy or unclean according to Islamic law. They contaminate

products and equipment. e.g. Blood, Urine, Wine, Pig, Carrion etc.

Halal products -a symbol of cleanliness, safety and high quality products

Halal certificate -a document issued by an Islamic organization certifying that the

products listed on it meet Islamic dietary guidelines, as defined by that certifying

agency.

49
 CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedure used by the researchers

in accomplishing the research .This includes the research Design, research

instrument, Data gathering procedure, Statistical treatment.

RESEARH DESIGN

This study used the descriptive method of research involving survey as a

technique to determine the demographic profile of the respondent and to

Customer’s Awareness in Halal Foods in Selected Fast Food at Ermita Mabini

Manila.

This study will be use the descriptive research design. This design was

suitable which aimed to describe the nature of a situation at the time of the study

and to explore the causes of particular phenomena Ardales,( 2008)

. Further Good and Scates (2002) emphasized that descriptive research

method included that the present facts concerning anything, a group of person,

number of objects, a set of conditions, a class of events, a sequence of thoughts

50
or any kind of phenomenon which one wishes to study. The researchers used the

questionnaire-checklist to gathered relevant data which lead them to obtain

accurate findings; more over this research method also serve as a guide in

evaluating the Pertaining to Demographic profile of the respondents in terms :level

of awareness of the respondents in Halal foods, significant relationship between

the Demographic profile of the respondents and level of awareness of the

respondents in Halal foods..Descriptive method is explained as a nature of

situation as it exists at the time of the study to explore the causes of a particular

phenomenon.

51
SETTING OF THE STUDY

This study will be conducting in Customer’s Awareness in Halal Foods in

Selected Fast Food at Ermita Mabini Manila. such as Jollibee, Mcdo, Mang inasal,

Greenwich, and .Shaskey.

52
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

This study will be conducting in Customer’s Awareness in Halal Foods in

Selected Fast Food at Ermita Mabini Manila. Purposive sampling will be used in

this study.

53
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

To attain the objectives of this study an interview will be conducted with self-

formulated question as a guide to gather the necessary information needed in the

study. The researcher used questionnaire checklist as the main instrument for

gathering data of the study.

Only one research instrument with three sets were used in the study the

first set is include the profile of the respondent while the second set include items

relating to the Pertaining to Demographic profile of the respondents in terms :level

of awareness of the respondents in Halal foods, significant relationship between

the Demographic profile of the respondents and level of awareness of the

respondents in Halal foods in Customer’s Awareness in Halal Foods in Selected

Fast Food at Ermita Mabini Manila

RESEARCH PROCEDURE

The prepared set of question was used as guide during the interview

schedule to gather all necessary information. The researcher use question in order

to secure enough and accurate information. Explanation and clarification was done

54
where never necessary. The gather information such to assess the Customer’s

Awareness in Halal Foods in Selected Fast Food at 4th District of Laguna.

55
STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Treatment of data played an important role in research. It was the process

on how the data gathered will be treated, computed and interpreted so that the

researcher found the response for his/her inquiry in a particular subject under

study.

Descriptive statistical analysis will be use in analyzing the data. Weighted

mean will utilized and one of the initial steps in applying many of the advance tools

such as standard deviation, analysis of variance, chi-square test, correlation and

etc.

The data concerning the respondents profile were calculated and presented

in percentage. Percentage were employed to show the final result of the

responses. A five-point Likert scale will utilized in the questionnaire to measure the

Demographic profile of the respondents in terms :level of awareness of the

respondents in Halal foods, significant relationship between the Demographic

profile of the respondents and level of awareness of the respondents in Halal foods

in Customer’s Awareness in Halal Foods in Selected Fast Food at Ermita Mabini

Manila.

The mean will use to determine the average responses of the different

options provided in the various parts of the survey questionnaire by getting the

overall mean score the performance indicators were ranked from highest mean

score which indicates the highest level among others and interpretation were done

already.
 To test the relationship among the independent variables were the

significant relationship between the Demographic profile of the respondents and

level of awareness of the respondents in Halal foods chi-square test was utilized

in order to know whether the variables were significant or not significant.

Statement Statistical tools

Demographic profile of the Frequency, Percentage and rank

respondents

level of awareness of the Weighted mean, Frequency, rank

respondents in Halal foods

significant relationship between the Chi-square/ correlation

Demographic profile of the

respondents and level of

awareness of the respondents in

Halal foods