Geometry

Virtual Class

1
 Points, Lines, and Planes
 Collinear points – points that lie on the same line

C
P
B
A
Points P, R, and Q
Q R are non-collinear
points
Points A, B, and C are 𝒍
collinear points.
 Some Postulates and Theorems
 Through any two points, there exists exactly one line.

 A line contains at least two points.

 If two lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly one

point.
 Some Postulates and Theorems
 Through any three noncollinear points, there exists exactly
one plane.

 A plane contains exactly three noncollinear points.

 Some Postulates and Theorems
 If two points lie in a plane, then the line containing them lies
in the plane.

 If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.

1. If line L is perpendicular to distinct planes P and Q,
then planes P and Q
A. are parallel C. are perpendicular
B. contain line L D. intersect, but are not
perpendicular
L

If a line is perpendicular to two

distinct planes, then the planes are P

parallel.
Q
Answer: Choice A
 Angles and Angle Relationships
 Vertical angles are opposite angles formed by two
intersecting lines.
Vertical Angle Theorem:
Vertical angles are congruent.

1
4 2
3

In the figure, 1  3 and 2  4

 Angles and Angle Relationships
 Adjacent angles are angles with the same vertex
and a common side but do not overlap.
A
C

B
D
In the figure, ABC and DBC are adjacent angles.

Angle Addition Postulate:

If a point C lies in the interior of ABD, then
𝑚𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝑚𝐶𝐵𝐷 = 𝑚𝐴𝐵𝐷
 Angles and Angle Relationships
 Complementary angles are two angles whose sum
of their degree measurements is equal to 90.

 Supplementary angles are two angles whose sum

of their degree measurements is equal to 180.
▪ Linear pair are two adjacent angles whose non-
adjacent sides form a straight line.
▪ If two angles form a linear pair, then the angles
are supplementary.
2. In the given figure, 𝐵𝐷 bisect ABC. Which of the
following statements is TRUE?
1
A. mABD = (mCBD) A
2
B. mABD = mCBD
C. mABD = mABC D
1
D. mCBD = (mABD) B
2

C
Answer:
Definition of angle bisector
Choice B
3. In the given figure, 𝐹𝐷 and 𝐶𝐵 intersect at point A
and 𝐸𝑇 is perpendicular to both 𝐹𝐷 and 𝐶𝐵 at A.
Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE?
A. 𝐸𝑇 is perpendicular to plane BAD. E
B. 𝐸𝑇 is perpendicular to plane FAB.
C. 𝐸𝑇 is perpendicular to plane CAD. D C
D. 𝐸𝑇 is perpendicular to plane BAT. A

B F

Answer: T
𝐹𝐷 and 𝐶𝐵 are on the same plane. Since
𝐸𝑇 is perpendicular to both 𝐹𝐷 and 𝐶𝐵,
then it is perpendicular to the plane
containing these two lines.
Choice D
 Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal
 When two lines are cut by a transversal, the following
angle pairs are formed:
▪ Corresponding angles:
1 and 8; 4 and 7;
2 and 5; 3 and 6
▪ Alternate interior angles:
4 and 5; 3 and 8
▪ Alternate exterior angles:
1 and 6; 2 and 7
▪ Same-side interior angles: 4 and 8; 3 and 5
▪ Same side exterior angles: 1 and 7; 2 and 6
 Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal
 When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the
following statements are true:
▪ Corresponding angles are congruent.
▪ Alternate interior angles are congruent.
▪ Alternate exterior angles are congruent.
▪ Same-side interior angles are supplementary.
▪ Same side exterior angles are supplementary.

 If a line is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines,

then it is also perpendicular to the other line.
4. Parallel lines m and n are cut by transversal q.
Which of the following pairs of angles are
congruent? m n
A. 2 and 6
B. 3 and 5 2 4 6 8 q
C. 1 and 6 1 3 5 7
D. 4 and 7

Theorem: When two parallel lines are cut by a

transversal, corresponding angles are congruent.

Answer: Choice A
5. In the given figure, 𝑅𝑆 ∥ 𝑇𝑈. Find mRST.
A. 24° C. 108°
B. 72° D. 156° R S
(3x)

T (4x – 24) U

Solution:
Alternate interior angles are congruent.
3𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 24
24 = 𝑥
𝑚∠𝑅𝑆𝑇 = 3𝑥 = 3 24 = 72°
Choice B
 Polygons
 The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a
polygon with n sides is 180(𝑛 − 2).

 The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a

polygon is always 360.
6. The measure of an interior angle of a regular
polygon is 120. How many sides does the polygon
have?
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

Solution:
180(𝑛 − 2)
measure of each interior angle =
𝑛
180(𝑛 − 2)
120 =
𝑛
120𝑛 = 180𝑛 − 360
60𝑛 = 360
𝑛=6
Choice C
 Triangles
 Classification of triangles: equilateral, isosceles, and
scalene; acute, obtuse, and right
 The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a
triangle is 180.
 Secondary parts of a triangle:
▪ Median – segment drawn from a vertex to the
midpoint of the opposite side
▪ Altitude – segment drawn from a vertex
perpendicular to the line containing the opposite
side.
 Triangles
 Secondary parts of a triangle:
▪ Angle bisector – segment that bisects an interior
angle
▪ Perpendicular bisector of a side – line or ray or
segment that is perpendicular to a side at its
midpoint
 Centers of a triangle:
▪ Centroid – point of intersection of the medians
▪ Orthocenter – point of intersection of the
altitudes
 Triangles
 Centers of a triangle:
▪ Incenter – point of intersection of the angle
bisectors; center of the circle inscribed in the
triangle
▪ Circumcenter – point of intersection of the
perpendicular bisectors of the sides; center of the
circle that circumscribes the triangle
7. In the given figure, ∆𝐿𝑀𝑂 is L M
N
isosceles, with 𝐿𝑂 = 𝑀𝑂. If mL 55

= 55 and mNOM = 28, what 28

is mN?
A. 27 C. 42 O
B. 28 D. 70

Solution:
Since 𝐿𝑂 = 𝑀𝑂, then mL = mLMO = 55.
(Isosceles Triangle Theorem).
LMO is an exterior angle of ∆𝑁𝑂𝑀. Therefore,
𝑚LMO = mNOM + mN
55 = 28 + mN
Choice B mN = 27
8. Given that O is the incenter of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 in B
the figure, which of the following
statements is TRUE? F O D
A. ∠𝐵𝐷𝐴 ≅ ∠𝐶𝐷𝐴 C. ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 ≅ ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷
B. 𝐵𝑂 ≅ 𝐶𝑂 D. 𝐸𝑂 ≅ 𝐹𝑂 A C
E

Solution:
Since 𝑂 is the incenter of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, segments 𝐴𝐷, 𝐵𝐸,
and 𝐶𝐹 are angle bisectors.

Answer: Choice C
 Triangle Congruence
 Triangles are congruent when all corresponding
sides and angles are congruent.
 Triangle Congruence Postulates:
▪ SSS Postulate
▪ SAS Postulate
▪ ASA Postulate
 Triangle Congruence
 Triangle Congruence Theorems
▪ AAS Theorem
▪ HL Theorem
▪ HA Theorem
▪ LL Theorem
▪ LA Theorem
 Properties of congruent triangles (CPCTC)
▪ Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are
congruent.
9. If ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝐽𝐾𝐿 ≅ ∆𝑅𝑆𝑇, then 𝐵𝐶 must be congruent
to
A. 𝐽𝐿
ഥ and 𝑅𝑇 C. 𝐾𝐿 and 𝑆𝑇
B. 𝐽𝐾 and 𝑅𝑆 D. 𝐽𝐾 and 𝑅𝑇

Solution:
Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are
congruent.
Since ∆𝐽𝐾𝐿 ≅ ∆𝑀𝑁𝑂, the following corresponding
sides are congruent:
𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐽𝐾 ≅ 𝑅𝑆
ഥ ≅ 𝑅𝑇
𝐴𝐶 ≅ 𝐽𝐿 Answer: Choice C
𝐵𝐶 ≅ 𝐾𝐿 ≅ 𝑆𝑇
10.Which theorem lets you immediately conclude that
the triangles in the given figure are congruent?
A. LL Congruency Theorem
B. LAL Congruency Theorem
C. HL Congruency Theorem
D. LA Congruency Theorem

Solution:
Based on the marked parts of the two triangles:
Corresponding legs are congruent.
Corresponding angles are congruent.
Therefore, the triangles are congruent by the LA
Congruence Theorem.
Answer: Choice D
 Triangle Inequalities
 Triangle Inequality Theorem: The sum of the lengths
of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the
length of the third side.
 If two sides of a triangle are not congruent, then the
measures of the angles opposite these sides are not
equal, and the larger angle is opposite the longer
side.
 If two angles of a triangle not congruent, then the
lengths of the sides opposite these angles are not
equal, and the longer side is opposite the larger
angle
 Triangle Inequalities
 An exterior angle of a triangle is always larger than
either of its remote interior angles.
 The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is
equal to the sum of the measure of its remote
interior angles

𝑚∠4 = 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2

11.Which set of numbers represents the lengths of the
sides of an acute triangle?
A. {6, 8, 10} C. {5, 6, 7}
B. {8, 15, 17} D. {9, 11, 15}

Solution:
In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 with longest side c, if 𝑐 2 < 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , then
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is acute.
The set of numbers in choices A and B are
Pythagorean triples, that is , these numbers
satisfy the Pythagorean theorem, 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 .
In choice C, 72 < 52 + 62 . Choice C
In choice D, 152 > 92 + 112 .
12. In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 = 5 feet and 𝐵𝐶 = 3 feet. Which inequality
represents all possible values for the length of 𝐴𝐶, in feet?
A. 2 ≤ 𝐴𝐶 ≤ 8 C. 3 ≤ 𝐴𝐶 ≤ 7
B. 2 < 𝐴𝐶 < 8 D. 3 < 𝐴𝐶 < 7

Solution:
Apply the Triangle Inequality Theorem:
𝐴𝐶 < 5 + 3  𝐴𝐶 < 8
𝐴𝐶 + 3 > 5  𝐴𝐶 > 2
Therefore, 2 < 𝐴𝐶 < 8
Answer: Choice B
 Quadrilaterals
 Parallelogram – quadrilateral where both pairs of
opposite sides are parallel.
▪ Opposite sides are congruent.
▪ Opposite angles are congruent.
▪ Consecutive angles are supplementary.
▪ If one angle is a right angle, then all angles are right.
▪ The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
▪ Each diagonal of a parallelogram separates the
parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
 Quadrilaterals
 Rhombus – parallelogram where all sides are
congruent
▪ The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other and
are perpendicular.
 Rectangle – parallelogram where all angles are
congruent
▪ The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
 Square – parallelogram where all sides and angles
are congruent
 Quadrilaterals
 Trapezoid – Quadrilateral where one pair of opposite
sides are parallel
▪ Isosceles trapezoid – the nonparallel sides are
congruent.
▪ The diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are
congruent.
▪ The median of a trapezoid is a segment that joins
the midpoints of the nonparallel sides.
▪ Properties of the median: (1) It is parallel to both
bases; (2) Its length equals half the sum of the
base lengths
13.In rhombus ABCD, mC = 100. What is mDBC?
A. 40° C. 50° A B
B. 45° D. 80°

D C

Solution:
Since mC = 100 and C and ABC are
supplementary, mABC = 80.
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each of the
opposite angles. Thus, mDBC = 80/2 = 40

Answer: Choice A
14.Solve for x and y in the given parallelogram.
A. x = 1, y = 6
B. x = 7, y = 12
C. x = 7, y = 6
D. x = 6, y = 7

Solution:
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other:
3𝑥 − 8 = 4𝑥 − 15 2𝑦 + 3 = 15
7=𝑥 2𝑦 = 12
𝑦=6
Answer: Choice C
 Similarity of Figures
 Two figures that have the same shape are said to be
similar.
 When two figures are similar, the ratios of the
lengths of their corresponding sides are equal.
 Corresponding angles of similar figures are
congruent.
 Similar Triangles
 AA Similarity Postulate: If two angles of one triangle
are congruent to two angles of another triangle, then
the triangles are similar.
 SSS Similarity Theorem: If the lengths of the
corresponding sides of two triangles are
proportional, then the triangles are similar.
 SAS Similarity Theorem: If an angle of one triangle is
congruent to an angle of a second triangle and the
lengths of the sides including these angles are
proportional, then the triangles are similar.
15. If ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝑍𝑋𝑌, mA = 50, and mC = 30, what is
mX?
A. 30 B. 50 C. 80 D. 100

Solution:
Corresponding angles of similar triangles are
congruent.
∠𝐴 ≅ ∠𝑍, ∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝑋, ∠𝐶 ≅ ∠𝑌
m∠𝑋 = 180 − 50 + 30 = 100°
Answer: Choice D
16. ∆ABC is similar to ∆DEF. If AB = 7x, BC = 4, DE = 7,
and EF = x, what is the length of AB?
A. 28 B. 14 C. 4 D. 2

Solution:
Since ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~∆𝐷𝐸𝐹,
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 7𝑥 4
=  =
𝐷𝐸 𝐸𝐹 7 𝑥

𝑥2 = 4  𝑥=2
𝐴𝐵 = 7 2 = 14
Answer: Choice B
 Special Right Triangles
 Given a 45-45-90 triangle with one side of length x,
the relationship between corresponding sides is:

1𝑥: 1𝑥: 2 x

▪ The two legs are equal.

▪ The hypotenuse is 2 times the length of either leg.
 Special Right Triangles
 Given a 30-60-90 triangle with the shortest side of
length x, the relationship between corresponding
sides is:

1𝑥: 3 𝑥: 2x

▪ The hypotenuse is 2 times the length of the shorter leg.

▪ The longer leg is 3 times the length of the shorter leg.
17. What is the length of each leg in the right triangle,
∆𝑃𝑄𝑅? P

A. 6 C. 6 3 45
12

B. 6 2 D. 24
Q R

Solution:
In a 45-45-90 triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is
2 times the length of either leg.
𝑃𝑅 = 2 𝑄𝑅 = 12
12 12 2
𝑄𝑅 = = =6 2
2 2
Answer: Choice B
Circles
 Circle Theorems
 The measure of a central angle is equal to the
measure of its intercepted arc.
 The measure of an inscribed angle is half the
measure of its intercepted arc.
 Circle Theorems
 The measure of an angle formed by two intersecting
chords of a circle is equal to one-half the sum of the
measures of the intercepted arcs.
1
𝑚∠1 = (𝑚𝐴𝐵 ෢ + 𝑚𝐷𝐸) ෢
2
 Circle Theorems
 Measure of angles formed in the exterior of a circle
1
a. 𝑚∠1 = (𝑚𝐽෢ ෢
𝐾 − 𝑚𝐿𝑀)
2
1
෢ − 𝑚𝑄𝑅)
b. 𝑚∠2 = (𝑚𝑆𝑅 ෢
2
1
෢ − 𝑚𝐵𝐻)
c. 𝑚∠3 = (𝑚𝐵𝐽𝐻 ෢
2
 Circle Theorems
 Intersecting chords, tangents, and secants
▪ Chords of the same circle that intersect:

𝑄𝐵 ∙ 𝐵𝑅 = 𝑆𝐵 ∙ 𝐵𝑇

▪ Secant segments that share an endpoint not on

the circle:
𝐷𝐸 ∙ 𝑀𝐸 = 𝐹𝐸 ∙ 𝑁𝐸
 Circle Theorems
 Intersecting chords, tangents, and secants
▪ A secant segment and a tangent segment that
share an endpoint not on the circle

(𝑆𝑅)2 = 𝑄𝑅 ∙ 𝐾𝑅
18. In the given figure, 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 are tangent
to circle O and 𝑃𝐷 bisects BPA. If
mAOC = 46, find mBPO.
A. 44° C. 90°
B. 46° D. 68°
Solution:
Since 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵 are tangent to circle O, 𝑂𝐵 ⊥ 𝑃𝐵 and
𝑂𝐴 ⊥ 𝑃𝐴. Thus, AOC and APO are complementary.
𝑚∠𝐴𝑃𝑂 = 90 − 46 = 44°
Since 𝑃𝐷 bisects BPA, mBPO = mAPO = 44
Answer: Choice A
19. In the given circle, chords 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐵𝐶
intersect at E. If 𝑚𝐴𝐶෢ = 87° and 𝑚𝐵𝐷
෢ =
35°, what is the measure of CEA?
A. 87 C. 43.5
B. 61 D. 26

Solution: 1
𝑚∠𝐶𝐸𝐴 = (𝑚𝐴𝐶෢ + 𝑚𝐵𝐷)
෢
2
1
𝑚∠𝐶𝐸𝐴 = 87 + 35
2
𝑚∠𝐶𝐸𝐴 = 61°
Answer: Choice B
20. In the given figure, 𝐵𝐷 is a diameter of
circle O, and chords 𝐶𝐷 and 𝐴𝐵 are
෢ = 60°,
parallel. If measure of arc 𝐴𝐷
what is measure of CDB?
A. 20 C. 60
B. 30 D. 120
Solution:
Arcs formed by parallel chords are congruent.
෢ ≅ 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐷 ෢
෢ is the arc intercepted by 𝐶𝐷𝐵.
𝐵𝐶
1
𝑚𝐶𝐷𝐵 = 60 = 30°
2
Answer: Choice B
 Solid Geometry – Volume and
Surface Area
Cube:
𝑉 = 𝑠3
𝑆𝐴 = 6𝑠 2

Rectangular Prism:
𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ
𝑆𝐴 = 2(𝑙𝑤 + 𝑙ℎ + 𝑤ℎ)
 Solid Geometry – Volume and
Surface Area
Cylinder :
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
𝑆𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

Cone:
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
𝑆𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑠
 Solid Geometry – Volume and
Surface Area
Sphere :
4
𝑉= 𝜋𝑟 3
3
𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
21. A rectangular prism has a volume of 3𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 24.
Its base has a length of 𝑥 + 2 and a width of 3. Which
expression represents the height of the prism?
A. 𝑥 + 4 C. 3
B. 𝑥 + 2 D. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 8

Solution:
Volume of a rectangular prism: 𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ
3𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 24 = 𝑥 + 2 3 ℎ
3𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 24 3(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 2)
ℎ= =
3 𝑥+2 3(𝑥 + 2)
ℎ =𝑥+4
Answer: Choice A
22. If the surface area of a sphere is represented by 144𝜋
square inches, what is the volume in cubic inches?

A. 36𝜋 B. 48𝜋 C. 216𝜋 D. 288𝜋

Solution:
Surface area of a sphere: 𝑆𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
144𝜋 = 4𝜋𝑟 2  r = 6 cm
4
Volume of sphere: 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3
4
𝑉 = 𝜋(6)3 = 288𝜋
3
Answer: Choice D
Right Triangle Trigonometry
opp hyp
sine θ = cosecant θ =
hyp opp
adj hyp
cosine θ = secant θ =
hyp adj
opp adj
tangent θ = cotangent θ =
adj opp

hyp
opp

adj
23. In given right triangle, what is tan 𝛼 .
24 7
A. C.
7 24
24 7
B. D.
25 25

Solution:
First, solve for the unknown side, opposite of α
𝑜𝑝𝑝 = 252 − 242 = 7
𝑜𝑝𝑝 7
tan 𝛼 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗 24

Answer: Choice C
24. Given the right triangle on the right,
find the value of cos 𝜃.
119 12
A. C.
12 119
5 5
B. D.
12 119`

Solution:
First, solve for the length of the adjacent side of 
𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 122 − 52 = 119
𝑎𝑑𝑗 119
cos 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝 12
Answer: Choice A
25. Which type of triangle can be drawn using the points
(-2, 3), (-2, -7), and (2, -2)?
A. scalene C. equilateral
B. isosceles D. No triangle can be drawn

Solution: A
Using distance formula to find the
length of each side.
𝐴𝐵 = (−2 − −2 )2 +(−7 − 3)2 C

𝐴𝐵 = 0 + 100 = 100 = 10

𝐴𝐶 = (2 − −2 )2 +(−2 − 3)2 B

𝐴𝐶 = 16 + 25 = 41
25. Which type of triangle can be drawn using the points
(-2, 3), (-2, -7), and (2, -2)?
A. scalene C. equilateral
B. isosceles D. No triangle can be drawn

Solution: (cont’d) A

𝐵𝐶 = (2 − −2 )2 +(−2 − (−7))2
𝐵𝐶 = 16 + 25 = 41 C

Since 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶, the triangle is

isosceles. B

Choice B