GUIDE TO PRELIMINARY AIRPLANE SIZING ‘the process of preliminary airplane sizing to a variety of mission and certification requirenents was Giscussed in detail in chapters 2 and 3. In this chapter a step-by-step guide is provided to help guide the reader through the maze of sizing methods Step 1. Obtain a mission specification and construct from it a mission profile. Example mission profiles are given in Tables 2.17, 2.18 and 2.19. Step 2. wumber the mission phases in sequence, as shown in the examples of Tables 2.17 through 2.19. Step 3. For certain mission phases the fuel fraction can be estimated directly from Table 2.1. For other inission phases, estimate the corresponding L/D and sfc values. Table 2,2 can be used as a guide. Step 4. Determine the overall mission fuel fraction, Meg with the nethod of Section 2.4: Ban. (2.13). Step 5. Fron the mission specification determine tne fuel reserves. W, or the fuel reserve fraction, ¥, Step 6. Follow the step-by-: as steps 1-7 of page 7. tep procedures outlined Note; if the migsion demands dropping of weights (eoch a5 in many military missions) some of the fuel fractions need to be corrected for this. The procedure for doing this is illustrated in Sub-section 2.4.3. ‘At the termination of Step 6, the following information is available for the airplane: Take-off weight, Ryo Empty weight, Wg Fuel weight, Wy Fayload and crew weight: Wp, and Margy follow from the mission specification. Part 1 Chapter 4 Page 193Step 7. Note from the mission specification what the certification base is for the airplane: homebuilt. PAR 23, PAR 25 or military. If a homebuilt is being considered, FAR 23 should be used for further preliminary sizing, Step 8. Make a list of performance paraneters to which the airplane mst be sized. Such a list can be put together from the mission specification and fron the certification base. The following examples are discussed in Chapter 3: Sizing to stall speed requirements. Sizing ke-off distance requirenents, Sizing to landing distance requirements. Sizing to climb requirements. Sizing to saneuvering requirements. Sizing to cruise speed requirenenta. Step 9. Perform the sizing calculations in accordance with the methods of Sections 3.1 through 3.6. ‘This involves estimating a drag polar. This can be done rapidly with the method of Sub-section 3.4.1. Step 10. Construct a sizing matching graph for all perfornance sizing requirements. Examples for constructing such matching graphs are presented in Section 3.7. Step 11. From the natching graph select: 1) Take-off power loadin (WIP gg OF Take-off thrust-to-weight ratio: (T/Wgq 2) Take-off wing loading: (W/S)mq 3) Maxima (clean) lift coefficient: C, 4) Maximun take-off lift coefficient: Gr, ma nq 5) Maximim landing lift coefficient: ¢, ‘max, 6) Wing aspect ratio: A u Step 12. Determine the take-off power, Pay or the take-off thrust, Ta frot Part I Chapter 4 Page 194Pao ~ Ngo! WIP mg OF Erom: 20 Teo * Fro (TW ag, Step 11, Determine the wing area, S fro1 8 * Wyof WS) ag - All airplane parameters needed to begin the development of a configuration are now defined. Part II of this book, (Ref.1) presents a methodology for the Selection and layout of a preliminary airplane configuration. GATES LEARTET DEL SS - Part I chapter 4 Page 195Chapter 41, Roskan, J, Configuration Design and Integration of the Propulsion Systen. Airplane Design: Part II, Prelininary 2, Roskam, J., Airplane Design: Part III, Layout Design - of Cockpit. Fuselage, Wing and Enpennage: Cutaways ‘and Inboard Profiles. - 3. Roskan, J., Airplane Desig: of Landing Gear and Systems. Fart IV, Layout Design 4. Roskan, J., Airplane Design: Part V, Component Weight Estimation. 5. Roskan, J., Airplane Design: Part VI, Prelininary = Calculation of Aerodynamic. Thrust and Power Characteristics. 6. Roskan, J-, Airplane Design: Part VII, Determination of Stability, Control and Performance Characteristics: FAR and Military Requirements. Roskan. J., Airplane Design: Part VIII, Airplane Cost Estimation and Optinization: Design. Developrent Manufacturing and Operating. Note: These books are all published by: Roskam Aviation and Engineering Corporation, Rt4, Box 274, Ottawa Kansas, 66067, ‘Tel. 913-2421624, ‘Anon., Federal Aviation Regulations, Department of ‘Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, = Distribution Requirements Section. M-482.2, Washington, D.C., 20590. Taylor, J-W.R.. Jane's All The World Aircraft, Published Annually by: Jane's Publishing Company. 238 City Road, London EC1V 2PU, England. (Iesues used: 1945/46, 1968/84) 10, Nicolai, L.M., Fundamentals of Aircraft Design, METS, Inc., 6520 Kingsland Court, CA, 941: 44, Loftin, Jr., L.K,, Subsonic Aircraft: Evolution and the Matching of Size to Performance, NASA Reference Publication 1060, 1980. - Part t References Page 19712, Kohlman, D.L., Introduction to V/STOL Airplanes, Towa state University Press, Anes, Iowa, 30010, 19a. 13. McCormick, B.W., Aerodynamics of V/STOL Plight, Academic Press, New York, 1967. 14, Lan, C.E. and Roskam, J., Airplane Aerodynamics and Performance, Roskam Aviation and Engineering Corp.» Rt, Box 274, Ottawa, KS, 66067, 198) 13, MiE-C-0se11B(USAF), Military Specification, Chart Standard Aircraft Characteristics and Performance, Piloted Aircraft (Fixed wing), gune 1977. 416, Torenbeek, E., Synthesis of subsonic airplane Design, Kiuwer Boston Inc., Hingham, Maine, 1982. Part 1 References Page 198