A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s surface where molten rock can escape from underneath.

The Earth’s
surface is made up of tectonic plates, which are spreading apart, crunching into each other, or sliding beside one
another. Volcanoes are typically found at the fault lines between these plates. There can be active volcanos, which
are currently, or have recently erupted. There are also dormant volcanoes, which haven’t erupted recently, and
extinct volcanoes, which will never erupt again.

There are 4 major types of volcanoes:

Cinder Cone Volcanoes: These are the simplest type of volcano. They occur when particles and blobs of
lava are ejected from a volcanic vent. The lava is blown violently into the air, and the pieces rain down around the
vent. Over time, this builds up a circular or oval-shaped cone, with a bowl-shaped crater at the top. Cinder cone
volcanoes rarely grow larger than about 1,000 feet above their surroundings.

Composite Volcanoes: Composite volcanoes, or stratovolcanoes make up some of the world’s most
memorable mountains: Mount Rainier, Mount Fuji, and Mount Cotopaxi, for example. These volcanoes have a
conduit system inside them that channels magma from deep within the Earth to the surface. They can have clusters
of vents, with lava breaking through walls, or issuing from fissures on the sides of the mountain. With all this
material coming out, they can grow thousands of meters tall. As we’ve seen with the famous Mount Saint Helens,
composite volcanoes can explode violently.

Shield Volcanoes: These are large, broad volcanoes that look like shields from above – hence the name.
The lava that pours out of shield volcanoes is thin, so it can travel for great distances down the shallow slopes of
the volcano. These volcanos build up slowly over time, with hundreds of eruptions, creating many layers. They’re
not likely to explode catastrophically. Perhaps the best known shield volcanoes are the ones that make up the
Hawaiian Islands, especially Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea.

Lava Domes: Volcanic or lava domes are created by small masses of lava which are too viscous (thick) to flow
very far. Unlike shield volcanoes, with low-viscosity lava, the magma from volcanic domes just pile up over and
around the vent. The dome grows by expansion of the lava within, and the mountain forms from material spilling
off the sides of the growing dome. Lava domes can explode violently, releasing a huge amount of hot rock and ash.