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Harry Roque PIL Notes PDF
Harry Roque PIL Notes PDF
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Y + #YY +Y o eah Par ever po of he o e al helf whh le earer o
furher o frmao of he val a uomar er ao al law oa ha o he oa of he oher Par. ?eherla a
of he pr ple of he prohbo of he ue of fore expree De mark argue ha he ue of h meho o he aure of a
rle 2 of he U? Charer of ma be fou he fa ha merel o ve o al oblgao bu or mu ow be regare a
freque l referre o aeme b Sae repree ave a be g volv g a rule ha par of he orpu of ge eral er ao al
o o l a pr ple of uomar er ao al law bu alo a law;-a lke oher rule of ge eral or uomar er ao al law
fu ame al or ar al pr ple of uh law. ?aragua b g o Germa auomaall a epe e l of a pef
¯emoral o he ¯er ae ha he pr ple prohb g he ue ae re or re gve b he laer. Vh o e o ha boh
of fore emboe rle 2 "ha ome o be reog e a ju a pove law a a more fu ame al ape. a maer of
oge . Vhe US Cou er-¯emoral o he queo of pove law bae o he work o e h fel b er ao al
juro a ambl fou maeral o quoe he vew of legal boe o Sae prae a o he flue e arbue o he
holar ha h pr ple a "u veral orm" a "u veral Ge eva Co ve o elf-he lam be g ha hee varou faor
er ao al law" a "u verall reog e pr ple of er ao al have umulavel eve e or bee reave of he op o # Y
law" a a "pr ple of ju oge ". YY reque for he formao of ew rule of uomar
er ao al law. Y fu ame al ape he vew pu forwar
2
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helf he e e ha he equa e pr ple ee a a
eear expreo he fel of elmao of he aepe
$*!Vhe YLC ompoe of exper reae b he U? G
or e of he exluve appure a e of he o e al helf o he
o of CYL. S e her work eal wh uomar orm her
earb oaal Sae a herefore a hav g a a pror haraer of
raf
work are ubar mea of over g CYL.
o o peak jur evabl. Vhe Cour oe o agree wh he
o e o of ?eherla a De mark. Y o er g he
Y o emplae four uao ²
equa e meho he Y er ao al Law Commo ' uo
g. Purel rea orm m uom
reveal ha o o l wa he oo of equa e ever o ere
2. Yf rea a orm he b g o all eve o -pare o a
from he a po of hav g a haraer of here
rea.
ee² wa ever gve a peal prom e e a all a
3. Cuom b g o all.
era l o pror. Vhe Cour oe ha he pr ple of
4. Vrea uom b g o all.
equa e a ow fgure r. 6 wa propoe b he YLC wh
o erable heao omewha o a experme al ba a mo
ú?"
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emerg g rule of uomar er ao al law. Vh learl o he
g. Sae prae
or of fou ao o whh r. 6 of he Co ve o oul be a o
2. Op o jur ʹ belef ha he orm aepe a law
have reflee or ralle uh a rule. De mark & ?eherla
furher argue ha eve f a he ae of he Ge eva Co ve o o
o probave value of YLC m reae b he G o of uomar
he Co e al Shelf o rule of CYL favor of he equa e
er ao al law orm
pr ple a o uh rule wa ralle r. 6 uh a rule ha
ome o be g e he o ve o parl beaue of ow
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provo houl a all eve poe all be of a fu ame all
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era ffere e o er g 'he elmao a bewee he equa e pr ple mgh be a o fulfll h requreme . e
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appera o eah of hem. Vhe Cour requee o ee wha are regar o he relao hp of ha rle o oher provo h mu
he applable 'pr ple a rule of er ao al law'. Germa be ope o ome oub. Y he fr plae r. 6 o frame a o pu
propoe ha elmao of he o e al helf bewee he ?D
2 he oblgao o make ue of he equa e meho au g
pare gover e b he pr ple ha eah oaal Sae e le o ome afer a prmar oblgao o effe elmao b
o a ju a equable hare. Germa o e ha mak g ue of agreeme . Suh a prmar oblgao o ue a u uual prefae
he equa e meho of rle 6 paragraph 2 of he Co e al o wha lame o be a poe al ge eral rule of law. Whou
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aemp g o e er o ll le pro ou e upo a queo of # eae he prae of Y he Verror. Furhermore Souh
Y well u eroo ha prae rule of er ao al fra b vrue of he eo om polal oal a euao al
law a b agreeme be erogae from parular ae or a pole apple wh SW ha fale o promoe o he umo he
bewee parular pare-bu h o ormall he ubje of a maeral a moral well-be g a oal progre of he haba
expre provo a r. 6. Seo l he par plae b he of he Verror; ha falure o o o volao of oblgao
oo of peal ruma e relave o he pr ple of a ae he eo paragraph of rle 2 of he ¯a ae a
equa e a emboe r. 6 a he ver o erable ll rle 22 of he Cove a ; a ha he U o ha he u forhwh
u reolve o rovere a o he exa mea g a ope of h o eae volao a aforea a o ake all praable ao o
oo mu rae furher oub a o he poe all orm-rea g fulfll ue u er uh rle.
haraer of he rule. F all he faul of mak g reervao o c
r. 6 whle mgh o of elf preve he equa e pr ple + +Y+Y+ *+ Y ha bee aempe
be g eve uall reeve a ge eral law oe a o erabl o o erve a legal rgh or ere he o u of he ¯a ae from
he fful of regar g h reul a hav g bee brough abou (or he mple exe e or pr ple of he "are ru". Vhe are
be g poe all poble) o he ba of he Co ve o ² for o lo g ru wa a wa a "are ru of vlao " a he e all
a h faul o ue o ex a o he ubje of a revo vle ao ha a ere ee g ha wa arre ou. Bu
brough abou o eque e of a reque mae u er r. g3-of orer ha h ere mgh ake o a pefall legal haraer
whh here a pree o offal ao - he Co ve o he are ru elf mu be or beome omeh g more ha a
elf whh woul for he reao alrea ae eem o e o moral or huma ara eal. Y orer o ge erae legal rgh a
he provo of r. 6 he ame orm-rea g haraer a for oblgao mu be gve jural expreo a be lohe
a e r. g a 2 poe. legal form. Vhe moral eal mu o be o fue wh he legal rule
e e o gve effe. Vhe pr ple of he "are ru" ha o
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volv g a legal ue beaue here wa o law prohb g ¯a ue² WO? Colomba
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aparhe. Vhe ppla re o erve a legal rgh or ere he ha ela Vorre a polal refugee b g o Peru uh ha he
o u of he ¯a ae for Souh We fra from he mple a be gve afe o u paage o Columba
pr ple of he ͞are ru. Vhe pr ple e forh here have bee
oblerae laer ae. Fu ame al equal ow o ere Colomba o e a he ou r gra g alum ha
a Y Y oblgao e a fu ame al huma rgh. ompee o qualf he offe e for he purpoe of he a alum
wh he lm of he oblgao reul g parular from he
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am rave power over he her error b vrue of a ma ae a of mera er ao al law ge eral a ha Peru a he
prae Ye. ha guhe a o rae olor ao al erroral Sae bou he ae ow before he Cour o gve he
or rbal org eablh g he rgh a ue of he haba guara ee eear for he eparure of úaa e la Vorre from he
of he Verror; ha uh prae volao of oblgao a ou r wh ue regar o he volabl of h pero . Peru o
ae rle 2 of he ¯a ae a rle 22 of he Cove a of he oher ha o e ha hecgra of alum b he Colomba
he League of ?ao ; a ha he U o ha he u forhwh o mbaaor a Lma o úaa e la Vorre wa mae volao of
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ma er ha ha beome b g o he oher Par. Vhe formerl her faherla '. Peo er belo g o ha group of
Colomba Gover me mu prove ha he rule voke b aele refugee.
aora e wh a o a a u form uage prae b he Sae
queo a ha h uage he expreo of a rgh Y
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favore YCJ juge)² ?o -b g ( F al ah-all provo of he úague Co ve o ² ¯are
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rume a ll have b g effe f he are aeme of Y efaul of pef rea or legal ba ͞ma k o ue o be
uomar orm. u er he proeo of publ er ao al law publ o e e
a law of huma .
Vhe Cour ha e ow eo ha ?ew Zeala ' eque for
a Exam ao of he Suao aora e wh Paragraph 63 of $*!úow a he a ha
o publ healh ue
he Cour' g974 Jugme he !+Y VY Y!Y/Y+ Vh he eo mo oorou YCJ eo eo o l o
, Y mae o 2g ugu g995 "oe o fall wh he provo Souhwe fra ae. Wha o he mea b a g ͞poeo of
of he a paragraph 63 a mu o eque l be me." ulear weapo o per e llegal o l whe ue a arme
Co eque l ?ew Zeala ' reque for provo al meaure a o fl.
he applao for permo o erve e ubme b urala
Samoa Solomo Yla he ¯arhall Yla a he Feerae Vhe Serear-Ge eral of he U e ?ao offall ommu ae
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provo of paragraph 63 of he Jugme of he Cour of Y+Y+.Y Vhe Cour oberve ha ha alrea
20 Deember g974 he ae o er g !+Y VY !Y/Y+ ha oao o ae ha queo "frame erm of law a
, Y". Y he Cour' vew ha queo ha wo eleme . Vhe ra g] problem of er ao al law . . . are b her ver aure
fr eleme o er he oure of proeure e vage b he uepble of a repl bae o law . . . a ] appear . . . o be
Cour paragraph 63 of g974 Jugme whe ae ha "he queo of a legal haraer".
ppla oul reque a exam ao of he uao Y
Y
Y0 Y"; he oher o er he queo Y f ha he queo pu o he Cour b he Ge eral embl
wheher he "ba" of ha Jugme ha bee "affee" wh he ee a legal o e e he Cour ake o rule o he
mea g of paragraph 63 hereof. Y exam ao of ha queo ompabl of he hrea or ue of ulear weapo wh he
he Cour fou he fr plae ha b er g paragraph 63 he releva pr ple a rule of er ao al law. Vo o h he Cour
above-me o e phrae he Cour o exlue a peal mu e f he ex g pr ple a rule erpre hem a
proeure for ae o (u lke hoe me o e he Cour' appl hem o he hrea or ue of ulear weapo hu offer g a
Saue lke he fl g of a ew applao or a reque for repl o he queo poe bae o law. Vhe fa ha h queo
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alo ha polal ape a he aure of h g he ae wh polal epe e e. Wheher a g ale e o o ue fore f
o ma queo whh are er ao al lfe oe o uffe o era eve our or o a "hrea" wh rle 2
eprve of haraer a a "legal queo " a o "eprve he paragraph 4 of he Charer epe upo varou faor. Vhe
Cour of a ompee e exprel o ferre o b Saue". ?or oo of "hrea" a "ue" of fore u er rle 2 paragraph 4 of
are he polal aure of he move whh ma be a o have he Charer a ogeher he e e ha f he ue of fore elf
pre he reque or he polal mplao ha he op o a gve ae llegal - for whaever reao - he hrea o ue uh
gve mgh have of releva e he eablhme of he Cour' fore wll lkewe be llegal. Y hor f o be lawful he elare
juro o gve uh a op o . rea e of a Sae o ue fore mu be a ue of fore ha
o form wh he Charer. For he re o Sae - wheher or o
VY++Y+1 ! Y + Y Y/ Y he lgh of efe e he pol of eerre e - uggee o he Cour ha
he forego g he Cour o lue ha he mo rel releva woul be lawful o hreae o ue fore f he ue of fore
applable law gover g he queo of whh wa ee ha o emplae woul be llegal.
rela g o he ue of fore e hr e he U e ?ao Charer
a he law applable arme o fl whh regulae he o u +Y Y+
+Y +
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of hole ogeher wh a pef reae o ulear weapo Y er ao al uomar a rea law oe o o a a pef
ha he Cour mgh eerm e o be releva . prerpo auhor g he hrea or ue of ulear weapo or a
oher weapo ge eral or era ruma e parular
.Y Y
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Cour oe ha orer orrel o appl o he pree ae he here a pr ple or rule of er ao al law whh woul make he
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o fl parular huma ara law mperave for o ake weapo epe e o a pef auhorao . Sae prae how
aou of he u que haraer of ulear weapo a ha he llegal of he ue of era weapo a uh oe o
parular her eruve apa her apa o aue u ol reul from a abe e of auhorao bu o he o rar
huma uffer g a her abl o aue amage o ge erao o formulae erm of prohbo .
ome.
! Y Y Y+ "Y/ Y oe o eem o he
Y Y Y+ Y Y Y
Y1 Cour ha he ue of ulear weapo a be regare a pefall
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provo of he Charer rela g o he hrea or ue of fore. Y Co ve o YM of g907 or he g925 Ge eva Proool. Vhe paer u l
rle 2 paragraph 4 of he Charer he ue of fore aga he ow ha bee for weapo of ma eruo o be elare llegal
erroral egr or polal epe e e of a oher Sae or b pef rume . Bu he Cour oe o f a pef
a oher ma er o e wh he purpoe of he U e prohbo of reoure o ulear weapo reae exprel
?ao prohbe. Vh prohbo of he ue of fore o be prohb g he ue of era weapo of ma eruo ; a
o ere he lgh of oher releva provo of he Charer. Y oberve ha alhough he la wo eae a grea ma
rle 5g he Charer reog e he here rgh of vual or egoao have bee o ue regar g ulear weapo he
olleve elf-efe e f a arme aak our. furher lawful ue have o reule a rea of ge eral prohbo of he ame k
of fore e vage rle 42 whereb he Seur Cou l ma a for baerologal a hemal weapo .
ake mlar e foreme meaure o form wh Chaper MYY of Vhe Cour oe ha he reae eal g exluvel wh aquo
he Charer. Vhee provo o o refer o pef weapo . Vhe ma ufaure poeo eplome a e g of ulear
appl o a ue of fore regarle of he weapo emploe. Vhe weapo whou pefall are g her hrea or ue era l
Charer eher exprel prohb or perm he ue of a po o a rea g o er he er ao al ommu wh
pef weapo lu g ulear weapo . hee weapo ; Y o lue from h ha hee reae oul
herefore be ee a forehaow g a fuure ge eral prohbo of
!YY + Vhe e leme o reor o elf-efe e he ue of uh weapo bu ha he o o o ue uh a
u er rle 5g ubje o he o o of ee a prohbo b hemelve. o he reae of Vlaelolo a
proporo al. he Cour ae he ae o er g 2+ aroo ga a her Proool a alo he elarao mae
+ % Y ! ² "here a o eo wh he ef e exe o of he Vrea o he ?o -
pef rule whereb elf-efe e woul warra c
Prolferao of ?ulear Weapo emerge from hee rume
whh are proporo al o he arme aak a eear o repo ha²
o a rule well eablhe uomar er ao al law". Vhe c a umber of Sae have u erake o o ue ulear
proporo al pr ple ma hu o elf exlue he ue of weapo pef o e (La mera; he Souh Paf) or
ulear weapo elf-efe e all ruma e. Bu a he ame aga era oher Sae ( o - ulear-weapo Sae
me a ue of fore ha proporo ae u er he law of elf- whh are pare o he Vrea o he ?o -Prolferao of
efe e mu orer o be lawful alo mee he requreme of ?ulear Weapo );
he law applable arme o fl whh ompre parular he c everhele eve wh h framework he ulear-weapo
pr ple a rule of huma ara law. he Cour oe ha he Sae have reerve he rgh o ue ulear weapo
ver aure of all ulear weapo a he profou rk aoae era ruma e; a
herewh are furher o erao o be bor e m b Sae c hee reervao me wh o objeo from he pare o
belev g he a exere a ulear repo e elf-efe e he Vlaelolo or aroo ga Vreae or from he Seur
aora e wh he requreme of proporo al. Cou l.
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omeme g al ha he poe era weapo o ue elf- a exam ao of uomar er ao al law o eerm e wheher
efe e aga a Sae vola g her erroral egr or a prohbo of he hrea or ue of ulear weapo a uh flow
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from ha oure of law. rule of huma ara law applable arme o fl ha alrea
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ou ha he aopo eah ear b he Ge eral embl b a large woul be ompable wh he r all huma ara haraer
major of reoluo reall g he o e of reoluo g653 (XMY) of he legal pr ple queo whh permeae he e re law of
a reque g he member Sae o o lue a o ve o arme o fl a apple o all form of warfare a o all k of
prohb g he ue of ulear weapo a ruma e reveal weapo hoe of he pa hoe of he pree a hoe of he
he ere of a ver large eo of he er ao al ommu o fuure. Y h repe eem g fa ha he he ha he rule
ake b a pef a expre prohbo of he ue of ulear of huma ara law o o appl o he ew weapo r beaue of
weapo a g fa ep forwar alo g he roa o omplee he ew e of he laer ha o bee avoae he pree
ulear armame . Vhe
$ a +Y+ of a uomar rule proee g.
pefall prohb g he ue of ulear weapo a uh
hampere b he $
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bewee he ae VY +Y
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# o he o e ha a he ll ro g ahere e o he $
c pr ple of huma ara law applable arme o fl
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exere of he rgh o elf-efe e aga a arme aak whaever o e whh of a fu ame al haraer mlar o
hreae g he val eur ere of he Sae reerve) o he ha of he huma ara pr ple a rule applable (ubje o
oher. he releva provo of he U e ?ao Charer) o all
er ao al arme o fl whaever pe of weapo mgh be
Y + + fer keh g he horal ue.
evelopme of he bo of rule whh org all were alle "law
a uom of war" a laer ame o be erme " er ao al + Y
Y++
Y +
huma ara law" he Cour oberve ha he ar al pr ple + Y +Y
Y + . or g o o e
o a e he ex o u g he fabr of huma ara law are po of vew he fa ha reoure o ulear weapo ubje o
he follow g. Vhe fr ame a he proeo of he vla a regulae b he law of arme o fl oe o eearl
populao a vla obje a eablhe he o mea ha uh reoure a uh prohbe. oher vew hol
bewee ombaa a o -ombaa ; Sae mu ever make ha reoure o ulear weapo vew of he eearl
vla he obje of aak a mu o eque l ever ue rm ae o eque e of her ue oul ever be ompable
weapo ha are apable of guh g bewee vla a wh he pr ple a rule of huma ara law a herefore
mlar arge. or g o he eo pr ple prohbe o prohbe. mlar vew ha bee expree wh repe o he
aue u eear uffer g o ombaa ² aor gl effe of he pr ple of eural. Lke he pr ple a rule of
prohbe o ue weapo au g hem uh harm or uelel huma ara law ha pr ple ha herefore bee o ere b
aggrava g her uffer g. Y applao of ha eo pr ple ome o rule ou he ue of a weapo he effe of whh mpl
Sae o o have u lme freeom of hoe of mea he a o be o a e wh he errore of he o e g Sae.
weapo he ue. Vhe Cour oberve ha vew of he u que haraer of
ulear weapo o whh he Cour ha referre above he ue of
2 Y+YVhe Cour alo refer o he ¯are Claue whh uh weapo fa eem arel reo lable wh repe for he
wa fr lue he úague Co ve o YY wh epe o he requreme of he law applable arme o fl. Y o er
Law a Cuom of War o La of g899 a whh ha prove o everhele ha oe o have uffe eleme o e able o
be a effeve mea of are g he rap evoluo of mlar o lue wh era ha he ue of ulear weapo woul
eh olog. moer vero of ha laue o be fou rle eearl be a vara e wh he pr ple a rule of law
g paragraph 2 of o al Proool Y of g977 whh rea a applable arme o fl a ruma e. Furhermore he
follow² Cour a o loe gh of he fu ame al rgh of ever Sae o
<Yc$cc$cc
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c wh rle 5g of he Charer whe urvval a ake. ?or a
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or gl vew of he pree ae of er ao al law vewe
Vhe exe ve ofao of huma ara law a he exe of he a a whole a exam e b he Cour a of he eleme of fa a
aeo o he reula reae a well a he fa ha he poal he Cour le o oberve ha a o reah a
e u ao laue ha exe he ofao rume have ef ve o luo a o he legal or llegal of he ue of
ever bee ue have prove he er ao al ommu wh a ulear weapo b a Sae a exreme ruma e of elf-
orpu of rea rule he grea major of whh ha alrea beome efe e whh ver urvval woul be a ake.
uomar a whh reflee he mo u verall reog e
huma ara pr ple. Vhee rule ae he ormal o u a $+ Y Y+Y Y Gve he em e l
behavor expee of Sae. fful ue ha are appl g he law o he ue of fore a
above all he law applable arme o fl o ulear weapo he
Vur g o he applabl of he pr ple a rule of huma ara Cour o er ha ee o exam e o e furher ape of he
law o a poble hrea or ue of ulear weapo he Cour oe queo before ee a broaer o ex. Y he lo g ru
ha ulear weapo were ve e afer mo of he pr ple a er ao al law a wh he abl of he er ao al orer
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whh e e o gover are bou o uffer from he puru g her voao of ah g a br g g freh fh have
o u g ffere e of vew wh regar o he legal au of bee reog e a exemp wh her argoe a rew from
weapo a eal a ulear weapo . Y o eque l mpora apure a pre of war. Vhe Cour ue he hor of he uom
o pu a e o h ae of affar² he lo g-prome omplee exemp g oaal fher from apure beg g wh K g úe r YM
ulear armame appear o be he mo approprae mea of orer o h amral g403 o he releva prae of Fra e
ahev g ha reul. úolla Prua a he US. Vhe Cour alo oe ae he pa
ffere juro whh ee he ue he ame lgh. lo
Y hee ruma e he Cour appreae he full mpora e of he Cour oe legal wr g a reaee of legal exper a
he reog o b rle MY of he Vrea o he ?o -Prolferao of lum are whh prove for he exempo of fh g
ommeral
?ulear Weapo of a oblgao o egoae goo fah a ulear veel.
armame . Vhe legal mpor of ha oblgao goe beo ha of
a mere oblgao of o u; he oblgao volve here a ' 2
;>A3
oblgao o aheve a pree reul - ulear armame all
ape - b aop g a parular oure of o u amel he
- Eoppel a aquee e are ge eral pr ple of law whh a
puru of egoao o he maer goo fah. Vh wofol
be a ba of er ao al law.
oblgao o purue a o o lue egoao formall o er
he g82 Sae pare o he Vrea o he ?o -Prolferao of
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?ulear Weapo or oher wor he va major of he
- Vhala a Camboa are aga o he verge of war beaue of
er ao al ommu . Y ee a real earh for ge eral a
h.
omplee armame epeall ulear armame eeae
- Vhee pr ple are exal he ame o e fou he Cvl Coe.
he o-operao of all Sae.
Wha are he eleme of eoppel g] a or repree ao 2]
rela e 3] amage
*
ú"2*
ú"
32
;CC3 Vhe Cour hel ha he Vemple of Preah Mhear wa uae
error u er he overeg of Camboa a o eque e
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ha Vhala wa u er a oblgao o whraw a mlar or
( e uage ha rpe e o er ao al law. pole fore or oher guar or keeper ao e b her a he
- Y er ao al úuma ara Law o o l uomar aure bu Vemple or v o Camboa error. Y alo fou ha
alo ju oge . Vhala wa u er a oblgao o reore o Camboa a
( Exemp g of fh g veel wa fou e o o erao of ulpure elae fragme of mo ume a o e moel a
huma o a poor a urou orer of me a of he a e poer whh mgh e he ae of he oupao of he
muual o ve e e of bellgere ae whh rel o he Vemple b Vhala g954 have bee remove from he Vemple or
lvelhoo of fh g. he Vemple area b he Vha auhore.
$*!1 %+
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+
Y Y+
- Vhe reae whh eablhe he "="# Y- c-cY.>Y c .YYYVhe map wa ever formall approve b he ¯xe
4"..". hough
beame $cc$
c
Commo whh ha eae o fu o ome mo h before
beaue ur g he pero he were g e here were cc prouo . Whle here oul be o reao able oub ha wa
c$
. lo he g aore be g marme ao a be bae o he work of he urve g offer he Da grek eor he
o ere a $
c$c. Vhe eh que ue b he Cour everhele o lue ha epo ha o b g
our o eablh he orm hrough uomar law a haraer. Y wa lear from he reor however ha he map were
ubar mea a eve e of he orm. ommu ae o he Samee Gover me a purpor g o
- 5
?o. lo g a here repree he ouome of he work of elmao ; e here wa
weprea a vruall u form ae prae. lhough beaue o reao o he par of he Samee auhore eher he or for
of he evelopme e e a eh olog wha ook hu re ma ear he mu be hel o have aquee. Vhe map were
of ear before oul ow beome uomar orm over gh. moreover ommu ae o he Samee member of he ¯xe
- Wh are he exemp from be g ake a pre of war Beaue f Commo who a oh g. o he Samee ¯ er of he
he are o proee o o e woul e gage fh g a ha Y eror. Yf he Samee auhore aepe he ex Y map whou
woul eprve vla populao wh oure of foo. vegao he oul o ow plea a error va g he real
- Veh que ue b he Cour o eablh he orm of her o e . Vhe Samee Gover me a laer he Vha
g. Cuomar law Gover me ha rae o quer abou he ex Y map pror o
2. Subar mea a eve e of he orm egoao wh Camboa Ba gkok g958. Vhala ha
everhele o ue alo o ue a ee o publh map
Vhe Cour hel ha he apure of he fh g veel wa u lawful a how g Preah Mhear a l g Camboa. ¯oreover he oure
whou probable aue o he grou ha a a rule of er ao al of he egoao for he g925 a g937 Fra o-Samee Vreae
law fh g veel are exemp from apure a a pre of war. Vhe whh o frme he ex g fro er a g947 Wah go
Cour orere ha he eree of he Dr Cour be revere a before he Fra o-Samee Co lao Commo woul have
he proee of he ale of he veel ogeher wh he proee of bee aural for Vhala o rae he maer² he o o o. Vhe
a ale of her argo be reore o he lama wh amage a aural fere e wa ha he ha aepe he fro er a Preah
o. Mhear a wa raw o he map rrepeve of orrepo e e
wh he waerhe l e. ¯oreover whe g930 Pr e Damro g o
&
B a a e a v o he Vemple wa offall reeve here b he Fre h
uage amo g vle ao beg g e ure ago a grauall ee for he ajo g Camboa prov e Sam fale o rea.
rpe g o a rule of er ao al law oa fh g veel From hee fa he our o lue ha Vhala ha aepe he
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ex Y map. Eve f here were a oub h o eo eear a lame b Porugal for he exere of overeg
Vhala wa prelue from aer g ha he ha o aepe over he e lave a ubje o he regulao a o rol of Y a.
e Fra e a Camboa ha rele upo her aepa e a he Vhere wa a lear o bewee he prae perm g free
ha for ff ear e joe uh be ef a he Vrea of g904 ha paage of prvae pero vl offal a goo ge eral a he
o ferre o her. Furhermore he aepa e of he ex Y map prae requr g prevou auhorao a he ae of arme
aue o e er he rea eleme ; he Pare ha a ha me fore arme pole a arm a ammu o . Vhere wa o rgh
aope a erpreao of ha eleme whh aue he map of paage favour of Porugal volv g a orrelave oblgao o
l e o preval over he provo of he Vrea a a here wa o Y a ha bee eablhe repe of arme fore arme pole
reao o h k ha he Pare ha aahe a peal mpora e a arm a ammu o . Vhe oure of eal g eablhe
o he l e of he waerhe a uh a ompare wh he overr g bewee he Poruguee a he Brh auhore wh repe o
mpora e of a f al regulao of her ow fro er he Cour he paage of hee aegore exlue he exe e of a uh
o ere ha he erpreao o be gve ow woul be he rgh. Vhe prae ha wa eablhe how ha wh regar o
ame. hee aegore wa well u eroo ha paage oul ake
plae o l b permo of he Brh auhore. Vh uao
2
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Co a a u form prae bewee ae alo a
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Y Y Y vew of he e o he preval g
oure of er ao al law. Vhere o ee o reor o ge eral
erve g Y a error he Cour u able o hol ha Y a
er ao al uom or o ge eral pr ple of law po g of
refual of paage o he propoe elegao a refual of va
uh ae whe here a
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o Poruguee ao al of Europea org a o ave Y a
Poruguee he emplo of he Poruguee Gover me wa ao
Porugal ha a error he Y a Pe ula mae up of he hree o rar o oblgao reul g from Porugal
rgh of paage.
r of Goa Dama a Du. Vhe r of Dama ompre Porugal
lam of a rgh of paage ubje o full reog o a
ao o loral error wo parel of error ompleel exere of Y a overeg over he erve g error a
urrou e b he error of Y a whh o ue e lave² Dara whou a mmu favour of Porugal. Y a
refual of paage
a ?agar-vel. Porugal ha bee pa g hrough Y a error hoe ae wa he ruma e overe b power of
hrough he ear orer o he e lave of Dara a ?agar- vel. regulao a o rol of he rgh of paage of Porugal.
úowever g954 he Gover me of Y a preve e Porugal from
exer g h rgh of paage. Porugal lam ha here wa a loal
uom favor wh he rgh of paage over he error.
2
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Porugal lam ha he e al of paage b Y a wa o e ue o
Y a
ope ampag o a ex Porugee errore. Ý
emeal law pr ple uh a ruma al eve e a
auall be a ba for f g faual pue.
m YY
++ Y YY YVhe Cour a ha
fful o ee wh he umber of Sae bewee whh a loal $*!Vh ae hghlgh he uomar aure of YúL.
uom ma be eablhe o he ba of lo g prae mu
eearl be larger ha wo. Vhere o reao wh lo g o ue Brh eroer veel ruk a m e a wa gravel amage
prae bewee wo Sae aepe b hem a regula g her whle pa g hrough he Corfu Cha el he erroral waer of
relao houl o form he ba of muual rgh a oblgao lba a. Vhe oher eroer wa e o her aa e a whle
bewee he wo Sae. ow g her ruk a oher m e a wa alo eroul amage. Vhe
c Cour hel ha lba a ha breahe oblgao u er
VY Y Y Y Y
Y Y
Y +YVhe er ao al law o of ae regar g he a ger of pa g
queo wa pu o he Cour repe of he pue whh ha hrough a bo of waer ue o pree e of m e erroral
are bewee Y a a Porugal wh regar o obale plae b ea.
Y a he wa of paage. Y wa uppor of h o e o ha
voke rgh of paage a ake he Cour o elare he %++Y
+YYYYY +
exe e of ha rgh. Vh be g o he eve of he reao of +Y
+cVhe exluve o rol exere b a Sae wh
hee obale ha mu be elee a he ar g po whh o fro er ma make mpoble o fur h re proof of fa whh
aera wheher or o Porugal poee uh a rgh. woul volve repo bl ae of a volao of er ao al
law. Vhe Sae whh he vm mu ha eae be allowe a
YWh regar o prvae pero vl offal a
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pero a o a a u form prae allow g free paage wegh whe bae o a ere of fa l ke ogeher a lea g
bewee Dama a he e lave. Vh prae hav g o ue logall o a gle o luo .
over a pero exe g beo a e ur a a quarer u affee
b he ha ge of regme repe of he erve g error whh Y he pree ae wo ere of fa whh orroborae o e
ourre whe Y a beame epe e . Prae wa aepe a a oher have o be o ere. Vhe fr relae o he lba a
law b he Pare a ha gve re o a rgh a a orrelave Gover me ' aue before a afer he aarophe. Vhe la g of
oblgao . he m e ook plae a pero whh ha how e o o
keep a jealou wah o erroral waer a whh wa
Y g954 a rgh of paage over erve g Y a error bewee requr g pror auhorao before he were e ere h vgla e
oaal Dama a he e lave a bewee he e lave repe omeme go g o far a o volve he ue of fore² all of whh
of prvae pero vl offal a goo ge eral o he exe re er he aero of g ora e mprobable. ¯oreover
whe he lba a Gover me ha beome full aware of he
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exe e of a m efel proee ro gl aga he av of
he Brh Flee bu o aga he la g of he m e hough h 0 Y&Y+
+Y+
+cY er ao al law
a f effee whou her o e woul have bee a ver erou oe o preve o e Sae from gra g o a oher he rgh o have
volao of her overeg ; he o of hpp g of he reoure o er ao al arbral rbu al orer o oba he
exe e of he m efel a woul be requre b er ao al law; re awar o ao al of he laer Sae of ompe ao for
a he o u erake a of he meaure of jual amage uffere b hem a a reul of frao of er ao al
vegao whh woul eem o be umbe o her uh a law b he fr Sae.
ae. Suh a aue oul o l be expla e f he lba a
Gover me whle k ow g of he m e la g ere he Y +Y
YYcY a pr ple of
ruma e whh wa effee o rema ere. er ao al law ha he reparao of a wro g ma o a
em orrepo g o he amage whh he ao al of he
Vhe eo ere of fa relae o he pobl of oberv g he jure Sae have uffere a a reul of he a whh o rar o
m e la g from he lba a oa. Geographall he ha el er ao al law.
eal wahe² om ae b hegh offer g exelle
obervao po a ru loe o he oa. Vhe mehoal a Y ema g he amage aue b a u lawful a o l he value of
well-hough-ou la g of he m e ompelle he m elaer o proper rgh a ere whh have bee affee a he
rema from wo o wo-a -a-half hour he waer. Y regar o ow er of whh he pero o whoe behalf ompe ao
ha po he aval exper appo e b he Cour repore afer lame or he amage o e o whom o erve a a mea of
e qur a vegao o he po ha he o ere o be gaug g he reparao lame mu be ake o aou . Vhe
puable ha f a ormal look-ou wa kep a f he lookou amage uffere equvale o he c - bu o ha oal
were equppe wh b oular u er ormal weaher o o for o l - of he proper rgh a ere of h Compa ha
h area he m e-la g operao mu have bee oe b u erak g whou eu g lable.
hee oaguar. From all he fa a obervao me o e
above he Cour raw he o luo ha he la g of he m efel Vhe reparao ue b o e Sae o a oher oe o however ha ge
oul o have bee aomplhe whou he k owlege of lba a. haraer b reao of he fa ha ake he form of a
regar he oblgao reul g for her from h k owlege he em for he alulao of whh he amage uffere b a
are o pue. Y wa her u o of hpp g a epeall o prvae pero ake a he meaure. Vhe rule of law gover g he
war he hp proee g hrough he Sra o Oober 22 of he reparao are he rule of er ao al law fore bewee he wo
a ger o whh he were expoe. Y fa oh g wa aempe Sae o er e a o he law gover g relao bewee he
b lba a o preve he aer a hee grave omo volve Sae whh ha omme a wro gful a a he vual who ha
her er ao al repo bl. uffere amage. Vhe
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Y Y
YcVhe ee al pr ple o a e he aual
: Vhe reparao of a wro g ma o a em
oo of a llegal a - a pr ple whh eem o be eablhe b
orrepo g o he amage whh he ao al of he jure
er ao al prae a parular b he eo of arbral
ae have uffere a a reul of he a whh o rar o
rbu al - ha reparao mu a far a poble,cwpe-ou all he
er ao al law.
o eque e of he llegal a a re-eablh he uao whh
- eparao he pe able ompleme of a falure o appl a
woul all probabl have exe f ha a ha o bee
o ve o .
omme.
- Vak g of proper requre ompe ao . Yf reorao o
poble reme ompe ao o uh amou a o elm ae
)Y Y +Y Y Y ceuo k or
all effe of llegal ak g.
f h o poble pame of a um orrepo g o he value
whh a reuo k woul bear; he awar f ee be of
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amage for lo ua e whh woul o be overe b reuo
( ) YYY + +Y
+ YY3eparao for he
k or pame plae of - uh are he pr ple whh houl
ak g of proper requre ompe ao . eparao ue whe
erve o eerm e he amou of ompe ao ue for a a
here a breah of a oblgao .
o rar o er ao al law.
- Whe a exproprao he amou of he reparao he
logal value of he proper ake a he me of he
Y +Y YcVh o luo parularl apple
exproprao . úowever whe here a c
he
a regar he Ge eva Co ve o he obje of whh o prove
amou of reparao lue he a gble ae (lo of prof).
for he ma e a e of eo om lfe Upper Slea o he ba of
repe for he .. Vhe poeo of a ural
Vhe Germa empre ha a o ra wh a ompa where he u erak g (whh prohbe b he Ge eva Co ve o ) he
ompa u erook o eablh for he eh a forhwh o beg volve he oblgao o reore he u erak g a f h be o
he o ruo of a rae faor a Chorow Upper Slea. poble o pa value a he me of he em fao whh
Subeque l Pola a Germa g e a Co ve o o er g value eg e o ake he plae of reuo whh ha beome
he Upper Slea of Ge eva (Ge eva Co ve o ). Polh wa he mpoble. Vo h oblgao vrue of he ge eral pr ple of
elegae wh he full power o ake harge of he faor hu er ao al law mu be ae ha of ompe a g lo ua e
au g he e of he o ra bewee Germa a he a he reul of he eure. Vhe mpobl of reor g he Chorw
ompa e. Germa brough ao behalf of he ompa e faor oul herefore have o oher effe bu ha of ubu g
aga Pola for he ak g of he ompa e volao of he pame of he value of he u erak g for reuo ; woul o
Ge eva Co ve o . be o form wh he pr ple of law or wh he wh of he
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exproprao properl o alle wa volve. em.
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ae he lea g ae o he propoo ha
ompa repree g foreg apal he ge eral rule of
a reog e reme of Y er ao al Law. úowever he jugme er ao al law auhore he ao al Sae of he ompa alo e
o auhor o he po for he Clama (he Germa o exere ploma proeo for he purpoe of eek g rere.
Gover me ) o lam Y Y a a h g he ?o rule of er ao al law exprel o ferre uh a rgh o he
Cour ae o he avalabl of ha reme ober.) hareholer' ao al Sae.
5
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mgh o be he pree ae peal ruma e for whh he
25+ 32
;DC3 ge eral rule mgh o ake effe. Vwo uao eee o be
ue² he ae of he ompa hav g eae o ex a
Ý
he ae of he proe g Sae of he ompa lak g apa o
: Vha a orporao ha a jural pero al from ake ao .
hareholer a ge eral pr ple of law. Cae wa abou
orporae pero ale (Ca aa) v. hareholer (Belgum) m regar he fr of hee poble he Cour oberve ha
Belgum ha o ju a ] whl Barelo a Vrao ha lo all ae Spa a bee
- Where o e of he pare volve a mu pal e uh a a plae reeverhp Ca aa oul o be o e e ha he
COPOVYO? refere e ma be mae o releva pr ple of orporae e of he ompa ha eae o ex or ha ha lo
mu pal law. apa o ake orporae ao . So far a he eo pobl
wa o er e wa o pue ha he ompa ha bee
$*!² orporae Ca aa a ha regere offe ha ou r
( ) Y Y Y +Y
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$ alo a Ca aa ao al ha reeve ge eral reog o . Vhe
form par of ge eral pr ple of law a herefore a oure of YL. Ca aa Gover me ha exere he proeo of Barelo a
Vhoe PYL profeor o
k ow a h g abou bo a hare Vrao for a umber of ear. Yf a a era po he Ca aa
Gover me eae o a o behalf of Barelo a Vrao
o ehele rea e apa o o o whh he Spa h
Vhe BVLPC wa orporae Voro o (Ca aa) for he purpoe of
Gover me ha o queo e. Whaever he reao for he
rea g a evelop g a eler power prouo a rbuo
Ca aa Gover me ' ha ge of aue ha fa oul o
em Caalo a (Spa ). Y forme a umber of ubar
o ue a jufao for he exere of ploma proeo b
ompa e of whh ome ha her regere offe Ca aa a
a oher gover me .
he oher Spa . Some ear afer he fr worl war Barelo a
Vrao hare apal ame o be ver largel hel b Belga
Y ha bee ma a e ha a Sae oul make a lam whe
ao al. Vhe erv g of he Barelo a Vrao bo wa
veme b ao al abroa uh veme be g par of a
upe e o aou of he Spa h vl war. fer ha war he
Sae' ao al eo om reoure were prejuall affee
Spa h exha ge o rol auhore refue o auhore he
volao of he rgh of he Sae elf o have ao al e jo a
ra fer of he foreg urre eear for he reumpo of he
era reame . Bu he pree ae of affarc$cc
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erv g of he erl g bo . Eve uall he ompa wa elare
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ba krup. Belgum fle a applao wh he YCJ aga he Spa h
rume of uh a k wa fore bewee Belgum a Spa .
gover me eek g reparao of amage lame o have bee
aue o he Belga ao al hareholer of he ompa .
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proeo er ao al law wa o uou evoluo a wa Ý
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he our
law he o ep of he ompa wa fou e o a frm o looke o he
c of he parpa ae. Y
bewee he rgh of he ompa a hoe of he hareholer. ge erall reomme aor bu ma erve a a a of orm.
O l he ompa whh wa e owe wh legal pero al oul : Dor e of peall affee ae²
ake ao repe of maer ha were of a orporae haraer.
wro g o e o he ompa freque l aue prejue o $*!²
hareholer bu h o mpl ha boh were e le o lam ( Vhe meho of look g o vo g paer a emplo g he
ompe ao . Whe ever a hareholer' ere were harme b ͞peall affee ae or e o o full a oall ae
a a o e o he ompa wa o he laer ha he ha o look o WO? a reoluo b g. Sae Prae + Op o Jur ll ha o
ue approprae ao . a fr g g o l he ompa ' be prove. Sr oe o approve of h meho.
rgh o volve repo bl owar he hareholer eve f ( Vhe ue here o lo ger wheher Lba a ao ale (beaue
her ere were affee. Y orer for he uao o be ffere oul a reog e a oher ae) bu wheher ae of
he a ompla e of mu be ame a he re rgh of he exproprao whh law preval (ome or ural) Wh wll
hareholer a uh (whh wa o he ae here e he Belga maer o fgure ou Ymag e whe a prvae arpor ow e b a
Gover me ha elf ame ha ha o bae lam o a Germa exproprae b Phlpp e gover me . Wll maer
fr geme of he re rgh of he hareholer). wheher Paa VC wll have juro or he YCJ Paa wll
aurall have ro ger flue e o o-Flp o. pplao of
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Y Y+ Y
er ao al law.
Y YY
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Y Y
Lba promulgae eree purpor g o ao ale all of he rgh +-0 Y ++
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volae he erm a o o of her Dee of Co eo . Vhe
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our looke o he
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meaure of ao alao he Lba Gover me breahe
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( Vhe meho of look g o vo g paer a emplo g he
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͞peall affee ae or e o o full a oall ae
o gve hem her full fore a effe. Lba argue ha wh repe
WO? a reoluo b g. Sae Prae + Op o Jur ll ha o
o ao alao mu pal law houl gover a o er ao al
be prove. Sr oe o approve of h meho.
law. Several U? G.. reoluo were voke b boh pare. Vhu
( Vhe ue here o lo ger wheher Lba a ao ale (beaue
he our ha o look o he legal value a val of uh
oul a reog e a oher ae) bu wheher ae of
reoluo a her b g effe o he pare.
exproprao whh law preval (ome or ural) Wh wll
maer o fgure ou Ymag e whe a prvae arpor ow e b a
Y++Y
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Germa exproprae b Phlpp e gover me . Wll maer
YY Y Y Y Y+
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releva o he pree ae a be eerm e o he ba of
loal law be efal for he ae. Y veor favore
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er ao al law.
a b a al of he pr ple whh he ae.
Y+ Y Y YY Y YYY BP Explorao Compa (BP) ha a o raual agreeme wh he
YY++ YY++
Y Y/cWh repe o he fr po he Gover me of Lba (Lba) whh allowe BP o operae Lba for
abe e of a b g fore of he reoluo of he Ge eral he exrao proe g a expor of peroleum. Vhe area whh
embl of he U e ?ao mple ha uh reoluo mu be BP wa allowe o operae wa alle Co eo 65. úowever Lba
aepe b he member of he U e ?ao orer o be legall Deember g97g pae he BP ?ao alao Law whh
b g. Y h repe he Vrbu al oe ha o l eoluo g803 ao ale he operao of BP Co eo 65 reor g o he
(XMYY) of g4 Deember g962 wa uppore b a major of ¯ember Sae ow erhp of all propere rgh ae a hare he
Sae repree g all of he varou group. B o ra he oher operao o ue he a area a he ra ferr g hee o
eoluo me o e a parular hoe referre o he a ew ompa he raba Gulf Explorao Compa . a reul of
Lba ¯emora um were uppore b a major of Sae bu o he ?ao alao Law (whh wa rapl mpleme e) BP
b a of he evelope ou re wh marke eo ome whh operao Co eo 65 were brough o a omplee hal a
arr o he large par of er ao al rae. aff were mmeael exlue from he preme a fale. Vhe
raba Gulf Explorao Compa ha ake over Co eo 65.
Ý Y YY Y Y Y
Y +YVhe appraal of he legal value o he %++Y+ YYcClaue 28 of he o eo agreeme
ba of he pr ple ae appear ee al o h Vrbu al o prove ha houl pue are he applable law hall be he
guh bewee hoe provo a g he exe e of a rgh pr ple of he law of Lba ommo o he pr ple of
o whh he ge eral of he Sae ha expree agreeme a er ao al law a o l f uh ommo pr ple o o ex
hoe provo rou g ew pr ple whh were rejee b wh repe o a parular maer wll reor be mae o ge eral
era repree ave group of Sae a hav g oh g more ha pr ple of law. Y he eve ha er ao al law a Lba law
a e lege fere a (wha he law ough o be); value o l he ee o fl o he ue ge eral pr ple of law houl appl o reolve
of he Sae whh have aope hem; a far a he oher are he queo .
o er e he rejeo of hee ame pr ple mple ha he
o er hem a be g o ra legem (aga he law). Wh repe Vhe gover g em of law wha he laue exprel prove
o he former whh prolam rule reog e b he ommu of ha he abe e of pr ple ommo o he Lba a
ao he o o reae a uom bu o frm o e b formula g Y er ao al law ge eral pr ple of law lu g hoe ha ma
a pef g ope hereb mak g poble o eerm e have bee apple b er ao al rbu al houl appl.
wheher or o o e o fro e wh a legal rule. ha bee oe
b mbaaor Caa ea "uh reoluo ] o o reae he law; 0Y
Y
Y ++YY YcY he eo of rbu al
he have a elaraor aure of o g wha oe ex" whle arbral rbu al a elare awar whh lue he
elarao of pef performa e aga a realra par her
Y+ 4 Ú Y
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o e .
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ruma e of aopo me o e above a b expre g a a ale here offer ffere oluo o he problem. Vhu hee
op o jur ommu eoluo g803 (XMYY) eem o h Vrbu al mu pal em of law profe allega e o wo verge
o refle he ae of uomar law ex g h fel. Y ee pr ple o he queo . Y herefore ?OV POSSYBLE o hol ha
Y
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u er E glh a mera law he ole reme amage a o remee. Cuomar er ao al law (parularl he prae of
oher pef performa e oe o le aga he Sae. er ao al rbu al) oe o prove expl uppor for he
Y lear he ha here oe o ex a u form ge eral pr ple propoo ha pef performa e a reuo egrum are
of law ha a agreeme o ue effe afer be g repuae remee avalable a he opo of a par uffer g a breah b a
b o e par bu o he oher a here o u form pr ple o ra g par.
whh prove ha pef performa e a reme avalable a he
opo of a oe par. Sep hree² Look a he ge eral pr ple of er ao al law
(mu pal legal pr ple ex g ffere legal em).
Y Y ++Yc o Y E glh law ʹ he orm amage a pef performa e
Y whle ha bee lame epeall he form of phal he exepo ; o l whe amage are aequae
reorao o rbu al ha ever prerbe he reme wh regar ha pef performa e reore o.
o uh proper or pare a hee proee g. Vhe o ep ha Germa law- pef performa e he ormal reme
raher bee emploe a me a a pr ple for ae g he a amage are reore o o l whe o poble.
amou of amage ue for breah of a er ao al oblgao . Da h law- ame a Germa .
(Vhe pr ple of hee legal em are pr ple of
VY+
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Y
YcVhe lam or ar ommeral law.
woul o eve be real; uh a ao whh ha he effe of
ur g bak he lok woul upe he urre uao oo úowever here a Sae (Lba) he repo e a ormall he
profou l a woul have u foreeeable praal o eque e. remee of reuo k g a pef performa e are
Furhermore f aware ow a he o ra woul ll be allowe u avalable aga gover me al auhore.
o ex ef el he amou woul be o grea woul be
abur. BP a o ak for pef performa e or o be elare ow er of
rule of reao herefore ae a reul whh o form o a ol exrae Lba. Vhe breah beaue of he ?ao alao
er ao al law eve e b ae prae a he law of reae Law mae he ba of he amou of amage favor of BP.
a o gover g pr ple of E glh a mera o ra law. Vhe c
o luo hu² whe b exere of overeg power a Sae
omme a fu ame al breah of a o eo agreeme b
repua g hrough a ao alao of he e erpre a YYY
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agreeme a re aeme of h o raual rgh bu h ole
reme a ao for amage. c '/cg,c#
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wro gful a. Vhe pr ple b) a ef e error;
of ompe ao alo reog e he BP ?ao alao Law. ) gover me ; a
) apa o e er o relao wh he oher ae.
$*!Vh ae alo volve a o eo o ra a
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ffere beaue o e of he pare a ae. a o eque e of g. ¯emberhp he U e ?ao ope o all oher peae-lov g
whh pef performa e a reuo egrum o avalable. ae whh aep he oblgao o a e he pree Charer
a he jugme of he Orga ao are able a wll g o arr
Vake oe h he o l eo ha he reuo egrum ou hee oblgao .
mpoble. lhough a a maer of law poble bu h ae 2. Vhe amo of a uh ae o memberhp he U e
mpraal o orer pef performa e eaue a o ompel ?ao wll be effee b a eo of he Ge eral embl
a ae beaue here o oerve apparau er ao al law. upo he reomme ao of he Seur Cou l.
Ge eral pr ple of law² Vhe Ge eral pr ple of a o ra uh a ' /c )c ¯ember of he U e ?ao whh o a member
auo om muual o e ual a oblgaor are oberve. of he Seur Cou l or a ae whh o a ¯ember of he
oblgao mu be performe. Vhe law bewee he pare mu be U e ?ao f a par o a pue u er o erao b he
omple wh goo fah. Seur Cou l hall be
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úere wa o he LEGL Y¯POSSYBYLYV bu Y¯PCVYCBYLYV ha uh o o a eem ju for he parpao of a ae whh
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Sep o e² Look a he pr ple of Lba law ommo o he purpoe of he pue he oblgao of paf eleme
er ao al law. Vhere are o era o luo a o he poo prove he pree Charer.
of Lba law o he ubje maer of he pue. c
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Sep wo² Look a Publ er ao al law (Me a Co ve o o he $
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o exere a e jo a fa exer g a e jo g fu o
' c ,cY!c.c a rgh whh a o l be expla e o he ba of he poeo
g. -c ma be pare ae before he Cour. of a large meaure of er ao al pero al a he apa o
2. Vhe Cour ubje o a o form wh ule ma reque operae upo a er ao al pla e.
of
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3. Wherever he o ruo of he o ue rume of a er ao al law he rgh a ue of a e uh a he U?
publ er ao al orga ao or of a er ao al o ve o mu epe upo purpoe a fu o a pefe or mple
aope hereu er queo a ae before he Cour he o ue oume a evelope prae.
egrar hall o of he publ er ao al orga ao
o er e a hall ommu ae o ope of all he wre ! + Y
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82
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houl be alulae aora e wh he rule of er ao al law.
$*!² Vhe YCJ rejee he or e ha o l ae are or
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vew of oba g he reparao ue repe of he amage prove he Charer are o ferre upo b eear
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reog e b er ao al law for he eablhme he proeo ha ha of he U? (ave of oure for he more re a
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Saue). well be omprome o rar o he pr ple apple b rle g00
of he Charer. lal ee al ha wheher he age
Y Sae a br g a er ao al lam aga belo g o a powerful or o a weak Sae; o o e more affee or le
a oher Sae. Suh a lam ake he form of a lam bewee wo affee b he omplao of er ao al lfe; o o e mpah
polal e e equal law mlar form a boh he re or o mpah wh he mo of he age -he houl k ow ha
ubje of er ao al law. Y eal wh b mea of egoao he performa e of h ue he u er he proeo of he U?.
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Sae a of he U?. Y uh a ae here o rule of law whh make abu a l lear however ha he Ge eral embl alo
ag pror o he o e or o he oher or whh ompel eher o be o er e wh er ao al peae a eur. rle g4
he Sae or he U? o refra from br g g a er ao al lam. auhore he Ge eral embl o "reomme meaure for he
Y oe o maer wheher or o he Sae o whh he lam peaeful ajume of a uao regarle of org whh
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Yf he ew bael e oor ae rafe b Y o ea were followe US CLY¯ Y? ?UVSúELL. Vhe US lam ummare²
he Phlpp e woul loe o o l Palma Yla bu alo ome (g)c Palma le well wh he emarao of r. 3 Vrea of Par;
g5000 q.m. of arhpelag a erroral waer. Vhee are (2)c Y approx g2 mle earer o ¯ a ao ha o a of he
Phlpp e errore urre l ef e u er he Vrea of Par. maller la of he Duh rhpelago;
(3)c Y well wh he lm marke b he 4 ¯a g493 Bull of
YV YS Y? VúE P
S BESV Y?VEESVS VO ¯Y?VY? UVúOYV ?D lexa er MY he Y Y Y ];
CO?VOL OME VúE PL¯S E. eao lue² (4)c Y well wh he lm of he agreeme o lue 4 Jul
(g)c Mer loe o he raeg ax l k g he Paf a Y ea g494 bewee Spa a Porugal;
Oea . Vhe eare la o Palma Cape Sa gu . Vhe (5)c Vhe u o of Spa a Porugal g580 houl remove a
eablhme of arhpelag ea-la e bewee he wo u er oub a o he le of he Yla pror o ha me;
Phl overeg wll e able he ou r pobl ooperao (6)c Vhe gover me of Spa o ere Palma o e of oea
wh Y o ea o mo or o rol a ma a urvella e of poeo ;
e ve marme juro . ¯a of he ou r
major (7)c Spa ever rel quhe o rol over he la exep o he
populao e er ural o e a he por of ¯a US; a
Davao C Ge eral Sa o Coabao Pagaa a (8)c Spa exere overeg over he Phl arhpelago a a whole;
Zamboa ga are rel aeble from he a eala e. wa o eear for Spa o ma a eaprae
(2)c Cloe o he ral paw g area a paage hghwa of am rao over he la .
eo omall mpora fh e.g. ellowf u a. lo he area
ha bee agge a a mar e eo-rego b he WWF ow g o DUVCú CLY¯ Y? ?UVSúELL. Vhe allege grou for he
he area
a oua g bover. ?eherla lam²
(3)c Vhe ͞warm pool of he worl
oea e ere o Souher (g)c Y he g7h e ur Palma wa o quere b he ajah of
¯ a ao mak g he Davao Gulf Sara ga a Ylla a ba Vabuka who g877 g e a agreeme wh he Duh Ea
he ¯oro Gulf he mo uable e for large-ale oea Y e Compa ha he Vabuka errore houl beome he
4
erm al pla . proper of he ompa ;
(2)c Vhe poeo of he Duh Ea Y e Compa ame u er
Vhe heer area of marme error ha he Phl woul loe plu he re o rol of he ?eherla Gov. S e he beg g
he forego g reao warra a re-exam ao of he roo of of he g9h e ur he la ha bee u er he uera of
Y o ea
lam o Palma² he Palma rbrao of g928. he ?eherla ;
(3)c Vhe haba pa axe o he Duh gover me e he
h
YY/cc
c cYccc'
c earl g9 e ur;
(4)c Vhe la ame o ra bewee he Duh gover me
VúE CSE Y? ?UVSúELL. Vhe Sw arbraor ¯ax úuber u l a he Sula of Vura e;
ummare he o fl g lam o Palma whe he a ͞Y le (5)c Vhe ?eherla gover me roue va ao upo he
wh he bou are of he Phlpp e a ee b Spa o he US la ;
g898 (b he Vrea of Par). Vhe pue bega g906 whe (6)c Vhe ?eherla auhore ve he la a lea o e a
¯aj. Ge . Leo ar Woo he he mera Gov-Ge of he Phl. ear;
ve Palma a overe he Duh flag hoe o he la . (7)c Spa ever queo e he rgh of he ?eherla gover me
ave who poke Spa h allegel forme hm of ͞he v of o exere overeg or o pla flag o he la ; a
?eherla ubje o he la . (8)c Spa o hav g o rol of he la a he me of eo
g898 oul o ee o he US.
WúV úUBE DOES?
V VELL US. Vhe mera were ge erall
hea o purue he lam. Vhe la wa mall a populae b Ympl argume ha whle Spa ma have ha le o he
689 ͞eae a eue haba of low me al who peak a la b vrue of over ha e cAc
¯ala-Spa h ale; a he legal reoure o he lam lu g le b allow g he Duh Ea Y e Compa o e er o
reoure o arbrao wa o jufe ow g o he ͞rfl g value o ra a agreeme wh ave ruler who ee her
of he la . ?everhele here wa a lo of publ g9gg over errore favor of he ompa .
a repor ha Duh auhore ore ow a US flag fou o he
la whh go a lea o e US e aor o ak abou he vera of ¯YSCELL?EOUS FCVS. Vhe ae oul o be brough o he
he repor. Perma e Cour of Y er ao al Jue beaue he US wa o a
member of he League of ?ao a o eque l of he PCYJ. Vhe
Vhe US re o prove he pame of Y+ or ree e erfae ae woul have bee eall brough o he PCYJ beaue volve
axe b he la
haba o he Spa h Gover me a well er ao al law. Vhe mera beleve however ha he PCYJ
a regular v of Spa h aval veel o he la . rhve mgh be bae aga he US beaue he our wa bae a Vhe
Sevlle alo loe eve e ha Spa e a expeo o he úague a heae b a Duh ma . Wh he US o ere he PC
la g7g0 a ha a group of Jeu mo are were auall o be more eural o er g alo bae a Vhe úague wa o
e o ele he la wh he avowe goal of o ver g he ue. ¯ax úuber wa auall o he US
fr hoe a
rbraor; he wa e a era Dr. oruo Oa or o e Lor F la
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a Cou er-¯emora um. Vhe pulao ha he effe of úuber
heor wa whou preee a ma probabl be
lm g he abl of eah par o prove fa wa alleg g. Wore erbe a a bol arulao of a ew heor whh u l oa
he mera a he Duh ha a ffere o ruo of he oe o eem o have bee gve we aepa e. Jurprue e
reque ¯emora um² Co e wh moer form of ummar abou er ao al law repe g aqure rgh or appl g he
proeure he mera ubme all her argume a eve e law fore a he me of he reao of he rgh. Vhu ae
le
b wa of exe o her ¯emora um. O he oher ha he o error aqure a a reul of o que o
Duh o ae he e re of her ae her ¯emora um; ex guhe a a reul of he re of he o emporar orm
ea he ummare her argume for he fr me o l forb g he ue of fore he o u of er ao al relao .
her Cou er-¯emora um e abl g hem o pue po b po
he mera
argume . ¯o alarm g o Phlp Jeup he Duh E WE VLKY?G BOUV VúE YGúV YSL?D úEE ll he Duh
ever aahe a of her allege oume ar eve e; he ame for Palma have alo bee ue o refer o he ?e ua Yla
merel u erook o ͞proue hem upo reque of he arbraor. a group amel belo g g o he ?eherla . Y wa poble
Vhe mera pa el regere objeo o he ma er b whh herefore ha he la be g lame b he ?eherla wa o
he Duh wa e o prove her allegao bu he Duh poo Palma bu o e of he ?e ua Yla . Vh wa a ue of fa ha
wa upoul ua e b úuber h awar. houl have bee ee wh he aa e of exper.
úUBE BYSED úuber ake for furher wre ruo VúEO OF CO?SVUCVYME POSSESSYO?. Vhere be g a pau of
expla ao ] o l from he ?eherla ak g hem o expla he eve e of aual Spa h exere of auhor o Palma wa
weak e her argume a po e ou he mera Cou er- proper o ake o aou he fa ha he la o e par of he
¯emora um. Vhe mera objee bu he rbraor wa he geographal u k ow a he Phlpp e arhpelago. Jeup
ole Juge of queo o proeure. e ha Spa
le over he arhpelago lear a ha he
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auhor b a oher ae; for uh pla ma preval eve over a herefore he US ha o argue ha wa u eear o prove h
pror ef ve le pu forwar b a oher ae. pef fa of effeve oupao .
¸c Vhe ?eherla eablhe effeve oupao hrough amo g
oher Co ra of Suera wh he loal ruler a rbeme úuber o o l fale o appreae he mera formulao of wha
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me of exere mu be apple. formulae b úuber he form g a geographal whole. Vhu he US a he ?eherla o
applao of er-emporal law he legal ba for hr ae h m ha o prove effeve oupao .
(e.g. ?eherla ) o aqure a beer le o pue la o
he ba of ubeque a exeue over a lo g pero of me CO?VYGUYV VúEO . Vhe heor of o gu wa alrea
from he pe me of over. exe e g928; uppore wh eve oke eve e of effeve
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1 a jual eh que he ue of eve e a more oupao eve he mere ra g of he Spa h flag houl have
epeall he exluo of eve e o g of elf-erv g a bee e ough ba for a awar he US
favor. Bu úuber rejee
of pare a a age whe wa eve ha a pue exe. h argume bae olel o he allege lak of a pove rule ha
he heor reog e er ao al law. úe wa obvoul
JESSUP SúOWS Wú úE úS ¯OOV COUV CO¯PEVYVYO? ?¯ED hea o eablh a preee o h maer eve hough he
FVE úY¯. úe ha rm o o l o he proeural ape of woul alo eablh wo revoluo ar a preee -e g rul g
he arbrao bu alo o he uba ve ape of he awar. ( er-emporal law ral ae). Bu Me euela he 5
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alrea rae he propoo
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ha oupao o be effeve ee o exe o ever ook a
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1 De mark
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aora e wh he ew rule. Suh a reroave effe of law woul
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hgh auhor of he arbraor oul poe of a or e whh Y well oume e ha he US wa kee l aware of he exe e
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a we reale ha... $
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uba e o uh oherwe abra oupao . Y ha e e ha agree o he arbrao (pr ple of auo om of pare).
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a.k.a. pero al o ava e a rgh wa b vrue of Spa
Sae are c
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eo g898. Whle eo wa he a u l ow reog e
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a a moe of aquo of erroral overeg ubje o he
lmao ha o e
le o l a goo a he le of o e
VúE PúYLYPPY?ES úS?
V GEED VO SUCCEED VúE US Y? VúE
preeeor (!Y .Y ). ¯oreover ha bee he PL¯S BYVVYO?. O he o rar all he Phlpp e
law a
vew e he me of Grou ha he o e of he populao of Co uo ef e her error o he ba of horal le
he ee error ee al o he val of he eo . lu g he mee a bou a o a e he Vrea of Par.
Vhere alo oh g he Vrea bewee he Phlpp e a he
BUV WE WEE LED Y?DEPE?DE?V ?D VúE US K?EW. Bu U e Sae preparaor o he former]
aa me of
Spa ll have le o he Phlpp e arhpelago o he ae of he epe e e ha woul ae ha he former agree o uee
eo B g2 Ju e g898 or almo 6 mo h pror o he Vrea of he laer o he Palma arbrao . Wha wa pulae wa o l
Par Spa h mlar fore were alrea efeae b Flp o ha² ͞Vhe P] agree o aume all o u g oblgao aume
revoluo are a were ge erall olae a Ge . Emlo b he US] u er he Vrea of Peae ... o lue a Par ... a
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purua o he U?CLOS he la o be g a par of a
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parular error. fu ame al o erao here he aure of he erroral
ea. Fr he raw g of bael e mu o epar o a
m
Y Y8++Y
Y Y8Y
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a moe of appreable exe from he ge eral reo of he oa. ao for
aqur g le whh eek o prove am rave bou are. Vh h beaue he la whh o fer upo he oaal ae he
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Y
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VY 1
m Y+ Eoppel a ge eral pr ple of er ao al law whh
El Salvaor a úo ura beame epe e ae afer he prelue a oher lama from aqur g le.
egrao of he Spa h empre Ce ral mera. Eve before ÝY 8 Y +YcDover alo e gve he lama merel a
her epe e e Spa h Ce ral mera ha overlapp g hoae le. Vh mu o ur wh effeve oupao for here o
am rave bou are. Pare eek o have he bou are be aquo of proper (+
+Y). ?oe ha error
eerm e. mu be Y ++
YPoeo a ro g eve e of le whe ouple wh
Y +Y Vhe pr ple wll be ue where he effeve oupao bu o e ough o ow for he aquo
olo al bou are are o lear a h ae where lak of of le. ?oe ha poeo requre YY
ophae mea of urve g le o ae of overlapp g YYcVhere o ruve poeo of he whole
am rave bou are. la or arhpelago where a oa of he la or a
la
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Y
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oupe la o far a from he oher he group. Y
+0 Y# , Y +Y
YYY+
cCo gu merel rae a preumpo of oupao . "Y Y +0 Y YY Y# m+ +Y
.Y cCo que a mea b whh error a be aqure b
a e em hrough he omplee a f al ubjugao of he error +82
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ouple wh he e em
elarao of e o o o quer. US mlar la m e ?aragua er al waer a
Co que wa o e a aepe orm bu ow llegal. erroral ea a alo g ?aragua por au g maeral amage o
?aragua a oe veel. Vhe US Gover me o ue a
YY
Y
publ a offal war g o er ao al hpp g of he exe e
a loao of he m e.
c
/c Y " 'c(' ".c Y + Y Coaal Sae
Sovereg exe o er al
c waer a arpae. Coaal Sae
Law appl Y er al Waer.
Y er al waer are all waer la war from he bael e of he Vhe la g of m e wh he por of a oher Sae gover e b
error (rver lake ba e). Sovereg over hee he ame he law rela g o er al waer whh are ubje o he
exe a overeg over la a o ubje o he rgh of overeg of he oaal Sae. Vhe poo mlar a regar
oe paage. úowever 0% % he arbraor m e plae he erroral ea. Y herefore he overeg of
a ha aor g o er ao al law por of ever ae mu be he oaal Sae whh affee uh ae. Y alo b vrue of
ope o foreg veel a a o l be loe whe val ere of overeg ha he oaal Sae ma regulae ae o por.
he ae o requre. Bu aor g o ! 0a oaal ae O he oher ha rue ha orer o e jo ae o por
ma regulae ae o por. foreg veel poe a uomar rgh of oe paage
erroral waer for he purpoe of e er g or leav g er al
Ba are well-marke e ao whoe pe erao uh waer.
proporo o he wh of mouh a o o a la -loke waer
a o ue more ha a mere urvaure of he oa. Vo be , YY
! Y YSuh guara ee fr he
o ere a ba he area of he e ao mu be a large a or exluve eo om o e a beo erroral waer a o he
larger ha ha of a em-rle whoe ameer a l e raw hgh ea follow ha a Sae whh e jo a rgh of ae o
aro he mouh of ha e ao ( YY( +Y Y ). por for hp alo e jo all he freeom eear for marme
avgao . Yf h rgh of ae o he por h ere b he la g
úor ba are hoe whh are reae b he oaal ae a of m e b a oher Sae wha fr ge he freeom of
er al waer o he ba of hor rgh ak owlege b oher ommu ao a of marme ommere. all eve era
ae. ha erfere e wh avgao hee area prejue boh he
overeg of he oaal Sae over er al waer a he rgh
90 1
YYY+ ++ !m00 Y Y of free ae e joe b foreg hp.
V Y
Y Y, Y! , Y + Y Y
+0 Y+ Y Y +# Y+Y /c "Y -Y'c."'c
+YWheher parular waer are la ha epe e o Shp a arraf exer g he rgh of ra paage have he
horal a well a geographal faor bu a we a U e follow g ue²
Sae v. Calfor a ge erall agree ha hor le a be g.c o proee whou ela hrough or over he ra
lame o l whe he "oaal ao ha rao all aere a 2.c refra from a hrea or ue of fore aga he
ma a e om o wh he aquee e of foreg ao ." overeg erroral egr or polal epe e e
of Sae borer g he ra or a ma er volao
Ú/Y
!+Y0YY YY +
+Y
of he pr ple he U? Charer
Y,cc
c #
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c 3.c refra from a ave oher ha hoe e o her
c
,c ormal moe of o uou a expeou ra u le
?eare o he ao ' Beo he la Oue he erroral eear ue o fore majeure or re
hore are / Vhee waer a meaure ea whh are 4.c o ompl wh he oher provo of U?CLOS.
are ubje o he from her eawar er ao al waer o lo foreg veel ma o arr ou reearh a urve ave
omplee overeg ege a bel k ow a ubje o he om o whou he pror auhorao of he borer g Sae.
of he ao a muh he. Wh he of a gle ao .
a f he were a par of oaal ao ma
la error a exere exe ve Vake oe ha hee ue (of borer g Sae a foreg veel)
he oaal ao ha o rol bu a o are alo applable o arhpelag ea la e paage.
he prvlege eve o e he rgh of
exlue foreg veel oe paage o Sae alo ge he ra however are able o regulae avgao
alogeher. foreg ao a oher ape of paage.
c
0 +Y +Y
+ 5 YVhe pol favor of 2
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a era a able oal e ro g a woul eearl quaro of Brh warhp he ruer ¯auru a Lea er
ouwegh ou erval g pol o erao u er he Submerge a he eroer Saumare a Molage lef he por of Corfu a
La . We reog e Calfor a he erabl of "a gle proeee orhwar hrough a ha el prevoul wep for m e
oal e for boh he am rao of he Submerge La a he ?orh Corfu Sra. Several hp ruk a m e a were
he o u of our fuure er ao al relao ." amage. UK ue People' epubl of lba a
+Y
+ + + YVhe queo wha 0Y Y o elm a eo bou ar eablh g v-à-v he
area of o e al helf are o be o ere a legall he aural Cha el Yla he ouher lm of he o e al helf hel b
prolo gao of he Cha el Yla raher ha of Fra e. Y he Cour o be appure a o he Fre h epubl h rego o
er ao al law he o ep of he o e al helf a jural he ouh of he m-Cha el mea l e.
o ep whh o oe he aural prolo gao u er he ea o
of a o e or geographal la ma bu of he la error of ,Y YY YVhe ee al o u or he o e al helf
eah Sae. Vh mea ha he ope a he o o for of he E glh Cha el a la rego ha bee emphae. Y
applao are o eerm e exluvel b he phal fa of alo ommo grou ha geologall he lgh ouhweerl re
geograph bu alo b legal rule. ¯oreover lear (gve he of he o e al helf of he Cha el exe wewar o he
peal ruma e provo & empha o equable pr ple) la rego alo g he l e of he úur Deep Faul Zo e. Vhe
ha he fore of he ar al pr ple of aural prolo gao of o e al helf of he la rego o o f e wh he arm
error o abolue bu ma be ubje o qualfao . Vhe of a omparavel arrow ha el bu o e exe g eawar fro
pr ple of aural prolo gao of error a o be a o requre he oa of he wo ou re o he ope pae of he la
ha he o e al helf o he orh a orhwe of he Cha el Oea . Y o eque e he area of o e al helf o be elme
Yla houl be o ere a auomaall a eearl le off raher ha bewee he oa or he wo ou re.
appure a o hem raher ha o Fra e. e f he fore of he furher o eque e ha he o e al helf exe o eawar
pr ple of aural prolo gao of error were abolue a mall of he oa of he wo ou re for grea a e. Vhe aual
la woul blok he aural prolo gao of he error of he oal e of he wo ou re abu g o he o e al helf o be
earb ma la he ame wa f o alwa o he ame exe elme are omparavel hor a ha her geographal
a a larger la . Vhe queo of he appure a e o he Cha el relao o eah oher v-à-v he o e al helf o be elme
Yla of he area of o e al helf exe g o her orh a o e of laeral raher ha oppoe oa. oher ha he UK
orh-we o herefore reolve merel b referr g o he oaal fro age proje furher o he la ha ha of Fra e.
pr ple of aural prolo gao . Vhe pr ple of aural Vh ha he e e o make he UK oa obrue upo he
prolo gao of error eher o be e ae or reae a o e al helf uae o eawar of he more weerl fa g
abolue a ae where la belo g g o o e Sae are uae oa of he Fre h epubl ha rego . oher Fra e a he
o o e al helf whh woul oherwe o ue a aural UK are
he o l Sae whh abu o he la o e al helf.
prolo gao of he error of a oher Sae. Vhe applao of ha
pr ple uh a ae ha o be appreae he lgh of all he Y+
Y "YU er r. 6 he abe e of agreeme a
releva geographal a oher ruma e a well a o a u le a oher bou ar jufe b peal ruma e he
releva o erao of law a equ. bou ar o be he l e whh equa from he eare
po of he bael e from whh he breah of he erroral ea of
+Y
Y. U er uomar law he meho aope for eah Sae meaure. Vhere oh g he la guage of r. 6 o
elm g he bou ar mu e ure ha he elmao aor mpl ha uao fal g u er paragraph g he vrue of he
wh equable pr ple. Vhe queo wheher he Cha el Yla equa e pr ple a a meho of effe g a equable
houl be gve he full be ef or he applao of he pr ple of elmao are a wa uperor o hoe whh poee
aural prolo gao he area o her orh a orhwe or uao fall g u er paragraph 2. Vhe approprae e of he
wheher her uao loe o he ma la of Fra e requre o equa e or a oher meho for he purpoe of effe g a
equable grou ome mofao of he applao of he equable elmao a gve ae alwa a fu o or
pr ple hoe area. Vhe or e of he equal of Sae a o refleo of he geographal a oher releva ruma e of he
be o ere a o u g uh a equable grou (a h woul parular ae. Y hor he equable haraer of he elmao
have he effe of refaho g geograph). grou of equ o reul o from he legal eg ao of he uao a o e of
be looke for he parular ruma e of he ae a he "oppoe" Sae bu from aual geographal haraer a uh.
parular equal of he wo Sae her geographal relao o Smlarl he ae of "ajae " Sae he laeral geographal
he o e al helf of he Cha el. relao of he wo oa whe omb e wh a large exe o of
Charaer of he area² approxmae equal of he ma la he o e al helf eawar from hoe oa whh make
oal e reul g equal of her geographal relao o he vual geographal feaure o eher oa more pro e o re er
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he geomeral effe of appl g he equa e pr ple "5=Y6 exam ao of he map of he g7 a g8h
h
equable ha he ae of "oppoe" Sae. Vhe greaer rk e ure how ha he ge eral feaure a o fgurao of he
hee ae ha he equa e meho ma proue a Ea oa of Gree la were k ow o he arographer. Eve f o
equable elmao hu alo reul o from he legal eve e of a la g o he oa have bee proue he hp
eg ao of he uao a o e of "ajae " Sae bu from whh hu e whale he waer o he Ea of Gree la ghe
aual geographal haraer a o e volv g laerall relae oa. he la a erval a gave ame o he prom e feaure whh
Y h ae ue o he eparao of he 2 oa b a we expa e were oberve. Y ee "Gree la " a a geographal erm wa eve
of ea he area (la rego ) o ere a a ae of oppoe more ue o eo wh he Ea oa ha wh he We
Sae. oa a he erm "Sraa Dav" wa ofe ue o erbe he We
oa or olo e area of Gree la .
%Y+ Y1he prolo gao of he Sll Yle (UK) ome
a e furher wewar ha he Uha la (Fra e) whh /c >"c"=&.Y4"c"- -#YcB- "c
jufe a bou ar oher ha he r mea l e. úowever h c
oe
auhore he ue of a meho orer o effe a Before he aepa e of he or e o he exluve eo om
equable elmao . o e all waer beo he o guou o e were o ere hgh
ea over whh o ae ha o rol. Vhe or e evelope ue o
2
YY. YY Y a large proporo of elmao he ere of oaal ae for beer o ervao a ma ageme
where a parular geographal feaure ha flue e he oure of of oaal fhere.
a o e al helf bou ar he meho of elmao aope ha
bee ome mofao or vara of he equa e pr ple Vhe EEZ a area exe g o more ha 200 aual mle
raher ha oal rejeo . úere he problem alo are preel beo he bael e. Vhe oaal ae ha rgh over he eo om
from he or g effe of a geographal feaure ruma e reoure of he ea eabe a ubol ʹ bu h rgh oe o
whh he l e equa from he oa of he wo Sae woul affe he rgh of avgao a overflgh of oher ae. Coaal
oherwe o ue he approprae bou ar. Vhe approprae ae alo have he rgh o regulae auhore a o u mar e
meho o ake aou of he Sll Yle a par of he oal e of e f reearh he EEZ.
he UK bu o gve hem le ha her full effe appl g he
equa e meho. Ju a o he fu o of equ he Vhe provo o he EEZ are boh a gra of rgh o a a
elmao of he o e al helf ompleel o refaho mpoo of oblgao o oaal ae relave o he exploao
geograph o alo o he fu o of equ o reae a uao ma ageme a preervao of he reoure fou wh he
of omplee equ where aure a geograph have eablhe a o e. Coaal ae have 2 prmar oblgao . Fr he mu
equ. e ure hrough proper o ervao a ma ageme meaure ha
he lv g reoure of he EEZ are o ubje o over-exploao .
+
(Y
Y + Y o e a e he meho emploe wa o gve half Vh lue he u o ma a a reore populao of
ea of full effe o he offhore la elm g he harvee fhere a level whh proue a maxmum ua able
equa e l e. Vh meho o elm g he l e el. Seo he mu promoe he objeve of ͞opmum
equa bewee he wo oa fr whou he ue of he ulao of he lv g reoure. Vhe mu eerm e he
offhore la a a bae-po a eo l wh ue a a bae- allowable ah of lv g reoure a f he o
have he apa
po ; a bou ar gv g half-effe o he la he he l e o harve he allowable ah he mu gra ae o oher ae.
raw mwa bewee hoe wo equa e l e. Vh meho úghl mgraor pee of fh a mar e mammal are aore
appear o be a approprae a praal meho of aba g he peal proeo .
proporo a equ whh oherwe reul from gv g full
effe o he Sll Yle a a baepo for eerm g he oure of Vhe elmao of overlapp g EEZ bewee ajae ae
he bou ar. eerm e b agreeme . ake oe ha la have her ow
EEZ.
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De mark ue ?orwa for oup g era errore Eaer boare a ee a fh g veel he Ea; fl g he Spa h flag)
Gree la . Boh ou re are lam g ha he have he uperor o he hgh ea orer o pu a op o he overfh g of Gree la
lam over h area. halbu b Spa h fherme .
Ý Y
;0Y Y % ++ mY Y<Vwo eleme eah of rgume ²
whh mu be how o ex² Europea Commu
poo - ͞he arre of a veel
a. he e o a wll o a a overeg er ao al waer b a Sae oher ha he Sae of whh he
b. ome aual exere or pla of uh auhor veel fl g he flag a u er whoe juro fall a
Example² Vax olleo mo opol av
gra law mak g llegal a u er boh he ?FO Co ve o a uomar
a e foreme er ao al law a a o be jufe b a mea .
uhor reog o o ve o
reae publ ule Ca aa
Poo - pue o er he aopo of meaure for
o eo he o ervao a ma ageme of fhere ok wh repe o
hu g
fh g expeo marme perm auhor veel fh g he ?FO egulaor rea a her e foreme
lghhoue Spa
Poo - Spa argue ha he erm ͞o ervao a
ma ageme meaure" mu be erpree aora e wh
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Sae whh averel affee he rgh of oher Sae oue ha Y e or g hee o o he Cour ae ha he "mu be
Sae' ow area of juro . umulavel afe" a ha he "refle uomar er ao al
Dor e² law".
Y er ao al law o l 2 pe of meaure ake b a oaal
Sae oul prae be regare a "o ervao a
5Y
YYYY% +Y444 !$0 ll he
ma ageme meaure"² requreme mu be umulavel omple wh. Gu ea o
g] hoe rela g o he Sae' exluve eo om o e; a ompl wh everal. ?o vual or auor g al o op oul have
2] hoe rela g o area oue ha o e o far a hee bee gve o he Saga. a he allege puru wa errupe
ame wh he framework of a er ao al agreeme or were whe he parol boa were realle before he reume he hae.
ree a aele veel.
¯eaure o af g hee o o were o o ervao a 2ACCC3
ma ageme meaure bu u lawful a pure a mple. Vhe Camouo a fh g veel fl g he flag of Pa ama. Y ow er
"¯ere-Pea (S..)" a ompa regere Pa ama. Y wa
$*!1¯u
ubm veel gul of llegal fh g o boare b he Fre h urvella e frgae ,+ A+ he exluve
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bu mu
c hem upo he po g of a eo om o e of he Croe Yla . Vhe Fre h refue o releae he
ah bo . veel a he ¯aer u l a bo poe (exhau loal remee)
YY Y
YVhe US propoe he meho of he VYÝY+
perpe ular (a veral l e perpe ular o he ge eral of he
oa). Ca aa rele o he equa e meho. , 0YY Vhe praal meho o be apple mu be a
geomeral o e bae o repe for he geographal uao of
Y YY YYc?o e of he poe al meho for he oa bewee whh he elmao o be effee a a
elmao ha r mer whh woul make preferable o he ame me uable for prou g a reul af g he rero
a oher he abra. Vhere o gle meho whh r all for he vo of pue area. Vhu he equa e meho
br g greaer jue or of greaer praal ueful e. Vhe greaer ue bu he meho of raw g perpe ular. or gl o e
or leer approprae e of o e meho or a oher a o l be ma jufabl raw from po wo l e repevel perpe ular
aee wh refere e o he aual uao whh he are o he wo ba oaal l e. Vhee perpe ular form a po
ue a he aeme mae o e uao ma be e rel o o e e a aue a gle of abou 82' a o he oher a reflex
revere a oher. ?or here a meho of whh mu be a gle of abou 278'. Y he beor of h eo a gle whh
preferre a meho wh whoe applao ever elmao houl be aope for he oure of he fr egme .
operao oul beg albe ubje o effe be g ubeque l
orree or be g eve are favor of a oher f hoe 0Y0YY
effe ur e ou o be learl u afaor. Vhere mu be
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0 YYVh volve he eerm ao of he mea l e. @MY
YY. +Y Y
Y Y+ Vh
emember he hoe of meho ee all epe e o eear o l for he hr egme whh he real ubje of he
geograph. Y h ae (gve he rea gular hape of he area a pue ue o he poe al reoure of he ubol a he fhere.
he qua-parallelm bewee he l e ue he elmao a Some e qur wheher ao o he faor prove b he
he fa ha he oa are oppoe) he applao of a meho geograph of he Gulf elf here are o oher ha houl be ake
of geomeral org a prae o l reul he raw g of a o aou a u era able ep. Y mgh well appear ha
mea elmao l e. Suh a l e a o l be o e approxmael oher ruma e ough properl o be o ere ae g he
parallel o he approxmael parallel l e of he wo oppoe oa. equable haraer of he reul proue b h poro of he
elmao l e. Vhee oher ruma e ma be umme up b
0 Y cVhe bak of he Gulf e rel oupe b he he aa prove b huma a eo om geograph a are hu
o uou oa of ¯a e a ompo e ae of he US a he elgble for o erao a rera o be apple he elmao
erm al po of he er ao al bou ar wh Ca aa uae proe elf ma be releva ae g he equable haraer of
muh farher o he orhea he Gra ¯a a Cha el a a a elmao fr eablhe o he ba of rera borrowe from
or er of he rea gle whh geomerall repree he hape of phal a polal geograph (ex. úoral pree e he area
he Gulf proper. Vhu mpoble o regar he ffere e ave purue lke fh g a o ervao of reoure &
le gh bewee he repeve oal e of he wo Sae whh ooeo om ape) . Y h ae he Cour o lue ha here
borer o he elmao area. orreo hu eee. Vhe are aboluel o o o of a exepo al k whh mgh
oal le gh of he US oal e he Gulf approxmael 284 juf a orreo of he elmao l e ha wa raw . Vhe
aual mle. Vhe overall le gh of he Ca aa oal e elmao wa effee ompla e wh he gover g pr ple
approxmael 206 aual mle. Vhe rao bewee he oaal a rule of law appl g equable rera a approprae meho
fro of he Pare o he Gulf of ¯a e a hu g.38 o g. Vh aor gl hu prou g a equable overall reul.
rao houl be reflee he loao of he eo egme of he
elmao l e. Vhe approprae meho houl be o appl he
/c >"c>Y>c."'.c
rao elee o a l e raw aro he Gulf where he oa of c
?ova Soa a ¯aahue are eare o eah oher. Y woul Vhee are all par of he ea ha are o lue he erroral
he be proper o hf he mea l e raw uh a wa a o ea or he er al waer of a Sae. Vhe hgh ea are ubje o 6
refle h rao alo g he l e Cape Co-Chebogue Po . Vhe freeom²
pree e of ome la a le mu alo be o ere .e. Seal g.c freeom of avgao
Yla . Y ome wo a -a-half mle lo g. úowever woul be 2.c freeom of overflgh
exeve o rea he oal e of ?ova Soa a ra ferre ouh- 3.c freeom of fh g
wewar b he whole of he a e bewee Seal Yla a ha 4.c freeom o la ubmar e able a ppel e
oa a approprae o gve he la half effe o ha he 5.c freeom o o ru arfal la a ruure
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repree a e orga e o for polal bu for eleaal ae have a ere. Vhe U? a er ao al orga ao
purpoe a er ao al obje. Depe e a obje ha eae o he propagao of worl peae. Vhe gra of mmu
a epe e gover me of ow wh he Pope who alo from loal juro o YC¯C a YY learl eeae b
hea of he oma Cahol Churh a he úol See or úea of her er ao al haraer a repeve purpoe. Vhe objeve
Sae o form wh rao a he ema of o avo he a ger of paral a erfere e b he ho
mo he worl. Y amuh a he Pope prefer o o u ou r her er al work g. Vhe exere of juro b he
foreg relao a e er o ra ao a he úol See a o DOLE woul efea he ver purpoe of mmu whh o hel
he ame of he Maa C o e a o lue ha he Pope' he affar of er ao al orga ao aora e wh
ow vew he úol See ha he er ao al pero . P ha er ao al prae from polal preure or o rol b he ho
aore he úol See he au of a foreg overeg . Vhe ou r o he prejue of member Sae of he orga ao a
proper wa o ae o he úol See for o eablh o e ure he u hampere performa e of her fu o .
ploma preme bu wa fore o ell afer falure o ev
quaer.
(@
Ve² wheher he foreg ae e gage he av he
regular oure of bu e. Yf he foreg ae o e gage
regularl a bu e or rae he parular a or ra ao $*!1
mu he be ee b aure. Yf he a puru of a - Whou aba o g he uomar orm o mmu e he
overeg av or a e hereof he a a # Y Lor rule ha mmu exe o l o overeg a.
Y epeall whe o u erake for ga or prof. - Y er ao al rme ʹ u o proeue; a g behalf of he
Vhe prvlege of overeg mmu h ae wa uffe l er ao al orer.
eablhe b he ¯emora um a Cerfao of he DF. Vhe - P ohe ae ʹ bu a were omme whle he wa he
eerm ao of he exeuve arm of gover me ha a ae or overeg of Chle & overeg have mmu from u
rume al e le o overeg or ploma mmu a Exrao UK ʹ rm al
polal queo ha o luve upo he our (2++Y#). - úoue of Lor ʹ revewe he aure of h a; mmu
Where he plea of mmu reog e a affrme b he pera o l o overeg a o lu g ommo of
exeuve bra h he u of he our o aep h lam o er ao al rmeome Saue² mmu o a efe e
a o o embarra he exeuve arm of he gover me aga harge of er ao al rme.
o u g he ou r' foreg relao ()$%.).
eme² a pero who feel aggreve b he a of a foreg P ohe exrae b Spa whle he wa Lo o eek g
overeg a ak h ow gover me o epoue h aue hrough meal reame for rme omme prmarl Chle ur g
ploma ha el h erm a hea of ae of Chle (he beame hea of ae afer a
c ueful oup).
$*!1Y volve a overeg m -ae
Ý+Y + Y8Y Y
+ ?o all
(&Ý(+&
he rme a harge are exrao rme o P ohe a be
Yllegal erm ao ae. exrae WYVú EGD VO harge afer Sep. 29 g988 (ae
whe Vorure beame a rme he UK). Pr ple of Double
, +
Y +Y SEFDEC a Crm alcrequre ha he o u ompla e of mu o ue
er ao al age e jo g ploma mmu e jo g a rme u er he law of boh Spa a of he UK. Vhe releva ae
fu o al epe e e a freeom from o rol of he ae he o u aemea g ha he o u houl be a rme
whoe error offe loae. O e of he ba mmu e of he UK a he me wa omme a o a he me he
a er ao al orga ao mmu from loal juro .e. exrao wa ough (reque ae).
ha mmu e from he legal wr & proee ue b he P ohe a a former hea of ae e jo mmu Y
rbu al of he ou r where fou . Vhe obvou reao for Y Y bu orure a ef e u er he Vorure o ve o
h ha he ubjeo of uh a orga ao o he auhor of a o be a publ fu o o he oe o e jo mmu WYVú
he loal our woul affor a o ve e meum hru whh he EGD VO hee a omme afer 09-29-88.
ho gover me ma erfere her operao or eve flue e Vorure ow a er ao al rme o ow . YL prohb g
or o rol pole a eo of he orga ao ; bee orure ha he haraer of #Y or a perempor orm .e.
uh objeo o loal juro woul mpar he apa of uh o e of hoe rule whh have a parular au. U veral
bo o harge repo ble mparall o behalf of Juro over orure jufe b #Y aure.
member-ae. Ympora ² o -polal purpoe + auo om. Ympora po from he orure o ve o ²
c g) Vorure u er he Co ve o a o l be omme b "a
publ offal or oher pero a g a offal apa" bu
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c ¬ ¬ ¬ Page 2) of g *
hee wor lue a hea of ae. gle a of offal - mmu exe o boh ll po.
orure "orure"; rm al & vl labl.
2) Superor orer prove o efe e; - hea of ae e le o he -S e he o lo ger repree h
3) Yf he ae wh he mo obvou juro (he r. 5(g) ame mmu a he ae ae he mer o parular
ae) o o eek o exrae he ae where he allege elf. prvlege or mmu e a a
orurer fou mu proeue or appare l exrae o - ploma repree ave of pero .
a oher ou r (u veral juro ). he foreg ae he forum
4) Vhere o expre provo eal g wh ae mmu of ae alo affore he ame
hea of ae ambaaor or oher offal. mmu reog o of he
5) S e Chle Spa a he UK are all pare o he g of he ae whh he
Co ve o he are bou u er rea b provo WO? repree .
uh provo woul appl he abe e of rea oblgao . -Ymmu YY Y -U er r. 39(2) he
Chle rafe he Co ve o wh effe from O. 30 g988 a aah g o he pero of he ambaaor lke a oher offal
he UK wh effe from De. 8 g988. hea of ae or ambaaor of he ae e jo mmu
a a omplee mmu relao o h offal a o e
4
' Y- "c ".- '"c ' Y- "c#' "Y'" c re er g hm mmu e from all whle he wa a offal. Vh
of he mbaaor U er he ao or proeuo lme mmu o be
Me a Co ve o wheher or o he relae o o rae wh he former
Y
cc>ccc maer o e for he be ef of mmu YY Ywhh
- Sae mmu probabl grew from he horal mmu of he he ae. gave omplee mmu o all
pero of he mo arh. Suh pero al mmu of he hea of ae ave publ or prvae.
per o he pree a² he hea of ae e le o he ame Vhere o eablhe rule of YL ha requre ae mmu
mmu a he ae elf. Y Y Y o be aore repe of proeuo for a
Y
cc'
c er ao al rme.
Vhe Me a Co ve o o Dploma elao g96ggg over he
mmu of he mbaaor. Y prove ha² 6+
Vc he mbaaor hall e jo h mmu a prvlege Ker wa k appe from Peru & brough o Cook Cou US o fae
from he mome he ake up po. lare & embeleme harge.
Vc fer h po over he hall ll e jo hee prvlege
a mmu u l he leave he ou r or o expr of a Y+ Y
Y Y
Y #
reao able pero whh o o o bu hall ub u l ha me ͚Due proe of law
omple wh whe he par c
eve ae of arme o fl.
$ b he proper gra jur he ae our ha a ral
úe hall o ue o e jo mmu wh repe o a performe aor g o he form a moe prerbe for uh ral a
he exere of h fu o (r. 39(2); lme mmu ; Y whe ha ral a proee g he
eprve of rgh o
Y Y). whh he lawfull e le. For mere rregulare ma er
9Ba Pr ple Of YL ha o e - mmu e & prvlege he whh he wa brough o he uo of he law he
e le
overeg ae (he forum mbaaor e joe eae he o a ha he houl
be re for he rme wh whh he
ae) oe o ajuae o mome he leave he ou r harge a regular me .
he o u of a foreg ae. afer h po. Bu o preerve he
egr of he ave of he Vh rea (of exrao ) or a oher rea oe
prove ha
foreg ae ur g he pero a par flee g from he US o eape pu hme for rme beome
whe he wa ambaaor hereb e le o a alum he ou r o whh he ha fle. Y
eear o prove ha
o e e ha Peru oul
have orere Ker ou of he
mmu affore o h
+ ou r o h arrval or a a pero of h ree e here. ?or
a ur g h e ure po. Yf a be oube ha Peru oul of ow aor whou a
h were o o e he overeg ema from he US have urre ere Ker o a age of Yll o
mmu of he ae oul be a h urre er woul
ve bee val wh he om o of
evae b all g queo a Peru. Vhe rgh of he Peruva gover me o volu arl gve a
o e ur g he prevou par Ker
o o a alum ha ou r que a
ambaaor' me. ffere h g from h rgh o ema a upo eur
- foreg ae e le o -Vh o u g paral mmu uh a alum. Vhe rea o far a regulae he rgh of alum
proeural mmu from he ffere from ha e joe e e o lm h rgh he ae of o e who prove o be a
proee of he forum ae. YY Y whle he wa rm al flee g from jue; o ha o proper ema a
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccc proee g ha here he gover me of he ou r of he
9
c##($c
cc c(&' @# 6c cc c!ccc alum hall elver hm up o he ou r where he rme wa
) $c"cc# c c"c omme. o h exe he rea oe regulae or mpoe a
c @c##($c#c c rero upo he rgh of he gover me of he ou r of he
ccc @c##($cc#c#!c
c)!c'(
c alum o proe he rm al from removal. Y h ae he rea
ccc
c c#&
Dc )! " c !!c& c '$
c #c c ## c
c c(cc wa
alle o operao or rele upo .
c E c c (c c c c '$"c )! " c
c
##( c ) c # c c c
c (c )! " c
c ##( c !!c $*!1Org of he ͞¯a-a -Pa or e.
#!!$c cc c ## c % c c! ) c c ($
c c c 3$c cc
&! c
cc %cc
c
c &(c !!c (&c(!cc #
c ) cc cYmmu from Juro
c c #
c !c 0% )
c %c c c c #
c &$c (c c
cc c 3 ccc(ccc# #& cc c#
c##($c Ge eral rule² he juro of a ae wh error
!!c( cc(&Fcc omplee a abolue.
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Caegore of exepo ² Sovereg mmu whh over boh a here wa o eparae rea wh uh a prohbo . Our revew of
hea of ae a he ae elf & Ymmu of he repree ave he er ao al auhore a leraure reveal o pef
of ae or ploma a o ular mmu e. b g oblgao expre or mple o he par of he US or
Sae mmu ʹ he pr ple ha he ae ma o be ue age o refra from ra borer k app g. ?or a we a ha
whou o e fou he Phlpp e Co uo boh here a ͞u veral o e u he e e ha we ue ha erm
mu pal law a alo er ao al law applable o foreg ae. o erbe well-e re he uom of er ao al law. Beaue a
Vh bae o he pr ple of equal of ae² Y huma rgh orm reog g a vual' rgh o be free from
Y Y . Vhe mmu of he overeg hea ee a alo ra borer abuo ha o reahe a au of er ao al
ommu ae o he overeg ae. aor uffe o re er ͞oblgaor or ͞u veral a o
Dploma a o ular mmu e - muh of he law gover g qualf a a ao able orm u er he VC. prao ha o
ploma relao uomar law. Offal repree ave of a e rpe e o oblgao .
ae are gve mmu e a prvlege whh are pero al (he
be ef he pero ) whe he are wh he error of a oher Bu exraerroral applao oe o auomaall gve re o
ae. Bu he purpoe of he mmu e gve fu o al ha exraerroral e foreme auhor. Vha Co gre ma have
o e able hem o perform her fu o properl. O he par of e e he reah of a rm al aue o exe beo our
he reev g ae here le era oblgao o proe he borer oe o mea ha Co gre alo e e o gve feeral
repree ave a h proper a offe. law e foreme offer u lme auhor o volae he
c erroral overeg of a foreg ao o e fore hoe law or
$*!1 o breah er ao al law o g o. lhough we reog e ha
Seem g ffere e bewee overeg mmu a mmu of he k app g a murer of DE age abroa eeae he
a YO² o e reall whe we agree o lm erroral juro va exere of exraerroral rm al juro abe a lear
he Bae greeme (amo g oher) emploee are mmu e for reve we a o o lue ha Co gre ha gve he DE
boh fu o al a full mmu . u lme e foreme power abroa. lvare' arre a he e
Ve e ² arrow o ruo of mmu ² over o l overeg h ee o were arbrar beaue he were o ͞purua o
a law. Co eque l lvare eablhe a or omme
Lm o Sovereg ² volao of he law of ao .
-US-P Bae greeme ʹ ra or provo ² omplee mmu O he Feeral Vor Clam ² lhough he jure were uffere
o lme mmu (lme o overeg a a oppoe o ¯exo he proxmae aue of uh jure (pla g hem g
proprear a) e.) were o e he US a o fall u er he heaquarer
-bu whe overeg Proprear Wha abou whe bul g or e exepo o he foreg ave exepo . alhough
bae Or he ZVE o ra (ae e erprea of Ch ee ae he waver of overeg mmu u er he FVC exlue
Ch a ha o o ep of prvae e e) Whe bu g heloper e o al or uh a fale arre h exluo followe b a
armame (for efe e)ll overeg a. Dfful ae² mpora provo² Y oe o appl f he e o al or
ra porao vla a overeg haraer f ur g o -go g omme b a ͞ vegave or law e foreme offer. Vhe
arme o fl prvae veel ommo e b he ae f here DE age who orherae lvare' arre are law e foreme
o o fl offer a ef e b he FVC beaue he are ͞empowere b
-VC of ¯aka² o omplee mmu law o exeue earhe o ee eve e or o make arre for
Ve² volao of Feeral law. Beaue he prmar orou a wa he
g.c ?aure of a ʹ wheher overeg or proprear. ao a pla g of lvare' abuo b he DE age h
2.c Pero al of o ra g pare ʹ rumpe b purpoe lam fall quarel wh h law e foreme provo a hu
e (armame ol b prvae e e o ae o be he e o al or exluo oe o appl.
ue for efe e).
+%2
3
&.:%+2Ý
3 Clama eek amage for llegal arre & wro gful ee o .
Y # O juro ² Vhe pr ple of ppel e proje ¯a mar beaue of allege o u g volao
erroral overeg merel requre ha he Sae exere of huma rgh Burmee e lv g refugee amp
power o pu h wh ow borer o oue hem; ha Vhala emo rae exe e of reble hrea ha he woul
ubje o h rero ever Sae ma exere a we reo be ubjee o huma rgh volao allegel omme
a o he applao of law a he juro of our furhera e of ppel e proje b how g ha he are a ger of
repe of a omme oue he Sae; a ha o l o far be g forbl reparae o ¯a mar eher a reul of Burmee
a poble o po o a pef rule prohb g he exere of aak o refugee amp or Vha Y
+YY ao . Yf pla ff
h reo . . . a Sae preve e from exer g . Vha vew eablhe a g o eek amage our ccc
wa bae o he follow g wo grou ² (g) Y preel he c
c
0
cc0
c
. Yua e of ju o
o epo of Sae overeg whh ema he preluo of o hal mera orporao ' volveme ga ppel e proje
a preumpo ha here a rero o epe e e; & ¯a mar beaue of Burmee gover me ' allege o u g
(2) Eve f rue ha he pr ple of he erroral haraer of volao of huma rgh wa o lkel o hal allege huma rgh
rm al law frml eablhe varou Sae o le rue volao where bulk of orporao ' al apal veme ha
ha almo all of uh Sae rm al juro ha bee alrea bee mae a operao of ppel e wa wh reo
exe e . . . o a o embrae offe e omme oue of pare who were o pare o lawu.
error. . .
úowever he u veral haraer of he rme queo $*!1
whh ve ever Sae he power o r hoe who parpae Ppel e ¯a mar; ge ou people fore o leave a he
he preparao of uh rme a o pu h hem herefor. Y work. Clam Feeral Cour u er CV. U?OCL wa vee
follow ha he Sae whh proeue a pu he a pero for a a eparae ompa (jo ve ure). ¯a mar² o roll g hare
ha offe e a olel a he orga a age of he er ao al loal ubar.
ommu a mee ou pu hme o he offe er for h Yue² Wh pr pal ompa wa hel lable Eve f he o l ha
breah of he prohbo mpoe b he law of ao . . . . m or hare a he ma ageme wa wh he rul g ju a.
O ma er of arre (k app g from rge a)² Vhere a relao of a of ju a a pero al of he moher
(a) Y he abe e of a exrao agreeme bewee he ompa (pave veor).
Sae o whh a "fugve offe er" ha bee brough for ral Cour² E fore laver prohbo eve b 9c$.
a he ou r of "alum" . . . a eve f here exe uh Feeral Cour a² ?o o rol over ¯a mar.
a agreeme . . . bu he offe er wa o exrae . . . Speal Cru Cour² evere hel U?OCL lable.
aora e herewh he Cour wll o vegae he
ruma e whh he wa ea e a brough o he +5
area of juro (Sr² he ͞¯a-a -Pa or e org all Y er ao al arre warra aga Co go Foreg ¯ er
from >Y ++). proee a volao of uomar YL wh repe o ploma
(b) Vh alo apple f he offe er' o e o be ha he abolue mmu ; ¯ er ha e lef he gover me .
abuo wa arre ou b he age of he Sae
proeu g hm e uh a ae he rgh volae o , + + Y Y Y+ Dploma a
ha of he offe er bu he overeg rgh of he Sae o ular age era hgh-ra k g offal a ae uh a he
aggreve. úea of Sae úea of Gover me a ¯ er for Foreg ffar
() he aggreve Sae ma o o e he volao of e jo mmu e from juro oher ae boh vl a
overeg a wave lam lu g he lam for he rm al. Ymmu e aore o m er of foreg affar
reur of he offe er o error a uh waver ma be uomar YL are aore o e ure he effeve performa e of
expl or b aquee e. her fu o o behalf of her ae a o for her pero al
be ef. fer he YCJ o ere he aure of he fu o
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exere b a m er of foreg affar o lue ha h ema exrao a he orrelave u o urre er a fugve
fu o are uh ha hroughou he urao of h offe he ex o l whe reae b rea whh ma over pef rme
whe abroa e jo full mmu from rm al juro a o l or all offe e o ere rm al b boh ae. ¯o reae
volabl. Vh mmu a volabl proe he vual exlue relgou a polal offe e alhough he laer have
o er e from a a of auhor of a oher ae whh woul ever bee preel ef e. Bu a ae ma urre er a fugve f
h er hm or her he performa e of h or her ue. Vhere a urre er g hm o o rar o he ae
o uo .
be o o from a whh were performe a ͞offal > Pr ple o Exrao ²
apa a a ͞prvae apa. g.c ?o ae oblge o exrae u le here a rea
2.c Dffere e legal em a be a obale o
YCJ u able o o lue ha here ex exepo u er erpreao of wha he rme
uomar YL regar o ao al our upo exam ao of he 3.c elgou a polal offe e are o exraable.
rule o er g mmu or rm al repo bl of pero > proeure ormall hrough ploma ha el (how
hav g offal apa o a e he legal rume rea g exrao rule a be bpae² 0%+ Y-(2; how ue
er ao al rm al rbu al. Sae Prae alo oe o how proe requreme work a exra ae² 0Y Y
Y
he exe e of exepo o he m er of foreg affar
8 0%
Y).
mmu u er uomar YL. Vhe eo of he ?uremberg a
Voko er ao al ¯lar Vrbu al a of he Y er ao al YY
YYY
Crm al Vrbu al for he Former ugolava o o eal wh he
queo of mmu e umbe m er of foreg affar before
Yc%c'
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ao al our where he are aue of war rme or rme
c
aga huma .
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cc$ccc. whe o u
o of a ao or omo ²
Belgum volae he mmu e of he he ¯ er of Foreg
a. arbuable o he Sae u er YL; &
ffar of he Co go. Vhe mere ue a he rulao of he a
w
b. o ue a breah of a
l oblgao of he Sae.
WO? g fa l erfere wh eroa
ploma av
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o ue a volao of a oblgao of Belgum owar Co go
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ha fale o repe he mmu of ha ¯ er a more
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parularl fr ge he mmu from rm al juro a
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he volabl e joe b hm u er YL.
c
'/cg)cbreah - a of he Sae o o form wh wha
8&+G requre b he oblgao .
Jme e o e arre warra ue aga hm YCOW a '/cg3cSae a g or a g a oher Sae omm g a
exrao reque b he US. er ao all wro gful a (YW).
'/cgJcSae re & o rol a oher Sae omm g a YW.
m 8 Y Vhe ulmae purpoe of exrao proee g '/cgcSae oere a oher Sae omm g a YW.
o eerm e wheher he reque expree he peo c
uppore b a exe & he eve e ha ma be aue %c
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ur g he hear g of he peo $
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. Vhe '/c)gc lawful meaure of elf-efe e u er he U? Charer.
proee g are e e merel o
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br g g he aueor he fugve who ha llegall eape '/c) cue o
Y#Y Y
bak o error o ha he rm al proe ma proee '/c)co e o ave a lfe re o oher reao able mea .
here . B e er g o a exrao rea P eeme o have '/ )2² ee.
repoe ru he relabl or ou e of he legal a '/ )3 o preluo f wro gful e YCOW a oblgao ar g
jual em of rea par er a well a he abl a he u er a preempor orm of ge eral YL.
wll g e of he laer o gra ba rgh o he aue he '/c)+clegal o eque e of YW o o affe o ue u o
pe g rm al ae here . perform he oblgao breahe.
'/c *coblgao ae of YW²
Exrao proee g are c0
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c$ a. eae he a f o u g;
whh gul or oe e eerm e. Co eque l a b. offer aura e of o -repeo .
exrao ae o o e whh he o uo al rgh of he '/c gEc repo ble Sae oblge o make reparao for jur
aue are eearl avalable. Y more ak f a all o a $@c aue. Y jur lue a amage wheher maeral or moral
0cc
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cc aue b he Sae
YW.
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. úav g o e '/c )c er al law a
juf falure o ompl wh oblgao
eape he juro of he reque g ae he reao able '/c 2c repo ble Sae oblge o make reuo (re-eablh
Y preumpo ha he pero woul eape aga f uao before YW) o he exe ha reuo o maerall
gve he opporu .
c1
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cccc /c '/c 3c repo ble Sae oblge o ompe ae for amage
c aue f o reuo poble over g a f a all aeable
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allege o have omme a rme or o have bee o ve a expreo of regre formal apolog o ou of proporo o jur
rme. Y a proe ha gover e b rea. Vhe legal rgh o o a wa o a o humlae he repo ble Sae.
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b. group of Sae lu g jure o e or
l ommu a a law.
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c g. Yf he po of hea of he mo vaa or f he hea g. Yf he hea of a o ular po u able o arr ou h fu o or he
of he mo u able o perform h fu o a harge poo of hea of o ular po vaa a a g hea of po ma a
'affare a erm hall a provo all a hea of he provo all a hea of he o ular po.
mo . Vhe ame of he harge 'affare a erm hall 2. Vhe full ame of he a g hea of po hall be ofe eher b he
be ofe eher b he hea of he mo or ae he ploma mo of he SS or f ha Sae ha o uh mo he S
u able o o o b he ¯ r for Foreg ffar of he b he hea of he o ular po or f he u able o o o b a
SS o he ¯ r for Foreg ffar of he S or uh oher ompee auhor of he SS o he ¯ r for Foreg ffar of he S
m r a ma be agree. or o he auhor eg ae b ha ¯ r. a ge eral rule h
2. Y ae where o member of he ploma aff of he ofao hall be gve ava e. S ma make he amo a a g
mo pree he reev g Sae a member of he hea of po of a pero who eher a ploma age or a o ular
am rave a eh al aff ma wh he o e of offer of he SS he S o o al o o e .
he S be eg ae b he SS o be harge of he 3. Vhe ompee auhore of he S hall affor aa e
urre am rave affar of he mo . a proeo o he a g hea of po. Whle he harge of he po
he provo of he pree Co ve o hall appl o hm o he ame
ba a o he hea of he o ular po o er e. S hall o however
be oblge o gra o a a g hea of po a fal prvlege or
mmu whh he hea of he o ular po e jo o l ubje o
o o o fulflle b he a g hea of po.
4. Whe he ruma e referre o paragraph g of h rle a
member of he ploma aff of he ploma mo of he SS he S
eg ae b he SS a a
a g hea of po he hall f he S oe o obje
hereo o ue o e jo ploma prvlege a mmu e.
'/c+c '/c) c
g. S ma a a me & whou hav g o expla g. S ma a a me of SS ha a o ular offer Y
eo of SS ha he hea of he mo or a or ha a oher member of he o ular aff o aepable. SS hall
member of he ploma aff of he mo Y eher reall he pero or erm ae h fu o wh he o ular po.
c cc
c9
c ¬ ¬ ¬ Page 33 of g *
or ha a oher member of he aff of he 2. Yf SS refue or fal wh a reao able me o arr
mo o aepable. SS hall eher reall he pero ou oblgao u er par. S ma eher whraw he exequaur from
or erm ae h fu o wh he mo . pero ma he pero or eae o o er hm a a member of he o ular aff.
be elare or o aepable before arrv g 3. pero appo e a a member of a o ular po ma be elare
S
error. u aepable before arrv g he error of S or f alrea S before
2. Yf SS refue or fal wh a reao able pero o arr e er g o h ue wh he
ou oblgao u er par. g S ma refue o reog e o ular po. SS hall whraw h appo me .
he pero a a member of he mo . 4. Y ae par. g & 3 of h rle S o oblge o gve o SS reao
for eo .
"1
c '/c 3c '/c2*c
c
cDc g. S hall perm e r of & gra exempo from all g. S hall perm e r of & gra exempo from all uom
$
c uom ue axe a relae harge oher ha ue axe & relae harge oher ha harge for orage arage &
harge for orage arage a mlar erve o ² mlar erve o ²
g. arle for he offal ue of he mo ; (a) arle for he offal ue of he o ular po;
2. arle for he pero al ue of a ploma age or (b) arle for he pero al ue of a o ular offer or member of h
member of h faml form g par of h houehol faml form g par of h houehol lu g arle e e for h
lu g arle e e for h eablhme . eablhme . Vhe arle e e for o umpo hall o exee he
2. Vhe pero al baggage of a ploma age hall be qua e eear for re ulao b he pero o er e.
exemp from peo u le here are erou grou 2. Co ular emploee hall e jo he prvlege & exempo pefe
for preum g ha o a arle o overe b he paragraph g of h rle repe of arle mpore a he me of fr
exempo me o e paragraph g of h rle or allao .
arle he mpor or expor of whh prohbe b he 3. Pero al baggage aompa g o ular offer & member of her
law or o rolle b he quara e regulao of he S. famle form g par of her houehol hall be exemp from peo . Y
Suh peo hall be o ue o l he pree e of ma be pee o l f here erou reao o beleve ha o a
he ploma age or of h auhore repree ave. arle oher ha hoe referre o ub-paragraph (b) of paragraph g of
h rle or arle he mpor or expor of whh
prohbe b he law a regulao of he S or whh are
ubje o quara e law a regulao . Suh peo hall be
arre ou he pree e of he o ular offer or member of h faml
o er e.
1c '/c c '/c+c
1
c ploma age hall be exemp from all ue & axe g. Co ular offer a o ular emploee a member of her famle
pero al or real ao al rego al or mu pal exep² form g par of her houehol hall be exemp from all ue a axe
g. re axe of a k whh are ormall orporae pero al or real ao al rego al or mu pal exep²
he pre of goo or erve; (a) re axe of a k whh are ormall orporae he pre of
2. ue & axe o prvae mmovable proper S goo or erve;
error u le he hol o behalf of he SS for he (b) ue or axe o prvae mmovable proper uae he error of
purpoe of he mo ; S ubje o he provo of rle 32;
3. eae ueo or hera e ue leve b he S () eae ueo or hera e ue a ue o ra fer leve b
ubje o par. 4 of rle 39; he S ubje o he provo of paragraph (b) of rle 5g;
4. ue & axe o prvae ome hav g oure he () ue a axe o prvae ome lu g apal ga hav g
S & apal axe o veme mae ommeral oure he S a apal axe rela g o veme mae
u erak g he S; ommeral or f a al u erak g S;
5. harge leve for pef erve re ere; (e) harge leve for pef erve re ere;
6. regrao our or reor fee morgage ue a (f) regrao our or reor fee morgage ue a amp ue
amp u WYVú EGD VO mmovable proper ubje ubje o he provo of rle 32.
o he provo of rle 23. 2. ¯ember of he erve aff hall be exemp from ue a axe o he
c wage whh he reeve for her erve.
'/c) c 3. ¯ember of he o ular po who emplo pero whoe wage or
g. SS & he hea of he mo hall be exemp from all alare are o exemp from ome ax he S hall oberve he
ao al rego al or mu pal ue & axe repe of oblgao whh he law a regulao of ha Sae mpoe upo
he preme of he mo wheher ow e or leae emploer o er g he lev g of ome ax.
oher ha uh a repree pame for pef erve
re ere.
2. Vh exempo hall o appl o uh ue & axe
paable u er S law b pero o ra g wh SS or he
hea of he mo .
&cc..@cc '/c)*c '
$c)+c
Dc
c Vhe mo a hea hall have he rgh o ue he flag g. Vhe SS hall have he rgh o he ue of ao al flag & oa-of-arm
a emblem of he e g Sae o he preme of he he S per provo of h rle.
mo lu g he ree e of he hea of he mo 2. Vhe ao al flag of he SS ma be flow & oa-of-arm plae o
a o h mea of ra por. he bul g oupe b he o ular po & a he e ra e oor hereof
o he ree e of he hea of he o ular po & o h mea of
ra por whe ue o offal bu e.
3. Y he exere of h rgh regar hall be ha o he law regulao
a uage of he S.
Y
c '/c))c '/c gc
c
c g. Preme of he mo hall be volable. Vhe age of g. Co ular preme hall be volable o exe here prove.
he S ma o e er hem exep wh he o e of he 2. S auhore hall o e er ha par of he o ular preme whh
hea of he mo . ue exluvel for he purpoe of he work of he o ular po exep
2. S u er a peal u o ake all approprae ep o wh he o e of he hea of he o ular po or of h eg ee or of he
proe he preme of he mo aga a ruo or hea of he ploma mo . Suh o e ma be aume ae of fre
amage a o preve a urba e of he peae of he or oher aer requr g promp proeve ao .
c cc
c9
c ¬ ¬ ¬ Page 3J of g *
mo or mparme of g . 3. Subje o par 2 of h rle S u er a peal u o ake all
3. Preme of he mo fur h g & oher proper approprae ep o proe he o ular preme aga a ruo or
hereo & he mea of ra por of he mo hall be amage a o preve a urba e of he peae of he o ular po or
mmu e from earh requo aahme or exeuo . mparme of g .
4. Co ular preme fur h g proper of he o ular po & mea
'/c *c of ra por hall be mmu e from a form of requo for purpoe of
g. Prvae ree e of a ploma age hall e jo he ao al efe e or publ ul. Yf exproprao eear for uh
ame volabl & proeo a he preme of he purpoe all poble ep hall be ake o avo mpe g performa e of
mo . o ular fu o & promp aequae & effeve ompe ao hall be
2. ú paper orrepo e e & exep a par. 3 of r. pa o he SS.
3g proper hall alo e jo volabl.c
"cc '/c c '/c)2c
$
c Vhe fu o of a ploma age ome o a e Y Vhe fu o of a member of a o ular po hall ome o a e Y +²
+² (a) o ofao b SS o S ha h fu o have ome o a e ;
g. o ofao b SS o S ha he fu o of he (b) o whrawal of he exequaur;
ploma age ha ome o a e ; () o ofao b S o SS ha he S ha eae o o er hm a a
2. o ofao b S o SS ha aora e wh par. 2 member of he o ular aff.
of rle 9 refue o reog e he ploma age a a
member of he mo .c
1c '/c)c '/c +c
1
cc Vhe fee a harge leve b he mo he oure of g. Vhe o ular po ma lev S error he fee & harge prove b
cDc offal ue hall be exemp from all ue a axe. SS law for o ular a.
c 2. Vhe um ollee he form of he fee & harge par. g of h
$c
rle & he reep for uh fee & harge hall be exemp from all ue
& axe he S.
Y
c '/c)+c '/c*c
c Vhe pero of a ploma age hall be volable. úe S hall rea o ular offer wh ue repe & hall ake all approprae
A
$c hall o be lable o a form of arre or ee o . Vhe ep o preve a aak o her pero freeom or g .
reev g Sae hall rea hm wh ue repe a hall
ake all approprae ep o preve a aak o h '/cgc
pero freeom or g . g. Co ular offer hall o be lable o arre or ee o pe g ral
exep he ae of a grave rme a purua o a eo b he
c ompee jual auhor.
2. Exep he ae pefe par. g of h rle o ular
offer hall o be omme o pro or lable o a oher form of
rero o her pero al freeom ave exeuo of a jual eo
of f al effe.
3. Yf rm al proee g are ue aga a o ular offer he mu
appear before he ompee auhore. ?everhele he proee g
hall be o ue wh he repe ue o hm b reao of h offal
poo & exep he ae pefe par. g of h rle a ma er
whh wll hamper he exere of o ular fu o a lle a poble.
Whe he ruma e par. g of h rle ha beome eear
o ea a o ular offer he proee g aga hm hall be ue
wh he m mum of ela.
'/c)c
Y he eve of he arre or ee o pe g ral of a member of he
o ular aff or of rm al proee g be g ue aga hm S
hall prompl of he hea of he o ular po. Shoul he laer be
hmelf he obje of uh meaure S hall of SS hrough he ploma
ha el.
Y
c '/c gc '/c c
c g. ploma age hall e jo mmu from he g. Co ular offer & o ular emploee hall o be ame able o he
$
Ec rm al juro of S. úe hall alo e jo mmu juro of he jual or am rave auhore of S repe of
from vl a am rave juro exep he a performe he exere of o ular fu o .
1$
c
ae of² 2. Vhe provo of par. g of h rle hall o however appl repe
g. a real ao rela g o prvae mmovable proper of a vl ao eher²
uae S error u le he hol o behalf of SS for (a) ar g ou of a o ra o lue b a o ular offer or a o ular
purpoe of he mo ; emploee whh he o o ra exprel or mplel a a age of
2. a ao rela g o ueo whh he ploma he e g Sae; or
age volve a exeuor am raor her or legaee (b) b a hr par for amage ar g from a ae S aue b a
a a prvae pero & o o behalf of SS; vehle veel or arraf.
3. a ao rela g o a profeo al or ommeral
av exere b he ploma age S oue h
offal fu o .
2. ploma age o oblge o gve eve e a a
w e.
3. ?o meaure of exeuo ma be ake repe of a
ploma age exep he ae u er here ub-par.
(a) (b) & () of par. g & prove ha uh meaure a
be ake whou fr g g he volabl of h pero or
ree e.
c cc
c9
c ¬ ¬ ¬ Page 3 of g *
4. Suh mmu from S juro oe o exemp hm
from SS juro .c
(
cc '/c )c '/c2c
c g. Vhe mmu from juro of ploma age & of g. SS ma wave WYVú EGD VO a member of he o ular po a of
pero e jo g mmu u er rle 37 ma be wave he prvlege & mmu e prove for r. 4g 43 & 44.
b SS. 2. Vhe waver hall all ae be expre exep a par. 3 of h rle &
2. Waver mu alwa be expre. hall be ommu ae o S wr g.
3. Y ao of proee g b a ploma age or b a 3. Vhe ao of proee g b a o ular offer or a o ular emploee
pero e jo g mmu from juro u er rle 37 a maer where he mgh e jo mmu from juro u er rle
hall prelue hm from vok g mmu from juro 43 hall prelue hm from vok g mmu from juro repe of
repe of a ou er-lam rel o ee wh he a ou er-lam rel o ee wh he pr pal lam.
pr pal lam. 4. Vhe waver of mmu from juro for he purpoe of vl or
4. Waver of mmu from juro repe of vl or am rave proee g hall o be eeme o mpl he waver of
am rave proee g hall o be hel o mpl waver mmu from he meaure of exeuo reul g from he jual
of mmu repe of he exeuo of he jugme for eo ; repe of uh meaure a eparae waver hall be eear.
whh a eparae waver hall be eear.c
.cDccc '/c +c '/c2 c
cDc g. Ever pero e le o prvlege & mmu e hall g. Ever member of he o ular po hall e jo here prvlege &
c e jo hem from he mome he e er S error o mmu e from he mome he e er S error o proee g o ake
proee g o ake up h po or f alrea error up h po or f alrea error from he mome whe he e er o
from he mome whe h appo me ofe o he h ue wh he o ular po.
¯ r for Foreg ffar or uh oher m r a ma be 2. ¯ember of he faml of a member of he o ular po form g par of
agree. h houehol & member of h prvae aff hall reeve he prvlege &
2. Whe he fu o of a pero e jo g prvlege & mmu e from he ae from whh he e jo prvlege & mmu e per
mmu e have ome o a e uh prvlege & par. g of h rle or from he ae of her e r o S error or from
mmu e hall ormall eae a he mome whe he he ae of her beom g a member of uh faml or prvae aff
leave he ou r or o expr of a reao able pero whhever he lae.
whh o o o bu hall ub u l ha me eve ae 3. Whe he fu o of a member of he o ular po have ome o a
of arme o fl. Bu WYVú EGD VO a performe b e h h faml
h prvae aff
prvlege & hall ormall eae a
uh a pero he exere of h fu o a a member he mome whe he pero o er e leave S or o he expr of a
of he mo mmu hall o ue o ub. reao able pero whh o o o whhever he oo er bu hall
3. Y ae of he eah of a member of he mo he ub u l ha me eve ae of arme o fl. Y he ae of he
member of h faml hall o ue o e jo he prvlege pero par. 2 of h rle prvlege & mmu e hall ome o a e
& mmu e o whh he are e le u l he expr of a whe he eae o belo g o he houehol or o be he erve of a
reao able pero whh o leave he ou r. member of he o ular po prove ha f uh pero e leav g
4. Y he eve of he eah of a member of he mo o S wh a reao able pero hereafer her prvlege & mmu e hall
a ao al of or perma e l ree S or a member of ub u l he me of her eparure.
h faml form g par of h houehol S hall perm he 4. Bu WYVú EGD VO a performe b a o ular offer or a o ular
whrawal of he movable proper of he eeae emploee he exere of h fu o mmu from juro hall
exep a proper aqure he ou r he expor of o ue o ub whou lmao of me.
whh wa prohbe a he me of h eah. Eae 5. Y he eve of he eah of a member of he o ular po he member
ueo & hera e ue hall o be leve o of h faml form g par of h houehol hall o ue o e jo he
movable proper he pree e of whh S wa ue prvlege & mmu e aore o hem u l he leave S or u l he
olel o he pree e here of he eeae a a member expr of a reao able pero e abl g hem o o o whhever he
of he mo or a a member of he faml of a member of oo er.
he mo .c
$cc '/cgc '/c22c
.cc g. Whou prejue o her prvlege & mmu e g. Whou prejue o her prvlege & mmu e he u of all
he u of all pero e jo g uh prvlege & pero e jo g uh prvlege & mmu e o repe he law &
mmu e o repe S law. Vhe have a u o o regulao of S. Vhe alo have a u o o erfere he er al
erfere he er al affar of ha Sae. affar of ha Sae.
2. ll offal bu e wh S e rue o he mo b SS 2. Vhe o ular preme hall o be ue a ma er ompable wh
hall be o ue wh or hrough he ¯ r for Foreg he exere of o ular fu o .
ffar of S or uh oher m r a ma be agree. 3. Par. 2 of h rle hall o exlue he pobl of offe of oher
3. Preme of he mo mu o be ue a ma er uo or age e be g alle
ompable wh fu o of he mo per he par of he bul g whh he o ular preme are uae prove
Co ve o rule of ge eral YL or peal agreeme ha he preme ag e o hem are eparae from hoe ue b he
bewee he SS & S.c o ular po. Y ha eve he a offe hall o be o ere o form
par of he o ular preme.
c
c '/c)c '/c2Jc
ploma age hall o S prae for pero al g. Career o ular offer hall o arr o for pero al prof a
prof a profeo al or ommeral av. profeo al or ommeral av S.
2. Prvlege & mmu e hall o be aore²
c (a) o o ular emploee or o member of he erve aff who arr o
a prvae ga ful oupao S;
(b) o member of he faml of a pero referre o ub-par. (a)
of h paragraph or o member of h prvae aff;
() o member of he faml of a member of a o ular po who
hemelve arr o a prvae ga ful oupao S.
'
c '/cc '/c)3c
$
$c S mu eve ae of arme o fl gra fale S hall eve ae of arme o fl gra o member of he o ular
orer o e able pero e jo g prvlege & mmu e po & member of he prvae aff oher ha S ao al & o member
oher ha S ao al & member of he famle of uh of her famle form g par of her houehol rrepeve of ao al
c cc
c9
c ¬ ¬ ¬ Page 3+ of g *
pero rrepeve of her ao al o leave a he eear me & fale o e able hem o prepare her eparure & o
earle poble mome . Y mu f eee plae a her leave a he earle poble mome afer he erm ao of he fu o
poal eear mea of ra por for hemelve & of he member. Y hall f eee plae a her poal eear mea
her proper. of ra por for hemelve & her proper oher ha proper aqure
c S he expor of whh prohbe a he me of eparure.
"cc '/c2c '/c)Jc
c Yf ploma relao are broke off bewee 2 Sae or f g. Y he eve of he evera e of o ular relao bewee 2 Sae²
a mo perma e l or emporarl realle² (a) S hall eve ae of arme o fl repe & proe he o ular
g. S mu eve ae of arme o fl repe & proe preme ogeher wh he proper of he o ular po & he o ular
he preme of he mo wh proper & arhve; arhve;
2. SS ma e ru he uo of he preme of he (b) SS ma e ru he uo of he o ular preme wh he proper
mo wh proper & arhve o a hr Sae o a e here & he o ular arhve o a hr Sae aepable o S;
aepable o S; () SS ma e ru he proeo of ere & of ao al o a hr
3. SS ma e ru he proeo of ere & of Sae aepable o S.
ao al o a hr Sae aepable o S. 2. Y he eve of he emporar or perma e loure of a o ular po
ub-par. (a) of here par. g hall appl. Y ao
c (a) f SS alhough o repree e S b a ploma mo ha a oher
o ular po he error of ha Sae ha o ular po ma be
e rue wh he uo of he preme of he o ular po whh ha
bee loe wh he proper o a e here & he o ular arhve &
wh he o e of S wh he exere of o ular fu o he r
of ha o ular po; or
(b) f SS ha o ploma mo & o oher o ular po S ub-par
(b) & () of par. g of h rle hall appl.
'A
$c '/c c '/cJgc
c
cc.c g. Exep ofar a ao al prvlege & mmu e ma g. Exep o far a ao al fale prvlege & mmu e ma be
Ac be gra e b S a ploma age who a ao al of or gra e b S o ular offer who are ao al of or perma e l
perma e l ree S hall e jo o l mmu from ree S hall e jo o l mmu from juro & pero al
c
juro & volabl repe of offal a volabl repe of offal a performe he exere of her
c performe he exere of h fu o . fu o & he prvlege par. 3 of rle 44. So far a hee o ular
2. Oher member of he aff of he mo & prvae offer are o er e S hall alo be bou b he oblgao la ow
erva who are ao al of or perma e l ree S rle 42. Yf rm al proee g are ue aga uh a o ular
hall e jo prvlege & mmu e o l o he exe offer he proee g hall exep whe he u er arre or ee o
ame b S. úowever S mu exere juro be o ue a ma er whh wll hamper he exere of
over hoe pero o a o o erfere u ul wh he o ular fu o a lle a poble.
performa e of he fu o of he mo . 2. Oher member of he o ular po who are ao al of or perma e l
ree S & member of her famle &
member of he famle of o ular offer par. g of
h rle hall e jo fale prvlege & mmu e o l o far a
hee are gra e o hem b S. Vhoe member of
he famle of member of he o ular po & hoe member of he
prvae aff who are hemelve ao al of or perma e l ree S
hall lkewe e jo fale prvlege & mmu e o l o far a hee
are gra e o hem b S. S hall exere juro over hoe
pero uh a wa a o o h er u ul he performa e of he
fu o of he o ular po.
c
c
c
c cc
c9
c ¬ ¬ ¬ Page J* of g *
cFc%
$c
Ecc
c aquo o error b SS of preme eear for _____ or
c a he laer oba g ome oher aommoao lu g
'
$cgc%
c hoe for member.
"
cc
c$c
͞r. 2. Vhe eablhme of ploma relao bewee Sae & Y
cc$
cDc$
of mo (r. 24); o ular
of perma e ploma mo ake plae b muual o e . po (r. 33)² a a me wherever he are
͞r. 4.
g. o ular po ma be eablhe he error of he S o l c$
͙of he mo (r. 25); o ular po (r. 28)² S
wh ha Sae' o e . hall aor full fale for he performa e of he fu o of he
2. Vhe ea of he o ular po lafao a he o ular _________.
r hall be eablhe b he SS a hall be ubje o he
approval of he S.
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of he mo (r. 26);
3. Subeque ha ge he ea of he o ular po o ular po (r. 34)²
lafao or he o ular r ma be mae b he SS o l ͞Subje o law a regulao o er g o e e r o
wh he o e of he S. whh prohbe or regulae for reao of ao al eur he
4. Vhe o e of he S hall alo be requre f a o ulae-ge eral S hall e ure freeom of moveme & ravel error o all
or a o ulae ere o ope a ve-o ulae or a o ular age member of he ______.
a loal oher ha ha whh elf eablhe.
5. Vhe pror expre o e of he S hall alo be requre for he
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of he͙mo (r. 27); o ular po
ope g of a offe form g par of a ex g o ular po (r. 35)²
elewhere ha a he ea hereof. ͞g. S hall perm & proe freeom of ommu ao o he par
c of he mo o ular po] for all offal purpoe. Y
.
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; Co ular Saff² D - r. gg; C - r. 20² ubje o ommu a g wh he Gover me he ploma mo &
agreeme S ma requre ha he e of a mo be kep wh oher o ulae o ular po] wherever uae of he e g
lm o ere b o be reao able & ormal hav g regar o Sae he mo o ular po] ma emplo all approprae
ruma e & o o S & o he ee of he parular mea lu g ploma or o ular ourer] ploma or
mo & S ma equall wh mlar bou & o a o ular bag] a meage oe or pher. úowever he
o rm aor ba refue o aep offal of a parular mo o ular po] ma all & ue a wrele ra mer o l
aegor. wh he o e of S.
2. Vhe offal orrepo e e of he mo o ular po] hall be
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cof ploma aff of mo (r. 8); of volable. Offal orrepo e e mea all orrepo e e
o ular offer (r. 22)² houl pr ple be of he ao al of rela g o he mo o ular po] a fu o .
SS. Vhe ma o be appo e from amo g pero hav g he 3. Vhe ploma o ular] bag hall be eher ope e or
ao al of S exep wh he o e of ha Sae whh ma ea e. ?everhele f he ompee auhore of S have
be whraw a a me. S ma reerve he ame rgh WYVú erou reao o beleve ha he bag o a omeh g oher
EGD VO ao al of a hr Sae who are o alo ao al of ha he orrepo e e oume or arle referre o par. 4
SS. of h rle he ma reque ha he bag be ope e her
pree e b a auhore repree ave of SS. Yf h reque
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of mo (r. g2); or o ular po (r. 6)² mu be refue b he auhore of SS he bag hall be reur e o
wh o e of he S (whh ma allow o ular offer o exere plae of org .
fu o oue h po). 4. Vhe pakage o u g he ploma o ular] bag hall bear
vble exer al mark of her haraer & ma o a o l offal
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a o member of mo faml of a member of orrepo e e & oume or arle e e exluvel for
mo prvae erva (r. g0); a o member of o ular po offal ue.
faml member form g par of h houehol prvae aff (r. 24. 5. Vhe ploma o ular] ourer hall be prove wh a offal
ga-] & 2)² oume a g h au & he umber of pakage
͞g. S ¯ r for Foreg ffar or oher m r a ma be o u g he ploma o ular] bag. Exep wh S
o e
agree hall be ofe of² he hall be eher a S ao al or u le he a SS ao al a
g. appo me of _________ arrval & f al eparure or perma e S ree . Y he performa e of h fu o he hall
erm ao of fu o wh he mo ; be proee b he S. úe hall e jo pero al volabl & hall
2. arrval & f al eparure of a pero belo g g o he o be lable o a form of arre or ee o .
__________ & where approprae fa ha a pero beome 6. SS ploma mo o ular po] ma eg ae
or eae o be a member of he faml of a member of he ploma o ular] ourer a ho. Y uh ae par. 5 of h
mo ; rle hall alo appl exep ha he mmu e me o e hall
3. arrval & f al eparure of ________ of pero par. (a) of eae o appl whe uh a ourer ha elvere o he o g ee
h paragraph & where approprae fa ha he are leav g he ploma o ular] bag h harge.
uh emplo; 7. ploma o ular] bag ma be e rue o he apa of a
4. e gageme & harge of pero ree S a member hp or of a ommeral arraf heule o la a a auhore
______ or prvae erva aff] e le o prvlege & por of e r. úe hall be prove wh a offal oume
mmu e. a g he umber of pakage o u g he bag bu he hall
2. Where poble pror ofao of arrval & f al eparure hall o be o ere o be a ploma o ular] ourer. B
alo be gve . arra geme wh he approprae loal auhore he ploma
o ular] po ma e o e of member o ake poeo of
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of he mo (r. he bag rel & freel from he apa of he hp or of he
2g); of he o ular po (r. 30)² S hall eher falae arraf.
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pero propoe o are a hea of he mo o ha Sae.
.$
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for a ploma age (r. 33); member 2. S o oblge o gve reao o he SS for a refual of
of he o ular po (r. 48)² agréme .
͞g. Subje o par. 3 of h rle _______ WYVú EGD VO 'cJ. Subje o r 5 8 9 & gg SS ma freel appo he
erve re ere b hem for he SS & member of her famle member of he aff of he mo . Y he ae of mlar aval or
form g par of her houehol] hall be exemp from oal ar aahe S ma requre her ame o be ubme
eur provo whh ma be fore he S. beforeha for approval.
2. Vhe exempo par. g of h rle hall appl alo o member 'cg c
of he prvae erva aff] who are he ole emplo of a g. úea of he mo ake up h fu o he S eher whe
_________ o o o ² he ha pree e h ree al or whe he ha ofe h arrval
(a) ha he are o ao al of or perma e l ree he S; & a rue op of h ree al ha bee pree e o he ¯ r
& for Foreg ffar of he S or uh m r a ma be agree per
(b) ha he are overe b he oal eur provo whh are he prae he S whh hall be apple a u form ma er.
fore he SS or a hr Sae. 2. Orer of pree ao of ree al or of a rue op wll be
3. ________ who emplo pero o whom he exempo par. 2 eerm e b ae & me of he arrval of he hea.
of h rle oe o appl hall oberve he oblgao whh he 'c Jc
oal eur provo of he S mpoe upo emploer. g. Faml member of a D form g par of h houehol hall f
4. Vhe exempo par. g & 2 of h rle hall o prelue he are o ao al of he S e jo he prvlege & mmu e
volu ar parpao he oal eur em of he S r 29 o 36.
prove ha uh parpao perme b ha Sae. 2. ¯ember of he am rave & eh al aff wh faml
5. Vhe provo of h rle hall o affe blaeral or member form g par of her houehol f o ao al of or
mullaeral agreeme o er g oal eur o lue perma e l ree S e jo he prvlege & mmu e r
prevoul & hall o preve he o luo of uh agreeme 29 o 35 exep ha mmu from vl & am rave
he fuure. par. 5 o C] juro of he S r. 3g.g hall o exe o a performe
oue he oure of her ue. Vhe hall alo e jo he
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$ of ploma age (r. 35); prvlege r 36.g a o arle mpore a he me of fr
member of he o ular po & member of he famle form g allao .
par of her houehol (r. 52)² S hall exemp _______ from all 3. ¯ember of he erve aff who are o ao al of or
pero al erve from all publ erve of a k whaoever & perma e l ree he S e jo mmu a o a performe
from mlar oblgao uh a hoe o ee wh he oure of her ue exempo from ue & axe o he
requo g mlar o rbuo & blle g. emolume reeve ue o her emplome & he exempo
o a e rle 33.
Y
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c. of a ploma age (r. 40); o ular 4. Prvae erva of member of he mo hall f he are o
offer (r. 54) ao al of or perma e l ree he S be exemp from ue
g. Yf a ______ pae hrough or he error of a hr Sae & axe o he emolume reeve ue o her emplome . Y
whh ha gra e hm a va f a va wa eear whle oher repe he ma e jo prvlege & mmu e o l o he
proee g o ake up or reur o h po or whe reur g o he exe ame b he S. S mu exere juro over
SS he hr Sae hall aor o hm volabl & all mmu e hoe pero uh a ma er a o o erfere u ul wh he
prove for b he oher rle of he pree Co ve o a ma performa e of he fu o of he mo .
be requre o e ure h ra or reur . Vhe ame hall appl 'c3 SS ma wh he pror o e of S & a he reque of a
he ae of a member of h faml form g par of h houehol] hr Sae o repree e S u erake he emporar
e jo g uh prvlege & mmu e who are aompa g he proeo of he ere of he hr Sae & of ao al.
_______ or ravel g eparael o jo hm or o reur o he SS. c
2. Y ruma e mlar o hoe pefe paragraph g of h c
c
rle hr Sae hall o h er he ra hrough her 'cJ SS ma afer of g Sae o er e e ru a o ular
error of oher member of he am rave & eh al or po eablhe a parular Sae wh he exere of o ular
erve aff of a mo o ular po] or of member of her fu o a oher Sae u le here expre objeo b o e
famle form g par of her houehol] hrough her errore. of he Sae o er e.
3. Vhr Sae hall aor o offal orrepo e e & o oher 'c. Upo approprae ofao o S a o ular po of SS
offal ommu ao ra lu g meage oe or ma u le S obje exere o ular fu o S o behalf of
pher he ame freeom a proeo a he S bou o a hr Sae.
aor u er he pree Co ve o . Vhe hall aor o 'cg*c
ploma o ular] ourer who have bee gra e a va f a va g. úea of o ular po are appo e b SS & are ame o
wa eear & o o ular bag ra he ame volabl & he exere of her fu o b S.
proeo a he S bou o aor u er he pree 2. Formale for appo me & amo of he hea of a
Co ve o . o ular po are eerm e b he law regulao & uage of SS
4. Vhe oblgao of hr Sae u er par g 2 & 3 hall alo appl & of S repevel.
o he pero me o e repevel hoe paragraph & o 'cg)c
offal ommu ao & o ploma o ular] bag whoe g. úea of a o ular po ame o he exere of h
pree e he error of he hr Sae ue o
Y#Y Y." fu o b a auhorao from S erme a exequaur
whaever he form of h auhorao .
c$
$cc$c 2. Sae whh refue o gra a exequaur o oblge o gve
%
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c o he SS reao for uh refual.
'cc 3. Subje o r. g3 & g5 hea of a o ular po hall o e er
g. SS mu e ure ha he agréme of S ha bee gve for he upo h ue u l he ha reeve a exequaur.
c cc
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'cg oo a he hea ame eve provo all o exere 'cc
of h fu o S hall mmeael of ompee auhore g. ¯ember of a o ular po ma be alle upo o ae a
of he o ular r & e ure ha eear meaure are ake w ee he oure of jual or am rave proee g.
o e able he hea of a o ular po o arr ou he ue of h o ular emploee or a member of he erve aff hall o exep
offe & o have he be ef of he Co ve o . par. 3 el e o gve eve e. Yf a o ular offer houl el e
'cgJc o o o o oerve meaure or pe al ma be apple o hm.
g. Y a Sae where SS ha o ploma mo & o 2. Vhe auhor requr g he eve e of a o ular offer hall
repree e b a ploma mo of a hr Sae a o ular avo erfere e wh he performa e of fu o . Whe
offer ma wh S
o e & whou affe g h o ular poble ake uh eve e a h ree e or a he o ular po
au be auhore o perform ploma a. Suh performa e or aep a aeme from hm wr g.
b a o ular offer hall o o fer a rgh o lam ploma 3. ¯ember of a o ular po are u er o oblgao o gve
prvlege & mmu e. eve e o er g maer o ee wh he exere of her
2. Co ular offer ma afer ofao aree o S a a fu o or o proue offal orrepo e e & oume & are
repree ave of SS o a er-gover me al orga ao . úe e le o el e o gve eve e a exper w ee WYVú
hall be e le o e jo prvlege & mmu e aore o uh a EGD VO SS law.
repree ave b uomar YL or b
l agreeme ; repe of 'c3c
he performa e b hm of a o ular fu o he hall o be g. Co ular offer & o ular emploee & faml member
e le o a greaer mmu from juro ha ha o whh form g par of her houehol hall be exemp from all oblgao
a o ular offer e le u er he Co ve o . u er S law regar o he regrao of ale & ree e
'c )c perm.
g. Co ular preme & ree e of he areer hea of whh SS or 2. Par. g hall o appl o a o ular emploee who o a
a pero a g o behalf he ow er or leee hall be perma e emploee of SS or who arre o a prvae ga ful
exemp from all ao al rego al or mu pal ue & axe oher oupao S or o a member of he faml of a uh
ha uh a repree pame for pef erve re ere. emploee.
2. Vax exempo par. g hall o appl o uh ue & axe f 'cJc
u er S law he are paable b he pero who o rae wh g. ¯ember of he o ular po hall WYVú EGD VO erve
SS or wh he pero a g o behalf. re ere for SS be exemp from a oblgao regar o work
'
$c 3/ (8+&) perm mpoe b S law o er g he emplome of foreg
g. Wh a vew o fala g he exere of o ular fu o labour.
rela g o SS ao al² 2. ¯ember of he prvae aff of o ular offer & of o ular
(a) o ular offer hall be free o ommu ae wh SS ao al emploee hall f he o o arr o a oher ga ful oupao
& o have ae o hem. SS ao al hall have he ame freeom he S be exemp from he oblgao par. g.
WYVú EGD VO ommu ao wh & ae o o ular offer 'c2g Deah of a member of he o ular po or of faml member
of SS; form g par of h houehol S²
(b) f he o reque ompee auhore of S hall whou (a) perm expor of he movable proper of he eeae exep
ela form he o ular po of SS f wh o ular r a proper aqure S he expor of whh wa prohbe a he
SS ao al arree or omme o pro or o uo pe g me of h eah;
ral or ea e. ommu ao aree o he o ular (b) o lev ao al rego al or mu pal eae ueo or
po b uh pero hall alo be forware b a auhore hera e ue & ue o ra fer o movable proper he
whou ela. Sa auhore hall form he pero o er e pree e of whh he S wa ue olel o he pree e ha
whou ela of h rgh u er h ub-paragraph; Sae of he eeae a a member of he o ular po or a a
() o ular offer hall have he rgh o v a SS ao al who member of he faml of a member of he o ular po.
pro uo or ee o o o vere & orrepo wh hm cYYYc9c
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& o arra ge for h legal repree ao . Vhe hall alo have he c ccc$c-
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rgh o v a SS ao al who pro uo or ee o 'c2c
purua e of a jugme . Co ular offer hall refra from ak g g. r. 28 29 30 3439 54.3 & 55.2 & 3 hall appl o o ular
ao o behalf of a ao al who pro uo or ee o po heae b a ho orar o ular offer. Vhe fale
f he exprel oppoe uh ao . prvlege & mmu e of uh o ular po hall be gover e b
2. Vhe rgh par. g hall be exere o form wh S law r. 5962.
ubje o he provo ha a law mu e able full effe o be 2. r. 42 43 44.3 45 & 53 & 55.g hall appl o ho orar o ular
gve o he purpoe for whh he rgh aore u er h offer. Fale prvlege & mmu e of uh o ular offer
rle are e e. hall be gover e b r. 6367.
'c J/ Yf releva formao avalable o ompee auhore 3. úere prvlege & mmu e hall o be aore o member
of S uh auhore hall have he u² of he faml of a ho orar o ular offer or of
(a) eah of a SS ao al² form whou ela he o ular po a o ular emploee emploe a a o ular po heae b a
whoe r he eah ourre; ho orar o ular offer.
(b) form ompee o ular po whou ela of a ae where 4. Exha ge of o ular bag bewee 2 o ular po heae b
he appo me of a guara or ruee appear o be he ho orar o ular offer ffere Sae hall o be allowe
ere of a m or or oher pero lak g full apa who a SS whou he o e of he 2 S o er e.
ao al. Vhe gv g of h formao hall be whou prejue o c
he operao of S law o er g uh appo me ; 8Ý
28 3
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Furhermore a a eve he Cour o er ha he c
++ YY Y+
Y Y+( '
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+ Vhe Cour aware ha o maer wha mgh
cc
. Vhe Cour' ak woul be o eerm e a
be o luo a op o mgh gve he woul have omprehe ve ma er he legal o eque e of he o ruo
releva e for he o u g ebae o he maer he Ge eral of he wall whle he Ge eral embl - a he Seur Cou l -
embl a woul pree a ao al eleme he ma he raw o luo from he Cour' f g.
egoao o he maer. Beo ha he effe of he op o
a maer of appreao . Vhe Cour ha hear o rar poo
ava e a here are o eve rera b whh a prefer
o e aeme o a oher. Vhe Cour o ou ha he
c YY
"oamap" whh o ue a egoa g framework for he
YY
g2
reoluo of he o fl. Y o lear however wha flue e he
Cour' op o mgh have o hoe egoao ² parpa he Y
pree proee g have expree ffer g vew h regar.
Vhe Cour a o regar h faor a a ompell g reao o cc
c
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¯? . e from he U? Charer a he UDú here Eah Sae par ͞u erake o repe a o e ure o
are mulfarou rume o ve o reae a proool all vual wh error a ubje o juro he
regar g huma rgh. Vhe mo popular o e are he Y er ao al rgh reog e he...Cove a whou o of a k
Cove a o Cvl a Polal gh (YCCP) he Y er ao al uh a rae olour ex la guage relgo polal or oher
Cove a o Eo om Soal a Culural gh (YCESC) he op o ao al or oal org proper brh or oher au28.
Opo al Proool o hee wo he Y er ao al Co ve o o Vhe legal u o e ure e jome of hee rgh mple a
he Elm ao of all Form of aal Drm ao he Co ve o oblgao o ake pove ep o ee o fr ha ome law
o he Elm ao of ll Form of Drm ao ga Wome are mofe whe eear orer o ompl wh he Sae
he Co ve o ga Vorure a Oher Cruel Y huma a er ao al legal oblgao ; a eo ha hee law are
Degra g Vreame or Pu hme he Co ve o o he gh ee effevel mpleme e prae b all publ orga a
of he Chl a he Y er ao al Co ve o o he Proeo of offal uh a he our ( lu g am rave rbu al)
he gh of ll ¯gra Worker a ¯ember of her Famle. proeuor pole offer pro offal hool he mlar
For our purpoe we wll akle he wo mo wel-reog e hopal a he lke.
rume embo g he mo omprehe ve l of huma
rgh ʹ he YCCP a he YCESC.
$
!
!"
Vhee are he rgh o lfe (ar. 6;7) he rgh o freeom
from orure or ruel huma or egra g reame or
pu hme lu g a prohbo o be g ubjee o meal
Vhe pl bewee he YCCP a he YCESC refleve of or e f experme ao whou o e
free o e (ar. 7;8)
he o go g ebae bewee hoe who beleve ha huma rgh he rgh o freeom from laver he lave-rae a ervue ar.
ough o be u veral a hoe who a ha he are ulurall 8(g) a (2)] he rgh o freeom from fore a ompulor labor
relave. Vh Y +(+ + Y+ ebae owe o he fa ar. 8(3)] he rgh o lber a eur of pero lu g
ha evelope Weer ae ma a ha vl a polal rgh freeom from arbrar arre a ee o (ar 9;9) he rgh of
mu be affore proeo alo ge eo om oal a ulural pero eprve of her lber o be reae wh huma a
rgh a uh a ar mu be he ame all over he worl. wh repe for he here g of he huma pero (ar.
Culural relav o he oher ha beleve ha he proeo of g0;g0) prohbo of mpro me merel o he grou of
rgh a maer relave o he ulure of a parular oe. Vhe abl o fulfl a o raual oblgao (ar. gg) lber of
oable ahere of h vew (ma l he ro gma ruler of a moveme a freeom o hooe o e
ree e ar. g2(g)] he
lke ¯ahahr a Lee Kua - ew) beleve ha for example a rgh o be free o leave a ou r lu g o e
ow ar.
ommu e o o f objeo able o arfe a meaure of g2(2)] he rgh o o be arbrarl eprve of he rgh o e er
her vl a polal rgh favor of eo om rgh epeall f cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccc
eo om evelopme woul reul o be ef aru g o he <
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whle Weer er are vual ore ao he e he refual c
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o e
ow ou r ar. g2(4)] era legal afeguar aga 8(g) a (2)) he rgh o o be mpro e merel o he grou of
u lawful expulo of ale lawfull he error of a Sae par abl o fulfl a o raual oblgao (ar. gg) he prohbo of
(ar. g3;gg) he rgh o a far hear g rm al a vl ae b ex po fao law (ar. g5) he rgh o legal pero al (ar. g6)
a epe e a mparal rbu al (ar. g4;g2) freeom from ex a lal he rgh o freeom of hough o e e a relgo
po fao law a he reroave applao of heaver pe ale (ar. g8). úowever follow from he work of he úuma gh
ha hoe ha oul be mpoe whe he rme wa omme Commee ha o poble o o lue a o raro ha
(ar. g5) he rgh o reog o a a pero before he law (ar. g6) beaue a pef rgh o le arle 4(2) a eearl
he rgh o o be ubjee o arbrar or u lawful erfere e be erogae from. Co eque l ome rgh ma o be
wh o e
prva faml home or orrepo e e or o u lawful erogae from beaue he are o ere o be ͞ here o he
aak o o e
ho or a repuao (ar. g7;g3) he rgh o Cove a a a whole; o e uh example he rgh o jual
freeom of hough o e e a relgo (ar. g8;g4) he rgh o remee o eo wh arre a ee o a e ou
freeom of op o a of expreo (ar. g9;g5) prohbo of war arle 9(3) a (4); oher ma alo be o -erogable beaue he
propaga a a of avoa of ao al raal or relgou hare are pe able o he effeve e jome of he rgh ha are
o u g eme o rm ao hol or vole e (ar. expll le arle 4(2) uh a he rgh o a far ral for
20;g6) he rgh o peaeful aembl (ar. 2g) he rgh o freeom pero hreae e wh he eah pe al. Vhe Commee ha
of aoao (ar. 22) he rgh o marr freel o fou a faml furher hel u er he Opo al Proool o he YCCP ha ͞he rgh
a o equal rgh a repo ble of poue a o marrage o be re b a epe e a mparal rbu al a abolue
ur g marrage a a oluo (ar. 23;g7) he rgh of he rgh ha ma uffer o exepo .
hl o peal proeo whou rm ao ; he rgh o be
regere upo brh a he rgh o a ao al (ar. 24;g8) he (4) he o o of r ee. Vh o o mea ha he
rgh o popular parpao publ affar; he rgh o voe Sae par a o l ake meaure eroga g from ͞oblgao
pero eleo b u veral a equal uffrage a ere ballo u er he ... Cove a o he exe rl requre b he
a well a he rgh o have ae o publ erve (ar. 25;g9) he exge e of he uao ; a ompare o he or ar lmao
rgh o equal before he law a he equal proeo of he law provo eal wh above he o o of r ee
(ar. 26;20) a he rgh of m ore o e jo her ow ulure ompel a arrow o ruo of he pr ple of proporo al
relgo a la guage (ar. 27.2g). ha he leglave meaure ake mu a uh be rl requre
b he exge e of he emerge uao ; a eo l a
"
$ vual meaure ake o he ba of ha leglao mu
&
:"
lkewe be rl proporo ae. Y hu eear o o er
wheher he meaure o er e are rl requre orer o
ES. rle 4 of he YCCP k ow a he Derogao eal wh he emerge uao .
29
Claue . Vhe r o o ha gover he rgh of he Sae
pare o reor o erogao from her legal oblgao u er (5) he o o of o e wh oher er ao al legal
a rle are² oblgao . O he ba of h o o he úuma gh
Commee pr ple auhore o exam e wheher meaure
(g) he o o of a publ emerge whh hreae he lfe of of erogao mgh be u lawful a be g o e wh oher
he ao . Vhe Sae par e vag g a erogao mu be fa g a er ao al reae uh a for a e oher reae for he
uao of exepo al hrea ha jeopare he ao
lfe hu proeo of he vual or eve er ao al huma ara law
exlu g m or or eve more erou urba e ha o o or uomar er ao al law.
affe he fu o g of he Sae
emora uo or
people
lve ge eral. (6) he o o of o -rm ao . Vhe meaure of erogao
ma o ͞ volve rm ao olel o he grou of rae olour
(2) he o o of offal prolamao ² he exe e of a publ ex la guage relgo or oal org (ar. 4(g) f e). Vh a
emerge whh hreae he lfe of he ao mu be ͞offall mpora o o e parularl emerge uao
prolame. wa expla e ur g he raf g of arle 4 he ha here a rk of mpo g rm aor meaure whh have
purpoe hereof wa ͞o preve Sae from eroga g arbrarl o objeve a reao able jufao .
from her oblgao u er he Cove a whe uh a ao wa
o warra e b eve 30. (7) he o o of er ao al ofao . Y orer o aval elf
of he rgh of erogao a Sae par mu lal alo fulfll he
(3) he o o of o -erogabl of era oblgao . rle o o e ou arle 4(3) of he Cove a b mmeael
4(2) of he Cove a e umerae ome rgh from whh o ubm g a ofao of erogao o he oher Sae pare
erogao a ever be mae eve he re of uao . Vhee hrough he Serear-Ge eral. Y h ofao mu erbe
rgh are² he rgh o lfe (ar. 6) he rgh o freeom from orure ͞he provo from whh ha erogae a ... he reao b
or ruel huma or egra g reame or pu hme (ar. 7) whh wa auae. eo ofao mu be ubme ͞o
he rgh o freeom from laver he lave-rae a ervue (ar. he ae o whh erm ae uh erogao .
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccc
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$
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c c c) c #$c c # ( c
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(
c c c) cc c 3 c!$c 5(
c&$c c 3" cc proeure for mpleme g he provo of he YCCP² (g) he
c(
c)
cc(c# ( c cc c%c c c 3g
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repororal proeure (2) he er-Sae ommu ao
32 33
c c"(
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c !"cc!c"c-/cc proeure a (3) he vual ommu ao proeure .
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8c er ao al legal oblgao of Japa owar he lle Power
a all ao ha he oupe ur g he war uh oblgao
4ÝY Y + Y Y
YV +&0 Y Y hav g bee fou o have bee breahe. Vhee oblgao
+ Y YY
++ Y ogeher wh her orrepo g oure are²
3
g. Oblgao o preerve he erroral a am rave
?O. Vhe or ar mea g of rle 5 make lear ha h epe e e of Ch a.
provo oe o requre all rme aga huma o have bee
perperae wh a rm aor e . Suh e o l mae U e Sae Delarao of g90g
eear for o e ub-aegor of hoe rme amel Ye ?oe of g908
͞pereuo prove for rle 5 (h). logal o ruo of ? e-Power Vrea of g922
rle 5 alo lea o he o luo ha ge erall peak g h Cove a of he League of ?ao of g920
requreme o la ow for all rme aga huma .
Y ee f were oherwe wh houl rle 5(h) pef ha 2. Oblgao o preerve for he worl he pr ple of equal
͞pereuo fall u er he Vrbu al
juro f arre ou ͞o a mparal rae wh all par of Ch a he o-
polal raal a relgou grou Vh pefao woul be alle "Ope Door Pol".
llogal a uperfluou. Y a eleme ar rule of erpreao
ha o e houl o o rue a provo or par of a provo a f U e Sae Delarao of g900 o g90g
were uperfluou a he e po le² he preumpo Ye ?oe of g908
warra e ha law-maker e a or agree upo rule ha are well ? e-Power Vrea of g922
hough ou a mea gful all her eleme . Vhe erpreao
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3. Oblgao o uppre he ma ufaure raff a ue of 5. Vhe Y rume of Surre er whh prove ha he
opum a a alogou rug. Delarao of Poam wll be gve effe mpoe he
o o ha Co ve o al War Crme a reog e b
Opum Co ve o of g9g2 er ao al law a he ae of he Delarao (26 Jul
League of ?ao of g925 g945) woul be he o l rme proeue;
Opum Co ve o of g93g
6. Kll g he oure of bellgere operao exep
4. Oblgao o repe he error of Power eree he o far a he o ue volao of he rule of warfare
Paf. or he law a uom of war are he ormal e of
war a are o murer;
Four-Power Vrea of g92g
?oe o ?eherla a Porugal of g926 7. Several of he aue be g pro er of war are rable
Cove a of he League of ?ao of g920 b our maral a prove b he Ge eva Co ve o
g929 a o b h Vrbu al.
5. Oblgao o keep volae he error of eural Power.
Vo hee efe e he Vrbu al quoe he ame paage he
úague M of g907 ?uremberg Vrbu al eo before whh he ame halle ge
were rae b Germa war offal. Vhe paage rea²
6. Oblgao o olve pue bewee ao b ploma
mea or meao or arbrao . ͞Vhe Charer Y
Y Y Y Y Y
V +' o a arbrar exere of power o he par
Ye ?oe of g908 of he vorou ao bu he expreo of
Four-Power Vrea of g92g er ao al law ex g a he me of reao . Vhe
? e-Power Vrea of g922 queo wha wa he legal effe of h pa (Pa of
úague of g907 Par ugu 27 g928) Vhe ?ao who g e he pa
Pa of Par of g928 or ahere o u o o all o em e reoure o
war for he fuure a a rume of pol a exprel
7. Oblgao eg e o e ure he paf eleme of re ou e . fer he g g of he pa a ao
er ao al pue. reor g o war a a rume of ao al pol break
he pa. Y he op o of he Vrbu al he olem
úague of g899 re u ao of war a a rume of ao al pol
úague of g907 eearl volve he propoo ha uh a war
Pa of Par of g928 llegal er ao al law; a ha hoe who pla a
wage uh a war wh evable a errble
8. Oblgao o gve prevou war g before omme g o eque e are omm g a rme o o g. Vhe
hole. pr ple of er ao al law whh u er era
ruma e proe he repree ave of a ae
úague YYY of g907 a o be apple o a whh are o em e a
rm al b er ao al law. Vhe auhor of hee a
9. Oblgao relave o huma e o u warfare. a o heler hemelve beh her offal poo
orer o be free from pu hme approprae
úague YM of g907 Ge eva e Cro of g929 proee g. Vhe maxm ' ullum rme e lege' o a
Ge eva P.O.W. of g9g9 lmao of overeg bu ge eral a pr ple of
jue. Vo aer ha u ju o pu h hoe who
Y ao he releva pr ple of er ao al law e u ae efa e of reae a aura e have aake
he eo of he Vrbu al were hoe mae repo e o he eghbour g ae whou war g obvoul u rue
juro al halle ge poe b he aue Japa ee war offal. for uh ruma e he aaker mu k ow ha he
Vhee juro al efe e are² o g wro g a o far from be g u ju o pu h
hm woul be u ju f h wro g were allowe o go
g. Vhe lle Power a g hrough he Supreme u pu he. Vhe Charer pefall prove . . . 'he fa
Comma er have o auhor o lue he Charer of ha a efe a ae purua o orer of h
he Vrbu al a o eg ae a juable "Crme aga Gover me or of a uperor hall o free hm from
Peae" (rle 5(a)); repo bl bu ma be o ere mgao of
pu hme .' Vh provo o form wh he law
2. ggreve war o per e llegal a he Pa of Par of all ao . . . Vhe rue e whh fou var g
of g928 re ou g war a a rume of ao al pol egree he rm al law of mo ao o he
oe o e large he mea g of war rme or o ue exe e of he orer bu wheher moral hoe wa
war a rme; fa poble.
3. War he a of a ao for whh here o vual Vhe Vrbu al alo eablhe he rao ale for hol g repo ble
repo bl u er er ao al law; gover me offal for he ll-reame of pro er ur g he
war. Y pla g he bure of e ur g he proper reame of
4. Vhe provo of he Charer are "ex po fao" pro er upo he gover me (raher ha merel he mlar
leglao a herefore llegal; offer auall e gage war he fel) of he ae hol g
hem ee o he Vrbu al rao ae²
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repo ble. úe oe o harge h u b merel
͞Pro er ake war a vla er ee are he u g a approprae em a hereafer
power of he Gover me whh apure hem. Vh wa egle g o lear of applao . rm Comma er
o alwa he ae. For he la wo e ure however or a ¯ er of War for example mu be a he ame
h poo ha bee reog e a he uomar law pa o e ure obee e o h orer h repe a
o h effe wa formall emboe he úague he woul repe of oher orer he ha ue o
Co ve o ?o. YM g907 a repeae he Ge eva maer of he fr mpora e.
Pro er of War Co ve o of g929. epo bl for he
are of pro er of war a of vla er ee (all of ?everhele uh pero are o repo ble f a proper
who we wll refer o a "pro er") re herefore wh em a o uou effe fu o g be
he Gover me hav g hem poeo . Vh prove for a o ve o al war rme be omme
repo bl o lme o he u of mere u le²
ma e a e bu exe o he preve o of
mreame . Y parular a of huma o g. Vhe ha k owlege ha uh rme were be g
pro er whh are forbe b he uomar law of omme a hav g uh k owlege he fale o
ao a well a b o ve o are o be preve e b ake uh ep a were wh her power o
he Gover me hav g repo bl for he pro er. preve he ommo of uh rme he fuure or
Y he harge of hee ue o pro er Gover me 2. Vhe are a faul hav g rale o aqure uh
mu have reor o pero . Y ee he Gover me k owlege.
repo ble h e e are hoe pero who re
a o rol he fu o of Gover me . Y h ae a Yf uh a pero ha or houl bu for eglge e or
he above regar we are o er e wh he member up e e have ha uh k owlege he o exue
of he Japa ee Cab e. Vhe u o pro er o a for ao f h Offe requre or perme hm o ake
mea gle oblgao a upo a polal abrao . Y a ao o preve uh rme. O he oher ha
a pef u o be performe he fr ae b hoe o e ough for he exulpao of a pero oherwe
pero who o ue he Gover me . Y he mulue repo ble for hm o how ha he aepe aura e
of ue a ak volve moer gover me here from oher more rel aoae wh he o rol of
of ee a elaborae em of ubvo a he pro er f hav g regar o he poo of hoe
elegao of ue. Y he ae of he u of oher o he freque of repor of uh rme or o
Gover me o pro er hel b hem me of war a oher ruma e he houl have bee pu upo
hoe pero who o ue he Gover me have he furher e qur a o wheher hoe aura e were rue
pr pal a o u g repo bl for her pro er or u rue. Vha rme are oorou umerou a
eve hough he elegae he ue of ma e a e a weprea a o me a plae are maer o be
proeo o oher. o ere mpu g k owlege.
Y ge eral he repo bl for pro er hel b Japa member of a Cab e whh ollevel a o e of he
ma be ae o have ree upo ² pr pal orga of he Gover me repo ble for he
are of pro er o abolve from repo bl f
g. ¯ember of he Gover me ; hav g k owlege of he ommo of he rme he
e e alrea ue a om g or fal g o eure
2. ¯lar or ?aval Offer omma of formao he ak g of meaure o preve he ommo of uh
hav g pro er her poeo ; rme he fuure he ele o o ue a a member of
he Cab e. Vh he poo eve hough he
3. Offal hoe eparme whh were Deparme of whh he ha he harge o rel
o er e wh he well-be g of pro er; o er e wh he are of pro er. Cab e member
ma reg . Yf he ha k owlege of ll-reame of
4. Offal wheher vla mlar or aval hav g pro er bu ele o rema he Cab e hereb
re a mmeae o u g o parpae olleve repo bl for
o rol of pro er. proeo of pro er he wll gl aume repo bl
for a ll-reame he fuure.
Y he u of all hoe o whom repo bl re o
eure proper reame of pro er a o preve her rm of ?av Comma er a b orer eure proper
ll-reame b eablh g a eur g he o uou reame a preve ll-reame of pro er. So a
a effe work g of a em approprae for hee ¯ er of War a of he ?av. f rme are omme
purpoe. Suh pero fal h u a beome aga pro er u er her o rol of he lkel
repo ble for ll-reame of pro er f² oura e of whh he ha or houl have ha
k owlege ava e he are repo ble for hoe
g. Vhe fal o eablh uh a em. rme. Yf for example be how ha wh he u
u er h omma o ve o al war rme have bee
2. Yf hav g eablhe uh a em he fal o omme of whh he k ew or houl have k ow a
eure o ue a effe work g. omma er who ake o aequae ep o preve he
ourre e of uh rme he fuure wll be repo ble
Eah of uh pero ha a u o aera ha he for uh fuure rme.
em work g a f he egle o o o he
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Deparme Offal hav g k owlege of ll-reame of Vhe Vrbu al reje h argume a g ha he
pro er are o repo ble b reao of her falure o or e of ubjugao o applable a lo g a here
reg ; bu f her fu o lue he am rao of rema a fore of rea e wh he oupe
he em of proeo of pro er a f he ha or errore a a lo g a uh errore were o
houl have ha k owlege of rme a oh g uffe l how o have bee orporae o he
effeve o he exe of her power o preve her oup g power hrough eve e²
ourre e he fuure ha he are repo ble for uh
fuure rme. ͞ furher ubmo wa mae ha Germa
wa o lo ger bou b he rule of la warfare
/c >"c &"#"c Y& 'c ma of he errore oupe ur g he
war beaue Germa ha ompleel
Vhe ral reule from he war rme a oher aroe ubjugae hoe ou re a orporae
mpue o Germa war offal ur g he Worl War YY. Lke he hem o he Germa eh a fa whh gave
Voko War Crme Vrbu al he eo of he Vrbu al Germa auhor o eal wh he oupe
?uremberg l ow (a le gh) all he aroe allegel ou re a hough he were par of Germa .
omme b Germa ur g he war parularl Europea Y he vew of he Vrbu al u eear
ae ha he have oupe a aga he Jewh people who h ae o ee wheher h or e of
have beome prmar vm of ra ampag . For he ubjugao epe e a upo mlar
purpoe of er ao al law he follow g are ome of he o que ha a applao where he
ee al pr ple e u ae b he Vrbu al repo e o he ubjugao he reul of he rme of
varou efe e rae b he aue Germa war offal. aggreve war. Vhe or e wa ever
o ere o be applable o lo g a here wa
g.c FYSV DEFE?SE² Vhe huma ara law provo of he a arm he fel aemp g o reore he
úague Co ve o o o appl beaue ome of he oupe ou re o her rue ow er a
ae who parpae he War were o pare o he h ae herefore he or e oul o appl
Co ve o . Vhe Vrbu al reje h propoo a o a errore oupe afer he g
aegorall ae ha he provo of he úague Sepember g939. o he war rme
Co ve o are arulao of uomar er ao al omme Bohema a ¯orava a
law rela g o warfare a o all ae are bou o hem uffe a wer ha hee errore were
regarle of o ve o al oblgao ² ever ae o he eh bu a mere
proeorae wa eablhe over hem.
Y argue ha he úague Co ve o oe o
appl h ae beaue of he "ge eral 3.c VúYD DEFE?SE² Vhere were omme o rme aga
parpao " laue rle 2 of he úague huma ur g he war. Vhe Vrbu al o l parl
Co ve o of g907. Vha laue prove² agree wh h beaue here wa o uffe
eve e o eablh ha before g939 rme aga
"Vhe provo o a e he regulao huma have bee omme. úowever afer g939
(ule of La Warfare referre o rle g a rme aga huma have u oubel bee
well a he pree Co ve o o o appl omme eher hrough (g) war rme whh are alo
exep bewee o ra g power a he rme aga huma or (2) rme omme he
o l f all he bellgere are pare o he exeuo of a aggreve war he laer be g u er he
Co ve o ." juro of he Vrbu al a a uh woul alo
o ue rme aga huma ²
Several of he bellgere he ree war
were o pare o h Co ve o . ͞Wh regar o rme aga huma here o oub
whaever ha polal oppo e were murere Germa
Y he op o of he Vrbu al o eear before he war a ha ma of hem were kep o e rao
o ee h queo . Vhe rule of la warfare amp ruma e of grea horror a ruel. Vhe pol of
expree he Co ve o u oubel error wa era l arre ou o a va ale a ma ae
repree e a ava e over ex g wa orga e a ema. Vhe pol of pereuo repreo
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a aemp " o reve he ge eral law a arre ou. Vhe pereuo of Jew ur g he ame pero
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he Co ve o were reog e b all vle exeuo of or o eo wh a rme wh he juro
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referre o rle 6 (b) of he Charer. prove ha he were o e exeuo of or o eo wh
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orporae o Germa beaue b he he are o war g939 war rme were omme o a va ale whh were
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%& Gc -c"-%c >"c(-& %"%A.YCA%"'%c r. g8. Vhe mlar auhore ma appeal o he har of he
r. g6. Pare o he o fl hall reor a oo a poble haba volu arl o olle a are for u er her reo
repe of eah wou e k or ea pero of he avere Par he wou e a k gra g pero who have repo e o h
fall g o her ha a parular whh ma a h appeal he eear proeo a fale. Shoul he avere
e fao . Par ake or reake o rol of he area he hall lkewe gra hee
Vhee reor houl f poble lue² pero he ame proeo a he ame fale.
(a) eg ao of he Power o whh he epe ; Vhe mlar auhore hall perm he haba a
(b) arm regme al pero al or eral umber; relef oee eve vae or oupe area po a eoul o
() ur ame; olle a are for wou e or k of whaever ao al. Vhe
() fr ame or ame; vla populao hall repe hee wou e a k a
(e) ae of brh; parular aba from offer g hem vole e.
(f) a oher parular how o h e ar or ; cc
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(g) ae a plae of apure or eah; cccc
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(h) parular o er g wou or ll e or aue of eah. Vhe provo of he pree rle o o releve he
oup g Power of oblgao o gve boh phal a moral
oo a poble he above me o e formao hall be are o he wou e a k.
forware o he Y formao Bureau erbe rle g22 of he
Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame of Pro er of War of
g2 ugu g949 whh hall ra m h formao o he Power cYYY/c#
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o whh hee pero epe hrough he ermear of he r. g9. Fxe eablhme a moble meal u of he
Proe g Power a of he Ce ral Pro er of War ge . ¯eal Serve ma o ruma e be aake bu hall a all
me be repee a proee b he Pare o he o fl.
Pare o he o fl hall prepare a forwar o eah oher Shoul he fall o he ha of he avere Par her pero el
hrough he ame bureau erfae of eah or ul auhe ae hall be free o purue her ue a lo g a he apur g Power
l of he ea. Vhe hall lkewe olle a forwar hrough he ha o elf e ure he eear are of he wou e a k
ame bureau o e half of a ouble e la wll or oher fou uh eablhme a u /c
oume of mpora e o he ex of k mo e a ge eral c
all arle of a r or e me al value whh are fou o #"%Y'c& Y .c- "c'%c
he ea. Vhee arle ogeher wh u e fe arle hall be r. 22. Vhe follow g o o hall o be o ere a eprv g
e eale pake aompa e b aeme gv g all a meal u or eablhme of he proeo guara ee b
parular eear for he e fao of he eeae ow er rle g9²
a well a b a omplee l of he o e of he parel. (g) Vha he pero el of he u or eablhme are arme a
ha he ue he arm her ow efe e or ha of he
Y> c -c&Y'c wou e a k her harge.
r. g7. Pare o he o fl hall e ure ha bural or remao (2) Vha he abe e of arme orerle he u or eablhme
of he ea arre ou vuall a far a ruma e perm proee b a pke or b e re or b a eor.
preee b a areful exam ao f poble b a meal (3) Vha mall arm a ammu o ake from he wou e a
exam ao of he boe wh a vew o o frm g eah k a o e ha e o he proper erve are fou he u
eablh g e a e abl g a repor o be mae. O e half of or eablhme .
he ouble e or he e elf f a gle (4) Vha pero el a maeral of he veer ar erve are fou
houl rema o he bo. he u or eablhme whou form g a egral par
Boe hall o be remae exep for mperave hereof.
reao of hge e or for move bae o he relgo of he (5) Vha he huma ara ave of meal u a
eeae. Y ae of remao he ruma e a reao for eablhme or of her pero el exe o he are of vla
remao hall be ae eal he eah erfae or o he wou e or k.
auhe ae l of he ea.
Vhe hall furher e ure ha he ea are ho ourabl cY4/c c
erre f poble aor g o he re of he relgo o whh r. 24. ¯eal pero el exluvel e gage he earh for or
he belo ge ha her grave are repee groupe f poble he olleo ra por or reame of he wou e or k or
aor g o he ao al of he eeae properl ma a e he preve o of eae aff exluvel e gage he
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am rao of meal u a eablhme a well a be rea e proporo o he umber of pro er a he
hapla aahe o he arme fore hall be repee a rbuo of he a pero el he amp.
proee all ruma e. c
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' &"%c>"' >c(-C"A>" ".c r. 33. Vhe maeral of moble meal u of he arme fore
r. 28. Pero el eg ae rle 24 a 26 who fall o he whh fall o he ha of he e em hall be reerve for he are
ha of he avere Par hall be rea e o l o far a he of wou e a k.
ae of healh he prual ee a he umber of pro er of Vhe bul g maeral a ore of fxe meal
war requre. eablhme of he arme fore hall rema ubje o he law
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cc of war bu ma o be vere from her purpoe a lo g a he
. ?everhele he hall a lea be ef b all he provo of are requre for he are of wou e a k. ?everhele he
he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame of Pro er of omma er of fore he fel ma make ue of hem ae of
War of g2 ugu g949. Wh he framework of he mlar law urge mlar ee prove ha he make prevou
a regulao of he Dea g Power a u er he auhor of arra geme for he welfare of he wou e a k who are
ompee erve he hall o ue o arr ou aora e ure hem.
wh her profeo al eh her meal a prual ue o Vhe maeral a ore ef e he pree rle hall
behalf of pro er of war preferabl hoe of he arme fore o o be e o all eroe.
whh he hemelve belo g. Vhe hall furher e jo he follow g
fale for arr g ou her meal or prual ue² c4Y/c#
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(a) Vhe hall be auhore o v peroall he pro er of war r. 35. Vra por of wou e a k or of meal equpme
labour u or hopal oue he amp. Vhe Dea g Power hall be repee a proee he ame wa a moble meal
hall pu a her poal he mea of ra por requre. u .
(b) Y eah amp he e or meal offer of he hghe ra k hall Shoul uh ra por or vehle fall o he ha of
be repo ble o he mlar auhore of he amp for he he avere Par he hall be ubje o he law of war o
profeo al av of he rea e meal pero el. For h o o ha he Par o he o fl who apure hem hall all
purpoe from he oubreak of hole he Pare o he o fl ae e ure he are of he wou e a k he o a .
hall agree regar g he orrepo g e or of he ra k of Vhe vla pero el a all mea of ra por oba e
her meal pero el lu g hoe of he oee eg ae b requo hall be ubje o he ge eral rule of er ao al
rle 26. Y all queo ar g ou of her ue h meal law.
offer a he hapla hall have re ae o he mlar a
meal auhore of he amp who hall gra hem he fale r. 36. ¯eal arraf ha o a arraf exluvel emploe
he ma requre for orrepo e e rela g o hee queo . for he removal of wou e a k a for he ra por of
() lhough rea e pero el a amp hall be ubje o meal pero el a equpme hall o be aake bu hall
er al pl e he hall o however be requre o perform be repee b he bellgere whle fl g a hegh me a
a work oue her meal or relgou ue. o roue pefall agree upo bewee he bellgere
o er e.
Dur g hole he Pare o he o fl hall make arra geme Vhe hall bear learl marke he
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for relev g where poble rea e pero el a hall ele he prerbe rle 38 ogeher wh her ao al olour o her
proeure of uh relef. lower upper a laeral urfae. Vhe hall be prove wh a
oher mark g or mea of e fao ha ma be agree upo
?o e of he pree g provo hall releve he Dea g Power bewee he bellgere upo he oubreak or ur g he oure of
of he oblgao mpoe upo wh regar o he meal a hole.
prual welfare of he pro er of war. U le agree oherwe flgh over e em or e em-
oupe error are prohbe.
r. 30. Pero el whoe ree o o pe able b vrue of ¯eal arraf hall obe ever ummo o la . Y he
he provo of rle 28 hall be reur e o he Par o he eve of a la g hu mpoe he arraf wh oupa ma
o fl o whom he belo g a oo a a roa ope for her o ue flgh afer exam ao f a .
reur a mlar requreme perm. Y he eve of a volu ar la g e em or e em-
Pe g her reur he hall o be eeme pro er oupe error he wou e a k a well a he rew of he
of war. ?everhele he hall a lea be ef b all he provo arraf hall be pro er of war. Vhe meal pero el hall be
of he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame of Pro er of reae aor g o rle 24 a he rle follow g.
War of g2 ugu g949. Vhe hall o ue o fulfl her ue
u er he orer of he avere Par a hall preferabl be c4YY/c c%
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e gage he are of he wou e a k of he Par o he r. 38. a omplme o Swerla he heral emblem of he
o fl o whh he hemelve belo g. c$ o a whe grou forme b rever g he Feeral
O her eparure he hall ake wh hem he effe olour rea e a he emblem a ve g of he
pero al belo g g valuable a rume belo g g o hem. ¯eal Serve of arme fore.
?everhele he ae of ou re whh alrea ue a
r. 3g. Vhe eleo of pero el for reur u er rle 30 hall emblem plae of he re ro he re ree or he re lo
be mae rrepeve of a o erao of rae relgo or a u o a whe grou hoe emblem are alo reog e b
polal op o bu preferabl aor g o he hro ologal orer he erm of he pree Co ve o .
of her apure a her ae of healh.
from he oubreak of hole Pare o he o fl r. 40. Vhe pero el eg ae rle 24 a rle 26 a
ma eerm e b peal agreeme he pere age of pero el o 27 hall wear affxe o he lef arm a waer-rea armle
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bear g he ve emblem ue a ampe b he mlar orure or huma reame lu g bologal experme
auhor. wlfull au g grea uffer g or erou jur o bo or healh
Suh pero el ao o wear g he e a exe ve eruo a approprao of proper o
me o e rle g6 hall alo arr a peal e ar jufe b mlar ee a arre ou u lawfull a
bear g he ve emblem. Vh ar hall be waer-rea wa o l.
a of uh e ha a be arre he poke. Y hall be
wore he ao al la guage hall me o a lea he ur ame r. 53. Vhe b vual oee frm or ompa e eher
a fr ame he ae of brh he ra k a he erve umber publ or prvae oher ha hoe e le hereo u er he
of he bearer a hall ae wha apa he e le o he pree Co ve o of he emblem or he eg ao " e Cro "
proeo of he pree Co ve o . Vhe ar hall bear he or " Ge eva Cro " or a g or eg ao o u g a
phoograph of he ow er a alo eher h g aure or h f ger- mao hereof whaever he obje of uh ue a rrepeve
pr or boh. Y hall be emboe wh he amp of he mlar of he ae of aopo cc
ccc
.
auhor. B reao of he rbue pa o Swerla b he
Vhe e ar hall be u form hroughou he ame aopo of he revere Feeral olour a of he o fuo
arme fore a a far a poble of a mlar pe he arme whh ma are bewee he arm of Swerla a he ve
fore of he úgh Co ra g Pare. Vhe Pare o he o fl emblem of he Co ve o he ue b prvae vual oee
ma be gue b he moel whh a exe b wa of example or frm of he arm of he Sw Co feerao or of mark
o he pree Co ve o . Vhe hall form eah oher a he o u g a mao hereof wheher a raemark or
oubreak of hole of he moel he are u g. Ye ar ommeral mark or a par of uh mark or for a purpoe
houl be mae ou f poble a lea uplae o e op be g o rar o ommeral ho e or ruma e apable of
kep b he home ou r. wou g Sw ao al e me hall be prohbe a all me.
Y o ruma e ma he a pero el be eprve of ?everhele uh úgh Co ra g Pare a were o
her g a or e ar or of he rgh o wear he armle. Y par o he Ge eva Co ve o of 27 Jul g929 ma gra o pror
ae of lo he hall be e le o reeve uplae of he ar uer of he emblem eg ao g or mark eg ae he
a o have he g a replae. fr paragraph a me lm o o exee hree ear from he
c om g o fore of he pree Co ve o o o ue uh ue
c4YYY/c"1$
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c prove ha he a ue hall o be uh a woul appear me
r. 46. epral aga he wou e k pero el bul g or of war o o fer he proeo of he Co ve o .
equpme proee b he Co ve o are prohbe. Vhe prohbo la ow he fr paragraph of he
pree rle hall alo appl whou effe o a rgh aqure
r. 47. Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare u erake me of peae a hrough pror ue o he emblem a mark me o e he
me of war o em ae he ex of he pree Co ve o a eo paragraph of rle 38.
wel a poble her repeve ou re a parular o
lue he u hereof her programme of mlar a f
poble vl ruo o ha he pr ple hereof ma beome
k ow o he e re populao parular o he arme fgh g c.$c
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fore he meal pero el a he hapla .
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r. 49. Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare u erake o e a a
leglao eear o prove effeve pe al a o for pero r 2. Y ao o he provo whh hall be mpleme e
omm g or orer g o be omme a of he grave breahe peaeme he pree Co ve o hall appl o all ae of
of he pree Co ve o ef e he follow g rle. elare war or of a oher arme o fl whh ma are
Eah úgh Co ra g Par hall be u er he oblgao bewee wo or more of he úgh Co ra g Pare eve f he
o earh for pero allege o have omme or o have orere ae of war o reog e b o e of hem.
o be omme uh grave breahe a hall br g uh pero Vhe Co ve o hall alo appl o all ae of paral or
regarle of her ao al before ow our. Y ma alo f oal oupao of he error of a úgh Co ra g Par eve f
prefer a aora e wh he provo of ow leglao he a oupao mee wh o arme rea e.
ha uh pero over for ral o a oher úgh Co ra g Par lhough o e of he Power o fl ma o be a par
o er e prove uh úgh Co ra g Par ha mae ou a o he pree Co ve o he Power who are pare hereo hall
prma fae ae. rema bou b her muual relao . Vhe hall furhermore
Eah úgh Co ra g Par hall ake meaure eear be bou b he Co ve o relao o he a Power f he
for he uppreo of all a o rar o he provo of he laer aep a apple he provo hereof.
pree Co ve o oher ha he grave breahe ef e he
follow g rle. r 3. Y he ae of arme o fl o of a er ao al haraer
Y all ruma e he aue pero hall be ef b ourr g he error of o e of he úgh Co ra g Pare eah
afeguar of proper ral a efe e whh hall o be le Par o he o fl hall be bou o appl cc
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favourable ha hoe prove b rle g05 a hoe follow g follow g
of he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame of Pro er of provo ²
War of g2 ugu g949.
(g) Pero ak g o ave par he hole lu g
r. 50. c$ o whh he pree g rle relae hall member of arme fore who have la ow her arm a hoe
be hoe volv g a of he follow g a f omme aga plae hor e omba b k e wou ee o or a oher
pero or proper proee b he Co ve o ² wlful kll g aue hall all ruma e be reae huma el whou a
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avere o fou e o rae olour relgo or fah ex O l urge meal reao wll auhore pror he
brh or wealh or a oher mlar rera. orer of reame o be am ere.
Vo h e he follow g a are a hall rema prohbe a a Wome hall be reae wh all o erao ue o her
me a a plae whaoever wh repe o he above- ex.
me o e pero ²
(a) vole e o lfe a pero parular murer of all k r g3. Vhe pree Co ve o hall appl o he wou e k a
mulao ruel reame a orure; hpwreke a ea belo g g o he follow g aegore²
(b) ak g of hoage; (g) ¯ember of he arme fore of a Par o he o fl a well a
() ourage upo pero al g parular humla g a member of mla or volu eer orp form g par of uh arme
egra g reame ; fore.
() he pa g of e e e a he arr g ou of exeuo (2) ¯ember of oher mla a member of oher volu eer
whou prevou jugeme pro ou e b a regularl o ue orp lu g hoe of orga e rea e moveme
our affor g all he jual guara ee whh are reog e a belo g g o a Par o he o fl a opera g or oue her
pe able b vle people. ow error eve f h error oupe prove ha uh
mla or volu eer orp lu g uh orga e rea e
(2) Vhe wou e k a hpwreke hall be ollee a are moveme fulfl he follow g o o ²
for. (a) ha of be g omma e b a pero repo ble for h
mparal huma ara bo uh a he Y er ao al ubor ae;
Commee of he e Cro ma offer erve o he Pare o (b) ha of hav g a fxe ve g reog able a a a e;
he o fl. () ha of arr g arm ope l;
() ha of o u g her operao aora e wh he law
Vhe Pare o he o fl houl furher e eavour o br g o a uom of war.
fore b mea of peal agreeme all or par of he oher (3) ¯ember of regular arme fore who profe allega e o a
provo of he pree Co ve o . Gover me or a auhor o reog e b he Dea g Power.
(4) Pero who aompa he arme fore whou auall be g
Vhe applao of he pree g provo hall o affe he legal member hereof uh a vla member of mlar arraf
au of he Pare o he o fl. rew war orrepo e uppl o raor member of labour
u or of erve repo ble for he welfare of he arme fore
r 4. Y ae of hole bewee la a aval fore of Pare prove ha he have reeve auhorao from he arme
o he o fl he provo of he pree Co ve o cc fore whh he aompa .
cc$ccc
. (5) ¯ember of rew lu g maer plo a appre e of
Fore pu ahore hall mmeael beome ubje o he he merha mar e a he rew of vl arraf of he Pare o
provo of he Ge eva Co ve o for he melorao of he he o fl who o o be ef b more favourable reame
Co o of he Wou e a Sk rme Fore he Fel of u er a oher provo of er ao al law.
ugu g2 g949. (6) Y haba of a o -oupe error who o he approah of
he e em po a eoul ake up arm o re he va g fore
r 5. c ccccche provo of he whou hav g ha me o form hemelve o regular arme
pree Co ve o o he wou e k a hpwreke a o u prove he arr arm ope l a repe he law a
member of he meal pero el a o hapla of he arme uom of war.
fore of he Pare o he o fl reeve or er e her
error a well a o ea pero fou . -Y' Y- .c-c >"c".&"%c
r g4. ll warhp of a bellgere Par hall have he
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r 7. Wou e k a hpwreke pero a well a member
ha he wou e k or hpwreke o boar mlar
of he meal pero el a hapla ma o ruma e hopal hp a hopal hp belo g g o relef oee or o
re ou e par or e re he rgh eure o hem b he prvae vual a well a merha veel ah a oher
pree Co ve o a b he peal agreeme referre o raf cc whaever her ao al prove ha
he forego g rle f uh here be. he wou e a k are a f ae o be move a ha he
warhp a prove aequae fale for eear meal
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r g2. ¯ember of he arme fore a oher pero me o e
he follow g rle who are a ea a who are wou e k 'cg2/cYc,c
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b or from arraf.
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avere o fou e o ex rae ao al relgo c
cc a he provo of er ao al law
polal op o or a oher mlar rera. aemp upo o er g pro er of war hall appl o hem. Vhe apor ma
her lve or vole e o her pero hall be rl prohbe; ee aor g o ruma e wheher expee o hol
parular he hall o be murere or exerm ae ubjee o hem or o o ve hem o a por he apor' ow ou r o a
orure or o bologal experme ; he hall o wlfull be lef eural por or eve o a por e em error. Y he la ae
whou meal aa e a are or hall o o expo g
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r g7. Wou e k or hpwreke pero who are la e r 2g. Vhe Pare o he o fl ma appeal o he har of
eural por wh he o e of he loal auhore hall fal g omma er of eural merha veel ah or oher raf o
arra geme o he o rar bewee he eural a he ake o boar a are for wou e k or hpwreke pero
bellgere Power be o guare b he eural Power where o a o olle he ea.
requre b er ao al law ha he a pero a o aga Meel of a k repo g o h appeal a hoe
ake par operao of war. hav g of her ow aor ollee wou e k or hpwreke
Vhe o of hopal aommoao a er me hall pero hall e jo peal proeo a fale o arr ou uh
be bor e b he Power o whom he wou e k or hpwreke aa e.
pero epe . Vhe ma o ae be apure o aou of a uh
ra por; bu he abe e of a prome o he o rar he
r g8. fer eah e gageme Pare o he o fl hall whou hall rema lable o apure for a volao of eural he
ela ake all poble meaure o earh for a olle he ma have omme.
hpwreke wou e a k o proe hem aga pllage a
ll-reame o e ure her aequae are a o earh for he
ea a preve her be g epole. cYYY/c>
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Whe ever ruma e perm he Pare o he o fl r 22. ¯lar hopal hp ha o a hp bul or equppe
hall o lue loal arra geme for he removal of he wou e b he Power peall a olel wh a vew o a g he
a k b ea from a beege or e rle area a for he wou e k a hpwreke o rea g hem a o
paage of meal a relgou pero el a equpme o her ra por g hem ma o ruma e be aake or
wa o ha area. apure bu hall a all me be repee a proee o
o o ha her ame a erpo have bee ofe o
%& Gc -c - YGc he Pare o he o fl e a before hoe hp are emploe.
r g9. Vhe Pare o he o fl hall reor a oo a poble Vhe haraer whh mu appear he ofao
repe of eah hpwreke wou e k or ea pero of he hall lue regere gro o age he le gh from em o er
avere Par fall g o her ha a parular whh ma a he umber of ma a fu el.
a h e fao . Vhee reor houl f poble lue²
(a) eg ao of he Power o whh he epe ; r 23. Eablhme ahore e le o he proeo of he
(b) arm regme al pero al or eral umber; Ge eva Co ve o for he melorao of he Co o of he
() ur ame; Wou e a Sk rme Fore he Fel of ugu g2 g949
() fr ame or ame; hall be proee from bombarme or aak from he ea.
(e) ae of brh;
(f) a oher parular how o h e ar or ; r 24. úopal hp ule b ?ao al e Cro Soee b
(g) ae a plae of apure or eah; offall reog e relef oee or b prvae pero hall have
(h) parular o er g wou or ll e or aue of eah. he ame proeo a mlar hopal hp a cc1
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c$ f he Par o he o fl o whh he epe ha
forware o he formao bureau erbe rle g22 of he gve hem a offal ommo a o far a he provo of
Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame of Pro er of War of rle 22 o er g ofao have bee omple wh.
ugu g2 g949 whh hall ra m h formao o he Power Vhee hp mu be prove wh erfae from he
o whh hee pero epe hrough he ermear of he repo ble auhore a g ha he veel have bee u er
Proe g Power a of he Ce ral Pro er of War ge . her o rol whle f g ou a o eparure.
Pare o he o fl hall prepare a forwar o eah
oher hrough he ame bureau erfae of eah or ul r 28. Shoul fgh g our o boar a warhp he k-ba hall
auhe ae l of he ea. Vhe hall lkewe olle a be repee a pare a far a poble. 0"( Y
forwar hrough he ame bureau o e half of he ouble e Y.Y ++ Y#Y Y+
Y
or he e elf f a gle la wll or oher YY Y
Y Y+ Y Y Y. Y
Y
oume of mpora e o he ex of k mo e a ge eral Y". ?everhele he omma er o whoe power
all arle of a r or e me al value whh are fou o he have falle ma afer e ur g he proper are of he wou e
he ea. Vhee arle ogeher wh u e fe arle hall be a k who are aommoae here appl hem o oher
e eale pake aompa e b aeme gv g all purpoe ae of urge mlar ee.
parular eear for he e fao of he eeae ow er
a well a b a omplee l of he o e of he parel. r 29. 'c
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preee b a areful exam ao f poble b a meal affor relef a aa e o he wou e k a hpwreke
exam ao of he boe wh a vew o o frm g eah whou o of ao al.
eablh g e a e abl g a repor o be mae. Where a Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare u erake o o ue hee
ouble e ue o e half of he houl rema o veel for a mlar purpoe.
he bo. Suh veel hall o we hamper he moveme of
Yf ea pero are la e he provo of he Ge eva he ombaa .
Co ve o for he melorao of he Co o of he Wou e Dur g a afer a e gageme he wll a a her ow
a Sk rme Fore he Fel of ugu g2 g949 hall be rk.
applable.
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r 33. ¯erha veel whh have bee ra forme o hopal o er e prove uh úgh Co ra g Par ha mae ou a
hp a o be pu o a oher ue hroughou he urao of prma fae ae.
hole. Eah úgh Co ra g Par hall ake meaure eear
for he uppreo of all a o rar o he provo of he
r 35. Vhe follow g o o hall o be o ere a eprv g pree Co ve o oher ha he grave breahe ef e he
hopal hp or k-ba of veel of he proeo ue o hem² follow g rle.
(g) Vhe fa ha he rew of hp or k-ba are arme for he Y all ruma e he aue pero hall be ef b
ma e a e of orer for her ow efe e or ha of he k a afeguar of proper ral a efe e whh hall o be le
wou e. favourable ha hoe prove b rle g05 a hoe follow g of
(2) Vhe pree e o boar of apparau exluvel e e o he Ge eva Co ve o relave o he Vreame of Pro er of
falae avgao or ommu ao . War of ugu g2 g949.
(3) Vhe over o boar hopal hp or k-ba of porable
arm a ammu o ake from he wou e k a r 5g. c$ o whh he pree g rle relae hall
hpwreke a o e ha e o he proper erve. be hoe volv g a of he follow g a f omme aga
(4) Vhe fa ha he huma ara ave of hopal hp a pero or proper proee b he Co ve o ² wlful kll g
k-ba of veel or of he rew exe o he are of wou e orure or huma reame lu g bologal experme
k or hpwreke vla . wlfull au g grea uffer g or erou jur o bo or healh
(5) Vhe ra por of equpme a of pero el e e a exe ve eruo a approprao of proper o
exluvel for meal ue over a above he ormal jufe b mlar ee a arre ou u lawfull a
requreme . wa o l.
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hopal hp wheher or o here are wou e a k o boar.
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ra por) elare war or of a oher arme o fl whh ma are
r 38. Shp harere for ha purpoe hall be auhore o bewee wo or more of he úgh Co ra g Pare eve f he
ra por equpme exluvel e e for he reame of ae of war o reog e b o e of hem.
wou e a k member of arme fore or for he preve o of Vhe Co ve o hall alo appl o all ae of paral or
eae prove ha he parular regar g her voage have oal oupao of he error of a úgh Co ra g Par eve f
bee ofe o he avere Power a approve b he laer. Vhe he a oupao mee wh o arme rea e.
avere Power hall preerve he rgh o boar he arrer hp bu lhough o e of he Power o fl ma o be a par
o o apure hem or ee he equpme arre. o he pree Co ve o he Power who are pare hereo hall
B agreeme amo g he Pare o he o fl eural rema bou b her muual relao . Vhe hall furhermore
oberver ma be plae o boar uh hp o verf he be bou b he Co ve o relao o he a Power f he
equpme arre. For h purpoe free ae o he equpme laer aep a apple he provo hereof.
hall be gve .
r 3. Y he ae of arme o fl o of a er ao al haraer
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member of arme fore who have la ow her arm a hoe
?everhele he ae of ou re whh alrea ue a emblem plae hor e omba b k e wou ee o or a oher
plae of he re ro he re ree or he re lo a u o aue hall all ruma e be reae huma el whou a
a whe grou hee emblem are alo reog e b he erm of avere o fou e o rae olour relgo or fah ex
he pree Co ve o . brh or wealh or a oher mlar rera. Vo h e he
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r 50. Vhe úgh Co ra g Pare u erake o e a a mulao ruel reame a orure;
leglao eear o prove effeve pe al a o for pero (b) ak g of hoage;
omm g or orer g o be omme a of he grave breahe () ourage upo pero al g parular humla g a
of he pree Co ve o ef e he follow g rle. egra g reame ;
Eah úgh Co ra g Par hall be u er he oblgao () he pa g of e e e a he arr g ou of exeuo
o earh for pero allege o have omme or o have orere whou prevou jugme pro ou e b a regularl o ue
o be omme uh grave breahe a hall br g uh pero our affor g all he jual guara ee whh are reog e a
regarle of her ao al before ow our. Y ma alo f pe able b vle people.
prefer a aora e wh he provo of ow leglao (2) Vhe wou e a k hall be ollee a are for.
ha uh pero over for ral o a oher úgh Co ra g Par
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mparal huma ara bo uh a he Y er ao al (2) Vhe pero belo g g o o e of he aegore e umerae
Commee of he e Cro ma offer erve o he Pare o he pree rle who have bee reeve b eural or o -
he o fl. bellgere Power o her error a whom hee Power are
requre o er u er er ao al law whou prejue o a
Vhe Pare o he o fl houl furher e eavour o br g o more favourable reame whh hee Power ma hooe o gve
fore b mea of peal agreeme all or par of he oher a wh he exepo of rle 8 g0 g5 30 ffh paragraph 58-
provo of he pree Co ve o . 67 92 g26 a where ploma relao ex bewee he
Pare o he o fl a he eural or o -bellgere Power
Vhe applao of he pree g provo hall o affe he legal o er e hoe rle o er g he Proe g Power. Where
au of he Pare o he o fl. uh ploma relao ex he Pare o a o fl o whom
hee pero epe hall be allowe o perform owar hem he
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cc he e e of he pree Co ve o Co ve o whou prejue o he fu o whh hee Pare
are pero belo g g o o e of he follow g aegore who have ormall exere o form wh ploma a o ular uage
falle o he power of he e em² a reae.
(g) ¯ember of he arme fore of a Par o he o fl a well a
member of mla or volu eer orp form g par of uh arme C. Vh rle hall o wa affe he au of meal pero el
fore. a hapla a prove for rle 33 of he pree
Co ve o .
(2) ¯ember of oher mla a member of oher volu eer
orp lu g hoe of orga e rea e moveme r 5. Vhe pree Co ve o hall appl o he pero referre o
belo g g o a Par o he o fl a opera g or oue her rle 4 from he me he fall o he power of he e em a
ow error eve f h error oupe prove ha uh u l her f al releae a reparao .
mla or volu eer orp lu g uh orga e rea e Shoul a oub are a o wheher pero hav g
moveme fulfl he follow g o o ² omme a bellgere a a hav g falle o he ha of he
(a) ha of be g omma e b a pero repo ble for h e em belo g o a of he aegore e umerae rle 4
ubor ae; uh pero hall e jo he proeo of he pree Co ve o
(b) ha of hav g a fxe ve g reog able a a a e; u l uh me a her au ha bee eerm e b a ompee
() ha of arr g arm ope l; rbu al.
() ha of o u g her operao aora e wh he law
a uom of war. r 7. Pro er of war ma o ruma e re ou e par or
e re he rgh eure o hem b he pree Co ve o
(3) ¯ember of regular arme fore who profe allega e o a a b he peal agreeme referre o he forego g rle f
gover me or a auhor o reog e b he Dea g Power. uh here be.
(4) Pero who aompa he arme fore whou auall be g cYY/cc $
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member hereof uh a vla member of mlar arraf r g2. Pro er of war are he ha of he e em Power bu
rew war orrepo e uppl o raor member of labour o of he vual or mlar u who have apure hem.
u or of erve repo ble for he welfare of he arme fore Yrrepeve of he vual repo ble ha ma ex he
prove ha he have reeve auhorao from he arme Dea g Power repo ble for he reame gve hem.
fore whh he aompa who hall prove hem for ha Pro er of war ma o l be ra ferre b he Dea g
purpoe wh a e ar mlar o he a exe moel. Power o a Power whh a par o he Co ve o a afer he
Dea g Power ha afe elf of he wll g e a abl of
(5) ¯ember of rew lu g maer plo a appre e of uh ra feree Power o appl he Co ve o . Whe pro er of
he merha mar e a he rew of vl arraf of he Pare o war are ra ferre u er uh ruma e repo bl for he
he o fl who o o be ef b more favourable reame applao of he Co ve o re o he Power aep g hem
u er a oher provo of er ao al law. whle he are uo.
?everhele f ha Power fal o arr ou he provo
(6) Y haba of a o -oupe error who o he approah of of he Co ve o a mpora repe he Power b whom he
he e em po a eoul ake up arm o re he va g fore pro er of war were ra ferre hall upo be g ofe b he
whou hav g ha me o form hemelve o regular arme Proe g Power ake effeve meaure o orre he uao or
u prove he arr arm ope l a repe he law a hall reque he reur of he pro er of war. Suh reque mu
uom of war. be omple wh.
B. Vhe follow g hall lkewe be reae a pro er of war u er r g3.
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he oupe ou r f he oup g Power o er eear Y++Y Y YY Y
Y YY
b reao of uh allega e o er hem eve hough ha Y . Y parular o pro er of war ma be ubjee o
org all lberae hem whle hole were go g o oue he phal mulao or o meal or e f experme of a
error oupe parular where uh pero have mae a k whh are o jufe b he meal e al or hopal
u ueful aemp o rejo he arme fore o whh he reame of he pro er o er e a arre ou h ere.
belo g a whh are e gage omba or where he fal o Lkewe pro er of war mu a all me be proee
ompl wh a ummo mae o hem wh a vew o er me . parularl aga a of vole e or mao a aga
ul a publ uro.
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/c ake awa from hem exep b orer of a offer a afer he
amou a parular of he ow er have bee reore a
r g4. Pro er of war are e le all ruma e o repe peal reger a a eme reep ha bee gve legbl
for her pero a her ho our. rbe wh he ame ra k a u of he pero u g he a
Wome hall be reae wh all he regar ue o her reep. Sum he urre of he Dea g Power or whh are
ex a hall all ae be ef b reame a favourable a ha ha ge o uh urre a he pro er' reque hall be plae
gra e o me . o he re of he pro er' aou a prove rle 64.
Pro er of war hall
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whh Vhe Dea g Power ma whraw arle of value from
he e joe a he me of her apure. Vhe Dea g Power ma pro er of war o l for reao of eur; whe uh arle are
o rer he exere eher wh or whou ow error of whraw he proeure la ow for um of mo e mpou e
he rgh uh apa o fer exep o far a he apv hall appl.
requre. Suh obje lkewe um ake awa a urre
oher ha ha of he Dea g Power a he o vero of whh
r g5. Vhe Power ea g pro er of war hall be bou o ha o bee ake for b he ow er hall be kep he uo of
prove free of harge for her ma e a e a for he meal he Dea g Power a hall be reur e her al hape o
ae o requre b her ae of healh. pro er of war a he e of her apv.
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r g7. Ever pro er of war whe queo e o he ubje omba o e for hem o be ou of a ger.
bou o gve o l h ur ame fr ame a ra k ae of brh O l hoe pro er of war who ow g o wou or
a arm regme al pero al or eral umber or fal g h k e woul ru greaer rk b be g evauae ha b
equvale formao . rema g where he are ma be emporarl kep bak a a ger
Yf he wlfull fr ge h rule he ma re er hmelf o e.
lable o a rero of he prvlege aore o h ra k or au. Pro er of war hall o be u eearl expoe o
Eah Par o a o fl requre o fur h he pero a ger whle awa g evauao from a fgh g o e.
u er juro who are lable o beome pro er of war
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formao a ae of brh. Vhe e ar ma furhermore r 2g. Vhe Dea g Power ma ubje pro er of war o
bear he g aure or he f gerpr or boh of he ow er a er me . Y ma mpoe o hem he oblgao of o leav g
ma bear a well a oher formao he Par o he o fl beo era lm he amp where he are er e or f he
ma wh o a o er g pero belo g g o arme fore. a amp fe e of o go g oue permeer. Subje o
far a poble he ar hall meaure 6.5 x g0 m. a hall be he provo of he pree Co ve o relave o pe al a
ue uplae. Vhe e ar hall be how b he pro er pl ar a o pro er of war ma o be hel loe
of war upo ema bu ma o ae be ake awa from hm. o f eme exep where eear o afeguar her healh a
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he o l ur g he o uao of he ruma e whh make
Y Y
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Y Y Y YY+ Y YY +Y parole or prome o far a allowe b he law of he Power o
Y Y Y
" whh he epe . Suh meaure hall be ake parularl
Pro er of war who ow g o her phal or me al ae where h ma o rbue o he mproveme of her ae
o o are u able o ae her e hall be ha e over o of healh. ?o pro er of war hall be ompelle o aep lber o
he meal erve. Vhe e of uh pro er hall be parole or prome.
eablhe b all poble mea ubje o he provo of he Upo he oubreak of hole eah Par o he o fl
pree g paragraph. hall of he avere Par of he law a regulao allow g or
Vhe queo g of pro er of war hall be arre ou forb g ow ao al o aep lber o parole or prome.
a la guage whh he u era . Pro er of war who are parole or who have gve her prome
o form wh he law a regulao o ofe are bou o
r g8. ll effe a arle of pero al ue exep arm hore her pero al ho our rupuloul o fulfl boh owar he Power
mlar equpme a mlar oume hall rema he o whh he epe a owar he Power whh ha apure
poeo of pro er of war lkewe her meal helme a ga hem he e gageme of her parole or prome. Y uh ae
mak a lke arle ue for pero al proeo . Effe a he Power o whh he epe bou eher o requre or o
arle ue for her loh g or fee g hall lkewe rema aep from hem a erve ompable wh he parole or
her poeo eve f uh effe a arle belo g o her prome gve .
regulao mlar equpme .
o me houl pro er of war be whou e r 22. Pro er of war ma be er e o l preme loae o
oume . Vhe Dea g Power hall uppl uh oume o la a affor g ever guara ee of hge e a healhful e.
pro er of war who poe o e. Exep parular ae whh are jufe b he ere of he
Bage of ra k a ao al eorao a arle pro er hemelve he hall o be er e pe e are.
hav g above all a pero al or e me al value ma o be ake
Y
Y YY+ Y Y Y Y
from pro er of war. + Y#
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Vhe Dea g Power hall aemble pro er of war lo apar from he bah a hower wh whh he
amp or amp ompou aor g o her ao al la guage amp hall be fur he pro er of war hall be prove wh
a uom prove ha uh pro er hall o be eparae uffe waer a oap for her pero al ole a for wah g
from pro er of war belo g g o he arme fore wh whh her pero al lau r; he eear allao fale a me
he were erv g a he me of her apure exep wh her hall be gra e hem for ha purpoe.
o e .
r 30. Ever amp hall have a 0c
where
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r 25. Pro er of war hall be quarere u er o o a approprae e. Yolao war hall f eear be e ae for
favourable a hoe for he fore of he Dea g Power who are ae of o agou or me al eae.
bllee he ame area. Vhe a o o hall make allowa e Pro er of war uffer g from erou eae or whoe
for he hab a uom of he pro er a hall o ae be o o eeae peal reame a urgal operao or
prejual o her healh. hopal are mu be ame o a mlar or vla meal
Vhe forego g provo hall appl parular o he u where uh reame a be gve eve f her reparao
ormore of pro er of war a regar boh oal urfae a o emplae he ear fuure. Speal fale hall be affore
m mum ub pae a he ge eral allao be g a for he are o be gve o he able parular o he bl
bla ke. a for her. rehablao pe g reparao .
Vhe preme prove for he ue of pro er of war Pro er of war hall have he ae o preferabl of
vuall or ollevel hall be e rel proee from meal pero el of he Power o whh he epe a f
amp e a aequael heae a lghe parular bewee poble of her ao al.
uk a lgh ou. ll preauo mu be ake aga he Pro er of war ma o be preve e from pree g
a ger of fre. hemelve o he meal auhore for exam ao . Vhe
Y a amp whh wome pro er of war a well a ea g auhore hall upo reque ue o ever pro er
me are aommoae eparae ormore hall be prove for who ha u ergo e reame a offal erfae a g he
hem. aure of h ll e or jur a he urao a k of reame
reeve. uplae of h erfae hall be forware o he
r 26. Vhe ba al foo rao hall be uffe qua Ce ral Pro er of War ge .
qual a vare o keep pro er of war goo healh a o Vhe o of reame lu g hoe of a apparau
preve lo of wegh or he evelopme of uro al eear for he ma e a e of pro er of war goo healh
efe e. ou hall alo be ake of he habual e of he parularl e ure a oher arfal appla e a peale
pro er. hall be bor e b he Dea g Power.
Vhe Dea g Power hall uppl pro er of war who
work wh uh ao al rao a are eear for he labour o c4Y/c%
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whh he are emploe. r 39. Ever pro er of war amp hall be pu u er he mmeae
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war. ccc$$ccc
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. how o all offer of he Dea g Power he exer al mark of
repe prove for b he regulao appl g her ow fore.
r 27. Cloh g u erwear a foowear hall be upple o
pro er of war uffe qua e b he Dea g Power Offer pro er of war are bou o alue o l offer of a hgher
whh hall make allowa e for he lmae of he rego where he ra k of he Dea g Power; he mu however alue he amp
pro er are ea e. U form of e em arme fore apure omma er regarle of h ra k.
b he Dea g Power houl f uable for he lmae be mae
avalable o lohe pro er of war. r 42. VYY
Y Y
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Y YY Y YY++
Vhe regular replaeme a repar of he above arle hall be YY YYY Y+++ Y YYY
aure b he Dea g Power. Y ao pro er of war who Y Y Y.
work hall reeve approprae loh g wherever he aure of he
work ema . .$
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r 49. Vhe Dea g Power ma ule he labour of pro er of
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r 29. Vhe Dea g Power hall be bou o ake all a ar a phal apue a wh a vew parularl o ma a g
meaure eear o e ure he lea l e a healhful e of hem a goo ae of phal a me al healh.
amp a o preve epem. ?o -ommo e offer who are pro er of war hall
Pro er of war hall have for her ue a a gh o l be requre o o upervor work. Vhoe o o requre ma
o ve e e whh o form o he rule of hge e a are ak for oher uable work whh hall o far a poble be fou
ma a e a o a ae of lea l e. Y a amp whh for hem.
wome pro er of war are aommoae eparae o ve e e
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ruma e be ompelle o work. pl ar reao .
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r 50. Bee work o ee wh amp am rao pero or who are u able o reeve ew from her ex of k or
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o o l uh work a lue he follow g lae² are a a grea a e from her home hall be perme o e
elegram he fee be g harge aga he pro er of war'
(a) agrulure; aou wh he Dea g Power or pa he urre a her
(b) ure o ee wh he prouo or he exrao of poal. Vhe hall lkewe be ef b h meaure ae of
raw maeral a ma ufaur g ure wh he exepo of urge .
meallurgal mah er a hemal ure; publ work a a ge eral rule he orrepo e e of pro er of war
bul g operao whh have o mlar haraer or purpoe; hall be wre her ave la guage. Vhe Pare o he o fl
() ra por a ha l g of ore whh are o mlar ma allow orrepo e e oher la guage.
haraer or purpoe; Sak o a g pro er of war mal mu be eurel
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Dea g Power hall form hem a he Power o whh he reog e o be u fou e he ma o gve re o a
epe hrough he Proe g Power of he meaure ake o pu hme .
arr ou he provo of he pree Seo . Vhe hall lkewe
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uh meaure. uao he amp a he ee of he pro er of war o he
repree ave of he Proe g Power.
r 70. Ymmeael upo apure or o more ha o e week afer
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umber hall o be le ha wo leer a four ar mo hl offer; mxe amp h aa hall be hoe from amo g
exluve of he apure ar prove for rle 70 a he pro er of war who are o offer a hall be elee b
o form g a loel a poble o he moel a exe o he hem.
pree Co ve o . Furher lmao ma be mpoe o l f he Offer pro er of war of he ame ao al hall be
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pro er of war o er e o o o ow g o ffule of arr g ou he amp am rao ue for whh he pro er
ra lao aue b he Dea g Power' abl o f of war are repo ble. Vhee offer ma be elee a pro er'
uffe qualfe l gu o arr ou he eear e orhp. Yf repree ave u er he fr paragraph of h rle. Y uh a
lmao mu be plae o he orrepo e e aree o ae he aa o he pro er' repree ave hall be hoe
pro er of war he ma be orere o l b he Power o whh from amo g hoe pro er of war who are o offer.
he pro er epe pobl a he reque of he Dea g Ever repree ave elee mu be approve b he
Power. Suh leer a ar mu be o vee b he mo rap Dea g Power before he ha he rgh o omme e h ue.
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Where he Dea g Power refue o approve a pro er of war pro er of war who reapure hall be ha e over
elee b h fellow pro er of war mu form he Proe g whou ela o he ompee mlar auhor.
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Y all ae he pro er' repree ave mu have he r 93. Eape or aemp o eape eve f a repeae offe e
ame ao al la guage a uom a he pro er of war hall o be eeme a aggrava g ruma e f he pro er of
whom he repree . Vhu pro er of war rbue ffere war ubjee o ral b jual proee g repe of a
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uom hall have for eah eo her ow pro er' Y o form wh he pr ple ae rle 83
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wherea he ame a woul o be pu hable f omme b a ?o moral or phal oero ma be exere o a
member of he fore of he Dea g Power uh a hall e al pro er of war orer o ue hm o am hmelf gul of he
pl ar pu hme o l. a of whh he aue.
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r 89. Vhe pl ar pu hme applable o pro er of war b he eah e e e u er he law of he Dea g Power.
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a work g pa whh he pro er of war woul oherwe reeve he pro er of war epe .
u er he provo of rle 60 a 62 ur g a pero of o Vhe eah e e e a o be pro ou e o a pro er
more ha hr a. of war u le he ae o of he our ha aora e wh
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reame prove for b he pree Co ve o . e he aue o a ao al of he Dea g Power he o
(3) Fague ue o exee g wo hour al. bou o b a u of allega e a ha he power a
(4) Co f eme . he reul of ruma e epe e of h ow wll.
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he pro er of war or he Proe g Power he Dea g Power (g) Wou e a k whoe reover ma be expee wh o e
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efe e. reame a eural ou r mgh reae he prope of a
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of he pro er of war hall have a h poal a pero of wo (2) Pro er of war whoe me al or phal healh aor g o
week a lea before he ope g of he ral a well a he meal op o eroul hreae e b o ue apv bu
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parular freel v he aue a ervew hm prvae. úe hrea.
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ge erall ommu ae o he aue b vrue of he law follow g aegore houl be reparae²
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he u era a goo me before he ope g of he ral. (2) Vhoe whoe me al or phal power rema eve afer
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have u ergo e a lo g pero of apv. fro er of he Dea g Power.
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reparao u er he fr paragraph of h rle ma be bear he o of ra por of pro er of war over ow error
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preee b a meal exam ao of he bo wh a vew o a oupao mee wh o arme rea e.
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war who have e apv are ho ourabl bure f poble rema bou b her muual relao . Vhe hall furhermore
aor g o he re of he relgo o whh he belo ge a be bou b he Co ve o relao o he a Power f he
ha her grave are repee uabl ma a e a marke o laer aep a apple he provo hereof.
a o be fou a a me. Wherever poble eeae pro er
of war who epe e o he ame Power hall be erre he r. 3. Y he ae of arme o fl o of a er ao al haraer
ame plae. ourr g he error of o e of he úgh Co ra g Pare eah
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grave u le u avoable ruma e requre he ue of follow g
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aora e wh h expre wh o h effe. Y ae of remao (g) Pero ak g o ave par he hole lu g
he fa hall be ae a he reao gve he eah erfae member of arme fore who have la ow her arm a hoe
of he eeae. plae hor e omba b k e wou ee o or a oher
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hall alo appl o he ahe whh hall be kep b he Grave (b) ak g of hoage;
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formao ma oba hrough offal or prvae ha el Commee of he e Cro ma offer erve o he Pare o
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g2 ugu g949 hall o be o ere a proee pero wh ha e o he proper erve hall o be o ere o be a
he mea g of he pree Co ve o . harmful o he e em.
úarr oe he ͞Charer ha o aa e he au of uom 5+"!
beaue evelope ae have effevel mou e a rea e o c
he laue whh oe o requre a ͞publ purpoe preo o ;VYY Y Y Y
8Y YYY
o exproprao . Vhe ame rue wh he Delarao o he Y
+ Y YY Y Y+ Y
Eablhme of he ?ew Y er ao al Eo om Orer a oher U? Y Y YY
Y+ Y &+
G eoluo bake b evelop g ou re whh wa + +Y
Y<
overre aor g o Wale b he horal l ao owar
marke lberalm. Vhe formula of evelop g ae aor g o BP Explorao Compa (BP) ha a o raual agreeme wh he
hm wa mpl ompable wh he e e owar promoo Gover me of Lba (Lba) whh allowe BP o operae Lba
of foreg veme he laer requr g aequae a able for he exrao proe g a expor of peroleum. Vhe area
proeo a a ueme o rk-avere foreg veor. Vhe whh BP wa allowe o operae wa alle Co eo 65; ha a
follow g urve of ae law o exproprao repree he vew area of over 8000 q. km. he hear of he Sarr eer. O
ake b er ao al rbu al erpre g he ffere ?ovember 29 a 30 of g97g he Gover me of Yra oupe 3
operave erm of he aforequoe ex² Yla he Gulf (bu ¯ua a he Greaer a Leer Vumb).
c Vhee Yla were ll u er Brh proeo hough he rea
@+"! whh prove uh proeo woul la o l u l ?ov. 30 g97g.
Vhe Brh however o rea o he oupao a were
;%E Y +-Y& +- +Y Y+Y blame o be he aue of he lo of he Yla . Y Deember 7 of
YYY Y
YY Y Y
YY Y< g97g Lba pae he BP ?ao alao Law whh ao ale
he operao of BP Co eo 65 reor g o he Sae
Y g973 a g974 Lba ee o ao ale he propere a ow erhp of all propere rgh ae a hare he
ae of wo mera ompa e whh were gra e o eo operao o ue he a area a he ra ferr g hee
o ra o explo a exra ol. Vhe o e o e er o wo o a ew ompa he raba Gulf Explorao Compa . Vhe law
laue he o eo o ra² (g) he ͞ablao laue wa pae reao o Bra
falure o a o he Yra a
whh prove ha ͞he o raual rgh exprel reae b h oupao of hree proeorae la he Gulf. Vhe
o eo hall o be alere exep b muual o e of he ao alao law prove ha he Sae houl pa
pare a (2) he ͞gover g law laue whh prove ha ͞ he ompe ao o BP whh wa o be eerm e b a ommee
o eo hall be gover e b a erpree aora e wh eablhe b he ¯ er of Peroleum. Vhe eo of uh a
c cc
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c ¬ ¬ ¬ Page g) of g *
ommee wa o be f al o am o appeal a o be hereu er b Lba o ue a fu ame al breah of he BP
ommu ae o he Peroleum ¯ er who wll he form BP Co eo a he amou o a oal repuao of he agreeme
abou wh 30 a of ua e. úowever o ao o a oblgao of Lba u er uh agreeme . Vhe bae for h
ompe ao wa ake u l Februar g3 g972. hree ma rul g are rule of applable em of law oo eleme ar a
ommee wa forme bu wa o l Sepember of ha ear volum ou o requre or perm ao . Furher Lba
ak g of
ha BP reeve ommu ao from he ommee ak g BP
proper rgh a ere learl volae Publ Y er ao al
remark a vewpo o he maer of ompe ao . a reul Law a wa mae for purel exra eou polal reao a wa
of he ?ao alao Law (whh wa rapl mpleme e) BP
arbrar a rm aor (a oher o eo have o bee
operao Co eo 65 were brough o a omplee hal a ouhe). Y wa alo o faor a o offer of ompe ao wa
aff were mmeael exlue from he preme a fale. mae wo ear.
Vhe raba Gulf Explorao Compa ha ake over Co eo
65. .
!
Vhe Co eo o ra h ae o a he ame gover g ;VYY Y Y Y Y Y+
++
law laue a ha he ae of VY above ʹ ha Lba law +Y + Y Y5Y Y YY
woul be applable o l o he exe ha o e wh Y+ Y Y Y++Y
Y <
er ao al law. Vhe arbraor fr poe of he ue of (g)
wheher or o he allege jure par o a o eo agreeme For fa of he ae pleae refer o earler refere e u er
ha he rgh o eem he o ra a val a e foreable eve ͞Soure of Y er ao al Law. úowever for purpoe of h
afer he allege wro gful exproprao a (2) wheher or o he eo mpora o reall ha he exproprao u erake
jure par ma lam reparao he form of pef b Pola aga Germa ere h ae wa mae
performa e
reuo egrum. Vhe arbraor ae ha volao of a rea a herefore lafe a wro gful u er
u er er ao al law he wro gful breah of a o ra woul er ao al law. Vh ae ofe quoe exproprao ae
e le he jure par o erm ae he o ra a opo . U l beaue prove for he qua um of ompe ao requre o be
a u le uh jure par ele o o o he o ra houl be pa ae of wro gful ak g b he home ae. Vhe of-quoe
eeme a val a b g a a ompel he oher par o poro of he eo ow k ow a he ͞Chorow Sa ar
o ue perform g oblgao u er . úowever uh er ao al law. Y ofe voke b veor ae o juf
uao aor g o he arbraor oe o f applao a her lam of ompe ao beaue uffe l vague a o
ae where he oher (expropra g) par a overeg ae. Vhe evae exa qua fao bu uffe l lberal a l e
rgh o eem he o ra a o u g o be b g a he owar veor
ere a o be aequael jufaor of
o eque rgh o ema reuo egrum herefore o lam of full ompe ao (͞full mea g earl everh g ʹ he
avalable o BP u er er ao al law. Vh pro ou eme value of he proper forgo e prof fuure prof e al
mpora beaue reog e he almo ple ar power of he expe e omme prof a amage). ?oe however ha
home ae o exproprae ʹ ha he home ae a o be he Chorow Sa ar Y o emplae reuo egrum a a
prelue u er er ao al law o exproprae whe whe o. reme for u lawful exproprao o rar o ubeque arbral
eo prelu g he propre of a uh remeal awar a
F g o o urre e bewee Lba a er ao al law he BP ae. Vhe o u g val of h aero ll a maer
regar g he elarao ough o be oba e b BP he of ebae a of oure alhough veor ae o ele me
arbraor he ur o er ao al law. U er er ao al law o mere pame of ompe ao ever hur o have he
he arbraor elare he ame o luo a above were Chorow Sa ar a he ar g po of ever egoao a far a
evable ʹ o uppor for he lam ha he jure par ma he veor ae o er e. Vhe Chorow Sa ar prove²
eem he o ra a o u g o be val a ha reuo
egrum proper. Vhe all-mpora poro of he eo whh ͞Vhe ee al pr ple o a e he aual oo of a llegal
apple o all exproprao ae volv g a overeg ae ² a - a pr ple whh eem o be eablhe b er ao al
͞whe b exere of overeg power a Sae omme a prae a parular b he eo of arbral rbu al -
fu ame al breah of a o eo agreeme b repua g ha reparao mu a far a poble wpe-ou all he
hrough a ao alao of he e erpre a ae a o eque e of he llegal a a re-eablh he uao whh
ma er whh mple f al he o eo are o e le o woul all probabl have exe f ha a ha o bee
all for pef performa e b he Gover me of he agreeme omme. (g) euo k or f h o poble pame
a re aeme of h o raual rgh bu h ole reme a of a um orrepo g o he value whh a reuo k
ao for amage. Vhe o luo herefore u equvoal ʹ he woul bear; (2) war of amage for lo ua e whh woul
home ae ma exproprae whe ere o a eve f uh o be overe b reuo k or pame plae of ʹ uh
exproprao o e breah of he o ra he home ae a are he pr ple whh houl erve o eerm e he amou of
ll o be e le o re ae he operabl of he o ra; a he ompe ao ue for a a o rar o er ao al law.
mo a o l be ompelle o pa amage.
+"!
Y h ae amage were aware b he arbraor. úowever
mpora o oe ha he ruma e u er whh he
(4;0Y Y Y
YY YY
exproprao ook plae h ae o ue o e of he fr
+ Y ++ Y Y Y +<
a e where a arbral our lafe ae ao a (g)
ô;%
Y YY#Y
Y
breah of oblgao (2) rm aor a (3) o faor. Vhe
+<
wro gful e of he expropraor a mpora o eablh
Ú; + Y Y Y
beaue h woul eerm e he qua um of ompe ao ha
++ " YY
woul be aware o he jure par. Vhe of-quoe poro of
Y +<
he eo ² ͞Vhe BP ?ao alao Law a ao ake
c cc
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c ¬ ¬ ¬ Page g)2 of g *
;Y+ Y
Y YY "+
+Y LY¯CO
lam a be g o juable a mae wo
Y ++8 Y
.
Y pro ou eme releva o exproprao law² he ͞ak g
Y
YY + YY Y "+
+< requreme of he úke looper ame me wa o afe
beaue (g) o raual rgh are o ͞proper a he
Y g973 a g974 Lba ao ale boh LY¯CO' rgh u er he repuao of o raual oblgao o a ͞ak g wh he
o eo a era of ol rll g equpme . Follow g mea g of he law; a he ͞volave of er ao al law reque
u ueful egoao regar g ompe ao LY¯CO rejee wa alo o afe beaue (2) a ak g o re ere volave
he erm of he ao alao a ae proee g u er he of er ao al law mpl beaue he veor o afe wh
arbrao laue. Lba ma a g ha he ao alao he amou of ompe ao he home ae prepare o pa; a
uperee he o eo alogeher refue o parpae he lo g a here ex a meha m for ompe ao wh he law of
Ge eva proee g. LY¯CO afer oba g a favorable rul g he home ae he ak g lawful.
br g ao o he Dr Cour of he Dr of Columba o
o frm a e fore uh rul g. Y br g g he u LY¯CO
ú
voke he juro of he Cour purua o mera Law o c
͞o ga Foreg Sae argu g ha Lba o mmu e 4;m Y YY+ YYYY8
u er he Foreg Sovereg Ymmu e (FSY). LY¯CO furher + Y+ YY
Y
o e ha he Co ve o o he eog o a E foreme Y Y
YY
Y
YY Y have o hoe who ee mo. Vhe Breo Woo regme
Y Y Y
YY Y< eablhe from uh agreeme beame he preuror of moer -
Ú;VY Y"
Y Y a er ao al free rae aga wh he u erl g aumpo
Y
Y YY YY +Y< ha rae ee all be efal a ha er ao al rae
woul be more falave of evelopme f were o be
u erake u er a regme of progrevel erea g arff a
Phllp e ere o a Jo Sruure greeme wh Yra a
rl e fore meha m o afeguar aga u far rae
Gover me o explo ol. Ymam Khome park a revoluo
prae. From he Breo Woo agreeme aroe uo
uum of g978 a uee oppl g over he pa regme
group he member of whh agree o o u er ao al rae
Februar g979. Vhe revoluo ar gover me ee o whraw
u er muuall favourable erm u g a ͞mo favore ao
all ol o ra wh foreg ompa e u er he gue of
framework. From h uo group ame he Ge eral
?ao alao
-weer e me . Vhe ompa he ue for
greeme o Varff a Vrae. Ulmael he Worl Vrae
reover of ompe ao form he Yra a gover me .
Orga ao wa bor a he ma feao of he ae
ere o
Vhe
++ ae g fa ha reerae he or e o o u mullaeral rae wh a vew o eablh g a eo om
re exproprao eablhe he 0 Y ae. Vh ae orer where arff are progrevel ereae a u far rae
however furher qualfe he o ep of re exproprao b prae are offe b eo om e foreme meaure.
pro ou g ha (g) exproprao ee o be of o raual rgh
loel relae o a phal proper; merel requre ha he Vhe Phlpp e arguabl he o l juro amo g all
ak g amou o a Y
Y (2) exproprao he ae g aore o he WVO rea where he legal of he
mu be o e
+ a o merel ephemeral (3) he fou cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc cccccccc
mu be o he Y
Y
YY Y <9
cccc&
cc c#cc0$>c
(cc!c
c c
Y a o o he e o of he home ae or he ma er ! c c! c
c cEc() $cc( c c%c
whh he exproprao u erake ʹ h heav fou o he ;#cc@1(#"
c( )!"c1(
c
c "(
cG ( +c
effe of expropraor a o he veor more ha he &$cc0$c(&!
cc c
, -+ú
-I!c
c99=/cc
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rea elf ha bee pro ou e b he hghe our of he la . queo a ͞lke prou abolue or relave erm
Y he ae of V% he Supreme Cour ha ha o he prou omeall ma ufaure.
oao o elare ha (g) he Flp o-Fr pol purporel
e hr e he Co uo ju a horaor provo whh úow exal he arbrao pa el a he ppellae Bo
a o be legall e fore a a maer of rgh whou a of he WVO (whh were eablhe o rule o pue bewee
uppor g leglao (2) he Phlpp e oe o ahere o a ae ar g from he erpreao of he greeme
provo )
olao eo om pol a fa aommoave of eal wh ae a pue ar g from he aopo of uh
er ao al rae arra geme ha are a hore o he pol of eo om e foreme meaure alo a ferle op. úere
equal a repro (3) he WVO greeeme o ue a releva eo a he ee al poro of her rul g
rea oblgao whh he Phlpp e bou o perform u er erpreave of he greeme
provo wll be o ere²
he pr ple of paa u erva a; a uh e he paa u
erva a or e par of er ao al law b g o he g.c cc
c.c
c
ʹ he jur prove
Phlpp e b vrue of he Co uo
Y orporao Claue (4) wa o auall l ke o he ump g meaure bu a
he er ao al free rae regme emboe he WVO reul of uh exra eou faor a he a F a al
greeme repree he be poble eo om opo for he Cr eb erv g a effe a u ompeve
Phlpp e o er g he preval g er ao al eo om eh olog.
o ex. Vh la pro ou eme of he Cour wa u alle for a
he ver lea be g a aeme of pol whh he Cour ha o 2.c c
c ʹ he Varff Commo of he
ompee e o make. Y e g he ae he wa herefore Phlpp e epe e a faual f g are
he Supreme Cour o o l olfe he argume ha he WVO gve grea wegh b he Cour.
greeme a val rea oblgao bu alo mae he u ole
pro ou eme of he rae regme
wom a propre. 3.c %
$$c$cc5 +5.8 ʹ he
applao for remee mu follow he proe e ou
Vhe mpleme ao of he WVO greeme he he rea; h ae he ae houl have bee brough
ou r however o whou ue. expee ma before he GVV a o he WVO beaue he meaure
o e ou o rovere have o fro e he ou r prmarl were mpoe u er GVV.
he fel of proe g aga u far rae meaure of oher ae.
We mu remember ha he WVO eablhe o o l a pol of 4.c .
cc588Ec cc588Ec
cc
progreve lower g of arff alo pu plae era meaure
c
cc588cFche US mu mpoe
of eo om e foreme o e ure ha rae bewee ao are rae rero ha are o ju o wh rero
a equal a poble. Vhee eo om e foreme meaure are o ome prouo or o umpo a mu mpoe
a -ump g meaure ou erval g meaure a afeguar hem aga o o l mpore bu loall harvee
meaure² prou.
(g) a -ump g meaure ʹ here ump g whe he Y alo releva ha o e of he reog e val grou
expor pre of a ommo le ha ormal value for he mpoo of rae rero are he o-alle
he expor g ae. -ump g meaure eek o Sa ar a Phoa ar Sa ar (SPS) whh allow a
equale rae uh ma er a for he ommo o mpor g ae o mpoe rae meaure o proe huma
auall refle value from he a ar of he a mal or pla lfe or healh he error of member ae
expor g ae. Suh meaure mu be u erake o l eher from (g) e r eablhme or prea of pe or
afer wa prove ha (g) a ump g ex (2) here wa eae (2) rk ar g from ave o am a ox or
a aual jur o a ome ur (3) here a aual eae-au g orga m (3) from a rk ar g from a eae
l k bewee he ump g a he jur. Y ao he or pe arre b a a mal or pla (4) o preve or lm
meaure mu be ae b 25% of a ur affee. oher amage he error of member ae ar g from
he rouo eablhme or prea of pe. Vhe
(2) ou erval g meaure ʹ a ub a f a al mpoo of hee meaure however are ubje o he
o rbuo b a gover me where here eher a how g of uffe e f ba a he u erak g of rk
re fu ra fer a reve ue whh oherwe ue aeme meaure. halle ge o he val of SPS
forgo e or whe a gover me prove goo a meaure mu be a hore o he propoo of a avalable
erve. Y uh ae ou erval g meaure ma be aler ave o he meaure be g halle ge ha woul (g)
emploe b he mpor g ae o make he prou prove he ame or a hgher proeo ha ha gve b he
refle aual value ak g o o erao he halle ge meaure a (2) be le rerve of rae.
ub ha ma ufaurer have reeve. Suh
meaure ma be u erake o l f wa prove ha (g) 5.c c>
cc58+(88 ʹ rk aeme a
a ump g ex (2) here wa a aual jur o a prereque he mpoo of SPS meaure
ome ur (3) here a aual l k bewee he
ump g a he jur. 6.c cc58+(88 ʹ qua ave rae prefere e
are volao of he mo favore ao provo of he
(3) afeguar meaure ʹ afeguar meaure are WVO greeme . Vhe ame arff ue mu be mpoe
emploe whe here a how g of a rama reae o mlar prou regarle of he org .
he mpor of a parular ommo. Dump g or
u far ub ee o be prove o juf reor o hee
meaure be g e ough ha urge mpor prove
alo ge a erou jur or hrea of jur ha he
former ha aue or wll aue a ha he prou
c cc
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