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    19 views6 pages

    Nickel Plating

    Uploaded by

    mtrisaktiagusn
    nickel

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Nickel alloy plating Reprinted from ASM Handbook Volume 5, Surface Engineering S. A. Watson NiD! NICKEL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE NiDI Reprint Series N°14 031 North america Japan Australasia rae torsos sgmeanee os, Sone seer ae en SP on sre = Tinea = ae Een nse mE” SoS Europe erneeuentetmen South Korea ERT nao SSRa roo era tert aaa te eet Sosecre isco ‘Se ek ary ‘The matt rsartdin te pbeton hasbeen rapa fore geen ora he eer an shoot be ure o ed ono spose spletans ‘tensnatiyo anh nonpercon wibanomaton haven tanto ry goer ope ea sain 9 ty ‘Copyright? 1994 by [ASM International” All ight reserved [No par ofthis book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sytem, or transmited, in any form or by any means electron, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the writen pemision of the copyright owner, Fist printing, December 1998 ‘Tis bok is collective eff involving hundreds of technical specaits brings together 1 wealth of information fom world-wide sources to help sits, engineers, and technicians solve curent and long-range problems. ‘Great cae is take inthe compilation and production of ts Volume, but it should be made ear that NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITA- ‘TION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTION WITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is telieved 1 be accurate by ASM, ASM cant guaranee that favorable ress Will ke obtained fom the use ofthis publication alone. This publication is intended for use by sons having technical silat thet sole discretion ands. Since the conditions of product ‘Or material use are ouside of ASM's conta, ASM assures no lability or obligation in ‘connection with ay use ofthis information, No claim ofan King, wheter a5 products or information in this publication, and whether or not based ov negligence, shal be greater in mount than the purchase pice of this preduct or publication in respect of which damages are ‘lamed, THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED SHALL BETHE EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE [REMEDY OF BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY OR RESULTING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. As with any materi, ‘evaluation ofthe matenal under enduse conditions prior o specification essential. Therefore, ‘Specific esting under actual condition is recommended. ‘Noting comained inthis book shal be construed as agrantof any ight of manufacture, sale, vse, or reproduction in connection with any method, process, apparatus produc, composition, for system, whether or not covered by leters pate, copyig or tallemark, and nothing ‘contained in this bok sal e construed asa defense agains an alleged infringement of ltrs patent copyright, or trademark, or a defense against ible for such infringement "Comments, criss, and suggestions are invited, and sould be forwarded to ASM Ine rational Litraryof Congress Cutaloging-in-Pubation Data ASM Intemational ASM handbook Includes bibliographical referees an indexes. ‘Contes: 1 ropeties and selection ion, steels and high-performance alloye—2, Properties and selection —nonferou lays ae speial—purpose ateals—[et:} v5, Surface enghoering |. Metals—Handbooks, manuals et 1. ASM Intemational, Handbook Commitee. Metals handbook. “Ta4S0.Ma3 1990 620.1°6 90415, ISBN 0-87170377-7 (1) 'SAN 208-7586 ISBN 047170-384-X ‘ASM International® Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 Printed in the United States of America Nickel Alloy Plating S. Alec Watson, Nickel Development Institute NICKEL ALLOYS electroplated for engineer- ing applications include nickel-iron, nickel-co- balt,nickel-manganese, and zinc-nickel. Zinc- nickel plaing is covered elsewhere in this ‘Volume: see the article “Zine Alloy Plating.” Iron isa cheap metal, and solutions for plating nickel inon alloys were developed mainly in order to reduce the cost of the metal used to form a layer of given thickness, but they were aso developed Tor special magnetic purposes. Cobalt and man: ganese are used 0 inctease the hardness and strength of nickel plating. Additionally, nickel ‘manganese alloys have improved resistance to sulfur embrittlement when heated. Alloy layers 20 to 30 pm thick of nickel with about 15% Mo exhibit higher hardness and resistance to corro- sion than pure nickel but at the expense of a reduction in ductility to around 1% (Ref 1). Coat- ings of nickel-tungsten show very high resistance to corrosion, but they are believed not to be true alloys (Ref 2) and have not been used in practice. ‘This article will discuss the alloys nickel-iron, nickel-cobalt, and nickel-manganese that are of practical interest, plus a few paragraphs on nickel-chromium binary and ternary alloys. ickel-tron Bright nickeL-iron plating was strongly pro- ‘moted as a substitute for bright nickel plating in the petiod from 1970 tothe early 1980s when the relative price of nickel was high (Ref 3-6). ‘Advantages. The main advantage of the alloy isthe significant saving inthe cost of metal, because up t0 35% of the nickel is replaced by iron. An additional advantage is that ron entering the plating solution trough chemical dissolution of steel sub strates, which is highly detrimental in straight nickel plating solutions, is readily dissolved and sub- sequently plated out. This feature is particularly relevant during plating onto tubular steel pats. Duc tility is usually higher forthe alloy coatings than for bright nickel, which may be advantageous ifthe plated parts ae subject to deformation. Disadvantages. The organic addition agents fare more expensive than those ngeded for bright nickel, substantially negating the Saving on metal “The ation agent system is also more complex so that electrolyte conto is more difficult. At equal thickness, nicket-iron plating is les resistant 0 cor rosion than nickel, and the higher the iro content, the lower its resistance. The corrosion product is rust-coloed, and there is no intematonal standard forthe alloy coatings. Process Description. Preferred solutions for plating bright nicke-iron are slightly more dilute than nickel plating solutions in order to obtain a high-iron alloy without using a high ion concentra- tion inthe solution. typical solution is given in Table | (Ref 4) Addition agents include sabilizrs for the ferrous iron, organic brighteners, leveling agents, and weting agents. Tota iron inchdes fer rousand ferric ions, and itis important to contol the ratio, with eric usualy below 20%. Soltion tem erature is typically $4 to 60 °C (130 t0 140°), and Solution pH must be kept low at 2.8 t0 36. The solution is preferably used with air agitation rather than eathode-rod movernent, because higher plating rates can be used, a higher iron contert can be ‘bined in the deposits, and iron contest can be altered at will by increasing or reducing the rate of air bubbling, Properties of the alloy deposits that are of imterest include ductility, deposit hardness, intemal stress, and magnetic properties. ‘Ductlty depends on iron content, brghtener concentration, solution temperature, and pH Deposit hardness varies. with iron content. With iron content increasing from zero to about 10%, microhardness rises from 490 to 560 HK, then falls to around $10. HK. with 49% Fe for coatings plated at standard conditions of 4 A/dm* (40 A/f?), 60 °C (140 °F), pH 3.5, and air apts ‘ion. Changes in solution pH and brightener con- Table 1 Typical nickel-iron solution composition J maa we seis) nt) 4033) N04 68,0 1302000 Nc;6it0 01200) FS0,7H,0 2000 300, 51600) ‘Sutliae) 13200) (4) Cooseataton wil vary betwen 1025 gL (1333 ea, eperding othe ype of bia oe centration also influence deposit hardness, ena bling values exceeding 700 HY to be achieved, Internal stress is tensile, in contrast that of, ‘most bright nickel deposits. It is influenced by Jron content and, more sharply, by solution pH. Increasing ion content from 10.8 t0 27.6% rises stress from 93 to 154 MN/m (13,500 to 22,400 psi) Increasing pH from 28 to 4.5 raises stress from 17.5 to 230 MN/m® (2500 to 33,600 psi) (Ret, ‘Magnetic properties of wicke-iron are ntim- portant in the application of bright decorative coatings. Similar alloys are, however, deposited for magnetic applications from solutions not con- taining brightening additions (Ref 7). The alloys with 18 to 254% Fe are soft magnetic materials with low coercive force, low remanence, and high maximum permeabilities (Ref 8). They can bbe used as coatings or as electroformed parts (ie, freestanding electrodeposited. shapes detached from the substrate ater being deposited). Nickel-Cobalt Some of the earliest solutions for bright nickel plating contained cobalt, formate, and formalde- hhyde additions, but with the development of ‘moder bright nickel solutions based on organic addition agents only, the cobalt-containing solu- tions have fallen into disuse. Today, the cobalt Additions are used when itis necessary to increase the hardness and strenath of nickel plating, espe cially in lectroforming applications. ‘Advantages. Compared with nickel itself, nicke-cobalt alloys are harder and stronger. In con trast to nickel hardened with conventional organic addition agents such as naphthalene 1:3:6 tisul- fonic aid nickel-cobaltalloys canbe heated to high ‘temperatures without embyitlement by sulfur incor- porated from addition agents Disadvantages. Compared with nickel alone, the need to maintain the level of cobalt ions in Solution introduces an addtional maintenance re- quirement. Also, deposit intemal stress is moved in tho tensile direction, and there isa practical limit to the level of cobalt that can be used. Hence the ‘maximum hardness of about 400 HV is less than the {600 HV that can be attained using conventional ‘organic adaltves. ‘ene on encom soa g anna cae ceat ceont, met econ Relationship benseen deposit hardness and co: 18-1 Caktconcentation inte slamatesokion std Inthe deposit, Process Description. Most of the published ata about nckel-cobat plating were determined using the 600 g/L nickel sulamate solution ofthe NiSpeed process (Ref 9-1), The intl charge of cobalt is added to the base Solaton a cobalt su- famate. Replenishment during operation of the so- luvon is usually made by metered additions of cobalt slfamat can, howeves, be achieved by fora 15% Coalloy and 745 MN/mn? (108 000 psi) for a 10% Co alloy (Ret 14), falls progressively 4 heat-reament temperature is increased above 300°C 570°R) (Fig. 4). Theeffecinsimlar with roo sess, 677 MN/n® (68,000 psi) for an as- Aeposited 15% Co alloy and 531 MN/x2(77,000, 8D fora 10% Co alloy Ref 14). Deposit ductility inteases on heating above about 300°C (570), from value of #% elon zation as-deposited to about 40% ater heating a 600 °C (1100 *F) for both 10% and 15% Co alloys Fe. 5) Properties of Alloys from Other Nickel Solutions. The above data apply to alos from a {600 g/-nicke sulfamat solution. ANi-14Co alloy

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