

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥٢
  ٢٥٢  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ٢٥٢  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ٢٥٢  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ،،،‫א‬‫א‬

           
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Introduction ١{١
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESoilF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WDefinitions ١{٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬ F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Karl Terzaghi‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E١٩٢٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Soil Formation ‫א‬ ١{٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Residual Soil •
E،،‫א‬،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Transported Soil •
،‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Soil Structure‫א‬ ١{٤

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Fine Grained Soil‫א‬  J
cohesive soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Silt‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬
 WE1.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Clay
‫א‬W‫א‬dispersion‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬
 

‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫א‬

 EF     EF     E F
 EF،EF،EFW‫א‬‫א‬WE1.1F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬Wflocculation‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
‫א‬Whoneycomb or cellular‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
Coarse Grained Soil‫א‬  J
cohesionless soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،loose‫א‬‫א‬dense‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،Gravel‫א‬ Boulders‫א‬W،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١{٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Sand
 

‫א‬

 
 EF      E F
 EF،EFW‫א‬‫א‬WE١{٢F
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١{٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ J‫א‬–
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١{٣F‫א‬،‫א‬
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Soil Stability Problems‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Soil Settlement Problems‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬Environmental Related Problems‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Seepage Problems‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Excavation Related Problems ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

EF EF
 

 EFEF
‫א‬EFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٣F
‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ •
 

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WIntroduction ٢{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Liquid‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Solid
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Gas‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EB-٢{١F‫א‬K

Soil Volumes and Weights Relationship ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEA-٢{١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
total volume‫א‬‫א‬Z VT
 total mass‫א‬‫א‬Z M T  
  total weight‫א‬‫א‬Z WT
 volume of solids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z Vs
 mass of solids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z M s  
weight of solids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z Ws
 volume of voids‫א‬‫א‬Z Vv
weight of water‫א‬Z Ww
 volume of water‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z Vw
airweight of‫א‬‫א‬Z Wa
volume of air‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z Va 
 

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W،E M F‫א‬E W F‫א‬‫א‬

 E g F‫א‬‫א‬ × E M F‫א‬ZE W F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  WT = Ws + Ww  E2.1F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  M T = M s + M w  E2.2F
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
VT = Vs + Vv
E2.3F
= V s + V w + Va
 
Wa ≈ 0
Va  
Air ‫א‬  
Vv  
Vw
Water  Ww / M w
VT WT / MT  
 EBF     
EAF
Vs
Solid
Ws /M s

 
(B) (A)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2.1F‫א‬
 EBF،‫א‬EAF
 
- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 water content E w F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Ww
w= × 100 E 2.4F
Ws
 W
Mw
 w = × 100  E2.5F
Ms
 
  unit weight E γ F‫א‬
 WE ρ F‫א‬E M F‫א‬E V F ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ρ = M    E2.6F
V

 KEkgF‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WT
 γ = E2.7F
VT
 
‫א‬،E kN / m 3 F‫א‬ γ ‫א‬
 WENF
1 N = 1 kg × 1 m / s 2

 

dry unit weightE γ d F‫א‬‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
Ws
 γ d = E٢K8F
VT
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ρ d F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
Ms
  ρd =  E٢K9F
VT
 
 specific gravity E Gs F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K4‫א‬‫א‬
 
ρs γs Ws
  G s =  Gs = = E٢K10F
ρw γ w Vs γ w
 
EkN/m3F‫א‬‫א‬Z γ s W
 1 gm/cm39.81 kN/m3‫א‬Z γ w 
 ( gm/cm3)Ekg/m3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z ρ s 
 (1 gm/cm3)E1000 kg/m3F‫א‬‫א‬Z ρ w 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢K1F‫א‬
 
 void ratio E e F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  e = Vv 0 < e << ∞ E2.11F

Vs
 
1.10.7‫א‬‫א‬،0.80.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2.1F
Gs  ‫א‬
 2.65-2.68 Gravel

2.65-2.68  Sand
2.62-2.68 Silt (inorganic)EF

2.58-2.65 Clay (organic)EF

2.68-2.75 Clay (inorganic)EF

 porosity E n F‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
  n = Vv 0 ≤ n ≤ 1 E2.12F
VT

 degree of saturation E S F‫א‬

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  S = Vw × 100 0 ≤ S (%) ≤ 100 E2.13F
Vv
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬، S = 0 % ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، S = 100 % ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 relative density E Dr F‫א‬‫א‬

cohesionless soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
emax − e
  Dr = × 100     E2.14F
emax − emin
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = e 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = emax
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = emin
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (2.2)‫א‬
K100 %0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:(2.2)

Dr (%)  ‫א‬
 0-15 Very loose‫א‬

15-35  Loose
35-65 Medium dense‫א‬

65-85  Dense 

85-100  Very dense ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
e
 n =     E٢K15F
1+ e
 
γ
  γd =  E2.16F
1+ w

  Se = wG s   E2.17F

(1 + w)Gs γ w
γ =  E2.18F
1+ e

Gs
 γ d = γ w  E٢K19F
1+ e
 

 W
 WE2.1F
120 gm‫א‬65 cm32.65‫א‬‫א‬
 W،105 gm‫א‬
 E w F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 E γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E n F‫ א‬K٣
 E e F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
E S F‫א‬ K٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W
  VT = 65 cm 3 WT = 120 gm Ws = 105 gm Gs = 2.65
WE w F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
  Ww = WT − Ws = 120 − 105 = 15 gm

 W‫א‬‫א‬
15
  w = Ww × 100 = × 100 = 14.29 %
Ws 105
 
WE γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
Ws 105
γd = = = 1.62 gm / cm 3
  VT 65
= 1.62 × 9.81 = 15.85 kN / m 3

 E n F‫ א‬K٣
 K Vs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2.10F‫א‬
Ws
Gs =
Vs γ w
 
Ws 105
Vs = = = 39.62 cm 3
G s γ w 2.65 × 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VT = 65 cm 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE2.3F‫א‬
Vv = VT − Vs
 
= 65.00 − 39.62 = 25.38 cm 3

  n = Vv = 25.38 = 0.39      

VT 65.00
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WE e F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
25.38
  e = Vv = = 0.64
Vs 39.62
 
WE S F‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬،E2.10F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W، Gw = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬ Vw = Ww EcmF‫א‬EgmF‫א‬‫א‬

Ww 15
  Vw = = = 15 cm 3
G wγ w 1 × 1
Vw 15.00
S= × 100 = × 100 = 59.10 %
Vv 25.38

 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
ρs
Q Gs =
  ρw
∴ ρ s = Gs ρ w = 2.65 × 1 = 2.65 gm / cm3
ρs
Q Gs =
  ρw
∴ ρ s = Gs ρ w = 2.65 × 1 = 2.65 gm / cm3

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
10.38 cm3 ≈0
 
Air  
3
25.38 cm    
3 15 Water 15 gm
65 cm 120 gm 

39.62 cm 3 Solid
105 gm
 
 
 
 
 
VV = VT − Vs = 65 − 39.62 = 25.38 cm3
M w = M T − M s = 120 − 105 = 15 gm
  V = M w = 15 = 15 cm3
w
ρw 1
Va = 25.38 − 15 = 10.38 cm3
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 WE2K2F
،2.71‫א‬12.40 %‫א‬‫א‬0.10 m31.75 kN‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 E γ F‫א‬ K١
 E γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 E e F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 E n F‫ א‬K٤
E S F‫א‬ K٥

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
WE γ F‫א‬ K١
WT 1.75
 γ = = = 17.50 kN / m 3
VT 0.10
 
WE γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
γ 17.50
 γ d = = = 15.57 kN / m 3
w 12.40
1+ 1+
100 100

WE e F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Gs
γd = γw
1+ e
 15.57 = 2.71 × 9.81
1+ e
2.71 × 9.81
e= − 1 = 0.71
15.57
 
WE n F‫ א‬K٤
e
n=
  1+ e
0.71
n= = 0.42
1 + 0.71
 
WE S F‫א‬ K٥

Se = wG s
12.40
S × 0.71 = × 2.71
100
 
12.40 × 2.71
S= = 0.4733
100 × 0.71
= 47.33 %
 
- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE2.3F
 W،2.66‫א‬26.00 %‫א‬‫א‬  
E e F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 E γ F‫א‬ K٢
E γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 W‫א‬
 K S = 1  S = 100 % ‫א‬‫א‬
 
WE e F‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Se = wG s

  1 × e = 26.00 × 2.66
100
e = 0.69
WE γ F‫א‬ K٢
(1 + w)Gs γ w
γ=
1+ e
(1 + 0.26) × 2.66 × 9.81
  =
1 + 0.69
= 19.45 kN / m 3
WE γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Gs
γd = γw
1+ e
2.66
  = × 9.81
1 + 0.69
= 15.44 kN / m 3
 
 WE2.4F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Dr = 75 % emax = 0.70 emin = 0.42
 
G s = 2.68 w = 11 %

- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2.14F‫א‬‫א‬
emax − e
Dr = × 100
emax − emin
0.70 − e
  75 = × 100
0.70 − 0.42
e = 0.49
WE2.18F‫א‬

γ=
(1 + w)Gs γ w
1+ e
  (1 + 0.11) × 2.68 × 9.81 = 19.58 kN / m3
=
1 + 0.49

Soil Consistency ‫א‬‫א‬ 2.3

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cohesive soil‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Solid State‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 Semisolid State‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
 Plastic State‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
 Liquid State‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،Atterberg Limits

- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
Liquid Limit (LL)‫א‬ •
 Plastic Limit (PL)‫א‬ •
Shrinkage Limit (SL)‫א‬ •
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2.2F‫א‬
 
 
  
 
 Liquid State‫א‬‫א‬
 ELLF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Plastic State‫א‬‫א‬
 EPLF‫א‬
Semisolid State‫א‬‫א‬
 (SL)‫א‬
Solid State‫א‬‫א‬

   
w=0
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE2.2F

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WLiquid Limit (LL)‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE2.3F‫א‬‫א‬،25Casagrande
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WPlastic Limit (PL)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬3mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE2.3F‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE2.3F
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WShrinkage Limit (SL)‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬Plasticity Index (PI) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
  PI = LL − PL E2.20F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E LI F‫א‬
 

  LI = w − PL E 2.21F
PI
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ w 
 Ksensitive clay
 
 WE2.5F
، w = 43.8 % ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PI = 21.7 % ‫א‬، LL = 48.3 % ‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬E2.20F‫א‬‫א‬
 
PI = LL − PL
  21.7 = 48.3 − PL
PL = 26.6 %
 
 WE٢K21F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
w − PL
LI =
PI
43.8 − 26.6
= = 0.79
21.7
 
 WProblems
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K١
‫א‬،78 mm‫א‬ 35 mm‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬98 gm156 gmE105 oCF
 E w F‫א‬‫• א‬
 E γ F‫א‬‫א‬ •
E γ d F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ،2.68 ‫א‬  180 cm3 ‫א‬   402 gm  ‫א‬    K٢
 W،320 gm
 E w F‫א‬‫• א‬
 E ρ F‫א‬‫• א‬
E ρ d F‫א‬‫• א‬
 E e F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 E n F‫• א‬
E S F‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،32.7%‫א‬‫א‬3 mm‫א‬ K٣
K13.8%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K18.5 kN/m3‫א‬ 40%‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،2.66‫א‬‫א‬0.42‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 

E%F‫א‬‫א‬ ENF‫א‬

41 34.5

26 36.4

19 37.6

15 38.6

9 40.7

 
،23.6%23.2%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
e
n=
1+ e
  Se = wG s

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 K٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WIntroduction 3.1
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Unified Soil Classification System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials    •
(AASHTO)
The International Soil Classification System‫א‬‫• א‬
 American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 Bureau of Soils (USDAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
  •
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W
 
 
٢{٠mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE3.1F
0.002 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٤‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K200
 ‫א‬‫א‬٠{٠٧٤mm
 
 

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Particle Size Distribution of Soil‫א‬‫א‬

3.2
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sieve Analysis Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 Hydrometer Analysis Test‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠٠Fmm٠{٠٧٤
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬WE3.1F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Particles Size Classification

2.0 mm < Gravel Gravel

0.074 mm < Sand < 2.0 mm  Sand

0.002 mm < Silt < 0.074 mm Silt

Clay < 0.002 mm Clay

 Sieve Analysis Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3.2.1

‫א‬0.074 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2004‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE3.1F‫א‬،‫א‬PanEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE3.2F

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 EFEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،EFW‫א‬‫א‬WE3.1F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE3.2F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
SIEVE NO. OPENINGEMMF
4 4.750
10 2.000
 20 0.850
40 0.425
60 0.250
80 0.180
100 0.150
140 0.106
200 0.074

K‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE100 %F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Hydrometer Analysis TestE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3.2.2
‫א‬E200F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E3.2F‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E t F‫א‬E L F‫א‬Eυ F
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 υ = L       E3.1F
t
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Stoke 's law 
 
γ s −γ w 2
 υ = D       E3.2F
18η
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = γ s
 ‫א‬ = γ w
 ‫א‬ = η
 ‫א‬ = D
‫א‬،E3.1F‫א‬‫א‬E3.2F‫א‬ γ s = G s γ w 

 W‫א‬
 

- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

30η
 D = L
      E3.3F
(Gs − 1)γ w t
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E3.3F‫א‬
D (mm) η ( gm. sec/ cm 2 ) γ w ( gm / cm 3 ) L (cm) t (min)
 

 EAtkins, H. N.- 1983F‫א‬‫א‬WE3.2F

 W‫א‬‫א‬E3K3F‫א‬
 
L
 D = K       E3.4F
t
 W
30η
 K =       E3.5F
(Gs − 1)γ w

- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Particle Size Distribution Curve‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٢{٣
‫א‬Particle Size Distribution Curve‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE3K3F‫א‬

 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E3.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3K3F‫א‬
 

100

80

60
‫א‬
٪

40

20

0
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001
‫א‬
mm
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE3.3F
 
4%ZClay 49%ZSilt 45%ZSand 2%ZGravel
 
 

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE3.4F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬poorly graded soil
‫א‬  Kwell graded soil   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kgap graded‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
100

Gap graded ‫ﺗﺪرج ﻓﺠﻮي‬

80
Well graded ‫ﺗﺪرج ﺟﻴﺪ‬

Poorly graded ‫ﺗﺪرج ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬

60
‫א‬
٪

40

20

0
1 0.1 0.01 0.001
‫א‬
mm
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3.4F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WEffective DiameterE D10% F‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 10 %
  ‫א‬     WUniformity Coefficient E Cu F ‫א‬  E٢
10 %‫א‬‫א‬E D60% F 60 %‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E D10% F
 
D60%
  Cu =       E3.6F
D10%

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬، D60%  D10%   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬2‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   WGradation CoefficientE C c F‫א‬ E٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E D30% F 30%‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
2
D
  Cc = 30%
    E3.7F
D10% × D60%
 
1.0 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬1.0 C c ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE3.1F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬
4 96.0
10 84.3
20 70.0
40 54.8
60 32.7
100 16.2
200 6.4
 Pan 13.6

 

- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬ D60% ، D30% ، D10%   J
K Cu ‫א‬  J
 K C c ‫א‬  J
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 E٪F E٪F E٪F EF  EF
95.07 4.93 4.93 19.7 4.750 4
84.37 15.63 10.70 42.8 2.000 10
65.32 34.68 19.05 76.2 0.850 20
33.2 66.80 32.12 128.5 0.425 40
6.13 93.87 27.07 108.3 0.250 60
3.00 97.00 3.13 12.5 0.15 100
0.90 99.10 2.10 8.4 0.074 200
0 100.00 0.90 3.6 Pan
100 400  ‫א‬

KE3.5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D60% ، D30% ، D10%   J
  D10% = 0.28 mm 
  D30% = 0.40 mm       
  D60% = 0.74 mm       

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
D60% 0.74
  Cu = = = 2.64    W Cu ‫א‬  J
D10% 0.28
D302 % (0.40) 2
  Cc = = = 0.77  W C c ‫א‬  J
D10% × D60% 0.28 × 0.74
 

100
90
80

70
60
‫א‬
E٪F

50
40
30

20
10
0
10 1 0.1 0.01

،‫א‬
 
 E3.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3.5F
 
 
 Unified Soil Classification System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣{٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬200‫א‬‫א‬

 W
200‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G ‫א‬،50 % 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S  ‫א‬،4
K2004

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬،50%200‫א‬

  JESiltF:M
  JEClayF:C
 EOrganic silt and clayF:O
 ‫א‬ JEPeatF:Pt
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EWell gradedFWW
 EPoorly gradedF:P
 K50%‫א‬،EHigh plasticityF‫א‬:H
 K50%‫א‬،ELow plasticityF‫א‬:L
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ZGW
  ‫א‬Z SP
 K‫א‬ZCH
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3.3F‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WE3.2F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
70 %Z 4‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 38 %Z 200‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 42 %ZELLF‫א‬ ƒ
 22 %ZEPLF‫א‬ ƒ
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
WE٣.٣F‫א‬
  ،50 %200‫א‬ ƒ
 K
 K S،50 %4‫א‬ ƒ
،20%‫א‬42%‫א‬،E٣{٣F‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K٧ECF‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
EMFA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،sc ƒ
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3K3F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE3K3F

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 WE3K3F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E٪F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣٠ ٤
١٥ ٢٠٠
 ٧ Cu
 Cc
١{٤

 W‫א‬
WE٣{٣F‫א‬
 K،50 %200‫א‬ ƒ
 K G،50 %4‫א‬ ƒ
K٣١‫א‬Cc٤Cu ƒ
‫א‬،GW‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Soil Classification using(AASHTO)System‫א‬ 3.4

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،A-7 A-1     ‫א‬    
،EA-7F‫א‬EA-1F‫א‬‫א‬KE3.4F‫א‬
 KEA-2F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬35%‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬KA-1A-2،A-3W
KA-7 A-6،A-5،A-4 W‫א‬ 35%
E3.6F‫א‬K‫א‬،٢٠٠ ٤٠ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬A-7A-4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KA-2‫א‬‫א‬
   E3.4F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ WA-1 ƒ
 K35%‫א‬ WA-2 ƒ
 K‫א‬ WA-3 ƒ
 K WA-5،A-4 ƒ
 K WA-7،A-6 ƒ
 
 WGroup Index‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E GI F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ K٣
 
 ‫א‬WE3.4F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

General Classification Granular Materials (35% or less passing No.200)

A-1 A-2
Group Classification A-1-a A-1-b A-3 A-2-4 A-2-5 A -2-6 A-2-7

Sieve analysis, percent passing

No.10 (2.0 mm) 50 max - - - - - -
No.40( 0.425mm) 30max. 50max. 51max. - - - -
No. 200(0.075) 15max. 25max. 10max. 35max. 35max. 35max. 35max.

Characteristics of fraction passing No.40

Liquid limit - - 40max. 41min. 40max. 41min.
Plasticity index 6max. N.P. 10max. 10max. 11min. 11min.

Usual types of significant Stone fragments, Fine Silty or clayey gravel and sand
constituent materials gravel and sand sand

General rating as subgrade Excellent to good

General Classification Silt-Clay (more than 35% passing No.200)

A-7
Group Classification A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7-5, A-7-6

Sieve analysis, percent passing

No.10 (2.0 mm)
No.40( 0.425mm)
No. 200(0.075 mm) 36min. 36min. 36min. 36min.

Characteristics of fraction passing No.40

Liquid limit 40max. 41min. 40max. 41min.
Plasticity index 10max 10max. 11min. 11min.

Usual types of significant Constituent materials Silty soils Clayey soils

General rating as subgrade Fair to poor

 

- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

70

60

50

A-7-6
40

A-2-6
PI

30
A-6 A-2-7
20

A-7-5
10

A-4 A-2-4 A-2-5 A-5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

LL

‫א‬‫א‬WE3.6F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  GI = (F − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL − 40)] + 0.01(F − 15)(PI − 10)    E3.8F

 W
 ٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ = F

 ‫א‬ = LL
 ‫א‬ = PI
‫א‬      ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K    
 K‫א‬

 

- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE3.4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 45%E200F
 K‫א‬‫א‬20%35%‫א‬‫א‬

 WE3.4F‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬، 35%،45%E200F‫א‬  •
 KA-7،A-6،A-5،A-4W‫א‬
 KA-6A-4‫א‬،35%‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  PI = LL − PL = 35 − 20 = 15%
 A-6‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  GI = (F − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL − 40)] + 0.01(F − 15)(PI − 10)
GI = (45 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(35 − 40)] + 0.01(45 − 15)(15 − 10)
 
= 10[0.2 + 0] + .01(30)(5) = 3.5 ≅ 4

A-6(4) W‫א‬
 
 WE3.5F
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
٣٠ ١٠
٢٣ ٤٠
١٥ ٢٠٠
 ٣٤ LL
PL
 ٢٢

- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE3.4F‫א‬W‫א‬
،35%،15%E200F‫א‬ •
 K A-3،A-2،A-1W‫א‬‫א‬
A-3‫א‬،40%E40F‫א‬ •
 KA-2A-1 
 KA-2-6A-2-4‫א‬،34%‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  PI = LL − PL = 34 − 22 = 12%
 A-2-6‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
  GI = (15 − 35)[0.2 + 0.005(34 − 40)] + 0.01(15 − 15)(12 − 10) = 0

A-2-6(0)W‫א‬

 

- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Problems
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١

H‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
EgmF‫א‬  EgmF EinFEmmF
٥٦٥{٠٧ 565.07 1[ J
٥٨٣{٤٣ ٥٤٦{٤٣ 1/2[ J
٥٦٢{٠٠ ٥٠٨{٠٥ 1/4[ J
٥٤١{٦٨ ٥٤٢{٧٧ 4.76 mm ٤
٤٦٩{٦٩ ٤٤٩{٣٥ 2.00 mm ١٠
٥٢١{٩٨ ٤١١{٤٥ 0.84 mm ٢٠
٦١٧{٤٠ ٤٦١{١٢ 0.42 mm ٤٠
٤٩٥{٦٨ ٣٠٣{٥٣ 0.149 mm ١٠٠
٣١٦{٣٥ ٣٠١{٣٥ 0.074 mm ٢٠٠
٣٩١{٧٩ ٣٨٧{٣٧ Pan

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 ، Cu ‫א‬، D10% ‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K C c ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬B‫א‬A‫א‬،AASHTO ‫א‬ E٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
B A
١٨ ٥٤ ١٠
٣٨ ٤٦ ٤٠
٤١ ٣٤ ٢٠٠
٣٣ ٣٩ LL

- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

:Introduction 4.1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E4.1F‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
h
 i =        E4.1F
L
 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = i 
 ‫א‬ = h
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = L
30 m‫א‬‫א‬3 km‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
30
 i = h = = 0.01
L 3 × 1000

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Darcy's Law‫א‬ 4.2

‫א‬E v F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1856
 W،E i F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 v = k i      E4.2F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E k F
‫א‬KE‫א‬WF‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE4.1F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

h
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

L ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4.1F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Q = k iA       E4.3F
 

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 ‫א‬ = Q
 ‫א‬ = k
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = i 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = A
 
 ‫א‬WE4.1F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k (m / s )  ‫א‬
 >10-2 Gravel

 10-2-10-5  Sand
 10-5-10-8 Silt

 <10-8 Clay 

 
Assumptions of Darcy' s LawW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
homogenous soil ‫א‬ K١
 laminar flow‫א‬ K٢
linear flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 WE4.1F
300 m‫א‬ 6 × 10 −3 m / s 2 m‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،9 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  A = 2 ×1 = 2 m2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
9
 i = = 0.03
300
 
 W‫א‬،E4.3F‫א‬
Q = k iA
  = 6 × 10 −3 × 0.03 × 2 = 3.6 × 10 − 4 m 3 / s
−4 m3 s hr
= 3.6 × 10 × 3600 × 24 = 31.10 m 3 / day per meter of layer width
s hr day

 
Measurement of permeability‫א‬ 4.3
‫א‬‫א‬E k F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ 4.3.1
undisturbed sample‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Constant head test‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 Falling head test‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
- ٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WConstant head test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E4.2F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  
 
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
  
h
L ‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4.2F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

E ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E4.3F‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E t F‫א‬
 
  Q = k i At       E4.4F
 
‫א‬‫א‬E L F‫א‬‫א‬E i F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ،E4.4F‫א‬E4.1F،E h F
 
h
 Q = k At       E4.5F
L
 
  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E4.5F‫א‬

QL
k= (4.6)
Aht

 
 WE4.2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 120 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 60 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 100 mmZ‫א‬ o
 350 mlZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 2 minZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 KEm/sF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 A=πD π × 100 2
2
= = 7854 mm 2
4 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Q = 350 ml = 35000 mm 3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E4.6F‫א‬
QL 350000 × 120
 k = = = 0.7427 mm / s = 7.43 × 10 − 4 m / s
Aht 7854 × 60 × 2 × 60

 WFalling head test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4.3F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬
 ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬
 
 
‫أﻧﺒﻮب ﻣﺪرج‬
 
h1  
‫ﺣﺠﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻲ‬ h2  
 
L
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺒﺔ‬  
A  
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE4.3F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 h2 ‫א‬ h1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
aL h
  k = 2.30 log10 1      E4.7F
At h2
 
 W
 ‫א‬ = a
 ‫א‬ = A
 ‫א‬ = L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h2  
  h2  h1 ‫א‬‫א‬ = t 
 
 WE4.3F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 1350 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 550 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 140 mmZ‫א‬ o
 100 mmZ‫א‬ o
 5 mmZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 3 minZ‫א‬‫א‬ o
 KEm/sF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 A= πD π × 100 2
2
= = 7854 mm 2
4 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 a = π D π × 52
2
= = 19.63 mm 2
4 4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E4.7F‫א‬
 
aL h 19.67 × 140 ⎛ 1350 ⎞
k = 2.30 log10 1 = 2.30 × log10 ⎜ ⎟
At h2 7854 × 3 × 60 ⎝ 550 ⎠
  = 1.744 × 10 −3 mm / s
= 1.744 × 10 −6 m / s
 
 
 WEPumping Test ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬4.3.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Epumping testF‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬casing pipe‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E4.4F‫א‬‫א‬Eobservation wellsF‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

r2
r1
 ‫א‬EQF 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h2
h1

 ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬WE4.4F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
⎛r ⎞
Q ln⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
 k = ⎝ r1 ⎠      E4.8F
(
π h2 − h12
2
)
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = k
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Q
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = r1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = r2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = h2 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE4.4F
11.20 m‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬6.20 m3/min‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2.48 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5.15 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEcm/sF‫א‬، 45.86 m4.33 m‫א‬‫א‬

:‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  h1 = 11.20 − 5.15 = 6.05 m
  h2 = 11.20 − 2.48 = 8.72 m
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  Q = 6.20 m / min = 6.20 = 0.1033 m / s
60
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬(4.8F‫א‬
 
⎛r ⎞ ⎛ 45.86 ⎞
Q ln⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ 0.1033 × ln⎜ ⎟
⎝ r1 ⎠ ⎝ 4.33 ⎠
k= =
( ) (
π h22 − h12 π (8.72)2 − (6.05)2 )
−3
= 1.97 × 10 m/s
= 1.97 × 10 −5 cm / s
 

WEquivalent Permeability in Stratified Soil ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬4.4

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬E n F‫א‬E4.5F‫א‬
 E H FW‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
  (H 1 H2 H3 ... H n ) W‫א‬ •
  (k x1 k x2 k x3 ... k xn ) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  (k z 1 k z2 k z 3 ... k zn ) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ k x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
H 1 k x1 + H 2 k x 2 + H 3 k x 3 + ... + H n k xn
  kx =     E4.9F
H
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ k z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
H
kz =     E4.10F
H1 H 2 H 3 Hn
+ + + ... +
k z1 k z 2 k z 3 k zn

k1x

H1
k1z

k2x
‫א‬‫א‬

H2
k2z

k3x
H3 k3z
H
k...x
H ... k...z

knx
Hn
knz

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE4.5F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE4.5F
، ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
H1 = 3 m k1 = 80 × 10 −6 m / sec
  H2 = 5 m k 2 = 20 × 10 −5 m / sec
H3 = 8 m k 3 = 65 × 10 −6 m / sec
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W k x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H 1 k x1 + H 2 k x 2 + H 3 k x 3
kx =
H1 + H 2 + H 3

3 × 80 × 10 −6 + 5 × 20 × 10 −5 + 8 × 65 × 10 −6
kx = = 1.1 × 10 − 4 m / sec
3+5+8
 W k z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H1 + H 2 + H 3
  kz =
H1 H 2 H 3
+ +
k z1 k z 2 k z 3
3+5+8
kz = = 8.6 × 10 −5 m / sec
3 5 8
+ +
80 × 10 −6 20 × 10 −5
65 × 10 −6

WFactors Affecting Soil Permeability ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬4.5

 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٥

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WProblems
، 2 % ‫א‬‫א‬ 2 × 10 −4 m / s  2 m  (١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K (QF‫א‬

42 m
18 m ‫א‬EQF

5.4 m

2.2 m k = 4 × 10 −3 m / s

16.5 m

 
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٣

k = 8 × 10 −3 cm / sec
3m

k = 4 × 10 −2 cm / sec
2m

4m k = 2 × 10 −4 cm / sec

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٥٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

:Introduction  5.1

W ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، (x, y, z ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KN/m2، ‫א‬L ‫א‬
 y  x 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ z ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 (τ ) normal stress (σ ) ‫א‬،E5.1F
 Kshear stresses

σ zz

τ zy

τ zx
τ xy

σ xx
τ yx
x
τ xz
τ yz
σ yy

y
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5.1F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Stresses induced by the self weight of the soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5.2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  σ v ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
  σ v =γ z      E5.1F
 
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ z ‫א‬ γ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
 K‫א‬ σ h ،E5.2F‫א‬

‫א‬
σv

σv

γz σh σh
z
σv

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5.2F
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  σ v = ∑ γ ∆z       E5.2F
 
 z w ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
   u = γ w zw       E5.3F
 
 K 9.81 kN / m 3 ‫א‬‫א‬ γ w ‫א‬ u 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KE σ v F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   σ v =σv −u      E5.4F
 
 KETerzaghi EquationF‫א‬E٥.٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE5.1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ،E5.3F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

2m ‫ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ‬

5m ‫ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬Sand
3m γ (sand ) = 18.2 kN / m 3

 
‫ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ‬Clay
4m γ (clay ) = 19.8 kN / m 3

‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺼﺨﺭﻴﺔ‬
 E5.1FWE5.3F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬E
 W (z = 2.0 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ v = 2 × 18.2 = 36.40 kN / m 2 ‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 u = 0 W‫א‬ ƒ
 σ v = σ v − u = 36.40 − 0 = 36.40 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 W (z = 5.0 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ v = 36.40 + 3 × 18.20 = 91.00 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
  u = 3 × 9.81 = 29.43 kN / m 2 W‫א‬ ƒ
σ v = σ v − u = 91.00 − 29.43 = 61.57kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 W (z = 7.0 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ v = 91.00 + 2 × 19.80 = 130.60 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
  u = 29.43 + 2 × 9.81 = 49.05 kN / m 2 W‫א‬ ƒ
σ v = σ v − u = 130.60 − 49.05 = 81.55kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫ א‬E

 W (z = 7.0 m ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 σ v = 5 × 18.2 + 2 × 19.80 = 130.60 kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
  u = 5 × 9.81 = 49.05 kN / m 2 W‫א‬ ƒ
 σ v = σ v − u = 130.60 − 49.05 = 81.55kN / m 2 W‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 
 KE5.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2m

5m
3m

4m
130.60 kN/m2 49.05 kN/m2 81.55 kN/m2

z z z

 E5.1F‫א‬WE5.4F

 
Total stress with a surface surcharge loadW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5.3
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ، q    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E5.5F ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 σ v = γ z + q       E5.5F
 

q ‫א‬‫א‬

z
σv

σh σh
σv
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE5.5F
 
 WE5.2F
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،E5.6F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K50 kN/m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
E5.4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (z = 8.5 m ) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ (5.5)
 
σ v = q + (σ v − u )
  = 50 + (2.5 × 17.5 + 6 × 19) − (5 × 9.81)
= 158.7 kN / m 2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

q = 50 kN/m2

2.5 m ‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻜﺎﻡ‬ γ = 17.5 kN / m 3

1.0 m

γ = 19.0kN / m 3
‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﻤﻲ‬
5.0 m

‫ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺼﺨﺭﻴﺔ‬

 E5.2FWE5.6F
 
Stresses in soil due to footing pressure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5.4
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2:1
 KE5.7F‫א‬
‫א‬  ∆q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 
Q
  ∆q = (5.6)
( L + z )( B + z )
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = Q
 ‫א‬ = L
 ‫א‬ = B
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = z

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

1
z

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2:1WE5.7F
 
 W (5.6)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Q
  ∆q = (5.7)
( B + z) 2
 
The Boussinesq method for soil stresses‫א‬‫א‬ 5.5
   ،   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ( X , Y , Z ) ‫א‬E5.8F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬K O ‫א‬‫א‬ P ‫א‬
 K (σ x , σ y , σ z ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (x, y, z ) ‫א‬‫א‬

x
O X

r y

Y R σz
σy z

σx
Z

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE5.8F

 W A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
3P z 3
 σ z = (5.8)
2π R 5
 
⎡ 3x 2 z ⎛ x2 − y2 y 2 z ⎞⎤
 σ x = P ⎢ 5 − (1 − 2ν )⎜ 2
⎜ + 3 2 ⎟⎟⎥ (5.9)
2π ⎣ R ⎝ Rr ( R + z ) R r ⎠⎦

 

P ⎡3y 2 z ⎛ y2 − x2 x2 z ⎞⎤
σy = ⎢ − (1 − 2ν )⎜ +
⎜ Rr 2 (R + z ) R 3 r 2 ⎟⎟⎥ (5.10)
2π ⎣ R 5 ⎝ ⎠⎦
 W

 r = x2 + y2     R = x2 + y2 + z2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
ν ،E5.8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٠{٥‫א‬٠{٥‫א‬Poisson' s ratio
 
 (5.3F
 ،  ‫א‬ ،500 kN ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 ٥ m  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  K ν = 0.5 ‫א‬،y = 3 mx = 3 m‫א‬

 W‫א‬

r = x 2 + y 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 = 5.00 m

R = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 2 + 4 2 + 5 2 = 7.07 m 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3P z 3 3 × 500 ⎛ 5 3 ⎞
σz = = ⎜ ⎟ = 1.69 kN / m 2
2π R 5 2π ⎜⎝ (7.07 )2 ⎟
⎠

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ν = 0.5 

⎛ 3x 2 z ⎞
P
 σ x = ⎜⎜ 5 ⎟⎟
2π⎝ R ⎠
500 ⎛ 33 2 5 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ = 0.61 kN / m 2 
⎜
2π ⎝ (7.07 ) ⎠5 ⎟

⎛ 3y 2 z ⎞
 σ y =
P
⎜⎜ 5 ⎟⎟
2π
⎝ R ⎠
500 ⎛ 3 × 4 2 × 5 ⎞
 = ⎜⎜ 5 ⎟
⎟ = 1.08 kN / m 2 
2π ⎝ (7.07 ) ⎠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WProblems

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

6m γ = 17.0 kN / m 3

γ = 19.0 kN / m 3
4m

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
EA‫א‬F‫א‬E σ v F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E u F‫א‬E σ v F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

1m

5m γ = 19.5 kN / m 3 γ = 19.5 kN / m 3 γ = 19.5 kN / m 3

A A A
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ،  ‫א‬ K ٥٠٠ kN ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K٣
 K‫א‬٨ m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٤m2‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
6m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠٠٠ kN ‫א‬
K٢W١‫א‬
 

- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

   Q2  Q1 ‫א‬  A ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٥
 Kν = 0.5 ٠Zy‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

Q2=1200 kN Q1=600 kN
3m 2m

4m

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 W‫א‬

‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ رﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬ G s = 2.66

2m ‫ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬ e = 0.55

2m ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ رﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬ G s = 2.66

e = 0.48

w = 34.65%
‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻃﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
3m e = 2.74

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  
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

:Introduction 
6.1
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬   K‫א‬         ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،  
KE٦{١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F
F
F
F
           
           
              
         ‫א‬‫א‬
 
              
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦{١F
 

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

:Coulomb’s Shear Strength Equation ‫א‬  ٦{٢

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    Eτ F ‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W،E A F‫א‬E F F
             
F
  τ =       E٦{١F 
A
 
E N F‫א‬‫א‬ E σ F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
N
  σ =       E٦{٢F
A
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   τ = c + σ tan φ      E٦{٣F
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ φ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ c 
 KE٦{٢F‫א‬
τ  
 
τ = c + σ tan φ
 
 
φ  
 
c  
 
σ  
 ‫א‬E٦{٢F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬Failure Envelope‫א‬E٦{٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Mohr’s Circle‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WMohr’s Circle‫א‬ ٦{٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Major Principal Stress E σ 1 F‫א‬‫א‬
       ،E٦{٣F ‫א‬   Minor Principal Stress E σ 3 F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ θ ‫א‬
 
σ1  
 
 
 
 
σ3 σ3  
θ  
 
 
 
 
 σ 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦{٣F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،E θ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E c F ‫א‬  E φ F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦{٤F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
σ1  
 
τ τ  
σ3 τ = c + σ tan φ 
σ  
φ  
 
 
σ1 − σ 3
q=  
2θ 2
c
θ  
σ3 σ1   σ
σ1 + σ 3  
c cot φ p=
2  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦{٤F   
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
σ1 − σ 3
  sin φ = q
= 2     E٦{٤F
c cot φ + p σ1 + σ 3
c cot ι +
2
 
‫א‬‫א‬E٦{٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  σ 1 = σ 3 tan 2 (45 + φ ) + 2c tan(45 + φ )      E٦{٥F

2 2
 
  σ 3 = σ 1 tan 2 (45 − φ ) − 2c tan(45 − φ )      E٦{٦F
2 2
 
σ1 + σ 3 σ1 − σ 3
 σ = + cos 2θ       E٦{٧F
2 2
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦{٥F‫א‬،‫א‬
 
τ  
 
 
τ = c + σ tan φ
 
 
 
c
 
φ  
  σ
‫א‬‫א‬E٦{٥F  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WShear Strength for Saturated Soil‫א‬‫א‬ ٦{٤

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥{٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W
   σ =σ −u      

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  τ = c + σ tan φ      E٦{٨F
 
           ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ،       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬، E φ = 0 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 τ = c      E٦{٩F
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  τ = σ tan φ     E٦{١٠F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
:Soil Tests to Determine Shear Strength ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦{٥
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Direct Shear Test‫א‬‫א‬ •
Triaxial Compression Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Unconfined Compression Test‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WDirect Shear Test‫א‬‫א‬
E٦{٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦{٦F
 WE٦{١F
 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EkPaF φ  c  ،21mm‫א‬55 mm 
 W
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 Ph EkgF Pv EkgF
 ٣{١  ٤  ١

 ٤{٧  ٨  ٢

 ٥{٦  ١٢  ٣
 
 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 WE١F‫א‬،‫א‬
 
4 × 9.81 × 10000
Pv = = 13.0 kPa
5.5 × 5.5 × 1000

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
3.1 × 9.81 × 10000
  Ph = = 10.0 kPa
5.5 × 5.5 × 1000
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
  τ (kPa) σ (kPa)

 ١٠{٠  ١٣{٠  ١

 ١٤{٦  ٢٥{٩  ٢

 ١٨{٨  ٣٨{٩  ٣
 
 

τ (kPa)

σ (kPa)
  
 
 E٦{١F φ  c ‫א‬WE٦{٧F
 

- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬E٦{٧F‫א‬
 
φ = 17.4 o
 
c = 5.6 kPa
 
 WE٦{٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  φ = 16 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
c = 0.50
kg
‫א‬ •
cm 2
σ 1 = 3.0
kg
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫• א‬
cm 2
 
 W‫א‬
K σ 3 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫؟‬E σ ,τ ) = (1.55 kg
2
kg
, 0.80 2 F‫א‬ •
cm cm

 W‫א‬

- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬E٦{٢F‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬E٦{٨F
 KE σ 3 F‫א‬E σ 1 F
 
kg
τ( 2)
cm  
 
٢.  
 
١.
 
 
١.
(1.55, 0.80)  
φ = 16 o

٠.  
c = 0.5  
kg  
σ( )
٠.٥ ١.٠ ١.٥   ٢.٠ ٢.٥ ٣.٠ cm 2 
E٦{٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦{٨F
  
 
kg
 K σ 3 = 1.35 W‫א‬‫א‬E٦{٨F‫א‬
cm 2

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E (1.55 , 0.80 F

 K‫א‬

 

 

- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WProblems

‫א‬، φ = 36 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫؟‬150N ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
KE‫א‬F 3 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
kg kg
 τ ( ) σ( )
cm 2 cm 2
 ٠{٢٨  ٠{٤

 ٠{٦٦  ٠{٨

 ١{٥١  ١{٦
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٢٠ kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٢٢kPa
‫ ؟‬θ = 60 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E σ F
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 
  σ1 =
1 + sinφ
σ3 1 − sinφ
 
 
 

- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

:Introduction  7.1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Earth pressure at rest‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
Active earth pressure ‫א‬‫ א‬E٦
Passive earth pressure ‫א‬‫ א‬E٧

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
:Earth pressure at rest ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7.2
‫א‬ z ‫א‬‫א‬E7.1F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K σ h  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    σ v  ‫א‬ 
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ σ o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 σ o = K oσ v       E7.1F
- ٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K o K‫א‬‫א‬ σ v = γ z 

 W‫א‬ 1.00.5‫א‬
 
  Ko = 1 − sin φ       E7.2F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ φ 

‫א‬

z σv = γ z

 
σh σh

σv
σ h = σ o = K oσ v

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.1F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ H ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KE K oσ v F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE7.2F

 W‫א‬‫א‬ Po ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 
1
  Po = Koγ H 2       E7.3F
2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

:Rankine's theory of active and passive earth pressure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

1
H  Po = K oγ H 2
2

H
3

 K oγ H

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.2F‫א‬
 
 

 WActive pressure‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3.1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E7.3F‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ σ a ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 σ a = K aσ v − 2c K a       E7.4F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K a ،‫א‬ c 

1 − sin φ ⎛ φ⎞
  Ka = = tan⎜ 45 − ⎟       E7.5F
1 + sin φ ⎝ 2⎠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W،E7.4F‫א‬، Pa ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
  Pa = K a γ H 2 − 2cH K a       E7.6F
2

‫א‬

z σv = γ z

σa σa

σv
σ a 〈σ o

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.3F‫א‬

− 2c K a

 zo

H
1
 Pa = K a γ H 2 − 2cH K a
2

H − zo
3

γ HK a − 2c K a

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.4F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

، z o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
2c
  zo =       E7.7F
γ Ka
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ φ = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2c
  zo =       E7.8F
γ
 
 WPassive pressure‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E7.5F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ σ p ‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
σv = γ z
z

σp σp

σv σ p 〉σ o

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.5F‫א‬

- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 σ p = K pσ v + 2c K p       E7.9F

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K p 

1 + sin φ ⎛ φ⎞
Kp = = tan⎜ 45 + ⎟ (7.10)
1 − sin φ ⎝ 2⎠

 W،E7.6F‫א‬، Pp ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
  Pp = K p γ H 2 + 2cH K p       E7.11F
2
 

1
 Pp = K p γ H 2 + 2cH K p
2

H
H
2
H
3

2c K p γ HK p

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7.6F‫א‬
 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K KE7.1F ‫א‬ 
 KE7K7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K p  K a WE7.1F

φ (o) Ka Kp
10 0.703 1.42
15 0.589 1.70
20 0.490 2.04
25 0.406 2.46
30 0.333 3.00
35 0.271 3.69
40 0.217 4.61
45 0.171 5.83
 ‫א‬‫א‬

σp

σo
σa

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE7K7F‫א‬

 WE7.1F
KE7.8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

γ = 17.0 kN / m 3
3m φ = 30 o
c=0

water level

γ sat = 19.5 kN / m 3
2m
φ = 30 o
c=0

 E7.1FWE7.8F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K o = 1 − sin φ
= 1 − sin 30 = 0.50
 W H = 3 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
σ o = K oσ v

= 0.50 × 17.0 × 3 = 25.5 kN / m 2

 W H = 5 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
σ o = 0.50 × 17.0 × 3 + 0.50 × (19.5 − 9.81) × 2 = 35.19 kN / m 2

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  u = 9.81 × 2 = 19.62 kN / m 2
 

- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 KE7.9F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Po(1) = 1 × 3 × 25.5 = 38.25 kN / m

2
  Po(2 ) = 2 × 25.5 = 51.00 kN / m
1
  Po (3) = × 2 × (35.19 − 25.5) = 9.69 kN / m
2
1
  Po (4 ) = × 2 × 19.62 = 19.62 kN / m
2
 
 
 
 
3m  
Po (1)
 
25 .5 kN / m 2

Po (2 )  
2m
  Po (3 ) Po (4 )
2
 35
 .19 kN / m 19.62 kN / m 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 E7.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧{٩F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Po = Po (1) + Po ( 2) + Po ( 3) + Po ( 4 )
 
= 38.25 + 51.00 + 9.69 + 19.62 = 118.56 kN / m
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ (h ) ‫א‬
 
- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
1 2 2 2
38.25 × (3 × + 2) + 51.00 × + 9.69 × + 19.62 ×
3 2 3 3
 h =
118.56
= 1.56 m
 

 WSoil surface sloping‫א‬ 7.3.3

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ β ‫א‬‫א‬،E7.10F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
Pa = K aγ H 2 (7.12)
2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 φ
K a = cos β ⋅ (7.13)
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 φ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
Pa = K aγ H 2
2
H β

H
3

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.10F‫א‬
- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 φ
K p = cos β ⋅ (7.14)
cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 φ
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (7.13)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧{٣FE٧{٢F‫א‬‫א‬E٧{١٤F
(Foundation Analysis and Design, by J. E. Bowles) K a WE7.2F
β  φ = 26  28  30 32 34 36 38  40 42
 0 0.3905 0.3610 0.3333 0.3073 0.2827 0.2596 0.2379 0.2174 0.1982
 5 0.3959 0.3656 0.3372 0.3105 0.2855 0.2620 0.2399 0.2192 0.1997
 10 0.4134 0.3802 0.3495 0.3210 0.2944 0.2696 0.2464 0.2247 0.2044
 15 0.4480 0.4086 0.3729 0.3405 0.3108 0.2834 0.2581 0.2346 0.2129
 20 0.5152 0.4605 0.4142 0.3739 0.3381 0.3060 0.2769 0.2504 0.2262
 25 0.6999 0.5727 0.4936 0.4336 0.3847 0.3431 0.3070 0.2750 0.2465
 30 - - 0.8660 0.5741 0.4776 0.4105 0.3582 0.3151 0.2784
 35 - - - - - 0.5971 0.4677 0.3906 0.3340
 40 - - - - - - - 0.7660 0.4668
(Foundation Analysis and Design, by J. E. Bowles) K p WE٧{٣F
β  φ = 26  28  30 32 34 36 38  40 42
 0 2.5611 2.7698 3.0000 3.2546 3.5371 3.8518 4.2037 4.5989 5.0447
 5 2.5070 2.7145 2.9431 3.1957 3.4757 3.7875 4.1360 4.5272 4.9684
 10 2.3463 2.5507 2.7748 3.0216 3.2946 3.5980 3.9365 4.3161 4.7437
 15 2.0826 2.2836 2.5017 2.7401 3.0024 3.2926 3.6154 3.9766 4.3827
 20 1.7141 1.9176 2.1318 2.3618 2.6116 2.8857 3.1888 3.5262 3.9044
 25 1.1736 1.4343 1.6641 1.8942 2.1352 2.3938 2.6758 2.9867 3.3328
 30 - - 0.8660 1.3064 1.5705 1.8269 2.0937 2.3802 2.6940
 35 - - - - - 1.1239 1.4347 1.7177 2.0088
 40 - - - - - - - 0.7660 1.2570
 

- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE7.2F
 W‫א‬‫א‬5.5 m‫א‬‫א‬
φ = 35 o
 c = 0
γ = 17. kN / m 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، β = 10 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
1 − sin φ 1 − sin 35
  Ka = = = 0.271
1 + sin φ 1 + sin 35
 
1 + sin φ 1 + sin 35
 Kp = = = 3.690
1 − sin φ 1 − sin 35
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
  Pa K a γ H 2 = × 0.271 × 17 × (5.5) = 69.68 kN / m
2
=
2 2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
  Pp K p γ H 2 = × 3.690 ×17 × (5.5) = 948.80 kN / m
2
=
2 2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H = 1.83 m ‫א‬‫א‬
3
 
 W β = 10 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E


cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 φ cos10 − cos 2 10 − cos 2 35

K a = cos β ⋅ = cos10 × = 0.282
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 φ cos10 + cos 2 10 − cos 2 35
 

- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
K a γ H 2 = × 0.282 × 17 × (5.5) = 72.51 kN / m
2
Pa =
2 2
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H = 1.83 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
 

 WSurcharges‫א‬‫א‬ 7.3.4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، q ‫א‬E7.11F‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 W z ‫א‬
 
 σ v = q + γz (7.15)
 
q

qK a

γ HK a

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE7.11F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  σ a = (q + γz )1 − sin φ = (q + γz )K a (7.16)
1 + sin φ
 
 W H ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
  Pa = γ H 2 K a + qHK a (7.17)
2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E7.11F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
1
PP = γH 2 K P + qHK P (7.18)
2

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ q ‫א‬‫א‬ H 

 
 WE7.3F
 K‫א‬‫א‬،E7.12F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
q = 450 kN / m 2

4m γ = 19 kN / m 3
φ = 30 o
c=0

 E7.3FWE7.12F‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1 − sin φ 1 − sin 30
  Ka = = = 0.333
1 + sin φ 1 + sin 30
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1 1
  Pa = γ H 2 K a + qHK a = × 19 × 4 2 × 0.333 + 450 × 4 × 0.333 = 650 kN / m
2 2
 
 W‫א‬ h ‫א‬

qK a = 150 kN / m 2

4m Pa = 650 kN / m

h = 1.95 m

γHK a = 25.33 kN / m 2

 
4 1 4
150 × 4 × + × 25.33 × 4 ×
 h = 2 2 3 = 1.95 m
650
 

- ١٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WProblems
‫א‬4.5 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬

γ = 18.6 kN / m 3
45m φ = 34 o
c=0

‫א‬6.0 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬

6.0 m

γ = 17.8 kN / m 3
φ = 10
c = 12 kPa

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

q = 500 kN / m 2

γ = 17.5 kN / m 3
5.0 m φ = 32 o
c=0

 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
H = 4 .5 m
γ = 18.0 kN / m 3
 
φ = 34 o
β = 10 o
  Pp = 320 kN  Pa = 405 kN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ d  H ‫א‬ K٥

γ = 20 kN / m 3
H φ = 35 o

Pa = 405 kN
d
Pp = 320 kN

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 
 K٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WIntroduction 8.1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.0 %0.5 %‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬،،‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
WSubsurface Exploration Program‫א‬‫א‬ 8.2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

 ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WSoil Borings Methods‫א‬ 8.3

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8.3.1
،  ‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KEtest pitF‫א‬
 KE8.1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‬  

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‫ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺣﻔﺮة اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE8.1F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬Ehand augersF‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬E8.2F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE8.2F
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8.3.2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WRotary Drilling ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EbitF‫א‬
 K‫א‬E8.3F‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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 ‫א‬WE8.3F
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K‫א‬‫א‬sampler‫א‬‫א‬

WWash Boring ‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،3.5 m2.0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EcasingF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8.4F‫א‬K
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE8.4F
 EBowles, J. E. - 1997F
 
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
WPercussion Drilling ‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E8.5F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WContinuous-Flight Auger ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8.5F
 
Soil Sampling‫א‬ 8.4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
EFW ‫א‬K‫א‬
Kundisturbed sampleEFdisturbed sample
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Disturbed sampleEF 8.4.1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
Undisturbed sampleEF 8.4.2
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 WSplit-Spoon Method‫א‬‫א‬
E8.6F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K1.5 m،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE8.6F
 (Das, B. M. - 1993)

 WShelby Tubes Method

‫א‬،Thin Wall Tube‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬76.2 mm50.8 mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60 cm‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE8.7F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 WE8.7F
 (Das, B. M. – 1993)
 
 
WField Tests‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8.5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫• א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

:ESPTF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬0.762 m‫א‬623 N
ENF
15 cm‫א‬‫א‬45 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K N‫א‬ 
N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Liao and F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE N ′ F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EWhitman, 1986
 
  N ′ = C N N F E٨{١F
 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬= N ′
 ‫א‬ = C N
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = N F
 
 W‫א‬
 
1
  CN = E٨{٢F
σ′
 
 KE ton3 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ σ ′ 
ft
E٨{١F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E φ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Dr F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨{١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  N′  Dr (%)  φ(deg)
 0-5 0-5 26-30
 5-10 5-30 28-35
 10-30 30-60 35-42
 30-50 60-95 38-46

WSubsurface Profile‫א‬‫א‬ 8.6

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E8K8F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬E8.9F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE8.8F
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
 WE8.9F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

WSoil Investigation Report‫א‬ 8.7

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 K‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١
W‫א‬ E١٢
K ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Water Content Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.01 gm‫א‬
110 o C ± 5 o C ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K W1 ،‫א‬
 K W2 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 110 o C  105 o C   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K٣
 K24‫א‬،12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K W3 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،

 W‫א‬‫א‬
، Ws ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ww ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  w(%) = Ww × 100
Ws
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  w(%) = W2 − W3 × 100
W3 − W1

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  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﺎﺀ‬

‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
 EF
‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
 EF

EF‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

E٪F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Liquid Limit Test‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cassagrande‫א‬‫א‬ K١
0.01 gm‫א‬ K٢
110 o C ± 5 o C ‫א‬ K٣
  K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 40 K٦
  K٧
  K٨
 
 W‫א‬
K1 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬40‫א‬100-150 gm‫א‬ .٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،٦
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
- ١٢٣ -
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
  w(%) = W2 − W3 × 100
W3 − W1
 W
  ‫א‬ = W1
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ = W2
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬ = W2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢٤ -
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬     KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬
EF‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
E٪F‫א‬‫א‬
 (NF‫א‬

- ١٢٥ -
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Plastic Limit Test‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K١
0.01 gm‫א‬ K٢
110 o C ± 5 o C ‫א‬ K٣
  K٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 40 K٦
  K٧
  K٨
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 40‫א‬ 15 gm‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬ 1 (≈ 3 mm ) ‫א‬
8
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K٣٢‫א‬ K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  PL = PL1 + PL2 + PL3
3
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  •
K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٦ -
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬     KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬

PLE٪F‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٧ -
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Grain Size Distribution ‫א‬‫א‬
 Sieve Analysis Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
0.1 gm‫א‬ K٢
110 o C ± 5 o C ‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬ K٤
  K٥

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬500 gm‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬E5F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  100 × E‫א‬‫א‬ ÷ ‫א‬‫א‬F = ‫א‬ •
= ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J100% = ‫א‬‫א‬ •

- ١٢٨ -
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KKKKKKKW‫א‬KKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKW‫א‬KKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKW‫א‬   KKKKKKKKKW‫א‬
 KKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬   KKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKW‫א‬   KKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫وزن اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺮاآﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬ 
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ وزن‬+
‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫א‬
(%) (%) (‫)ﺟﻢ‬ (‫)ﻣﻢ‬
(%) (‫)ﺟﻢ‬ (‫)ﺟﻢ‬
25.40 -

12.70 -

6.35 -

4.75 4

2.00 10

0.850 20

0.425 40

0.15 100

0.074 200

Pan

- ١٢٩ -
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Grain Size Distribution ‫א‬‫א‬
 Hydrometer Analysis Test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K٣
0.1 gm‫א‬ K٤
110 o C ± 5 o C ‫א‬ K٥
  K٦
 K٧
 K٨
 K٩
  K١٠

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬200 ‫א‬‫א‬50 gm ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K
‫ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺤﻠ ﻮل ﻣﺜ ﻞ ﻣﻴﺘ ﺎ ﻓﻮﺳ ﻔﺎت اﻟﺼ ﻮدﻳﻮم‬125 ml250 ml‫א‬ K٢
.‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬16 ‫א‬‫א‬،4% ‫اﻟﺬي ﺗﺮآﻴﺰﻩ‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ 15 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K1000 ml

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  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬ K٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K2520‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1440, 250, 60, 30, 15, 5W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
K‫א‬
K0.01 gm‫א‬ K١١
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬ K١٢
K‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
.0.01 gm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE١٣FE١١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
30n
D= (Gs − GT ) L
980 T
L
=K
T
 

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  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
:
 EmmF‫א‬ =D

 EpoisesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =n

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Gs

 KE1F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = GT

 EminF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =T

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =K

 KE2F
 KE3F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ =L

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
⎡ G 100000 ⎤
N =⎢ s × ⎥ (R − GT )
⎣ s
G − 1 w s ⎦

:
 E%F‫א‬‫א‬ =N

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = Gs

 KE1F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = GT

 ‫א‬‫א‬ = ws

 ‫א‬‫א‬ =R

 
 

- ١٣٢ -
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F

o
C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0 0.9999 0.9997 0.9982 0.9957 0.9922 0.9881 0.9832 0.9778 0.9718 0.9653

1 0.9999 0.9996 0.9980 0.9954 0.9919 0.9876 0.9827 0.9772 0.9712 0.9647

2 1.000 0.9995 0.9978 0.9951 0.9915 0.9872 0.9822 0.9767 0.9706 0.9640

3 1.000 0.9994 0.9976 0.9947 0.9911 0.9867 0.9817 0.9761 0.9699 0.9633

4 1.000 0.9993 0.9973 0.9944 0.9907 0.9862 0.9811 0.9755 0.9693 0.9626

5 1.000 0.9991 0.9971 0.9941 0.9902 0.9857 0.9806 0.9749 0.9686 0.9619

6 1.000 0.9990 0.9968 0.9937 0.9808 0.9852 0.9800 0.9743 0.9680 0.9612

7 0.9999 0.9988 0.9965 0.9934 0.9894 0.9848 0.9795 0.9737 0.9673 .9605

8 0.9999 0.9986 0.9963 0.9930 0.9890 0.9842 0.9789 0.9731 0.9667 0.9598

9 0.9998 0.9984 0.9960 0.9926 0.9885 0.9838 0.9784 0.9724 0.9660 0.9591

- ١٣٣ -
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬WE٢F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬Gs )

 E o C F
2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.65 2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85

16 0.01510 0.01505 0.01481 0.01457 0.01435 0.01414 0.01394 0.01374 0.01356

17 0.01511 0.01486 0.01462 0.01439 0.01417 0.01396 0.01376 0.01356 0.01338

18 0.01492 0.01467 0.01443 0.01421 0.01399 0.01378 0.01359 0.01339 0.01321

19 0.01474 0.01449 0.01425 0.01403 0.01382 0.01361 0.01342 0.01323 0.01305

20 0.01456 0.01431 0.01408 0.01386 0.01365 0.01344 0.01325 0.01307 0.01289

21 0.01438 0.01414 0.01391 0.01369 0.01348 0.01328 0.01309 0.01291 0.01273

22 0.01421 0.01397 0.01374 0.01353 0.01332 0.01312 0.01294 0.01276 0.01258

23 0.01404 0.01381 0.01358 0.01337 0.01317 0.01297 0.01279 0.01261 0.01243

24 0.01388 0.01365 0.01342 0.01321 0.01301 0.01282 0.01264 0.01246 0.01229

25 0.01372 0.01349 0.01327 0.01306 0.01286 0.01267 0.01249 0.01232 0.01215

26 0.01357 0.01334 0.01312 0.01291 0.01272 0.01253 0.01235 0.01218 0.01201

27 0.01342 0.01319 0.01297 0.01277 0.01258 0.01239 0.01221 0.01204 0.01188

28 0.01327 0.01304 0.01283 0.01264 0.01244 0.01225 0.01208 0.01191 0.01175

29 0.01312 0.01290 0.01269 0.01249 0.01230 0.01212 0.01195 0.01178 0.01162

30 0.01298 0.01276 0.01256 0.01236 0.01217 0.01199 0.01182 0.01165 0.01149

- ١٣٤ -
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F
151H 152H
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L, cm ‫א‬ L, cm ‫א‬ L, cm
1.000 16.3 0 16.3 39 9.9
1.001 16.0 1 16.1 40 9.7
1.002 15.8 2 16.0 41 9.6
1.003 15.5 3 15.8 42 9.4
1.004 15.2 4 15.6 43 9.2
1.005 15.0 5 15.5 44 9.1
1.006 14.7 6 15.3 45 8.9
1.007 14.4 7 15.2 46 8.8
1.008 14.2 8 15.0 47 8.6
1.009 13.9 9 14.8 48 8.4
1.010 13.7 10 14.7 49 8.3
1.011 13.4 11 14.5 50 8.1
1.012 13.1 12 14.3 51 7.9
1.013 12.9 13 14.2 52 7.8
1.014 12.6 14 14.0 53 7.6
1.015 12.3 15 13.8 54 7.4
1.016 12.1 16 13.7 55 7.3
1.017 11.8 17 13.5 56 7.1
1.018 11.5 18 13.3 57 7.0
1.019 11.3 19 13.2 58 6.8
1.020 11.0 20 13.0 59 6.6
1.021 10.7 21 12.9 60 6.5
1.022 10.5 22 12.7
1.023 10.2 23 12.5
1.024 10.0 24 12.4
1.025 9.7 25 12.2
1.026 9.4 26 12.0
1.027 9.2 27 11.9
1.028 8.9 28 11.7
1.029 8.6 29 11.5
1.030 8.4 30 11.4
1.031 8.1 31 11.2
1.032 7.8 32 11.1
1.033 7.6 33 10.9
1.034 7.3 34 10.7
1.035 7.0 35 10.6
1.036 6.8 36 10.4

- ١٣٥ -
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  References ‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬?E١٩٨٨F‫א‬ K١
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ? E١٩٨٨F ‫א‬   K٢
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬?E١٩٩٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
Atkinsom, J. (1993), “An Introduction to the Mechanics of Soils and .٤
Foundations”, McGraw-Hill Inc.
Atkins, H. N. (1983), “Highway Materials, Soils, and Concretes”, 2nd Edition, .٥
Prentice-Hall Company, Virginia.
Bowles, J. E. (1997) “Foundation Analysis and Design”, McGraw-Hill Inc. .٦
Das, B. M. (1993) “Principles of Geotechnical Engineering”, 3rd Edition, .٧
PWS Publishing Company, Boston.
Lambe, T. W. & Whitman, R. V. (1969) “Soil Mechanics”, John Wiley & .٨
Sons Inc., New York.
Smith, G. N. & Smith, I. G. (1998) “Elements of Soil Mechanics”, 7th Edition, .٩
Blackwell Science.
Spangler, M. G. & Handy, R. L. (1982), “Soil Engineering”, 4th .١٠
Edition, Happer & Row, Publishers, Inc., New York.
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 

 1KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIntroduction١{١
 ٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Definitions١{٢
 ٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSoil Formation‫א‬١{٣
 ٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSoil Structure‫א‬١{٤
 ٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٥
 ٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ١١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIntroduction٢{١
  ١١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSoil Volumes and Weights Relationship‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢
 23KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Soil Consistency‫א‬‫א‬3.2
 29KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 31KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIntroduction٣{١
 32 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKParticle Size Distribution of Soil‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢
 32  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Sieve Analysis Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢{١
 34  K K K K K K K K K Hydrometer Analysis TestE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢{٢
 36  K K K K K K K K K K K Particle Size Distribution Curve‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢{٣
 40  K K K K K K K Unified Soil Classification System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣
 44  K K K K K K KSoil Classification usingEAASHTOFSystem‫א‬٣{٤
 50KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 52 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIntroduction٤{١
 53 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKDarcy's Law‫א‬٤{٢
 55KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKMeasurement of permeability‫א‬٤{٣
 55 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣{١
 60KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEPumping Test‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣{٢
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 62KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEquivalent Permeability in Stratified Soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٤

 64 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Factors Affecting Soil Permeability‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٥
 66KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 68KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIntroduction٥{١
 69KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKStresses Induced by the Self Weight of the Soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٢
 72KKKTotal Stress with a Surface Surcharge Load‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{٣
 74…….……...Stresses in Soil Due to Footing Pressure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{٤
 75KK.……...….The Boussinesq Method for Soil Stresses‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{٥
 80KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 82KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIntroduction٦{١
 83KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Coulum’s Shear Strength Equation‫א‬٦{٢
 84KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKMohr’s Circle‫א‬٦{٣
 86KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKShear Strength for Satuarated ‫א‬‫א‬ ٦{٤
 88.………..……....Soil Tests to Determine Shear Strength‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦{٥
 93KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 95KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIntroduction ٧{١
 95KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKEarth pressure at rest‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧{٢
 97KKKKRankine's theory of active and passive earth pressure ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧{٣
 97KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Active pressure‫א‬‫א‬٧{٣{١
 99KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPassive pressure‫א‬‫א‬٧{٣{٢
 104KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSoil surface sloping‫א‬٧{٣{٣
 107KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK Surcharges‫א‬‫א‬٧{٣{٤
 112KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 114KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKIntroduction ٨{١
 114KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSubsurface Exploration Program‫א‬‫א‬٨{٢
 116KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSoil Borings Methods‫א‬٨{٣
 116 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨{٣{١
  ٢٥٢  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 117 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨{٣{٢
 120KKKKKKKKK.KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSoil Sampling‫א‬ ٨{٤
 120 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K  Disturbed sampleEF٨{٤{١
 121 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KUndisturbed sampleEF٨{٤{٢
 123KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKField Tests‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨{٥
 125KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSubsurface Profile‫א‬‫א‬٨{٦
 127KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKSoil Investigation Report‫א‬٨{٧
 129…………………………..…..………….Water Content Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 131KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLiquid Limit Test‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 134KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKPlastic Limit Test‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 136KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK....KKKKKKKKKKSive Analysis Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 138KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKHydrometer Analysis Test‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 144……………..………..…………………………………………………References‫א‬‫א‬
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