 

 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬

 0
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  
،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ? ‫א‬   J‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       
 
 
 

 1
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

 8  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 11  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1K1

 11  ‫א‬‫א‬K1K1K1

 12  ‫א‬‫א‬K2K1K1

 13  ‫א‬‫א‬K2K1

 17 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1K2K1

 18  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2K2K1

 19  ‫א‬‫א‬1K2K2K1

 20  ‫א‬‫א‬2K2K2K1

 22  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3K2K2K1

 23  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4K2K2K1

 25  ‫א‬‫א‬5K2K2K1

 27  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6K2K2K1

 29  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7K2K2K1

 30  ‫א‬K3K1

 31  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J1

 33  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J1

 37  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J3 J1

 37  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J3 J1

 2
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 40  ‫א‬K4K1

 41 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1K4K1

 43  ‫א‬‫א‬K2K4K1

 45  ‫א‬‫א‬K5K1

 48  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K6K1

 50  ‫א‬‫א‬

 52  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 54  ‫א‬‫א‬K1K2

 55  ‫א‬‫א‬K1K1K2

 58  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2K1K2

 58  ‫א‬K1K2K1K2

 59  ‫א‬‫א‬K2K2K1K2

 62   ‫א‬‫א‬K3K2K1K2

 66   ‫א‬K4K2K1K2

 69  ‫א‬‫א‬K5K2K1K2

 77  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K6K2K1K2

 79  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3K1K2

 81  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4K1K2

 82  ‫א‬‫א‬K5K1K2

 82   ‫א‬‫א‬K2K2

 3
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 83  ‫א‬‫א‬K1K2K2

 83  E‫א‬ J‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K1K1K2K2

 86  ‫א‬K2K1K2K2

 86  ‫א‬K3K1K2K2

 87  ‫א‬K4K1K2K2

 87  ‫א‬‫א‬K5K1K2K2

 87  ‫א‬K6K1K2K2

 87  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K7K1K2K2

 88  ‫א‬‫א‬K2K2K2

 92  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3K2K2

 92  ‫א‬‫א‬K3K2

 93  ‫א‬‫א‬K1K3K2

 93  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2K3K2

 93  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3K3K2

 94  ‫א‬K4K2

 96  ‫א‬K1K4K2

 98  ‫א‬K2K4K2

 98  ‫א‬‫א‬K1K2K4K2

 98  ‫א‬‫א‬K2K2K4K2

 99  ‫א‬‫א‬K3K2K4K2

 4
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 99  ‫א‬K4K2K4K2

 99  ‫א‬K5K2K4K2

 99  ‫א‬K6K2K4K2

 100  ‫א‬K7K2K4K2

 100  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3K4K2

 101  ‫א‬‫א‬K4K4K2

 103  ‫א‬‫א‬
 104  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 105  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3
 106  ‫א‬‫א‬2 J3
 106  ‫א‬1 J2 J3
 107  ‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J3
 109  3 J2 J3
 110  ‫א‬‫א‬4 J2 J3
 111  ‫א‬‫א‬5 J2 J3
 111  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J3
 112  ‫א‬1 J3 J3
 113  ‫א‬2 J3 J3
 118  E‫א‬F‫א‬3 J3 J3
 119  ‫א‬‫א‬4 J3
 120  ‫א‬1 J4 J3
 122  ‫א‬2 J4 J3
 123  ‫א‬3 J4 J3

 5
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 124 ‫א‬‫א‬
 125  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 126  ‫א‬‫א‬K1K4
 126  ‫א‬1 J1 J4
 126  2 J1 J4
 127  ‫א‬3 J1 J4
 127  ‫א‬‫א‬2 J4
 129  ‫א‬‫א‬3 J4
 132  E‫א‬F‫א‬4 J4
 136  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J4
 136  ‫א‬‫א‬1 J5 J4
 140  ‫א‬2 J5 J4
 141  ‫א‬3 J5 J4
 143  ‫א‬‫א‬6 J4
 144  ‫א‬‫א‬1 J6 J4
 147  ‫א‬‫א‬2 J6 J4
 148  ‫א‬3 J6 J4
 149  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J6 J4
 150  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J6 J4
 151  4 J6 J4
 152  ‫א‬5 J6 J4
 153  ‫א‬6 J6 J4
 153  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J4
 156  ‫א‬‫א‬8 J4
 6
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 160  ‫א‬9 J4
 162  ‫א‬1 J9 J4
 162  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J9 J4
 163  E‫א‬‫א‬FL‫א‬‫א‬10 J4
 166 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 168  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

 7
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 8
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Electrical Energy Sources

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫?א‬ ?‫?א‬،‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬            ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ،  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  EKKKK‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬

 9
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬KKKKK
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J    J‫א‬  ‫א‬
    ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K     ‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬F ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 10
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 K1
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
Renewable  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Fossil Sources ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W 
 KKSources

 Fossil Sources ‫א‬‫א‬1K1 K1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
 KConventional sources‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    K  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Internal Combustion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Turbine ‫א‬ Engine
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 MHD Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 11
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J1
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     J2
 K‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   J3
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J4
 K‫א‬

 Renewable Sources ‫א‬‫א‬K2K1 K1

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬     
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 K
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬         J2
‫א‬          ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 12
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J1
FE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Solar Energy ‫א‬‫א‬2 K1

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
٪80  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬
E٪1‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬٪19‫א‬
   J‫א‬1110C6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  J‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 3010C 1.986
 13
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬2310C3.85،
  ‫א‬      ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    30    30    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
9  5  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J1
  ‫א‬‫א‬     K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J2
     ‫א‬     ، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
  J‫א‬  J‫א‬‫א‬ K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  J4

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬400‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 14
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      K   ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬212‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    360        ??
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??K 160
?? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ 60‫א‬
 1000  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   112  
 ‫א‬     ?‫א‬? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K
 K1760‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬          K‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
     23     ‫א‬ 4700 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 15
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ?? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
thermo-couple‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬????‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 1912??K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬ 45 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1914‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬??، 1954

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      1958    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬    E‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 16
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Direct Indirect 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1K2K1
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ Infra-red‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬       
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ Either water
‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 400‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E1 J1FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬        E2 J1F   ‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2K2K1

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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Ultra- ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ violet
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPhoto-voltaic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J‫א‬ ‫א‬  J‫א‬
 KPhoto-voltaic cells‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Solar Cells

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‫א‬‫א‬E1 J1F

 18
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J1F

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬1K2K2K1
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ PN Junction‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KN-type‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P-type‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
anti-reflection   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kcoating
 W J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
Silicon cells‫א‬‫ א‬
 CD sulphide ‫א‬ 
Ga Arsenid ‫א‬ 
 Thin films ‫א‬‫א‬ 

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 
  E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF
  E3 J1F   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Characteristics of solar cells ‫א‬‫א‬2K2K2K1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE4 J1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  ،E  F   ‫א‬     
Open ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   No load voltage ‫א‬   ‫א‬
KE4 J1FVoc‫א‬‫א‬،circuit voltage

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬

 20
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Solar cell ‫א‬‫א‬3 J1
 I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬      KE     
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KShort circuit‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Short circuit ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE4 J1FIsccurrent

 21
  
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J1F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3K2K2K1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   
 K ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
   ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KL‫א‬1000‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E5 J1F ‫א‬‫א‬
       K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5 J1F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4K2K2K1
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       ، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE6 J1F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K 12   ‫א‬    KModule ?  ‫א‬‫א‬
KE7 J1F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 23
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6 J1F

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬Module‫א‬E7 J1F

 24
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Photovoltaic Generator System‫א‬‫א‬5K2K2K1

Photovoltaic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kgenerator
 Solar array‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 Battery‫א‬ J2
 Charging and control unit‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 Inverter‫א‬ J4
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 Solar array‫א‬‫א‬ J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Modules ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 E8 J1F   KE7 J1F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8 J1F

 Battery‫א‬ J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫?א‬
 K‫א‬

 25
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Charging and control unit‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ thyristors ‫א‬   ‫א‬ Power Electronics
 MOSFET ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 IGBT

 Inverter‫א‬ J4
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
?Inverter‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?Rectifier‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  E9 J1F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E9 J1F

 26
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6K2K2K1
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬   Cathodic protection ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W1 J1
‫א‬ 6.5 9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    0.41   0.35  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF26=0.35L9=
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF16=0.41L6.5=
 ‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 416=16C26=

 27
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬26‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W2 J1
127‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 9.45 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K 2   12 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF11=12L127=
 ‫א‬L‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF5=2L9.45=
 ‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 55=5C11=
 11   ‫א‬‫א‬    5  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W3 J1
‫א‬3‫א‬10
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K 225  
 K7.0325.9‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 28
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬30=3C10=
 133.3=225L310C30=‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F  9 =25.9L225 =
 E
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF19=7.03L133.3=
 ‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 171=19C9=
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9‫א‬‫א‬19

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7K2K2K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E1980F1400
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 350      ?‫א‬ ‫?א‬ 
 ‫א‬ K K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 29
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ 
‫א‬ EMicro Wave F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K?‫א‬ ‫?א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Wind Energy ‫א‬3 K1

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Windmill ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
KWind turbine  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ 23 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ 24 ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬9
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Wind ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 30
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Farms
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Wind turbine‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J1

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  KVw 
  K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫?א‬
   K?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
    K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E10 J1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  E12 J1F   KE11 J1F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10 J1F

 

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11 J1F

  

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E12 J1F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Variable pitch angle turbine‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Fixed pitch angle turbine ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2F

    K    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬    
‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J1
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 KVw ‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،k‫א‬‫א‬ K2
 KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ Pw ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
1
(1-1) Pw   k D Vw
2 3

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  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Pw ‫א‬
‫א‬E3LF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELF
 EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ Pm‫א‬‫א‬
Cp ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Pm = Cp Pw (1-2)
 WCp‫א‬
 KVw‫א‬ K
 KNt‫א‬‫א‬ K
 D‫א‬ K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  J  J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Pm ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ EeF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WPe

Pe = e Pm (1-3)

‫א‬‫א‬Nt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،  D
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
  J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 34
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W4 J1
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K 8  ‫א‬ 
 3L 1.2‫א‬‫א‬L 12‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪36‫א‬

 W‫א‬
Pw‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 k D 2 Vw3 =Pw
8
1
52115.3 W =  *1.2 * 8 *12 =
2 3

8
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pm‫א‬‫א‬
Pm = Cp Pw
= 0.36* 52115.3 = 18762 W
= 18.762 KW
 5 J1
‫א‬‫א‬20‫א‬
K3L 1.18‫א‬‫א‬L 9‫א‬
 ‫؟‬٪33‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 Pm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pm = 20 * 746
= 14920 W
Pw‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pw = Pm / Cp = 14920 / 0.33
 35
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
= 45212 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 k D 2 Vw3 =Pw
8
1
 * 1.18 * D 2 * 93 45212 =
8
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     D = 11.57 m  W  
 ‫א‬11.57

 W6 J1
14‫א‬K‫א‬80‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20
‫א‬ K     K3L 1.21 ‫א‬‫א‬  L
٪31‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪75‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Pw‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 k D 2 Vw3 =Pw
8
1
*  *1.21 * 80 2 * 14 3 =
8
= 8344673 W ≈ 8.345 MW
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pm‫א‬‫א‬
Pm = Cp Pw = 0.31* 8.345
= 2.587 MW
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pe‫א‬‫א‬
Pe = e Pm = 0.75 * 2.587
= 1.94 MW
= PeT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 36
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ Pe ‫א‬ ‫× א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
PeT = 20 * 1.94 = 38.8 MWK

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J3 J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  DC Generators ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AC Generators ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 Synchronous Generators ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 Induction Generators‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 Permanent Magnet Generators ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J3 J1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Stand-alone (Isolated) System ‫א‬‫א‬ J K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K
 W
 Stand-alone ( Isolated ) System ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬

 37
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬    
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
       E13 J1F   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   Kinverter
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 38
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14 J1F
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F inverter ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
AC-DC-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E13 J1F
  AC Link

 39
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14 J1F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wound rotor induction generator

 

W‫א‬4 K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬           K‫א‬   
 K
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬     
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 40
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E15 J1FK‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E15 J1F
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬3.75‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Hydroelectric Power E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1K4K1

Stations
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 41
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪90 K1
 K٪40‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬       ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬
    ،        ‫א‬ E16 J1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Dam
KHead ‫א‬‫א‬ reservoir
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،Synchronous generators ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 42
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬E16 J1F

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K 1970‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
175‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، 12‫א‬
     ‫א‬ 2100 ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K7735‫א‬57.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Pumped-Storage Plants ‫א‬‫א‬2 J4 J1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬    KPumped-Storage Plants ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 43
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬ J‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17 J1F
 ‫א‬ K‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   o
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  E
  ‫א‬ F    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  o
 ‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 44
  
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 Pumped-Storage PlantE17 J1F 

 Tidal Power ‫א‬‫א‬5 K1

E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬      K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 45
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬     K   EF  
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E18 J1F
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E19 J1FK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E   F  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 46
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E18 J1F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E19 J1F
 

 47
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Geothermal EnergyE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6 K1
‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬      ‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪2‫א‬‫א‬
K 4000   ‫א‬     ‫א‬    
  35  15
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KGeothermal Energy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  1940 E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
    K1942   ‫א‬  127    ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬       E20 J1F  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 48
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E20 J1F

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 

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 49
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J1

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 ‫؟‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
K K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J5
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬20024‫א‬‫א‬
 K3.213.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W220‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J8
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1008 o
 K‫א‬0.2 o
 K‫א‬‫א‬80 o
 K‫א‬800
2.4  27.9 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J9
‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 50
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J11
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J12
 160‫א‬ 25‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J13
3L1.22‫א‬‫א‬L11‫א‬
K‫א‬ 40‫א‬‫א‬  J14
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 70‫א‬ o
 ٪34‫א‬ o
 ٪80‫א‬ o
K3L1.23‫א‬‫א‬L12‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J15
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J16
K‫א‬‫ א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J17
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

 51
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 52
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Electrical Generation Power Plants
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
 W
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Thermal  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬Power Plants
 Steam-turbine plantE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 Gas-turbine plantE‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ 
Combined cycle steam-gas power ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 plant
 Diesel power plant‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 53
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬EBiomassF ‫א‬‫א‬ Fuel Cell‫א‬
  ?‫א‬ ?   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Steam Power Plants‫א‬‫א‬K1K2
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Steam turbine‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Synchronous speed‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Base loads‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

Steam Cycles‫א‬‫א‬K1K1K2

 54
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬Ksteam cycles‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rankine cycle‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E1  J2FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 saturated vapor ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ superheated steam
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ condenser‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   E2 J2F   K ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 E3 J2FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Simple Rankine cycle‫א‬‫א‬1 J2

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 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E2 J2F

 

 56
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E3 J2F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      E4  J2F   K  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
  Rankine cycle with reheat‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J2F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2K1K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K2 K‫א‬ K1
K‫ א‬K4 K‫א‬‫ א‬K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K6 K‫א‬‫ א‬K5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬K1K2K1K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬annual capacity factor‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Steam Boiler ‫א‬‫א‬K2K2K1K2

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 200  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
500‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 400
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE 600
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KEBiomassF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE4 J2F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ Super heater‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 59
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Economizer‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Reheater‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ fire tube boiler‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   water tube boiler ‫א‬   K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   E5 J2F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (burner) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K  1200  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ o
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 W‫א‬
K‫ א‬o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

 60
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E5 J2F

W‫א‬
K o
31‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬20
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

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  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Steam Turbine ‫א‬‫א‬K3K2K1K2
prime movers ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1500fractional horsepower
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 EnozzlesF‫א‬Stator ‫א‬‫ א‬o
adjacent   ‫א‬    Rotor E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫ א‬o
  ‫א‬‫א‬   bucket ‫א‬  ‫א‬   blades
 K‫א‬
، ‫א‬           E6 J2F  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7 J2F
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WBackpressure turbine‫א‬‫א‬  K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  WCondensing turbine ‫א‬  K2
 condenser‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
   
        K    
 ‫א‬‫א‬E8 J2FK‫א‬‫א‬

 K


 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6 J2F

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 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 64
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 



 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7 J2F

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  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬E8 J2F
Condenser ‫א‬K4K2K1K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE9 J2F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ surface condenser‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E11 J2F E10 J2F
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 ‫א‬‫א‬ o

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 ‫א‬E9 J2F

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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Single-pass Surface Condenser‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10 J2F

Two-pass Surface Condenser‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E11 J2F

Cathodic  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    protection
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬E12 J2F

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12 J2F
 Electric Generator‫א‬‫א‬K5K2K1K2
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSynchronous Generators ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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Stator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬KRotorE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Stator ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?Armature‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KDeltaStar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ Rotor E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  E‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
     Salient-pole rotor ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E13 J2F  
‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬     Cylindrical rotor ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
    ‫א‬    KNon-Salient-pole‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬KE14 J2F ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
 Turbo generator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 70
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
  Salient-pole rotor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E13 J2F
 

 71
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Cylindrical rotor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14 J2F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E15 J2F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 72
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬


 
 



‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E15 J2F
 73
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K1
KRectifier 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K2
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pn
 f  (2-1)
120
ELF Hz ‫א‬fW
(revolution per ‫א‬L  ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   n
minute rpm)
K‫א‬P
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2-1F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 74
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

W1 J2
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 L1800 J
L60 J

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬P=4 ‫א‬‫א‬
Pn
f 
120
  n = 1800 rpm L1800‫א‬ J
41800
 f  = 60 Hz
120
L L 60‫א‬  J
  n = 3600 rpm 60
4 3600
 f  = 120 Hz
120
W 2 J2
      ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬L60 J ‫א‬L50 J

 W‫א‬
P=6 ‫א‬‫א‬
E1-2Ff = 50 Hz‫א‬L50‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W
6 n
  50 
120
n=1000 rpm 

 75
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1-F f = 60 Hz  ‫א‬L 60‫א‬‫א‬  J 
 WE2
6 n
  60 
120
n=1200 rpm 
،L 1000  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   50     
 L1200‫א‬60

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 76
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ casing‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬Auxiliaries‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K6K2K1K2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   WWater Treatment Plant ‫א‬   K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 77
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WControl room‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  WAutomatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)  ‫א‬ 
  ‫ א‬K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J‫א‬  J‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬      WSpeed Governors ‫א‬  K5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?emergency trip‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

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  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WPressure Governors‫א‬ .6

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ : Chimney ‫א‬ .7

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    W‫א‬  K8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3K1K2
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

 79
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬ K2
 ‫א‬     K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    J ‫א‬‫א‬    J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K6
    ‫א‬ K‫א‬      ‫א‬  
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 80
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4K1K2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 W‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
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 81
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 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

W‫א‬‫א‬K5K1K2
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬٪40 ٪30
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪4540‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬500‫א‬‫א‬

Gas Turbine Plants ‫א‬‫א‬K2K2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ peak loads ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  F ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
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  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ EMicro-turbine 
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 capital cost

 W‫א‬‫א‬K1K2K2
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬

 WE‫א‬ J‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K1K1K2K2
K ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ Brayton cycle?‫א‬?‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE16 J2F  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 compressor‫א‬‫א‬ 
 combustion chamber‫א‬‫א‬ 
Turbine‫ א‬

  Brayton cycle?‫א‬?E16 J2F

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kburner‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E 1800F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬       
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   E17 J2F
     E18 J2F    K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬ 300‫א‬‫א‬??
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K?‫א‬?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E19 J2F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17 J2F

 84
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E18 J2F

 
 K‫א‬E19 J2F

 85
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Burner‫א‬K2K1K2K2
‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    atomization ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
    K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E20 J2FK‫א‬

 
 burner‫א‬E20 J2F
 W‫א‬K3K1K2K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
KL3600‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 

 86
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬K4K1K2K2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Synchronous condenser‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K5K1K2K2
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  Synchronous Generator ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬K6K1K2K2
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
    K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
 E21 J2F   K‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Auxiliaries‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K7K1K2K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 87
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E21 J2F
KE‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K2K2K2
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪20     ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ٪30 ٪25   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
:‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   Heat Recovery ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    recuperator ?‫?א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 88
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ٪6
 W‫א‬
  500 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  o
‫א‬‫א‬
 K9590‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
Heat Recovery Steam ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬KHRSG‫א‬‫א‬Generators
K‫א‬K130‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬duct burner 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     E22 J2F  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬22 J2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Intercooling‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Low ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  High pressure (HP)   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ pressure (LP)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E23 J2F

 90
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Intercooling‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E23 J2F

  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Reheating ‫א‬ 
High ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬
  KLow pressure (LP) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ pressure (HP)
‫א‬‫א‬(HP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(LP)
 ٪31‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E24 J2F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Reheating‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E24 J2F

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3K2K2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 K
K‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
‫א‬
K‫א‬  J6
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J7
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 Combined Cycle Power Plant‫א‬‫א‬K3K2
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Combined Cycle Power Plant‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K1K3K2
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E25  J2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
٪60‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KHRSG
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪30‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2K3K2
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3K3K2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪50‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
 ‫א‬2000  J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E25 J2F

Diesel Power Plants ‫א‬K4K2

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Diesel cycle‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1892‫א‬
 KK‫א‬
internal combustion  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬engines
compression  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ignition
 ‫א‬  K Cylinder ‫א‬ ‫א‬ piston ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   K  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ،   ‫א‬   K‫א‬ crankshaft ‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K  ‫א‬     E26 J2F   K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E27 J2F

 
 ‫א‬E26 J2F

 95
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 crankshaft‫א‬‫א‬E27 J2F
 W‫א‬K1K4K2
 W‫א‬
 Four stroke diesel engine‫א‬ 
 Two stroke diesel engine 
 J2F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE28
‫א‬W Suction stroke‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WCompression stroke‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ WPower strokeE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
900 700F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 96
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WExpulsion strokeE‫א‬F‫א‬
     ‫א‬     K  ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    K    E‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K  K
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K  K

 
 ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ J

 97
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

   
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
   


 E‫א‬F‫א‬ J  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E28 J2F
 W‫א‬K2K4K2
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 Electric Generator‫א‬‫א‬K1K2K4K2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Automatic Voltage Regulator ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Air intake ‫א‬‫א‬K2K2K4K2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Filters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 98
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 Fuel supply system‫א‬‫א‬K3K2K4K2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Cooling system‫א‬K4K2K4K2
،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
 K‫א‬

 Oil cycle‫א‬K5K2K4K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Starter System‫א‬K6K2K4K2
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
   ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Exhaust System‫א‬K7K2K4K2
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3K4K2
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  J2
 ‫א‬ 300  100 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
K،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ submersible pumps‫א‬  J4
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    J5
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬

 100
  
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  Fire fighting‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬             J6
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
KKKKKK ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E29 J2F

 W‫א‬‫א‬K4K4K2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
K‫א‬  J1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
K‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ J5
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
 K  J8
 W‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2
K‫א‬  J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J4
K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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

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 

  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E29 J2F

 102
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K2
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K7
K
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
K
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K12
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K13
K‫א‬‫א‬ K14
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  K15
‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K16
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K17

 103
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Electrical Loads
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

Types of Electrical Loads‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3

 ،‫א‬  ،      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Residential Loads  J
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬
 KKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Commercial Loads J
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKK،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WIndustrial Loads J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬2 J3
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Load Curve‫א‬1 J2 J3

 ‫א‬‫א‬
           ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E1 J3F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 106
  
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E1 J3F

Load Duration Curve‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J3

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
70‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6‫א‬50‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

KE2 J3F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

KE3 J3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 107
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEReconfigurationF
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
72

68

64

60
Power (kW)

56

52

48

44

40

36

32
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time (Hrs)
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E2 J3F

 108
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
72

68

64

60
Power (kW)

56

52

48

44

40

36

32
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
  Time (Hrs)
 ‫א‬‫א‬E3 J3F

 EMaximum Load (Pmax3 J2 J3

15‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
81E4 J3F،
 K‫א‬

 109
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
84

80

76

72

68

64
Power (kW)

60

56
Pmax
52

48
Pav
44

40

36

32
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
  Time (Hrs)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J3F
 

 EAverage Load (Pav‫א‬‫א‬4 J2 J3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،

‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F=‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J3F 
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EConnected Load (Pcon‫א‬‫א‬5 J2 J3
 110
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J3F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J3F 
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Several Factors of Electrical   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 3 J3

Loads
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKK‫א‬،EF‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 

 ELoad Factor (L.F‫א‬1 J3 J3

 111
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 1.0 L.F  Pav Pmax
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J3F
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 4  300 J200  
 3  350–150 EF
 0.4  800 J700  EF
 0.4  2500 J1500 EF
 0.3  200 J100  
 0.3  2200 J1200  
 0.2  1000 J800  ‫א‬
 7  4000 J660  ‫א‬
 4  120 J60  
 0.6  2500–1000  
 3  220–120  
 3  60–30  
 3  300–50  
 3  3000 J2000  
 0.1  1000–400 EF

 112
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 0.5  1300 J700  
 8  1000 J40  
 4  100  
 1  50  
 0.2  90  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J3F
 GG
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬
 22  
 11  
 22  
 32  
 22  
 22  
 54  
 2.5  
 5  ‫א‬
 10  
 32  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GG
100
 K‫א‬‫א‬،200

 113
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 EDemand Factor (D.F‫א‬2 J3 J3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pmax
 1.0 D.F 
Pcon
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WE1 J3F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5 J3F
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 K‫א‬  J

72 71.5
69
68
65.5
64.5
64
61 61.5
60
57 57.5
Power (kW)

56

52 51.5

48 47
45
44

40
36.5
36

32
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
  Time (Hrs)
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E5 J3F
 

 114
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 E57.5H71.5H69H65.5H61.5H64.5H61H57H51.5H47H36.5H45F2=
 ‫א‬ 1375= 

241375=‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬  57.29=

EFE‫א‬‫א‬F=‫א‬  J


 E71.5FE57.29F=
 0.8=

 WE2 J3F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬12‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫ א‬ J

K‫א‬‫ א‬ J

K‫א‬  J

K‫א‬  J

 115
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 30  4 200   1
 4  4 700   2
 70  8 660  ‫א‬ 3
 5  2 1500   4
 25  4 2500   5
 45 15 200   6
 55  30 40   7
 20  4 120   8
 20  4 30   9
 30  3 100   10
 3  4 400 EF 11
 5  1 1000   12
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E76F‫א‬‫א‬
6‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
5‫א‬7‫א‬4‫א‬3‫א‬
‫א‬6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،6‫א‬
 W7‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

 116
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 7  6  5 4 3 2 1
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  E‫א‬F  ‫א‬
‫א‬
24000  800  30  4  200   1
11200 2800  4  4  700  2
369600 5280  70  8  660 ‫א‬ 3
15000 3000  5  2  1500  4
250000 10000  25  4  2500   5
135000 3000  45 15  200  6
66000 1200  55 30  40  7
9600  480  20  4  120   8
2400  120  20  4  30   9
9000  300  30  3  100  10
4800 1600  3  4  400  11
5000 1000  5  1  1000   12

  29.58 =E  Pcon F=E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

901.6 =E  Pcon  Hrs F=E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F ‫א‬ 901.6=‫א‬‫ א‬ J
E‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F=‫א‬‫ א‬ J


 = E247FE901.6F
 ‫א‬5.37=

 117
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
E‫א‬F  ‫א‬ 29.58=‫א‬‫ א‬ J


EFE‫א‬‫א‬F=‫א‬  J


 E12FE5.37F=
0.45=
E‫א‬‫א‬FEF=‫א‬  J

 E29.58FE12F=
 0.41=  

 EDiversity Factor (Div. FE‫א‬F‫א‬3 J3 J3

       ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         K‫א‬  
W‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Pmax1, Pmax2, Pmax3,...
 W‫א‬Pmaxt
Pmax1  Pmax 2  Pmax3  ....
 1.0 DivF 
Pmaxt
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 WE3 J3F

 118
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬1500‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬1400‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬2100‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F=‫א‬
 E‫א‬

 E2100FE1400H1500F=   
 1.38=   

Factors of Electric Power  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   4 J3

Stations
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Base Load Plants‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 ECapacity Factor (C.F‫א‬1 J4 J3

 119
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WKE‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  =
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ =
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE4 J3F
‫א‬648‫א‬،‫א‬1000‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬
 =EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 720=24301000      
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬

 E720FE648F=   
 0.9=   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 120
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬900=E2430F648000=

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬

 1000900=    
 0.9=    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬Spinning Reserve‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Light ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬Loading
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 EReserve Factor (R.F‫א‬2 J4 J3

 121
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  K   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
=‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE5 J3F
1000‫א‬،‫א‬1200‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬1200‫א‬،‫א‬1000 
 ‫א‬200=1000–1200=‫א‬‫א‬
200‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F=‫א‬
 E1000FE1200F=   
 1.2=   
 
 
 
 
 

 EKUtilization Factor (U.F‫א‬3 J4 J3

 122
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،Plant Use Factor‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬×F
 =
 E‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE6 J3F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،720،‫א‬3000‫א‬‫א‬
 ،600،‫א‬2000‫א‬‫א‬
 ،300،‫א‬2000‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬2880E720F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
200060020007203000FE2880000F=‫א‬
 E300
 E3960000FE2880000F=
 0.727=   
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 123
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
W K2
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J

‫א‬  J

‫א‬  J

‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 W‫א‬‫א‬K6
 ،1000،‫א‬2.5‫א‬‫א‬
 ،700،‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬
 ،600،‫א‬1.5‫א‬‫א‬
 ،500،‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Electrical Substations
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K1K4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 Step Up Substation‫א‬1 J1 J4

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬333.3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K750‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Switching Station2 J1 J4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 Step Down Substation‫א‬3 J1 J4

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Components of Electrical  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   2 J4

 Substations
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
Power Transformers‫א‬ K1
Bus Bars‫א‬ K2
Circuit Breakers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
Current Transformers K4
Voltage Transformers K5
Earth Switch K6
Isolator or Disconnecting Switch K7
Measuring Instruments K8
Protective Relays K9
Lightning Arrestors‫א‬ K10

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  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Cable Terminals‫א‬ K11
Chargeable Batteries‫א‬ K12
 K13
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬   E1 J4FK‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2 J4FK‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E1 J4F

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  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

E2 J4F

Power Transformers and Types of   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  3 J4

Cooling
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
EBank TransformersF‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J4F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J4F

 ‫א‬‫א‬E3 J4F

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J4F

 W‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Dry Type Transformers K1
Oil Filled Transformers‫א‬ K2
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ENitrogenF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ESulpher hexafluorideF
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
ERadiatorsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EBuchholz relaysF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬

Bus Bar SchemesE‫א‬F‫א‬4 J4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KEddy current losses‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 132
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W K1
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E5 J4F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E5 J4F
W K2
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6 J4F
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

W K3

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  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E7 J4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E6 J4F

 
 E7 J4F
 K4
 134
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬E8 J4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬

 
 E8 J4F

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

Circuit Breakers‫א‬‫א‬1 J5 J4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE9 J4F‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬

 135
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E9 J4F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Air break Circuit Breaker, (Miniature C.B)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
Air blast Circuit Breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
Oil Circuit Breaker (tank type or bulk oil)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
Vacuum Circuit Breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
Sulpher Hexafluoride Circuit (SF6) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 Breaker

 136
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J4F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE1 J4F

‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

E15 J5F–E600 J400F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Air break C.B.
500–E12 J3.6F
 35000 J245  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
5000–1100 E40 J20F Air blast C.B
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
500–E12–3.6F  ‫א‬‫א‬ 3
Tank Type Oil C.B
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2000–E145–3.6F  ‫א‬‫א‬ 4
 Minimum Oil C.B ‫א‬
 1000–12
 2000–36  ‫א‬‫א‬
5
 7500–145 SF6‫א‬ SF6 C.B‫א‬
 10000–245
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 750–36  ‫א‬‫א‬ 6
Vacuum C.B

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Low Voltage C.BE1000F‫א‬ K1
Medium Voltage E330001000F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
C.B.
High Voltage E24033F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
C.B.

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  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Extra and Ultra High E240F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
Voltage C.B.
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rated Voltage‫א‬‫ א‬
 E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rated Frequency‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Rated Insulation Voltage‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Rated Power Freq. Withstand Voltage‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬L60L50‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Rated Impulse Withstand Voltage‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Rated Continuous Current‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rated Breaking Current‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Rated Making Current‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK10-5‫א‬‫א‬،2000010000
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Isolator or Disconnecting Switch‫א‬2 J5 J4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E10 J4F‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(interlockedF‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 139
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  K1
‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬ K4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 
 ‫א‬E10 J4F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Bus Isolators K1
Line Isolators K2
Transformer Isolators K3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rated Voltage‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 W‫א‬
3, 6, 7.2, 12, 24, 36, 72.5, 123, 145, 245, 300, 420 kV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Insulation Level‫א‬ K2
 EIS:9921)‫א‬‫א‬
 K60 Hz50 Hz‫א‬‫א‬Frequency‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Normal Current‫א‬‫ א‬K4
 W‫א‬‫א‬
200, 400, 630, 800, 1250, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3150, 4000, 5000
Amp.

 140
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Short Time Withstand Current‫א‬ K5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
8, 10, 12.5, 16, 20, 25, 31.5, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100 kAmp.
Short Circuit Duration‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Earthing Switch‫א‬3 J5 J4

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  K1
 K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE11 J4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E12 J4F‫א‬

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  
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 
 ‫א‬E11 J4F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E12 J4F
 W‫א‬‫א‬6 J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،KKKK،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K1

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  
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  WSelectivity ‫ א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ WSensitivity‫ א‬ J
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 K‫א‬
،      ‫א‬    WReliability ‫ א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WSpeed of operation‫א‬  J
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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   WStability ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬،‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

Fuses‫א‬‫א‬1 J6 J4
 ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
20F ‫א‬‫א‬   ،  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K،E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪110‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE13 J4F،Recovery voltage‫א‬
 E14 J4F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 80200E13 J4F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14 J4F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E660F‫א‬ 
E660F‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
Current limiting fuses‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ID‫א‬،E15 J4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ID‫א‬E15 J4F
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Non-current limiting fuses‫א‬‫א‬  J

  ،‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Expulsion fuses‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Vacuum fuses‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
   ‫א‬ ،        ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬2 J6 J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
 W‫א‬E‫א‬
KLoad-break switches،‫א‬ K1
Insulator or       ،‫א‬     K2
KDisconnecting switches

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 Kbreakers
 KE5 J4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ،‫א‬     ،‫א‬     
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ، ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ،     ،      ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 W‫א‬3 J6 J4
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E16 J4FK‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 2
  3
  4
   5
 6
   7
‫א‬‫א‬ 8
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 ‫א‬E16 J4F
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J6 J4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J4F ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17
 K

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  
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ،   ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E17 J4F
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J6 J4

 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Buchholz RelayEF4 J6 J4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E18  J4F   K‫א‬‫א‬  
 W 

 150
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E18 J4F(Alarm)
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E18 J4FTrip‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬EF  ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 E18–4F

ECurrent transformer (CT‫א‬5 J6 J4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E19 J4F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
CT،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬54000:5

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  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،4000‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KTapping
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
Voltage transformer‫א‬6 J6 J4
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE20 J4FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  
‫א‬E20 J4F  E19 J4F
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J4

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 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

   ‫א‬       ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬     ‫؛‬       
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WConventional systems‫א‬‫ א‬K1
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
     WAddressable systems ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K2
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ WAnalog systems ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K3
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 153
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬ K2
‫א‬ K3
  K4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K3

 154
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 W‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
‫א‬‫א‬ K2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ W  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E21 J4F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E21 J4F

EUninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS‫א‬‫א‬8 J4

 155
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ،       
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
 Rotary type‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬E22 J4F
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E22 J4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Reliability‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 156
  
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E23 J4F
K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E23 J4F
Static system‫א‬‫א‬K
1000100F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE24 J4F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،EInverterF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE25 J4F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 KK6020‫א‬E24 J4F
 L50415

 
‫א‬E25 J4F
 ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Substation Earthing‫א‬9 J4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Lightning Arrestors
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬    
‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J
  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  E2 J4F 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE3 J4F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 KE4 J4F
 
 
 

 159
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬         ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E2 J4F
 EKF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 150–40  
 200  
 500–250  
 1000  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E3 J4F
 EKF‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬
 72 20
 100 10
 138  EF
 300  EF
 790  5 J
 3300  15 J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4 J4F
 EKF‫א‬‫א‬  E٪F‫א‬
 10000000  
 1500 2.5
 430 5
 185 10
 160
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 105 15
 63 20
 42 30
 ‫א‬1 J9 J4
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،105،‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
76  t
a  5  10  4
ln(234  Tm ) (234  Ta )
E2F‫א‬ aW
‫א‬ t
‫א‬ Tm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ta

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J9 J4
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2L L
R (ln  k1  k 2 )
L d A
EKF‫א‬‫א‬ W
‫א‬ L
‫א‬ A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ d

 161
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ k1 & k2
 
 Gas/(Air) Insulated SubstationsE‫א‬‫א‬FL‫א‬‫א‬10 J4
 Gas Insulated Substations GIS‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K19721968‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GIS‫א‬‫א‬ 
،،،،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬170‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬170‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ESF6F‫א‬
 KE26 J4FK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬

 162
  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬SF6K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،600400
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SF6K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬32
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬E-10o CF‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E26 J4F
‫א‬50‫א‬‫א‬
SF6K 6000
‫א‬٪0.1،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GIS‫א‬‫א‬ 
KAir Insulated Substations AIS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ AIS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KGIS‫א‬‫א‬SF6‫א‬
K‫א‬GIS‫א‬AIS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KAIS‫א‬GIS‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪20‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K2
‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K3
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K4
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K12
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K13
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K14
‫א‬ K15
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K16
 W K17
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  EAISF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
KEGISF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  EF  K18
W
EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SF6 
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  
EFK‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
EFK‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
EFK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
EFK‫א‬‫א‬
EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬   
EFK‫א‬‫א‬
EFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،،،‫א‬ 
 EFK‫א‬

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 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
1996 J–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Guide to Electrical Power Generation, 3rd Edition, Anthony J. Pansini and K.
D. Smalling, Taylor and Francis, 2005.
 Wind and Solar Power Systems: Design, Analysis and Operation, 2nd
Edition, Mukund R. Patel, Taylor and Francis, 2005
 Electric Power Generation, R.K. Garg, Khama Publishers, Delhi
 Understanding Electric Power Systems: An Overview of the Technology and
the Marketplace, Jack Casazza Frank Delea, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Publication, 2003
 Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, Gilbert M. Masters, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, 2004
 Electric Power Systems a Conceptual Introduction, Alexandra von Meier,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, 2006
 Electric Power Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition, Edited by Leonard L.
Grigsby, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, 2007
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