 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

0
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ‫؛‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫?א‬  ? ‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬  
    ‫א‬  ?‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

1
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١ ١ J1
١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
١٤ ‫א‬٣ J١
 ١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J١
 ١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J١
 ١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
 ١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J١
 ٢٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J١
 ٢٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠ ‫א‬‫א‬١ J2
 ٣٠  ‫א‬١ J١ J٢
 ٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬٢ J١ J٢
 ٣٣  ‫א‬٣ J١ J٢
 ٣٥  ‫א‬٤ J١ J٢
 ٣٧  ‫א‬/‫א‬٥ J١ J٢
 ٣٩  ‫א‬٦ J١ J٢
 ٤١ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
 ٤١  ‫א‬١ J٢ J٢
 ٤٢  ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢
 ٤٣  ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢
 ٤٤  ‫א‬/‫א‬٤ J٢ J٢
 

2
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
٤٦ ‫א‬٥ J٢ J٢
٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢ J٢
٤٨ ‫א‬٧ J٢ J٢
 ٤٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٢ J٢
 ٥٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬‫א‬
 ٥٧ ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
 ٥٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
 ٥٩ ‫א‬EF١ J٢ J٣
 ٦٠ ‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣
 ٦٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣
 ٦٣ ‫א‬٣ J٣
 ٦٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٣
 ٦٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٣
 ٦٨ ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
 ٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٣
 ٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٣
 ٦٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٣
 ٧٠  ‫א‬/‫א‬٥ J٣
 ٧٠  ‫א‬١ J٥ J٣
 ٧١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٣
 ٧٤  ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥ J٣
 ٨٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٤ ‫א‬١ J4

3
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
٨٥ ‫א‬١ J١ J٤
٨٦ ‫א‬٢ J٤
 ٨٦  ‫א‬١ J٢ J٤
 ٨٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٤
 ٨٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٤
 ٨٨  ‫א‬٣ J٤
 ٨٨ E‫א‬F‫א‬١ J٣ J٤
 ٩٠  ‫א‬٢ J٣ J٤
 ٩١  ‫א‬٣ J٣ J٤
 ٩٢  ‫א‬٤ J٤
 ٩٢  ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٤
 ٩٣  ‫א‬٢ J٤ J٤
 ٩٣  E‫א‬F‫א‬٥ J٤
 ٩٣  ‫א‬١ J٥ J٤
 ٩٤  ‫א‬٢ J٥ J٤
 ٩٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥ J٤
 ٩٥  ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥ J٤
 ٩٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٤
 ٩٨ ‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٤
 ٩٨ ‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٤
 ٩٨ ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٨ J٤
 ١٠٢  ‫א‬٩ J٤
 ١٠٣  ‫א‬١ J٩ J٤

4
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١٠٤  E‫א‬F‫א‬٢ J٩ J٤
 ١٠٧  ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٩ J٤
 ١٠٩ E‫א‬F‫א‬١٠ J٤
 ١١٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١٠ J٤
 ١٢٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣١ ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥
 ١٣١ ‫א‬١ J١ J٥
 ١٣٢ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٥
 ١٣٥ ‫א‬٢ J٥
 ١٣٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤١ ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦
 ١٤٢  ‫א‬‫א‬/‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦
 ١٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦
 ١٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٦
 ١٥٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦
 ١٥٥ ‫א‬٥ J٦
 ١٦١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦٥ ‫ א‬‫א‬١ J٧
 ١٦٥ ‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٧
 ١٦٦ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٧
 167 ‫א‬٣ J١ J٧
 167   ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١ J٧

5
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

 168   ‫א‬٥ J١ J٧

 168   ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J١ J٧
 168 ‫ א‬‫א‬٢ J٧
 170  ‫ א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٧
 174  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٧
 176  ‫ א‬٣ J٢ J٧
 177  ‫א‬٤ J٢ J٧
 179  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٧
 182 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٧
 186  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٧
 191  ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٧
 193  ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣ J٧
 195  ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣ J٧
 199  ‫א‬EF٦ J٣ J٧
 202 ‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٣ J٧
 203 ‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٣ J٧
 204  ‫א‬‫א‬٩ J٣ J٧
 207 ‫א‬١٠ J٣ J٧
 218 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬‫א‬
 220 ‫א‬١ J8
 230 ‫א‬٢ J٨
 233  ‫א‬‫א‬

6
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  E‫א‬F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F

7
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

–‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬–E‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F–W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ EF   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ – ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬ – ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

8
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

9
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 

  

10
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬KKK    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

11
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١

‫א‬  ‫א‬   E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  K    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬
 ،   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬KKKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬،
F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKE‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    J٥

‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    J٦
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   J٧
    ‫א‬     ‫א‬    K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬    J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  K     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬٠٠٠٠L٠L٠٥‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ٢  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

13
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   J١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   J١٣
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٤
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ J١٥

 ‫א‬٣ J١

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١

    ‫א‬       ‫א‬  E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E


 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E


14
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

F‫א‬ E

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  E

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F ‫א‬           E

 KE‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

 K‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬    E
 KE‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E


15
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬ E

 K‫א‬ E


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

٣   ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫ א‬E

K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

  K ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬  J٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ E

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W E

 K

16
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J١

،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ F    ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   J١
 KE‫א‬KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬        E

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E‫א؟‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬       
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

17
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K٢

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
KE‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

18
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ECircuit BreakersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  Koff 
  KEfusesF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
  K
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ F ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  K٪٤‫א‬‫א‬

19
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ELead  acidF  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٥
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 goggle  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬     K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Ehot stickF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Efuse pullerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     
 W‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

20
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥ J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬    ١٠ –
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  E‫א؟‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬

 EElectric ArcsF‫א‬‫א‬ J

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

21
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫א‬EUltra VioletF‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 KE3mm crown glassF٣

  Efilter lensesF    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٥‫א‬٢٣٠

22
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ J

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J١

  ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬         
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F

 

 

 

23
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
  ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K


 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ECF‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  E FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 E F          K
  E F     K‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 E F        K‫א‬‫א‬
  E FK‫א‬Efilter lensesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  E F   K‫א‬٪٣‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E F     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

24
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬ .١
  K      K
  EFEF‫א‬K    ‫א‬ K

   K

 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
  ‫א‬K    ‫א‬‫א‬ K
  EFEF‫א‬K     ‫א‬ K

   K

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
  W‫א‬69kV‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬٥K      ‫א‬٥ K
  ‫א‬K     ‫א‬٥ K

 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
  K       K
  EFEF‫א‬K      K

   K

 
  W‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K    ‫א‬ K
  EFEF‫א‬K      K

   K


25
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬K    ‫א‬‫א‬ K
  EFEF‫א‬K     ‫א‬ K

   K

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
  W‫א‬380kV‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬٥K      ‫א‬٥ K
  ‫א‬K     ‫א‬٥ K

 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
  K       K
  EFEF‫א‬K      K

   K


 W١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 

 

 

 

 

26
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

27
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 
 

28
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

29
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:(Tools) ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
 :(Files)‫א‬١ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Classification of Files ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:(Flat File) ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 :(Square File)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 :(Three Square File)‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

 K٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 :(Round File)‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 :(Half Round File)‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 :(Knife File) J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬

30
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬

31
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:(Chisels) ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬٢ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Types of Chisels ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     
 KE٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 :(Flat Chisel)‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 :(Diamond Point Chisel )‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

:(Cape Chisel)‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬ 

 
      
K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬

32
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:(Saws
S ) 
‫א‬٣ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬
‫א‬
 Saws Tyypes ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 

w) ‫א‬ J١
:(Hacksaw
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٣ J٢F
‫א‬



‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬      ‫א‬
‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ 

‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬

33
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫אא‬
E‫א‬F
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫אא‬

‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫אא‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬

 KE٤ J ٢F
‫א‬
 

 :(Wooddworking SSaw) EFF‫א‬ J٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬EE٥ J٢F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


 
 K
‫א‬E
FE٤ J٢F‫א‬

 
K‫א‬
E٥ J٢F
F ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 :(Jigsaw)  ‫א‬‫א‬ J3
E٦ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 .??

 K??E٦ J٢F‫א‬
(Hammers) ‫א‬٤ J١ J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 Types of Hammers ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 :(Claw Hammer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬

:(Ball/Cross and straight Hammer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 ‫א‬     E٨ J٢F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬

 :(Club Hammer)‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
     E٩ J٢F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٢F‫א‬

:(Vise) ‫א‬/‫א‬٥ J١ J٢

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Classification of Vises ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.(Parallel Jaws Bench Vise)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١

 .(Hand Vise)‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
.(Steel Vise)‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
.(Pipe Vise)‫א‬‫א‬ -٤

‫א‬‫א‬   E١٠ J٢ F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K   ‫א‬       ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

37
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬K‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ملزمة يدوية‬ ‫ملزمة المواسير‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
  

38
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 (Shears) ‫א‬٦ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
  K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Shears Types ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 (Pruning Shears) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F‫א‬
 
 

39
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 (Metal Shears)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F‫א‬
  

40
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 (Mechanical Machines) ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
(Bending Machines)‫א‬١ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E١٣ J٢F  ‫א‬   
 .‫א‬

 Manual Bending Machine K

 
 Electrical Bending Machine K

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F‫א‬

41
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Automatic Shears) ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
     ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
Press Brake shear‫א‬‫א‬K

Electrical Shear‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F‫א‬
 

42
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

KHydraulic Shears‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F‫א‬

(Electric Grinding Machines) ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬       K‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E١٦ J٢F  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٢F‫א‬

43
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Drilling Machines)‫א‬/‫א‬٤ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Types of Drilling Machines ‫א‬‫א‬

  .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Manual Drill)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(١٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٢F‫א‬
 (Electric Drill MachineF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٨ J٢F‫א‬ ٨L٥ 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٢F‫א‬
 

44
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 (Bench Drilling Machine)‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(١٩ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬

 
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E١٩ J٢F‫א‬
 (Vertical Drilling Machine)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢٠ J٢F‫א‬٤L٣

 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٢F‫א‬

45
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Drill bits) ‫א‬٥ J٢ J٢

  E‫א‬F ‫א‬     ‫א‬   E‫א‬F ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      
(٢١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 . ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٢F‫א‬

46
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Electric Saws) ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .E٢٢

 (Saber and Circular Saws)‫א‬ K

 (Woodworking Automatic Saw)‫א‬ K


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٢F‫א‬

47
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  W ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬     
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٢٣ J٢F
 .‫א‬

 
.(Metal Cutting Band Saws)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F‫א‬
(Electric Welding Machines) ‫א‬٧ J٢ J٢
 ‫א‬F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬
   EF     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ KEF
‫א‬‫א‬،
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
Types of Electric Welding Machines ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 :‫א‬‫א‬

48
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Mottor-Generator Weldding Machhine) ‫א‬– ‫א‬ J١

‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F
 ١٥٠
   –  
  E٢٤
٢  J٢F  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 .

 
.(Diessel Weldeer)– 
 E٢٤ J٢F‫א‬

 ‫א‬ – ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬   E٢٥ J٢F  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     

. ‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K
‫א‬
–

‫א‬E٢٥ J٢F‫א‬

49
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 –E٢٦ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
  .‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬–E٢٦ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Transformer Welding Machine)‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢٧ J٢F‫א‬
 
 
 

K‫א‬E٢٧ J٢F‫א‬

50
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬   
    ٥٠٠ ،٣٠٠،٤٠٠ ،٢٠٠     
 ‫א‬   

 ١٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   E٢٨ J٢F  ‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
‫א‬   

K ‫א‬


 
 K١٥٠ 
 J
 
 
 
 

K
٥٠٠ J٢٥٠   J

K‫א‬
E٢٨ J٢F
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬
 . ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
ne) ‫א‬ J٣
(Consstant Curreent Welding Machin
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬

51
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
(٢٩ J٢F‫א‬E٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩ J٢F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     
 ‫א‬   E٣٠ J٢F  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 .‫א‬
 
 
 

 
 K٥٠٠ J٢٠٠ J
 
 K‫א‬E٣٠ J٢F‫א‬

52
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ECF‫א‬‫א‬E√F
K‫א‬
E F   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
E F K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

E FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F      K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
E F     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 E F    K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

53
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEKKKF‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Tools & Mechanical Measurement Devices) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

(Steel Rule) ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٣F

 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٦٤L١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢L١
 ٣٠٠ ١٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬E٧٢ ٣٦ ٢٤ ١٢  ٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠ ٦٠٠

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Vernier Calliper)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢ J٣F‫א‬
٠{٠٢٠{٠٥ ٠{١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 
E٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

58
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE٣ J٣F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ٤ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

 KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F‫א‬

ment of Verrnier
Sensitiviity of the measurem
m ‫א‬EF١ J٢ J٣

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬١  ‫א‬‫א‬
K
EL١FZ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬

59
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬   F ٥٠ Z  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   

 K٠{٠٢Z٥٠L١ E‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F ٢٠Z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K٠{٠٥Z٢٠L١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Theory of vernier ‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣

K٠{٠٥‫א‬‫א‬E٤١F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬

60
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    W 
K‫א‬‫א‬EAF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EBF‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBFEAF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬١‫א‬‫א‬
 KEL١FZ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   F ٥٠ Z  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   

 K٠{٠٢Z٥٠L١ E‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F ٢٠Z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K٠{٠٥Z٢٠L١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K٢

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١F
 KE٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F‫א‬

 E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠{٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٢{٤٢–١٧{٢٨–٣٠{٧

 Types of Calipers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Depth Caliper)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  KE‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬K ١٠٠L١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬

 (Height Caliper)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Micrrometer) ‫א‬٣ J٣
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
   
‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬
‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ٠{٠٠١  
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 KEE٩ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F‫א‬

٠٠{٥‫א‬
‫א‬ 
،٠{٠١‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  E١٠ J٣FF  
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬

64
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

Measuring Dimensions by Micrometers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬KE ٠{٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
    ،E١١ J٣F  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠{٠١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٣F‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   KE١٢ J٣F  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬

65
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 K‫א‬E١٢ J٣F‫א‬
 
 E٣F

 KE13 J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬E13 J٣F‫א‬
 E٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K٨K٨٧–٣{١٨
 

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Other Kinds of Micrometers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 .(Depth Micrometer)‫א‬ J
 .(Inside Micrometer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
E١٤ J٣F‫א‬  ‫א‬ E١٤ J٣F  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ، ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 

  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Angle Gauges ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬   E º٩٠ ‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬    
KE١٥ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٣F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، º٩٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eº١٣٥º٦٠º٤٥F‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٣
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE١٦ J٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٣F‫א‬
 
  º١٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K º١٨٠    ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬º٣٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬º٣٦٠
 K١٢L١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   E١٧ J٣F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬º٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 K‫א‬E١٧ J٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
E١٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   º٣٦٠  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 K‫א‬E١٨ J٣F‫א‬
 Benchmarking ‫א‬/‫א‬٥ J٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،K‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

 Benchmarking Concept ‫א‬١ J٥ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

70
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬


‫א‬




‫א‬
 K

ocess of ‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٣

Toools Used in the Pro
B
Benchmarrking

 
  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫אא‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  
 W



‫א‬

P )
 (Surface Plate ‫א‬ J١
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  
‫אא‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٩ J ٣F
‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KE‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٩ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬F

71
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 (Scriber)‫א‬ J٢
        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE٢٠ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٣F‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬       
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 (Compass)‫א‬‫ א‬/‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢١ J٣F‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٣F‫א‬
 
 (Marker)‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٣F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬   
 K

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬       K‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 E٢٣ J٣F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤


 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٣ J٣F
F ‫א‬

 
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬EF

‫א‬KKE٢٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
، 
‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 

 
 K‫אא‬EF ‫א‬E٢٤ J٣F
 ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
E ‫א‬F
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 
   
   ،‫א‬
،  ‫א‬ 


‫א‬



 ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EE  F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬  KK 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  KE٢٥ J٣F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E٢٥ J٣F‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ‫א‬ 
 
KE٢٦ J٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٦ J٣F
‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  K١
‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬
 K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K٤
 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   


‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢٧ J٣F
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٧ J٣F
‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
E٢٨ J٣F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
E٢٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣٠ J٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

  

78
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٩ J٣F‫א‬
 
 

79
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬
E٣٠ J٣FF
‫א‬

 
80
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E٣١ J٣F  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K١
 K(a, b)) ‫א‬‫א‬
(a)
‫א‬(10, 200, ….,50mm) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢
K

  
  
 ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٣
K‫א‬

‫א‬   (10, 26,
2 30, … mm) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K٤
……,88m
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
(b)
K

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 KE  K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K E‫א‬FF‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
 K٣

 
K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
E٣١ J٣F
‫א‬

81
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

82
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 
 
 

83
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
E
‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K 


‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 ‫א‬١ J٤
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE١ J٤F‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬


 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬E١ J٤F
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬
E
‫א‬F
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

84
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬١ J١ J٤
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ٤٥ W٣٥   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   E٢ J٤F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢ J٤
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
  
 ‫א‬  K‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬

  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 
 .‫א‬
‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
١ J٢ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬


   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٣٠ W٢٥ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE٣ J٤F  ‫א‬ 
  
   ٦٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
٢ W١{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬

 K
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬

86
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٤
 :
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
 .
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬

87
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٤
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ٢ W ١{٥ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K١W٠{٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    E‫א‬F  
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K٤
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 ‫א‬٣ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬١ J٣ J٤
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
١٠‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬

88
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬ J١
 
‫א‬ J٢
 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J٣
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

 

 KE٦ J٤F‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ١٠   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

89
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬     ‫א‬    
 K(٧ J٤F‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢ J٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J١
‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٤F‫א‬

90
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬

 ‫א‬٣ J٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
٢٥‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
   ٦   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE٩ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E٩ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٤ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ،   ،‫א‬    ،‫א‬   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،   
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬   K ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١٠ J٤F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
 .
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬     º٧٥  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   º٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬º١٢٠،‫א‬‫א‬º٩٠

 ‫א‬٢ J٤ J٤
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 . ‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬٥ J٤
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   E‫א‬ F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    KE‫א‬ F ‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬١ J٥ J٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،
‫א‬K‫א‬

93
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


 KE١١١ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬٢ J٥ J٤
   K‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬  


K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
    ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬ 
   
 
‫א‬        ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  

 KE١٢ J٤F

 K‫א‬
‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٤F
‫א‬

94
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٣ J٥ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬


K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
  ‫א‬ K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
 .‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬  E١٣ J٤F  
‫א‬ K  
  
 
 
‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٤F
‫א‬

  ‫א‬
‫א‬٤ J٥ J٤
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬


95
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    E‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE١٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ١٢   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢L١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٨٠
 KE١٦ J٤F
 
 
 
 
 

96
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٤F
‫א‬

  K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٤F‫א‬

97
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  
‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٤
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫ א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬



‫אא‬


‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬ 

 KE١٧ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬


 K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٧٧ J٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 .
  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٨ J٤
   
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ 
 :‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬

98
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫אא‬‫א‬W


‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬

 E١٨ J٤F‫א‬





 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٨ J٤F
F ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬K
‫א‬EE‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 KEK ١٩ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٤F
‫א‬

99
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬  
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬
‫א‬

:‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  J١
‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫אא‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬

K( ٢٠ J٤F

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٤F
‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٢
   W
 KE٢١ J٤F
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬E٢١ J٤F
‫א‬

 
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  W
   ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬  J٣
 K(٢٢ J٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


K


‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٤F‫א‬

100
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  J٤
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
K(٢٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ J   ‫א‬‫ א‬J

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٤F‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  W   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٢٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫ א‬J
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٤F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 :‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

101
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 .‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٤F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٢٥ J٤F

‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬٩ J٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
. ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬ 

102
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬١ J٩ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬

 :
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬    K ‫אא‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫אא‬    
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  
   
‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ 
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
K(٢٦ J٤F
‫א‬
 

 K
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٤F
F ‫א‬

103
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬


،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫אא‬   ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٧ J٤F‫א‬



 K ‫א‬E٢٧ J٤F

‫א‬

  E

‫א‬F‫א‬٢ J٩ J٤
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٢٨ J٤F‫א‬
 


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 .
‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      
‫א‬  

 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     

 
   
 EE‫א‬‫א‬ F 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬
‫א‬
 . ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

104
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K

‫א‬E٢٨٨ J٤F ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
‫א‬ 
  

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
  
 
  E٢٩ J٤F  ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬  

 .‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٩ J٤F ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬
 
  
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
  

. ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬


105
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫عمللية اللحام باألووكسي إستيلين‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K(٣٠ J٤F
‫א‬


‫א‬

K
‫א‬E٣٠ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬
‫א‬
٣
‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   
‫א‬٣‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 E٣١ J٤F  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

.


 .
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٤F‫א‬


106
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٩ J٤
  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 E
 ‫א‬F 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬FF 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬E‫א‬
F‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬  
      ،‫א‬ 
  E‫א‬ 
F



‫א‬‫א‬
KE
‫א‬F ‫א‬
٤٠٠٠ ‫א‬E‫א‬ F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬


 ٣٥٠٠
٣ 
 ‫א‬



‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬


‫א‬
KE٣٢ J٤FF
‫א‬

 .E‫א‬
F
‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢ J٤F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ٥٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬K‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  
 K‫אא‬  
   
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 KE٣٣ J٤F‫א‬

107
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 .‫א‬
‫א‬E٣٣ J٤F‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬

،١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬٧٠ ‫א‬

K‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   K٣
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 K
 

 

108
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬١٠ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E٣٤ J٤F‫א‬
 

 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E٣٤ J٤F‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٣٥ J٤F  ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   E‫א‬F ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E  F        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٦ J٤F‫א‬

109
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E٣٥ J٤F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KE٣٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

110
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E٣٧ J٤F‫א‬
 

 
 
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E٣٨ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٨٦C١٧{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٩ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٩ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٣‫א‬ J١
 K٢٧‫א‬ J٢
 ١٣‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K١٣‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K١٦‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K٢٨‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K٢٧‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠ J٤F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 

112
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 
 ‫א‬ K
 

 
  K


 
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E٤٠ J٤F‫א‬

 

113
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤١ J٤F‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬



 J٢
 K
‫א‬
K  J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬ 
L  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬N‫א‬
KPE 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤١ J٤F‫א‬


‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E٤٢٢ J٤F
 W

 K‫א‬
 J١
 K
‫א‬‫א‬

 J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
   J٣
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K  J٦

114
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٤٢ J٤F
F ‫א‬
 

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
E٤٣ J٤F
‫א‬
 W ١٣ 
 ‫א‬
E٢F  J١
 E١F
 J٢
 EE٩F
‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 E١F‫א‬
 J٤
 
 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬
E٤٣ J٤F
‫א‬

115
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤٤ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K

 
 K‫א‬E٤٤ J٤F‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٥ J٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٥ J٤F‫א‬

116
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Circuit Breakers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١٠ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (MCB) Minture Circuit BreakerL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J١
 K J٢
 K J٣
 K J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤٦ J٤F‫א‬

117
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤٦ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬E٤٧ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤٨ J٤F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٤٧ J٤F
‫א‬


 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K KKE٤٨ J٤F‫א‬
 W ‫א‬
‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J‫א‬
٠{٢F
‫א‬

‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 K‫א‬

‫א‬
 
‫ א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬١{{٤٥

 K
‫א‬‫א‬   J٤
‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (MCCB) Molded Case Circuit Breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٣٥٢٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٤٩ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٩ J٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K٨٠ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

120
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬E٥٠ J٤F‫א‬
 

 
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥١ J٤F‫א‬
 
 

 
 
‫الخط الرئيسى‬
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٥٢ J٤F‫א‬

121
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥٣ J٤F‫א‬

122
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬K١{٥ ‫א‬EF‫א‬K
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٨ ‫א‬

E٥٤ J٤F

‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬٦
 


 W

 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ J١
‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 J١
 K
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 J٣

 
  E٥٤ J٤F
 ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K١{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KA=530 mm, B=332mm, C=500mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 E٥٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 KE٥٥ J٤F
 KE٥٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 KE٥٧ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 KE٥٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٥  
٢٥  
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٥ J٤F‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٦ J٤F‫א‬

124
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٧ J٤F‫א‬
 

 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬E٥٨ J٤F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥٩ J٤F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

125
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬F‫א‬E٥٩ J٤F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K١{٥ ‫א‬EF‫א‬K
‫א‬
 ٨
‫א‬ 
 E٦٠ J٤F

 KA=530 mm, B=332mm, C=500m
mm  

 

 
 K


E٦٠ J٤F
‫א‬
 
 

126
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬E٦١ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦٢ J٤F
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E٦٢ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
 

127
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

128
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 
 

129
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

130
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:(Tools) ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥

 (Screw Drivers)‫א‬١ J١ J٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   E‫א‬  ‫א‬F
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K 
 KE١ J٥F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEFlat Head Screw DriverF‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEPhilips Screw DriverF‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WETester Screw DriverF‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

131
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 :(Pliers)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 :(Electrician Pliers)‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 :(Long Nose Pliers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬   E٢ J٥F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬

 :(Parallel Jaw Pliers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

‫א‬E٣ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
 

132
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 :(Diagonal Cutter)‫א‬ J٤
   E٣ J٥F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٥F‫א‬
 
 :(Type Wire Stripper)‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٤ J٥F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥F‫א‬

133
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 :(Crimpinng Tool) ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E٥ J٥F ‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫אא‬‫א‬E٥ J٥F
‫א‬
 :( Electrrician Mulltipliers) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬EE٦ J٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

KE‫א‬FF‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ K

K  K
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K  K
K
‫א‬
  K

 

 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F
‫א‬

134
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
(Electric Soldering Iron) ‫א‬٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ECF‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬
  E F  K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

  E F        K‫א‬
 E F  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

 E F   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  E F         K‫א‬
 ( )  K‫א‬‫א‬ .‫ح‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬ .١
  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ K

  EFEF‫ א‬K

 
  W‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

  EFEF‫ א‬K


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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
  K  K
  EFEF‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ K

  K


 
  W‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ K

   K

 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬‫א‬
  EFEF‫א‬K ‫א‬ K

   K

 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
  ‫א‬K ‫א‬ K
  EFEF‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

  K


 
 
 
 
  

137
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

138
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 
 
 
 
 

139
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEKKKF‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

  

140
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(Analogue Devices) ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٦F‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF
DC Analogue Voltmeter DC Analogue Ammeter
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٦F‫א‬
 
 

141
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
K‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬EF
AC Analogue Voltmeter AC Analogue Ammeter
 K‫א‬‫א‬_‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٦F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
(Analogue Multi-meter) ‫א‬‫א‬/‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E٣ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

142
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KE٤ J٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J١
KE–HF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 (DC)(AC)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ DC‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 V‫א‬W‫א‬
 MA W‫א‬
 RW‫א‬

143
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٦
 W،E٥ J٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J١
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬W(DC) J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(DC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٥٠‫א‬ ٥٠‫א‬١٠
 K‫ א‬‫א‬W(AC) J٣

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢ J٢ J٦
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 J١
 ‫א‬
R

‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 KE٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬

E٦ J٦F‫א‬

‫א‬
K
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬
 K١٢‫א‬
 KE٧ J٦F‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ W
‫א‬
 

‫وضع‬
‫ع‬
‫المفتتا‬
‫ح‬

 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٦F‫א‬

145
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

(Rx10000) ‫א‬ (Rx100)
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬(Rx1)
 ‫א‬ ‫אא‬
١٠٠٠٠ ١٠٠ ١ 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
      
‫א‬
12 1000
00 12000
00Ω 12
1 100 1200Ω 12 1 12Ω

‫א‬ J٢
DC ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 
 DC‫א‬ (DC) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KE٨ J٦F‫א‬ ‫א‬
V ‫א‬
‫א‬

 
‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬E
 ٨ J٦F
‫א‬

D.C.
  .D ‫אא‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

146
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
(2.5 V)‫א‬
٢٫٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬
 (10 V)(2.5 V)
 ١٠ / (٢٫٥ C‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬
  ١٫٢٥ = ١٠ / (٢٫٥ × ٥)‫א‬
 ٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
 (2.5 V)‫א‬
١٫٢٥ = ٥٠ / (٢٫٥×٢٥)Z‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
(10 V)‫א‬
‫א‬١٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٥‫א‬
٥Z‫א‬‫א‬
(50 V)‫א‬
‫א‬٥٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢٥Z‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬
(250 V)‫א‬
‫א‬٢٥٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
١٢٥‫א‬
١٢٥Z‫א‬‫א‬
147
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

AC 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ AC
‫א‬
(AC) ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
  V ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  A.C.
 K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J٣
 DC 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 
 DC‫א‬
(DC) ‫א‬‫א‬

KE٩ J٦F
‫א‬‫א‬
MA ‫א‬
‫א‬
D.C.
KD ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬E٩ J٦F
‫א‬

148
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫وضع‬
‫المفتاح‬

100 )‫א‬ 10 )‫א‬  

(MA (MA
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٠ K ١٠ ‫א‬
 ٥‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ٥‫א‬
100 )‫א‬  ٥Z‫א‬‫א‬
 (MA  
Z‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٠/(١٠×‫א‬‫א‬F
(١٠×٥)‫א‬
٠٫٥ = ١٠٠/

 AC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ AC‫א‬(AC)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MA‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،A.C.‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
 

149
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 (Digital Multi-meters) ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠٠٢٠٠

EDigital MultimeterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E١٠ J٦F
 

 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٦F‫א‬

150
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٦
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬KE١١ J٦F‫א‬  
‫א‬ 
 W
 

 
 K‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١
١  J٦F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W
 WK‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ mA) 
( VΩm W‫א‬
 
 (COM) W‫א‬

‫א‬ (10ADC) 
W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
‫א‬
‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬
 
 W ‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬

151
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 PNP ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EhfeF‫א‬

‫א‬ 

 KNPN
N
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
W‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ OFF
O
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DCV
D
  K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ACV
A
‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DCA
D
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10A
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ω
 K‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 

  ٣ J٣ J٦

‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬VΩm ‫א‬ ‫א‬
mA ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KCOM
C ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٢ J٦F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 

152
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K
‫א‬‫א‬E١٢٢ J٦F‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J٢
DC ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (DC) ‫א‬‫א‬

 DC
CV ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬VmA
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 COM
M ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬


٢٠‫א‬
   ١٥   ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 K
٢٠ 
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
 
AC 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
(AC) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٧ ٢٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ACV  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٧٥٠
‫א‬
٢٠٠
‫א‬
٢٠٠ 
‫א‬
 K٧٥٠
٧ 
‫א‬
٢٠٠  

 
 ‫א‬  J٣
 DC 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬(DC) ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 DCA ‫א‬‫א‬
D  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬VΩmA
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 COM
M ‫א‬‫א‬

153
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 10A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
(Clamp On Ammeter) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦
 J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠
 ٦٠٠

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٦F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

154
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
. EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 
(Voltage Tester) ‫א‬٥ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٦F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

155
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ECF‫א‬‫א‬E√F
K‫א‬
  E F    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 E F    K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫ א‬.١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

  ‫א‬‫א‬ K

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

   K

  W‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

  EFEF‫ א‬K

   K

156
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫ א‬.٣
    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

  ‫א‬‫א‬ K

   K
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

157
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  (V)‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ COM ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٦F‫א‬
‫א‬ R2 ‫ א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R1, R2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٦F‫א‬

158
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
(A
A)‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، mA
A  A ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ COM ‫א‬  
   W ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
  K ‫א‬‫א‬

،E١٦ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫ א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 



 K‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٦F‫א‬
 
 

159
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  E‫א‬‫ א‬F ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ COM ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
.
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬     
 ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬ 
E١٧ J٦F ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

 

 K‫אא‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬E١٧ J٦F
F ‫א‬
  

160
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

161
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 
 
 
 

162
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠٢٢٠L١٢٧ K١
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠٣٨٠L٢٢٠ K٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

163
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬E١ J٧F‫א‬

   W
 ‫א‬
 A
 ‫א‬
 B

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ C
 ‫א‬
 D
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ F

164
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬‫א‬١ J٧
‫א‬E٢ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٧F‫א‬K

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٧
 WE٣ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٧F‫א‬

165
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٤ J٧F‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٧F‫א‬

 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. ∅
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W∅ ∅
‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
. ∅

166
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬٣ J١ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

  ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١ J٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٧F‫א‬K
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٧F‫א‬

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٦ J٧F  ‫א‬K K‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

167
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٧F‫א‬

  ‫א‬٥ J١ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
100١٠٠CE‫א‬D‫א‬FZ‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J١ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬٢ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٧ J٧F

168
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٧F
‫א‬

 EU ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬KE٨ J ٧F
‫א‬
  




‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫ א‬
‫ א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ 
 .‫ א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٨ J٧F
‫א‬

169
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٧

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
.‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
. ‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
.‫ א‬‫א‬ 
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 .  

 W‫א‬
W‫א‬
4.44 F N ∅
4.44 F N ∅

1

4.44 A F cos a
 :
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
–E‫א‬‫א‬G‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫ א‬Wcos
 ‫א‬W
‫ א‬W4.44

170
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

:‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ١  ‫א‬١
 ١{٠٥ ‫א‬ ٣W١
 ١{١ ‫א‬٥W٣
 ١{٢  ‫א‬٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠٥٠‫א‬L ٥٠‫א‬٤٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٠-١١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .١٢ J٦ J١{٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
4.44 cos
W
50 40
2 10
1000000
1
2.252 /
4.44 2 10 50 1

٢{٢٥٢ =‫א‬
٢{٢٥٢=‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 
 W٢٢٠ J١١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
110 2.252 247.7 248
220 2.252 495.44 496

 W١٢ J٦–١{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1.5 2.252 3.378 4
6 2.252 14
12 2.252 28

171
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 

‫ א‬
‫ א‬
 
‫ א‬
‫القدرة‬
‫شدة التيار‬
‫معامل الققدرة‬ ‫الجھد‬
 
‫א‬
٠{٨‫א‬  
  ‫א‬
K‫ א‬٢‫א‬٧
 ‫א‬
 

‫א‬
 
١ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩ J٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KE١٠ J٧F
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


  K
 
‫א‬E٩ J٧F‫א‬

٣
‫א‬K٥٥
٥ C٧٠
‫א‬٢،١‫א‬
K‫אא‬٣٥٥C٥٠،٣٥ C٤٠ ‫א‬‫אא‬
٤،

172
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
K
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٧F‫א‬

173
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٧
،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 KE١١ J٧F‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٧F‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١١٠ ٢٤٨‫א‬
K٤٩٦٢٢٠‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٤٨
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢ J٧F‫א‬
 

174
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
E١٢ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬٤‫א‬ ‫ א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

٦‫א‬‫א‬١٤٤‫א‬ 
١{٥
١١٢
‫א‬ ‫ א‬
‫א‬٢٨ ‫א‬

.‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 E
‫ א‬
 F ‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٣٣ J٧F‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬E١٤ J٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

175
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٧F‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫ א‬٣ J٢ J٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬١١٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١٠
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ K J١
 K‫ א‬K  ‫א‬
 K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

176
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ٤ J٢ J٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫ א‬


‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥ J٧F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ E١٥ J٧F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
KK‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٧F‫א‬

 
 KK
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬E١٥ J٧F
‫א‬
 
‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬E١٦ J٧FF
‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F

177
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 KK‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٧F‫א‬
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٦FE١٧ J٧F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٧F‫א‬
 
 

178
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E١٨ J٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٧
‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٩ J٧F‫א‬ 
 :‫א‬
١ :(LV) Low Voltage ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K٦٩١ :(MV) Medium Voltage ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K٢٣٠٦٩ :(HV) High Voltage ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 K٥٠٠٢٣٠ :(EHV) Extra High Voltage ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤

179
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٧F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ٣٨٠L٢٢٠F‫א‬E ٢٢٠L١٢٧F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬  K          
 :‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 

180
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
PVCW‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬          
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  

181
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W

Single Core Cable  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١

Multi-Core Cable ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٧F


 ‫א‬E٢٠ J٧F
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ .٢  ‫א‬ .١
 EFW‫א‬ .٤  (XLPE)‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٦  K‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
K‫א‬ .٨ K‫א‬ .٧
 K( PVC )‫א‬‫ א‬.١٠ ‫א‬ .٩
  K‫א‬
 ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٧F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E٢١ J٧F
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٢  K‫א‬ K١
EFW‫א‬ K٤  K(XLPE)‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦ EF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K K٨  KEF‫א‬ K٧
    K( PVC )‫א‬‫ א‬K٩

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ، 
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E ‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،‫א‬
 KE٢٢ J٧F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF J

 EF‫א‬L J

 EF J

 EF‫א‬L J
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٧F‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Stranded Parallel Thermoplastic cables (SPT)

 
 
   E‫א‬F  J١
  PVC  J٢
PVC ‫א‬  J٣ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٧F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٤ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢٥ J٧F‫א‬

   J١
PVC  J٢
‫א‬  J٣
PVC ‫א‬  J٤

 KE٢٤ J٧F‫א‬

185
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   J١
PVC  J٢
  J٣
 
PVC ‫א‬  J٤
 
 KE٢٥ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE٢٦ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ JK‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٧F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧
  

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧ J٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

187
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨ J٧F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬ K٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٩ J٧F‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

188
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩٩ J٧F‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 W ٣  J٧F
E٣٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬
  K
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K٢
  K‫א‬
‫א‬
  K
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 

 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬E٣٠ J٧F
‫א‬
 

189
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣١ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥F
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
  K٤٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

190
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 E٥F‫א‬ E١F‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
E٦F‫א‬  E٢F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
E٣F‫א‬
 E٧F‫א‬  
 
 
 
E٨F‫א‬ E٤F‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

191
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬
 J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 K‫א‬E٣٢ J٧F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬d‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٣ J٧F‫א‬3d‫א‬
 

 
 
  K‫א‬E٣٣ J٧F‫א‬

192
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬‫א‬
 J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬E٣٤ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٥ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

193
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥ J٧F‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٦ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
  K‫א‬٠{١٥‫א‬

194
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
E٢F‫א‬ E١F‫א‬ 
 
 
E٣F‫א‬  
 
 
 E٤F‫א‬  
 
 
 
 E٥F‫א‬
 E٣٦ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣٧ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
  K٧{٥
  K ‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
  .‫א‬

195
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 KE‫א‬FF‫א‬
‫א‬E٣٧ J٧F
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   
  
  
  
   ‫א‬  
 .‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣٣٨ J٧F‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٨ J٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 
     E٣٩ J٧FF  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  K١
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ .٢

K٧{٥
K ‫א‬
 .٣

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ K٤
  K‫א‬

196
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K
‫א‬‫א‬E٣٩ J٧F 
 ‫א‬
 ET F
 F‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬E٤٠ J٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠ J٧F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 
 K  K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢{٥‫א‬،‫א‬ .٢

K٧{٥ 
‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 .٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  

197
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
‫אא‬‫א‬E٤١ J٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  K١
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ .٢

K٧{٥
K ‫א‬
 .٣

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ K٤
K
‫א‬‫א‬
K

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K٥
K‫אא‬‫א‬
  K٦
  K‫א‬
‫א‬

 
 

 

 K‫א‬E٤١ J٧F‫א‬

198
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬EF٦ J٣ J٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
  K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 K ‫א‬  J٣

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬١{٥‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢ J٧F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  

199
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢ J٧F‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٣ J٧F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬
K‫א‬

200
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 K‫א‬E٤٣ J٧F
‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 J

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٤٤ J٧F
 K

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١

،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ K٢


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

 
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬E٤٤ J٧F‫א‬
‫א‬

201
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
   ‫א‬١
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K
‫א‬

‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬ ٧ J٣ J٧

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
EFF
‫א‬

‫אא‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
E٤٥ J٧F‫א‬
 ‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
FK
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 
‫א‬ EF

‫א‬
‫א‬،

‫א‬
‫א‬
 K


 
 
 KE‫א‬FF‫א‬‫א‬E٤٥ J٧F‫א‬
 
 

202
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٤٦ J٧F
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬
  
‫א‬
 K



 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E٤٦ J٧F
‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ٨ J٣ J٧
‫א‬

      ‫א‬  

  
‫א‬ E
F  

‫א‬     
‫א‬   ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
  ،‫א‬
 
      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬  
  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    ، 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
K

203
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٧ J٧F‫א‬
،E١F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬E١F
 K‫א‬
‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٠FE٨F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢،١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
E٢F‫א‬   E١F‫א‬
 
 
E٣F‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬E٤٧ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٩ J٣ J٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٨ J٧F‫א‬
 
  
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٨ J٧F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٩ J٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 ‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٩ J٧F‫א‬
 
 
 

205
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٠ J٧F

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٠ J٧F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
٢١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥١ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥١ J٧F‫א‬
 

206
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬١٠ J٣ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KE‫א‬٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬٨٠‫א‬
E‫א‬٢٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٢ J٧F‫א‬
 

207
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥٢ J٧F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٥٣ J٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

208
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
E١F‫א‬  
 
 
 
E٢F‫א‬
 
 
E٣F‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
E٤F‫א‬  
 
K‫א‬‫א‬E٥٣ J٧F‫א‬

209
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢١٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٤ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
  K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
  K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬E٥٤ J٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E٥٥ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥٥ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
E٥٦ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥٦ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬  J١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٦F‫א‬
 KE٥٧ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٧ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KE٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
KE٤٠F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K

213
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E٥٨ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠ ١٠٠ 60 ١٠٠
٣٠٠
 K
 K‫א‬E٥٨ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KE٢٤٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
KE١١٠F
،E٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
KE٣٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
KE٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
 
 

214
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Y‫א‬
‫א‬
 KE٥٩ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 KYE٥٩ J٧F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KE٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J١
KE٤٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
  KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٦

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬KE١٢٧٢٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     E  ٢٤L٢٢٠ F  
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 KE‫א‬F
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
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 
 

‫א‬‫א‬  
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

218
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 
 

219
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫؟‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 :( Vendor manual )

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬      
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Indexes F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KETable of ContentsF‫א‬E
 
:(Indexes) ‫א‬١ J٨
 
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
     E ١ J٨ F  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  E٢ J٨F‫א‬  

220
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
INDEX
A
Amplifier 9
B
Batteries 11
C
Checking and Replacing the Batteries 12
Circuit Breaker 10
D
Design of Meter 13
E
Error Limits 4
g Busing Current Transformer TIL 05 f measuri Extension 20
Extension of Measuring rang 4
Extension of Measuring Range Using Clamp-on Ammeter and Split-Core Type
Transformer ID 300, ID 600, ID 500, and IDM 1 22
F
Frequency Error 6
Fuse 10
I
Influence of Curve Shape 7
Influence of Stray Fields 6
M
Maintenance 28
Measurements of AC Voltage 23
Measurements of Alternating Current and AC Voltage at Frequencies up to
10,000 Hz 24
Measurements of Direct Current 17
Measurements of Resistance 27
Measurements of Superimposed DC Voltage and AC Voltage 24
Measuring of Alternating Current 19
Measuring of DC Voltage 18
Measuring Ranges 3
O
Operating Instructions 12
Overload Protection 10
P
Power Supply of Amplifier 11
Preparing the Meter for Operation 13
S
Scale Constants 7
Source of Voltage for Resistance Measuring 11
T
Technical Data 3
Temperature Coefficient 5
Test Voltage 7
 
  E١ J٨F‫א‬

 

221
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E٢ J٨ F‫א‬

222
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٨F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬5 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E5033‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬E Page F‫א‬ PE Commercial Luminaire
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬A04A03‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
             ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E Measurements of Direct Current F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 
١٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬M‫א‬
 KE٣ J٨F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 E٣ J٨F
‫א‬
 W ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١F
e
easy inputts-٣ D
DC motorss-٢ easyContrrol  J١

224
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 E٤ J٨F‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬
   E ‫א‬  easyControl    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1-16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٦

 ٨  ‫א‬  D ‫א‬   DC motors  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٢
 K٥‫א‬
١‫א‬ E‫א‬ easy inputs‫א‬ J٣
 ٢٧‫א‬٢١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F
 K

 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 E٥ J٨F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ M8037  ‫א‬    W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    M ‫א‬
M8000 ‫א‬‫א‬8037‫א‬

 K٢٢‫א‬‫א‬Series
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬
 WE٥ J٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬220015‫א‬‫א‬ J٢‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬     J٤     ‫؟‬ VF2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ J٣
 ‫؟‬Multimeters
 

 E٥ J٨F‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E٢F‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬E٦ J٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
830220-1

 E٦ J٨F‫א‬
 E٣F‫א‬
F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ٥ J٨ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬E٧ J٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٧ J٨F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
:( Table of Contents ) ‫א‬٢ J٨
K  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
SectionsF‫א‬EMain TitlesFEChapters F
‫א‬‫א‬،E SubtitleFE
 KE٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬

230
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
E Main TitleF‫א‬E ٤F ‫א‬
LV ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E SubtitleF‫א‬

‫א‬E ٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ CABLES 0.6/1 KV

‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
Single Core ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LV CABLES 0.6/1 KV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٧‫א‬‫א‬‫ونالحظ‬Cable, Copper Conductor

 E٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.t software‫وتحت‬Test anSeries  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬AVO300 Series J٢

 

231
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ٤‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٥‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٦‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

232
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬K
 K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"‫א‬‫א‬"
 K١٩٨٨‫א‬
‫א‬K"‫א‬"
 K١٩٨٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K"‫א‬"
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٩٧٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"
"‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٧٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬"‫א‬‫א‬"
 K١٩٩٨
"‫א‬‫א‬"
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٩٩٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬"‫א‬"
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
"‫א‬"
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"
 ‫א‬K –‫א‬‫א‬"‫א‬
١٩٩٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠٠–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"
 ‫א‬K " ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
" Electrical Installation Guide "
 Maurice lewis newness technician series -
England 1997
" Modern Wiring Practice Design
W. E. Steward & T. A. Stubbs and Installation" New york 2000.

" Electric Wiring Industrial"

Robert L. Smith & Stephen L. Herman Delmar Publishers – New york
1999
Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Technische
Electric Power Engineering
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) – Germany
 Proficiency Cource
1983
 

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