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Gudgeon pin
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Gudgeon pin connection at connecting rod. Gudgeon pin fits into gudgeons inside
piston.
In internal combustion engines, the gudgeon pin (UK, wrist pin US) connects the
piston to the connecting rod, and provides a bearing for the connecting rod to
pivot upon as the piston moves.[1] In very early engine designs, including those
driven by steam, and many very large stationary or marine engines, the gudgeon pin
is located in a sliding crosshead that connects to the piston via a rod. A gudgeon
is a pivot or journal. The origin of the word gudgeon is the Middle English word
gojoun, which originated from the Middle French word goujon. Its first known use
was in the 15th century.[2]

Overview
The gudgeon pin is typically a forged short hollow rod made of a steel alloy of
high strength and hardness that may be physically separated from both the
connecting rod and piston or crosshead.[1] The design of the gudgeon pin,
especially in the case of small, high-revving automotive engines is challenging.
The gudgeon pin has to operate under some of the highest temperatures experienced
in the engine, with difficulties in lubrication due to its location, while
remaining small and light so as to fit into the piston diameter and not unduly add
to the reciprocating mass. The requirements for lightness and compactness demand a
small diameter rod that is subject to heavy shear and bending loads, with some of
the highest pressure loadings of any bearing in the whole engine. To overcome these
problems, the materials used to make the gudgeon pin and the way it is manufactured
are amongst the most highly engineered of any mechanical component found in
internal combustion engines.[citation needed]

Design options
Gudgeon pins use two broad design configurations: semi-floating and fully floating.
[1]

?onstruction of gudgeon pin

Typical construction of gudgeon pin (wrist pin) is shown on the picture. The design
depend on technological and technical effectiveness.

Semi-floating
In the semi-floating configuration, the pin is usually fixed relative to the piston
by an interference fit with the journal in the piston. (This replaced the earlier
set screw method.[3]) The connecting rod small end bearing thus acts as the bearing
alone. In this configuration, only the small end bearing requires a bearing
surface, if any. If needed, this is provided by either electroplating the small end
bearing journal with a suitable metal, or more usually by inserting a sleeve
bearing or needle bearing into the eye of the small end, which has an interference
fit with the aperture of the small end. During overhaul, it is usually possible to
replace this bearing sleeve if it is badly worn. The reverse configuration, fixing
the gudgeon pin to the connecting rod instead of to the piston, is implemented
using an interference fit with the small end eye instead, with the gudgeon pin
journals in the piston functioning as bearings.[4] This arrangement is usually more
difficult to manufacture and service because two bearing surfaces or inserted
sleeves complicate the design. In addition, the pin must be precisely set so that
the small end eye is central. Because of thermal expansion considerations, this
arrangement was more usual for single-cylinder engines as opposed to multiple
cylinder engines with long cylinder blocks and crankcases, until precision
manufacturing became more commonplace.
Fully floating
In the fully floating configuration, a bearing surface is created both between the
small end eye and gudgeon pin and the journal in the piston. The gudgeon pins are
usually secured with circlips.[4] No interference fit is used in any instance and
the pin 'floats' entirely on bearing surfaces. The average rubbing speed of each of
the three bearings is halved and the load is shared across a bearing that is
usually about three times the length of the semi-floating design with an
interference fit with the piston.
References
Nunney, Malcolm James (2007) "The Reciprocating Piston Petrol Engine: Gudgeon pins
and their location" Light and heavy vehicle technology (4th ed.) Butterworth-
Heinemann, Oxford, UK, p. 28, ISBN 978-0-7506-8037-0
Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, G & C Merriam Company, 1963, p. 370
Williamson, W.D. (16 March 1916) "The Sizes of Motors for Trucks and Outline of
British Practice in This Field: Part Two: Outline of British Truck Motor Design"
The Automobile [Automotive industries] The Class Journal Company, New York, Vol.
XXXIV, pp. 502�504, p. 502, OCLC 5276931
Hillier, Victor Albert Walter and Pittuck, Frank William (1991) "The Petrol
Engine: Gudgeon pins" Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology (4th ed.) Stanley
Thornes Pub., Cheltenham, England, p. 34 ISBN 0-7487-0531-7
vte
Aircraft piston engine components, systems and terminology
Categories: Engine technologyEngine components
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