You are on page 1of 21

CoreComputerScience_001-200.

qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 9

!"#$%&'(&)'*+%*+,&
!-./0&12&343!56&789:;659!;<3&===================================================================================================&1!

"#"$%&!'()%!*#*'%!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!,!
,+,!"#"$%&"!(-!./01-(21$(.-"!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!3!
45677879!67:!;<;=>?!87;=6556=8@7!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!3!
,+,+,!$A>!B@7=>C=!D@E!FA8BA!6!7>F!;<;=>?!8;!G5677>:!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!3!
,+,+H!$A>!7>>:!D@E!BA679>!?6769>?>7=!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!I!
,+,+3!*@?G6=8J858=<!8;;K>;!E>;K5=879!DE@?!;8=K6=8@7;!87B5K:879!5>96B<!;<;=>?;!@E!JK;87>;;!?>E9>E;!++++++++++!L!
,+,+I!M8DD>E>7=!;<;=>?;!8?G5>?>7=6=8@7!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!N!
,+,+L!15=>E76=8O>!87;=6556=8@7!GE@B>;;>;!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!P!
,+,+N!4E@J5>?;!=A6=!?6<!6E8;>!6;!6!G6E=!@D!:6=6!?89E6=8@7!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!,Q!
,+,+P!R6E8@K;!=<G>;!@D!=>;=879!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!,,!
S;>E!D@BK;!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!,3!
,+,+T!(?G@E=67B>!@D!K;>E!:@BK?>7=6=8@7!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!,3!
,+,+U!M8DD>E>7=!?>=A@:;!@D!GE@O8:879!K;>E!:@BK?>7=6=8@7!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!,I!
,+,+,Q!M8DD>E>7=!?>=A@:;!@D!:>58O>E879!K;>E!=E687879!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!,N!
"<;=>?!J6BVKG!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!,T!
,+,+,,!*6K;>;!@D!:6=6!5@;;+!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!,T!
,+,+,H!*@7;>WK>7B>;!@D!:6=6!5@;;!87!6!;G>B8D8>:!;8=K6=8@7!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!,U!
,+,+,3!/679>!@D!?>=A@:;!=A6=!B67!J>!K;>:!=@!GE>O>7=!:6=6!5@;;!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!,U!
"@D=F6E>!:>G5@<?>7=!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!H,!
,+,+,I!"=E6=>98>;!D@E!?6769879!E>5>6;>;!67:!KG:6=>;!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!H,!
,+H!"#"$%&!M%"(0-!X1"(*"!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!H3!
*@?G@7>7=;!@D!6!B@?GK=>E!;<;=>?!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!H3!
,+H+,!Y6E:F6E>Z!;@D=F6E>Z!G>E8GA>E65Z!7>=F@EVZ!AK?67!E>;@KEB>;!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!H3!
,+H+,!$A>!E@5>;!=A6=!6!B@?GK=>E!B67!=6V>!87!6!7>=F@EV>:!F@E5:!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!HI!
,+H+3!"@B865!67:!>=A8B65!8;;K>;!6;;@B86=>:!F8=A!6!7>=F@EV>:!F@E5:!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!HL!
"<;=>?!:>;897!67:!6765<;8;!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!HU!
,+H+I!/>5>O67=!;=6V>A@5:>E;!FA>7!G5677879!6!7>F!;<;=>?!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!HU!
,+H+L!&>=A@:;!@D!@J=687879!E>WK8E>?>7=;!DE@?!;=6V>A@5:>E;+!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!3Q!
,+H+N!1GGE@GE86=>!=>BA78WK>;!D@E!96=A>E879!=A>!87D@E?6=8@7!7>>:>:!=@!6EE8O>!6=!6!F@EV6J5>!;@5K=8@7!++!3H!
,+H+P!"K8=6J5>!E>GE>;>7=6=8@7;!=@!855K;=E6=>!;<;=>?!E>WK8E>?>7=;!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!3I!
,+H+T!4KEG@;>!@D!GE@=@=<G>;!=@!:>?@7;=E6=>!=A>!GE@G@;>:!;<;=>?!=@!=A>!B58>7=!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!3U!
,+H+U!(?G@E=67B>!@D!8=>E6=8@7!:KE879!=A>!:>;897!GE@B>;;!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!IQ!
,+H+,Q!4@;;8J5>!B@7;>WK>7B>;!@D!D685879!=@!87O@5O>!=A>!>7:[K;>E!87!=A>!:>;897!GE@B>;;+!+++++++++++++++++++++++++!I,!
,+H+,,!"@B865!67:!>=A8B65!8;;K>;!6;;@B86=>:!F8=A!=A>!87=E@:KB=8@7!@D!7>F!($!;<;=>?;!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!I,!
YK?67!87=>E6B=8@7!F8=A!=A>!;<;=>?!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!I3!
,+H+,H!S;6J858=<!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!I3!
,+H+,3!S;6J858=<!GE@J5>?;!F8=A!B@??@75<!K;>:!:898=65!:>O8B>;!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!II!
,+H+,I!&>=A@:;!=A6=!B67!J>!K;>:!=@!8?GE@O>!=A>!6BB>;;8J858=<!@D!;<;=>?;!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!IN!
,+H+,L!/679>!@D!K;6J858=<!GE@J5>?;!=A6=!B67!@BBKE!87!6!;<;=>?!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!IU!
,+H+,N!&@E65Z!>=A8B65Z!;@B865Z!>B@7@?8B!67:!>7O8E@7?>7=65!8?G58B6=8@7;!@D!=A>!87=>E6B=8@7!J>=F>>7!
AK?67;!67:!?6BA87>;!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!L3!
*Y14$%/!/%)%/%-*%"!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!LT!

!-./0&>&0-6.8!5?&-?@;9/A;!/-9&==============================================================================================&B1!

*.&4S$%/!1/*Y($%*$S/%!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!N,!
H+,+,!$A>!B>7=E65!GE@B>;;879!K78=!\*4S]!67:!8=;!>5>?>7=;!+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!N,!
H+,+H!/1&!67:!/.&!++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++!NL!
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 10

!"#"$%&'(%)*)'(%+(+,-.%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%//%
!"#"0%&'(%+*)'12(%1234-5)41,2%).)6(%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%/7%
89:;<=>?@%A9A;?@%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%/B%
!"#"C%D(-3134(24%34,-*E(%*2F%3(),2F*-.%+(+,-.%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%/B%
;D9?>&G<H%><=%>DDIG:>&G;<%8@8&9A8%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%J0%
!"#"/%K52)41,23%,L%*2%,M(-*412E%3.34(+%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%J0%
!"#"J%8,L4N*-(%*MM61)*41,2%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%JJ%
!"#"7%:,++,2%L(*45-(3%,L%*MM61)*41,23%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%7$%
:;ADO&9?%;?H><GP>&G;<%Q%RG<>?@%?9D?989<&>&G;<%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%7/%
!"#"B%R14S%T.4(S%T12*-.S%F()1+*6%*2F%'(U*F()1+*6%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%7/%
!"#"#V%=*4*%-(M-(3(24*41,2%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%B/%
8GADI9%I;HG:%H>&98%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#V!%
!"#"##%R,,6(*2%,M(-*4,-3%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#V!%
!"#"#!%&-54'%4*T6(3%5312E%R,,6(*2%;M(-*4,-3%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#VB%
!"#%W>FF141,2*6%8()41,2X%81+M61L1)*41,2%*2F%R,,6(*2%(UM-(331,23%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%##/%
!"#"#$%I,E1)%*2F%Y(22%F1*E-*+3%5312E%6,E1)%E*4(3%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%##B%
:Z>D&9?%?9K9?9<:98%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#!$%

!"#$%&'(&)*!+",-.&(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&/01%

G<&?;=O:&G;<%><=%8;A9%=9KG<G&G;<8%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#!0%
<9&[;?\%KO<=>A9<&>I8%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#!/%
$"#"#%=1LL(-(24%4.M(3%,L%2(4N,-]3%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#!/%
$"#"!%G+M,-4*2)(%,L%34*2F*-F3%12%4'(%),234-5)41,2%,L%2(4N,-]3%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#0V%
$"#"$%<(4N,-]3S%),++521)*41,2%*2F%6*.(-3%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#0#%
$"#"0%&()'2,6,E1(3%-(^51-(F%4,%M-,_1F(%*%YD<%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#0C%
$"#"C%O3(%,L%*%YD<%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#07%
=>&>%&?><8AG88G;<%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#CV%
$"#"/%D-,4,),6%*2F%F*4*%M*)](4%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#CV%
$"#"J%<()(3314.%,L%M-,4,),63%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#CV%
$"#"7%8M((F%,L%F*4*%4-*23+1331,2%*)-,33%*%2(4N,-]"%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#C#%
$"#"B%:,+M-(331,2%,L%F*4*%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#C!%
$"#"#V%:'*-*)4(-1341)3%,L%F1LL(-(24%4-*23+1331,2%+(F1*%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#C$%
$"#"##%D*)](4%3N14)'12E%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#C0%
$"#%W>FF141,2*6%8()41,2X%<(4N,-]%4,M,6,E1(3%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#CC%
[G?9I988%<9&[;?\G<H%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#C/%
$"#"#!%>F_*24*E(3%*2F%F13*F_*24*E(3%,L%N1-(6(33%2(4N,-]3%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#C/%
$"#"#$%Z*-FN*-(%*2F%3,L4N*-(%),+M,2(243%,L%*%N1-(6(33%2(4N,-]%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#C7%
$"#"#0%:'*-*)4(-1341)3%,L%N1-(6(33%2(4N,-]3"%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#/#%
$"#"#C%=1LL(-(24%+(4',F3%,L%2(4N,-]%3()5-14.%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#/C%
$"#"#/%>F_*24*E(3%*2F%F13*F_*24*E(3%,L%(*)'%+(4',F%,L%2(4N,-]%3()5-14.%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#/7%
:Z>D&9?%?9K9?9<:98%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#J#%

!"#$%&1(&%"2#3!4!$")45&!6$)-$)7&((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&/81%

&;;I8%O89=%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#J0%
&Z9%:;<:9D&%;K%>%D?;RI9A%""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#J0%
>IH;?G&ZA%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#JJ%
KI;[:Z>?&8%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#JB%
D89O=;:;=9%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#7V%
><%>IH;?G&ZA%><=%G&8%9`D?988G;<8%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#7V%
&Z9%D?;H?>AAG<H%:;<:9D&%"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""%#7!%
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 11

!"#$%&'&()*$+(,'-,+*&.$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#/0$
12345346$789:;<=8>??@$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#/0$
!"#"#$+89:;<=8;$>7789783>A;$A9$B9?C346$>$789D?;E$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#/0$
!"#"F$G8<;8$9H$>:A3C3A3;B$>4<$8;I=38;<$9=A:9E;$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#/0$
!"#"0$12;$89?;$9H$B=DJ789:;<=8;B$34$B9?C346$>$789D?;E$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#/!$
12345346$?963:>??@$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#/K$
!"#"!$L;:3B394JE>5346$34$>$B7;:3H3;<$B3A=>A394$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#/K$
!"#"K$L;:3B394B$8;I=38;<$H98$A2;$B9?=A394$A9$>$B7;:3H3;<$789D?;E$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#/K$
!"#"M$,A;8>A394$>BB9:3>A;<$N3A2$>$63C;4$<;:3B394$34$>$B7;:3H3;<$789D?;E$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#/M$
!"#"O$L;:3B394B$>4<$:94<3A394>?$BA>A;E;4AB$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#//$
!"#"/$*963:>?$8=?;B$H98$8;>?JN98?<$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PQ$
12345346$>2;><$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PQ$
!"#"P$,47=AB$>4<$9=A7=AB$8;I=38;<$34$>$B9?=A394$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PQ$
!"#"#Q$+8;J7?>44346$34$>$B=66;BA;<$789D?;E$>4<$B9?=A394$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#P#$
!"#"##$';;<$H98$78;J:94<3A394B$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PF$
!"#"#F$+8;J$>4<$79BAJ:94<3A394B$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#P0$
!"#"#0$&R:;7A394B$A2>A$4;;<$A9$D;$:94B3<;8;<$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#P0$
12345346$:94:=88;4A?@$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PK$
!"#"#!$+>8AB$9H$>$B9?=A394$A2>A$:9=?<$D;$3E7?;E;4A;<$:94:=88;4A?@$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PK$
!"#"#K$-94:=88;4A$789:;BB346$>4<$789D?;E$B9?=A394$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PK$
!"#"#M$L;:3B394$A9$=B;$:94:=88;4A$789:;BB346$34$B9?C346$>$789D?;E$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PM$
12345346$>DBA8>:A?@$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PM$
!"#"#O$&R>E7?;B$9H$>DBA8>:A394$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PM$
!"#"#/$)DBA8>:A394$>4<$:9E7=A>A394>?$B9?=A394B$H98$>$B7;:3H3;<$B3A=>A394$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PO$
!"#"#P$)DBA8>:A394$H89E$>$B7;:3H3;<$B3A=>A394$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$#PP$
!"#"FQ$(;>?JN98?<$>4<$>DBA8>:A394$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$FQQ$
!"F$-G''&-1,'%$-GS+T1)1,G')*$1U,'V,'%$)'L$+(G%()S$L&.,%'$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$FQ#$
!"F"#$.;>8:2346W$B98A346$>4<$9A2;8$>?6983A2EB$94$>88>@B$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$FQ#$
!"F"F$.A>4<>8<$97;8>A394B$9H$:9??;:A394B$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F#/$
!"F"0$)?6983A2E$A9$B9?C;$>$B7;:3H3:$789D?;E$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F#P$
!"F"!$)4>?@B;$>4$>?6983A2E$78;B;4A;<$>B$>$H?9N$:2>8A$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$FFQ$
!"F"K$)4>?@B;$>4$>?6983A2E$78;B;4A;<$>B$7B;=<9:9<;$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$FF0$
!"F"M$-94BA8=:A$7B;=<9:9<;$A9$8;78;B;4A$>4$>?6983A2E$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$FFM$
!"F"O$.=66;BA$B=3A>D?;$>?6983A2EB$A9$B9?C;$>$B7;:3H3:$789D?;E$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F0#$
!"F"/$L;<=:;$A2;$;HH3:3;4:@$9H$>4$>?6983A2E$34$A2;$:94A;RA$9H$3AB$=B;$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F0F$
!"F"P$L;A;8E34;$4=ED;8$9H$3A;8>A394B$H98$63C;4$347=A$<>A>$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F0/$
!"0$,'1(GLT-1,G'$1G$+(G%()SS,'%$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F!#$
'>A=8;$9H$78968>EE346$?>46=>6;B$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F!#$
!"0"#$.A>A;$A2;$H=4<>E;4A>?$97;8>A394B$9H$>$:9E7=A;8$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F!#$
!"0"F$L3BA346=3B2$D;AN;;4$H=4<>E;4A>?$>4<$:9E79=4<$97;8>A394B$9H$>$:9E7=A;8$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F!#$
!"0"0$&R7?>34$A2;$;BB;4A3>?$H;>A=8;B$9H$>$:9E7=A;8$?>46=>6;$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F!F$
!"0"!$&R7?>34$A2;$4;;<$H98$2362;8$?;C;?$?>46=>6;B$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F!0$
!"0"K$G=A?34;$A2;$4;;<$H98$>$A8>4B?>A394$789:;BB$H89E$>$2362;8J?;C;?$?>46=>6;$A9$E>:234;J;R;:=A>D?;$
:9<;$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F!!$
TB;$9H$78968>EE346$?>46=>6;B$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F!!$
!"0"M$X>83>D?;W$:94BA>4AW$97;8>A98W$9DY;:A$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F!K$
!"0"O$L;H34;$C>839=B$97;8>A98B$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F!K$
!"0"/$)4>?@B;$A2;$=B;$9H$C>83>D?;BW$:94BA>4AB$>4<$97;8>A98B$34$>?6983A2EB$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$F!/$
!"0"P$L;C;?97$>?6983A2EB$=B346$?997BW$D8>4:2346$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$FK#$
!"0"#Q$L;B:83D;$A2;$:2>8>:A;83BA3:B$>4<$>77?3:>A394B$9H$>$:9??;:A394$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$FKM$
!"0"##$L;C;?97$>?6983A2EB$=B346$A2;$>::;BB$E;A29<B$9H$>$:9??;:A394$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$FKM$
!"0"#F$L3B:=BB$A2;$3E798A>4:;$9H$B=DJ78968>EE;B$>4<$:9??;:A394B$N3A234$78968>EE;<$B9?=A394B"$""""$FK/$
!"0"#0$-94BA8=:A$>?6983A2EB$=B346$78;J<;H34;<$B=DJ78968>EE;BW$94;J<3E;4B394>?$>88>@B$>4<Z98$
:9??;:A394B$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$FM0$
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 12

!"#$%&'('&)&'&*!&+(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(-./(

!"#$%&'&"()*%!&"+$*,!*-&#+".+/00$,.&111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&234(

0,1(234&!%+(#+(#($'25'#667*5(!2*!&$%(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(-.1(
0,1,1(%89(:9;9<=>(;=?@<9(AB(=;(ACD9E?(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(-.1(
0,1,-(0FG?F;:@FG8F;:(C9?H99;(ACD9E?(=;I(F;G?=;?F=?FA;(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(-.-(
0,1,J(K(0,1,L(M6N(IF=:<=OG(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(-.L(
0,1,P($<AE9GG(AB(I9EAOQAGF?FA;(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J//(
0,1,R('9>=?FA;G8FQG(C9?H99;(ACD9E?G(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J/-(
0,1,S(*99I(?A(<9I@E9(I9Q9;I9;EF9G(C9?H99;(ACD9E?G(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J/P(
0,1,T(!A;G?<@E?F;:(<9>=?9I(ACD9E?G(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J/S(
0,1,.(0=?=(?UQ9G(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J/.(
0,1,1/(0=?=(F?9OG(Q=GG9I(=G(Q=<=O9?9<G(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1/(
0,-()&#%M'&+(2)(22$(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1-(
0,-,1(&;E=QG@>=?FA;(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1-(
0,-,-(7;89<F?=;E9(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1-(
0,-,J($A>UOA<Q8FGO(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1J(
0,-,L(#IV=;?=:9G(AB(9;E=QG@>=?FA;(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1L(
0,-,P(#IV=;?=:9G(AB(F;89<F?=;E9(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1P(
0,-,R(#IV=;?=:9G(AB(QA>UOA<Q8FGO(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1R(
0,-,S(#IV=;?=:9G(AB(>FC<=<F9G(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1R(
0,-,T(0FG=IV=;?=:9G(AB(22$(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1S(
0,-,.(MG9(AB(Q<A:<=OOF;:(?9=OG(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1S(
0,-,1/(#IV=;?=:9G(AB(OAI@>=<F?U(F;(Q<A:<=O(I9V9>AQO9;?(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1T(
0,J($'25'#6(0&W&N2$6&*%(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1.(
0,J,1(!>=GGX(FI9;?FBF9<(=;I(V=<F=C>9G(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J1.(
0,J,-(69?8AIX(=EE9GGA<X(O@?=?A<X(EA;G?<@E?A<X(GF:;=?@<9(=;I(<9?@<;(V=>@9(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J-/(
0,J,J($<FV=?9X(Q<A?9E?9IX(Q@C>FEX(9Y?9;IG(=;I(G?=?FE(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J-1(
0,J,L(MG9G(AB(?89(Q<FOF?FV9(I=?=(?UQ9G(=;I(?89(G?<F;:(E>=GG(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J--(
0,J,P(!AI9(9Y=OQ>9G(BA<(0,J,1(Z(0,J,L(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(J-R(
0,J,R(!AI9(9Y=OQ>9(BA<(G9>9E?FA;(G?=?9O9;?G(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(JJ/(
0,J,S(!AI9(9Y=OQ>9G(BA<(<9Q9?F?FA;(G?=?9O9;?G(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(JJJ(
0,J,T(!AI9(9Y=OQ>9G(AB(=<<=UG(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(JJ.(
0,J,.()9=?@<9G(AB(Q<A:<=OOF;:(>=;:@=:9G(?8=?(9;=C>9(F;?9<;=?FA;=>F[=?FA;(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(JLS(
0,J,1/(&?8FE=>(=;I(OA<=>(AC>F:=?FA;G(AB(Q<A:<=OO9<G(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(JLS(
!"#$%&'('&)&'&*!&+(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(JL.(

/##*,-$5&/&6&$,#7!8"7!#7!&%9/::&1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&;'<(

#$$&*07\(#('&)&'&*!&+(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(JPJ(

/##*,-$5&(&6&(""=:!"+*&#+".+/0&11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&;'>(

#$$&*07\(3('&)&'&*!&+(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(JSS(

/##*,-$5&%&6&!*/0&(7$9-*+&:?:!*0&11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&;@A(

#$$&*07\(!('&)&'&*!&+(,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(JTJ(

$,-*5&"B&!*+0:&11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&;A>(

(
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 12:11 PM Page 13
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 12:11 PM Page 14
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 15

&

'5'&4*)+,-)&$0&"6720$82+$"0)&
93200$07&201&)*)+,-&$0)+2332+$"0&

'5'5'&!:,&%"0+,;+&."6&<:$%:&2&0,<&)*)+,-&$)&#3200,1&
M>&)*.T&00.D*;)73,2).*.("703*U,*+U0,*)"A8*

42V,.)&'+),*+23*"7)0&&2,*)(,*/%+6,H"%T*"/*+*2,H*.$.),6D*
9,.1%&U,*)(,*0&6&)+)&"2.*"/*+*#%"#".,3*.$.),6 D*
:%,.,2)*V+%&"7.*"%'+2&W+)&"2+0*&..7,.*)(+)*%,0+),*)"*)(,*&2.)+00+)&"2*"/*+*2,H*.$.),6 D*
43,2)&/$*)(,*&6 #"%)+21,*"/*+*2,H*.$.),6*/"%*V+%&"7.*7.,%.D*
J7)0&2,*)(,*),1(2"0"'&,.*&2V"0V,3D*
&

K& ,%-' #"#$%&& .(0& S$& .%$(,$=& /0& "%=$%& ,"& %$'6(.$& (& ;B;,$*& ,2(,& /;& /0$GG/./$0,D& 0"& 6"0)$%&
;+/,(S6$& G"%& /,;& "%/)/0(6& '+%'";$D& %$=+0=(0,& "%& "+,b=(,$=F& N2$& '+%'";$& "G& (& 0$H& ;B;,$*& .(0&
(6;"& S$& ,"& /0.%$(;$& '%"=+.,/#/,B& "%& `+(6/,B& "G& ,2$& "+,'+,& "%& $#$0& ,"& */0/*/A$& .";,;F& N2$& 0$H&
;B;,$*&;2"+6=&%$=+.$&,2$&$%%"%;&"%&G6(H;&"G&,2$&$J/;,/0)&"0$F&N2$&=$#$6"'*$0,&"G&*";,&6(%)$&
;B;,$*;&/0#"6#$;&(&2+)$&(*"+0,&"G&,/*$&(0=&$GG"%,&(0=&."0,(/0;&(&6",&"G&=/GG$%$0,&;,()$;F&&

K& ."*'+,$%& ;B;,$*& /0.6+=$;&


=H(%$D& ;"G,H(%$D& '$"'6$&
2(%=
H"%?/0)& H/,2& /,& "%& +;/0)& /,& (0=& ,2$&
/**$=/(,$& $0#/%"0*$0,F& -"&
+'=((,/0)& (& ."*'+,$%& ;B;,$*& *(B&
/0#"6#$& (.,/"0;& 6/?$& ,%(/0/0)&
$*'6"B$$;& ,"& +;$& ,2$& 0$H&
;B;,$*D& .2(0)/0)& ,2$& '2B;/.(6&
6".(,/"0& "G& (& ;$%#$%D& "%& $#$0& G/%/0)&
$*'6"B$$;F&

.(/,,),0& (& 0$H& ;B;,$*& /;& ,2$&


'%"..$;;& "G& ,2/0?/0)& (S"+,& #(%/"+;&
=$,(/6;& (0=& "%)(0/A/0)& ,2$&
(.,/#/,/$;& %$`+/%$=& ,"& (.2/$#$& ,2$&
=$;/%$=&)"(6F&&

0 0 /0 ) &
76(0 ; 2 " + 6= & (0,/./'(,$&
46+',*ADA8*G, +.&U&0&)$ *.)73$*+23*&).*1"6# "2,2). * '",$0,/(6& "%)(0/A(,/"0(6& /;;+$;&
2&(;Y&
;+.2

•! 6(.?&"G&)+/=/0)&"%)(0/A(,/"0(6&(0=&S+;/0$;;&;,%(,$)/$;&
•! 6(.?&"G&;,(?$2"6=$%&(0=&$0=b
= +;$%&'(%,/./'(,/"0&
•! 6(.?&"G&$0=b+;$%&c"H0$%;2/'c
' &"G&;B;,$*&
•! 6(.?&"G&(,,$0,/"0&,"&%$`+/%$=&,%(/0/0)&
•! 6(.?&"G&(,,$0,/"0&,"&#(%/"+;&"%)(0/A(,/"0(6&/;;+$;D&;+.2&(;&"%)(0/A(,/"0(6&.+6,+%$&

& & S*
& &
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 16

&

•! 6(.?& "G& (,,$0,/"0& ,"& ,2$& =$;/)0& "G& ,(;?;& (0=& I"S;D& (66"
".(,/"0& "G& /0G"%*(,/"0& ;B;,$*&
,(;?;D&(0=&,2$&"#$%(66&+;(S/6/,B&"G&,2$&;B;,$*F&

K,&,2/;&;,()$&(&G$(;/S/6/,B&%$'"%,&"%&G$(;/S/6/,B&;,+=B&;2"+6=&S$&."0=+. " ,$=F&N2$&G$(;/S/6/,B&;,+=B&


$#(6+(,$;& (0=& (0(6BA$;& (& '%"I$.,& (0=& /,;& '",$0,/(6D& S(;$=& "0& #(%/"+;& ,$.20/.(6D& $."0"*/.(6D&
6$)(6D& "'$%(,/"0(6& (0=& ;.2$=+6/0)& .%/,$%/(F& 3,& /;& +;$=& ,"& =$./=$& H2$,2$%& ,2$& '%"'";$=& '%"I$.,&
;2"+6=&S$&'+%;+$=F^&

N$.20/.(6&G$(;/S/6/,BY&3;&,2$&$J/;,/0)&,$.20"6")B&;+GG/./$0,&,"&/*'6$*$0,&,2$&
I* '%"'";$=&;B;,$*d&
M* C."0"*/.&G$(;/S/6/,BY&3;&,2$&'%"'";$=&;B;,$*&.";,&$GG$.,/#$d&
e$)(6&G$(;/S/6/,BY&K%$&,2$%$&(0B&."0G6/.,;&S$,H$$0&,2$&'%"'";$=&;B;,$*&(0=&(0B&
-* %$)+6(,/"0;f6(H;d&
\'$%(,/"0(6&G$(;/S/6/,BY&K%$&,2$&$J/;,/0)&"%)(0/A(,/"0(6&'%(.,/.$;&(0=&'%".$=+%$;&
J* ;+GG/./$0,&,"&;+''"%,&,2$&*(/0,$0(0.$&(0=&"'$%(,/"0&"G&,2$&0$H&;B;,$*d&&
;* -.2$=+6$&G$(;/S/6/,BY&@"H&6"0)&H/66&H$&H(/,d&

M>+6 #0, *ADA8*


Y7,
Y7,,.) &"28& K& S""?;,"%$& +; $;& =" = "%b,"b
," =""%& ;(6$;'$%; "0;& ,"& ."66$.,& #(%/"+;& "%=$%; &
G%"*
*& #(%/"+;& .+; ,"*$%; F& N2 $& "%= $%;& (%$& ,( ?$0& ,"& ,2 $& ."*'(0 B<;& "GG/.$;& (0=& (%$&
/0'+,& S B& (& ;$.%$,(%BF& N2 $& S""?;,"%$& 2(;& = $./=$=& ,"& .2 (0)$& ,2/;& =$'(%,*$0 ,& (0=& H/66&
(;?& ,2 $& ;(6$;'$%;"0;& ,"& /0'+,& ,2
, $& "%= $%;& (,& 2"*$D& +;/0)& ,2
, $/%& ' $%;"0(6& ."*'+,$%; F&
5/;.+;;&,2 $&#(%/"+; &$GG$.,;&"G&,2 $; $&.2(0 )$;F&

Q2.H,%8& N2 $& S""?;,"%$& H/66& 0"& 6"0)$%& 0 $$=& ,2 $& ;$.%$,(%B& "%& (0 B& '2B; /.( 6& ;'(.$& ,"&
(.."**"=( ,$& ,2 $& %$6$#(0,& = $'(%,*$0,F& E,/6/,B& S/66;& H/66& S $& %$=+.$=& (0=& '%"S(S6B& ( &
;*(66$%&"GG/.$&H/66&S $& $0"+ )2&G"%&,2 $&."*'(0 BF&N2 $&; $.%$,(%B& H/66&2(#$& ,"&G/0=&(&0 $H&
I"SD& "%& (0",2 $%& '";/,/"0 & /0& ,2 $& ."*'(0 BF& -(6$;'$%;"0;& H/66& 2(#$& ,"& (.`+ /%$& ;"*$&
."*'+ ,$%& ; ?/66;& (0=& ,2 $B& H/66& 0$$=& ,"& 2(#$& (& 7!& H/,2& (0& /0,$%0 $,& ."00$.,/"0F& a$H&
."*'+ ,$%& ;"G,H(%$& (0=& 2(%= H(%$& H/66& (6;"& 2( #$& ,"& S$& "S,( /0 $=& SB& ,2$& ."*'(0 BD&
H2/.2& H/66& (6;"& 0$$=& ,"& G/0=& (& ;$.+%$& H(B& 80$,H"%?9& ,"& (66"H& ,2 $& ;(6$;'$%;"0;& ,"&
."00$.,&,"&,2 $&; $%#$%F&- ,(GG&H"%?/0 )&G%"*&2"*$&*( B&( ;?&G"%&$J,%(&'( BF&

&

'5'5=&!:,&0,,1&."6&%:207,&-202
27,-,0+&
M>&)*.T&00.D*;)73,2).*.("703*U,*+U0,*)"A8*

43,2)&/$*/+1)"%.*)(+)*+
* %,*&2V"0V,3D
3*
X7.)&/$*)(,*2,,3*/"%*1(+2',*6+2+',6,2)D*
42V,.)&'+),*+23*"7)0&&2,*.711,..*/+1)"%.D*

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
^
&1$(;/S/6/,B&;,+=BF&8LMRXD&a"#$*S$%&LR
R9F&30&1)2)3%4)/5'67%'89%%':,+"+(;3%4)/F&Z$,%/$#$=&RgYM^D&
a"#$*S$%&L^D&LMRXD&G%"*&
2,,'Yff$0FH/?/'$=/(F"%)fHf/0=$JF'2'd,/,6$h1$(;/S/6/,Bi;,+=B["6=/=hj^Xkk_j^R&

&*
B &
&
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 17

&

<7/,0%' &/,/0%&%,$& /0#"6#$;& #(%/"+;& '(%(*$,$%;& (0=& /;& (& '%".$;;& "G& ;2/G,/0)& /0=/#/=+(6;D&
,$(*;D& =$'(%,*$0,;& (0=& "%)(0/A(,/"0;& G%"*& ,2$& '%$;$0,& ;,(,$$& ,"& (& =$;/%$=& ;,(,$F& -+..$;;G+6&
.2(0)$& *(0()$*$0,& )+(%(0,$$;& ,2(,& (66& ;,(?$2"6=$%;& (..$',& (0=& $*S%(.$& .2(0)$;& /0& ,2$/%&
H"%?/0)& $0#/%"0*$0,;F& N2$& )"(6& /;& ,"& *(J/*/A$& S$0$G/,;& (0=& */0/*/A$& ,2$& 0$)(,/#$& /*'(.,;&
"G&.2(0)$&"0&/0=/#/=+(6;F&&

1"%& $J(*'6$D& /0& (& ;*(66& S+;/0$;;D& /G& ,2$& "'$%(,/0)& ;B;,$*& .2(0)$;D& ,2$& $*'6"B$$;& 0$$=& ,"&
)$,& '%"'$%& ,%(/0/0)& S$G"%$& ,2$B& (%$& (S6$& ,"& +;$& /,& /0& ,2$/%& $#$%B=(B& H"%?/0)& ;.2$=+6$F& 30& (&
;.2""6&$0#/%"0*$0,&(&0$H&'%/0,$%&,2(,&/;&(S6$&,"&(+,"*(,/.(66B&'%/0,&S",2&;/=$;&."+6=&%$=+.$&
.";,;& S+,& ;"*$"0$& H"+6=& 2(#$& ,"& /0G"%*& ,$(.2$%;& (0=& ;,+=$0,;& (S"+,& ,2/;& 0$H&
G+0.,/"0(6/,BF&-"*$&'$"'6$&"G,$0&G$$6&,2%$(,$0$=&SB&(&0$H&."*'6$,$6B&."*'+,$%/A$=&;B;,$*D&
S$.(+;$&,2$B&(%$&(G%(/=&,2(,&,2$B&*/)2,&6";$&,2$/%&I"S;F&E0G"%,+0(,$6BD&;"*$,/*$;&,2$/%&G$(%;&
."*$&,%+$F&

&

'5'5>& ?"-#2+$@$3$+*& $))/,)& 6,)/3+$07& ..66"-& )$+/2+$"0)& $0%3/1$07&


0 3,72%*& )*)+,-)& "6&
@/)$0,))&-,67,6)&
M>&)*.T&00.D*;)73,2).*.("703*U,*+U0,*)"A8*

9,.1%&U,*)(,*&6#"%)+21,*"/*1"6#+)&U&0&)$D*
43,2)&/$*)(,*H+$*0,'+1$*.$.),6.*&2),%+1)*H&)(*6"3,%2*.$.),6.D*
;7'',.)*.)%+),'&,.*/"%*.711,../70*&2),'%+)&"2*37%&2'*U7.&2,..*6,%',%.D*
43,2)&/$*)(,*&2),%2+)&
) "2+0*3&6,2.&"2*"/*."/)H+%,*1"6#+)&U U&0&)$D*
&

N2$& ,$%*& (%0/+"' #"#$%&& %$G$%;& ,"& (0& "6=& ,$.20"6")BD& 2(%=H(%$D& ."*'+,$%& ;B;,$*D& "%&
(''6/.(,/"0& '%")%(*F& -"*$& ;B;,$*;& ,2(,& S$6"0)& ,"& ,2/;& .(,$)"%B& *(B& ;,/66& '6(B& (0& /*'"%,(0,&
%"6$& /0& (0& "%)(0/A(,/"0F& -+.2& (& ;B;,$*& *(B& ;,/66& S$& /0& +;$& S$.(+;$& /,;& =(,(& .(00",& S$&
."0#$%,$=& ,"& 0$H$%& G"%*(,;D& "%& /,;& (''6/.(,/"0;& .(00",& S$& +')%(=$=F& :$$'/0)& (& 6$)(.B&
;B;,$*&/0&"'$%(,/"0&/0#"6#$;&#(%/"+;&*(/0,$0(0.$&.2(66$0)$;F&C#$0&2/)2&,$.20"6")B&()$0./$;&
;+.2&(;&aK-K&+;$&6$)(.B&;B;,$*;&S$.(+;$&,2$&;B;,$*&;,/66&'%"#/=$;&G"%&,2$&+;$%;c&0$$=;D&$#$0&
,2"+)2& 0$H$%& "%& *"%$& $GG/./$0,& ,$.20"6")/$;& (%$& (#(/6(S6$XF& 3,& /;& .6$(%& ,2(,& ,2$& $J.2(0)$& "G&
=(,(& S$,H$$0& 6$)(.B& (0=& 0$H& ;B;,$*;& /;& (& G(.,"%& ,2(,& ,2$& (=*/0/;,%(,/"0& 0$$=;& ,"& '(B&
;'$./(6&(,,$0,/"0&,"F&

=>#),%##' &%90%9& /;& ,2$& ."*S/0/0)& "G& ,H"& "%& *"%$& S+;/0$;;& $0,/,/$;F& N2$& *(/0& %$(;"0&
."*'(0/$;& *$%)$& /;& ,"& %$=+.$& .";,,;F& 5+%/0)& ,2/;& '%".$;;& (66& =$'(%,*$0,;& "G& S",2& ."*'(0/$;&
0$$=&,"&$0;+%$&,2(,&(66&;+S;B;,$*;&(%$&."*'(,/S6$F**

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
X
&80F=F9F&Z$,%/$#$=&a"#$*S$%&L^D&LMRXD&G%"*&2,,';YffHHHFGS"F)"#f/0=$Jd;h&
"''"%,+0/,B[*"=$hG"%*[/=h$L.=g$k._Mk(LSS=^jRX$=$gjS$S_jjj[,(Sh."%$[i.#/$HhM&

& & Z*
& &
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 18

&

G"7%*;)%+),'&,.*/"%*42),'%+)&"2Z*

RF! :$$'& S",2& /0G"%*(,/"0& ;B;,$*;D& (0=& =$#$6"'& ,2$*& ,"& 2(#$& ,2$& ;(*$& G+0.,/"0(6/,B&
82/)2&*(/0,$0(0.$&.";,9&
LF! Z$'6(.$&S",2&/0G"%*(,/"0&;B;,$*;&H/,2&(&0$H&"0$&8/0.%$(;$=&/0/,/(6&.";,9F&
^F! -$6$.,& ,2$& S$;,& /0G"%*(,/"0& ;B;,$*;& G%"*& $(.2& ."*'(0B& (0=& ."*S/0$& ,2$*& 8/,& /;&
#$%B& =/GG/.+6,& G"%& ,2$& $*'6"B$$;& ,"& H"%?& H/,2& /0G"%*(,/"0& ;B;,$*;& G%"*& (0",2$%&
."*'(0B9F&
XF! -$6$.,& "0$& ."*'(0Bc;& /0G"%*(,/"0& ;B;,$*;& (0=& =%"'& ,2$& ",2$%& ."*'(0/$;<& 8'"6/.B&
'%"S6$*;9F&

a"H(=(B;& /0G"%*(,/"0& ,$.20"6")/$;& "GG$%& $0"%*"+;& '",$0,/((6& G"%& ,2$& H"%6=& $."0"*B& (0=&
;"./$,BF& >";,& "%)(0/A(,/"0;& /0,$%(.,& H/,2& /0=/#/=+(6;& (0=& ",2$%& "%)(0/A(,/"0;& ,2(,& (%$&
6".(,$=& /0& =/GG$%$0,& ."+0,%/$;F& ?/,0>/0%' 4)**%9%,+%#& )%$((,6B& /0.%$(;$& ."**+0/.(,/"0&
'%"S6$*;D& $#$0& /G& /0=/#/=+(6;& 2(#$& ;"*$& ?0"H6$=)$& "G& ,2$ 2 & ",2$%;c& *",2$%& 6(0)+()$F&
e(0)+()$& /;& 0",& "06B& (& G"%*& "G& ."**+0/.(,/"0& S+,& (6;"& (& H(B& "G& ,2/0?/0)& (0=& =$G/0/0)& ,2$&
H"%6=F&&

!;
;*$-/9%' ),+;&3/$)@)()$"& /;& (& ;/,+(,/"0& H2$%$& =/GG$%$0,& ;"G,H(%$& $0,/,/$;& "%& ;B;,$*;& .(00",&
"'$%(,$& ;(,/;G(.,"%/6BD& .""'$%(,/#$6B& "%& /0=$'$0=$0,6BD& "0& ,2$& ;(*$& ."*'+,$%D& "%& "0&
=/GG$%$0,&."*'+,$%;&6/0??$=&SB
S &(&6".(6&"%&H/=$= &(%$(&."*'+,$%&0$$,H"%?F&

&

'5'5A&B$..,6,0+&)*)+,-)&$-#3,-,0+2+$"0&&
M>&)*.T&00.D*;)73,2).*.("703*U,*+U0,*)"8*

9,/&2,*;++;*=;"/)H+%,E+.E+E;,%V&1,CD*
9,/&2,*"2*#%,6&.,*."/
" )H +%,D*
\,0+),*+23*+2+0$W,*)(,*3&//,%,21,*U,)H,,2&;++;*=;"/)H+%,
,E+.E+E;,%V&1,C*+23*"2*
#%,6&.,*."/)H+%,*."07)&"2.D*
&

4+;/0$;;& ;"G,H(%$& .(0&


"'$%(,$& /0;,(66$=& "0& (&
.6/$0,<;& /0G%(;,%+.,+%$& (0=&
'%$*/;$;& "%& 2";,$=& "0&
=$=/.(,$=& ;$%#$%;& ,2(,&
S$6"0)& ,"& (& ."*'(0B& ,2(,&
'%"#/=$;& ;+.2& ;$%#/.$;F& K&
6".(66B& 2";,$=& ;B;,$*& /;& ,2$&
*";,& (''%"'%/(,$& ;"6+,/"0&
G"%& 6(%)$%& (0=& ."*'6$J&
;B;,$*;F& K& %$*",$6B& 2";,$=&
46+',*AD?8*;++;! ;B;,$*& /;& ,2$& *";,&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
_
&e$)(.B&-B;,$*&30,$)%(,/"0F&80F=F9F&Z$,,%/$#$=&a"#$*S$%&L^D&LMRXD&G%"*&
2,,'YffHHHF."6$B."0;+6,/0)F."F+?f*$%)$F2,*&

&*
[ &
&
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 19

&

(''%"'%/(,$& ;"6+,/"0& H2$%$& ,2$%$& /;& 0"& 0$.$;;(%B& 2(%=H(%$& $`+/'*$0,& /0& '6(.$& "%& /0& .(;$;&
H2$%$& ,2$& (=*/0/;,%(,/"0& H/;2$;& ,"& "+,;"+%.$& %$;'"0;/S/6/,/$;& G"%& *(/0,$0(0.$D& ;+''"%,D&
S(.?+';D&;$.+%/,BD&$,.F&

!//!' A!;;*$-/9%B/#B/B!%9C)+%D& "%& l"0b=$*(0=& ;"G,H(%$m& /;& (& ."0,$*'"%(%B& =$6/#$%B& *$,2"=& 2 &
,2(,& (66"H;& ;"G,H(%$& (0=& =(,(& ,"& S$& 2";,$=& (0=& *(0()$=& .$0,%(66B& "0& (& %$*",$& =(,(.$0,$ , %F&
E;$%;& '(B& ,"& (..$;;& ,2$& ;$%#/.$;& '%"#/=$=& "0& (& ;+S;.%/',/"0& S(;/;F& -((-& ;"6+,/"0;& %$;/=$& "0&
,2$&.6"+=&(0=&0$$=&(&H$S&S%"H;$%&(0=&(&S%"(=S(0=&30,$%0$,&."00$.,/"0&,"&S$&(..$;;$=F[&&

-((-&/;&6$;;&$J'$0;/#$&S$.(+;$&/,&2(;&(&6"H&/0/,,/(6&
.";,& (0=& %$`+/%$;& G$H& /0#$;,*$0,;& /0&
/0;,(66(,/"0D& *(/0,$0(0.$& (0=& +')%(=/0)F&
!"*'(0/$;& 2(#$& ,"& '(B& "06B& G"%& ,2$& -(((-&&
;+S;.%/',/"0D& H2/.2& /;& .2$('$%& /0& ,2$& ;2"%,bb,"b
*$=/+*& ,$%*F& -((-& '%"#/=$;& (& ;.(6(S6$&
;"6+,/"0D& ;/0.$& (& ."
. *'(0B& 2(;& "06B& ,"& (=I+;,& /,;&
*"0,26B& -((-& ;+S;.%/',/"0& (;& %$`+/%$=F& 30& *" " ;,&
.(;$;& "06B& (& H$$S& S%"H;$%& (0=& (& S%"(=S((0=&
/0,$%0$,& ."00$.,/"0& (%$& %$`+/%$=& ,"& (..$;;&
-((-& (''6/.(,/"0;F& K& H/=$& %(0)$& "G& =$;?,"'D&
'"%,(S6$& (0=& *"S/6$& =$#/.$;& (6;"& ;+''"%,& -((-&
46+',*ADS8*;++;*7.,*V,%.7. *"2 *#%,6&.,*&2.) +00+)&"2* ;"6+,/"0;F& -((-& %$`+/%$;& G$H& 3N& '$%;"00$6& (0=&

(66& ;"G,H(%$& +'=((,$;& ,(?$& '6(.$& G(%& (H(B& G%"*&


."*'(0B<;&'%$*/;$;F&-((-&/;&."0;/=$%$=&(&;(G$&;"6+,/"0&S$.(+;$&(''6/.(,/"0;&(0=&=(,(&%$;/=$&
/0& ,2$& .6"+=& ;$%#/.$& "G& ,2$& '%"#/=$%c;& =(,(.$0,$%F& @"H$#$%D& ,2$%$& /;& (& '";;/S/6/,B& "G& =(,(& 6";;D&
/G& (& -((-& '%"#/=$%& )"$;& "+,& "G& S+;/0$;;F& N2$& '$%G"%*(0.$& "G& (& H$S& S%"H;$%bS(;$=&
(''6/.(,/"0& ,2(,& /;& 2";,$=& /0& (& =/;,(0
( ,& =(,(.$0,$%& ,2(,& /;& (..$;;$=& #/(& (0& 30,$%0$,& ."00$.,/"0&
/;& 6"H& H2$0& ."*'(%$=& ,"& ;"G,H(%$& %+00/0)& "0& (& 6".(6& *(.2/0$& "%& "#$%& ,2$& ."*'(0B<;& 6".(6&
(%$(& 0$,H"%?F& -((-& /0,$)%(,/"0& H/,2& ",2$%& -((-& ;"6+,/"0;& "%& ;"G,H(%$& /0;,(66$=& 6".(66B& /;&
(6H(B;&=/GG/.+6,F&

&

'5'5C&D3+,602+$E,&$0)+2332+$"0&#6"%,)),)&
M>&)*.T&00.D*;)73,2).*.("703*U,*+U0,*)"A8*

M>#0+&2*)(,*6+^"%*&2.)+00+)&"2*#%"1,..,.*
;7'',.)*H&)(*%,+."2.*3&//,%,2)*&2.)+00+)&"2*#%"1,..,.*
M>#0+&2*)(,*#%".*+23*1"2.*"/*,+1(*&2.)+00+)&"2*#%"1,..*
&

N2$& /0;,(66(,/"0& "G& (& 0$H& ;B;,$*& /;& (& ;/,+(,/"0& ,2(,& *";,& $0,$%'%/;$;D& "%)(0/A(,/"0;& ((0=&
/0=/#/=+(6;&H/66&G(.$&"0$&"%&*"%$&,/*$;F&5+%/0)&,2/;&'%".$;;&,2$&"6=&;B;,$*&H/66&S$&%$,/%$=&(0=&
,2$&0$H&;B;,$*&H/66&,(?$&/,;&'6(.$F&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
j
&-"G,H(%$&(;&(&;$%#/.$F&8LMRXD&a"#$*S$%&Rk9F&30&1)2)3%4)/5'67%'89%%':,+"+(;3%4)/F&Z$,%/$#$=&RgYM_D&
a"#$*S$%&L^D&LMRXD&G%"*&
2,,'Yff$0FH/?/'$=/(F"%)fHf/0=$JF'2'd,/,6$h-"G,H(%$i(;i(i;$%#/.$[" "6=/=hj^XRgn^L^&

& & ]*
& &
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 20

&

M>+6 #0, *AD?8*


Y7,.) &"28*&K&*$= /.( 6&."*'(0 B&/;&#$%B&;(,/;G/$=&G%"*&,2 $&,$.20/.(6&'$%G"%*(0 .$&"G&
/,;&.+%%$0 ,&/0G"%*( ,/"0&,$.2 0"6")B&/0G%(;,%+.,+%$F&3;&,2 $%$&(0 B&%$(;"0&,"&.2(0)$&/,d*

Q2.H,%8*>( BS $D&,2 $&.+%%$0,&; B;,$*&*(B&S $&,""&$J'$0 ;/#$&,"&%+0&(0=&*(/0 ,(/0 F&-"&(&


0$H&; B;,$*&*( B&= $.%$(; $&,2 $&,",(6&$J' $0; $;&"G&,2 $&."*'((0BF&
M>+6 #0, *ADS8*

Y7,.) &"28*W2(,&/;&*$(0 ,&S B&,2 $&,$%*&l"' $%( ,/"0( 6&G$( ;/S/6/,Bm&G"+0=&/0&( &G$(; /S/6/,B&
%$'"%,d&
Q2.
Q2..H,%8*K&G$(;/S /6/,B&%$'"%,&;2"+ 6=&$J(*/0 $&,2$&l"' $%(,/"0( 6&G$(;/S /6/,Bm&"G &,2 $&
'%"'";$= &;B; ,$*F&N2 /;&'(%,&;2""+ 6=&$J(*/0 $&H2 $,2 $%&,2$&$J/; ,/0 )&"%)(0/A(,/"0(6&
'%(.,/.$; &(0=&'%".$=+%$;&(%$&;+GG/./$0,&,"&;+''"%,&,2 $&*(/0 ,$0(0 .$&(0=&"'$%( ,/"0 &
"G&,2 $&0 $H&; B;,$*F&
M>+6 #0, *ADB8*
,.) &"28*W2(,&/;&*$(0 ,&S B&,2 $&,$%*&l*$%)$%md&
Y7,

Q2..H,%8*N2$&."*S/0/0 )&"G&,H"&"%&*"%$&."%'"%( ,/"0; &"%&S+;/0 $;;&$0,$%'%/;$; &/0 ,"&(&


)6$&."%' "%(,/"0F&&
;//0)6
M>+6 #0, *ADZ8*

,.) &"28*W2(,&/;&*$(0 ,&S B&,2 $&,$%*&l;"G,H(%$&/0."*'(,/S/6/,Bmd &


Y7,
Q2..H,%8*3,&/;&( &;/,+( ,/"0&H2$%$&=/GG$%$0,&;"G,H(%$&$0,/,/$;&"%&; B;,$*;&.(00",&
"'$%(,$&;( ,/;G(.,"%/6BD&.""' $%(,/#$6B&"%&/0= $' $0= $0,6BD&"0&,2 $&;( *$&."*'+,$%D&"%&"0&
=/GG$%$0 ,&."*'+ ,$%; &6/0 ?$=&S B&(&6".( 6&"%&H/= $&(%$(&."*'+,$%&0 $,H"%?F&
M>+6 #0, *AD[8*
Y7,.) &"28*-,(,$&G/#$&(= #(0,( )$; &"G&l-((-mF&
Q2.H,%8*e"H$%&/0 /,/( 6&.";,D&$(;B&,"&+')%(= $D&$(;$&"G&( ..$;;&G%"*&( 0BH2 $%$D&$(; B&,"&
'%$=/.,&,2 $&.";,&"G&/0 /,/(6&/*'6$*$0,(,/"0&8;+S; .%/' ,/"0 9D&,2 $&('' 6/.(,/"0&/;&%$(= B&,"&
+;$F&

M>+6 #0, *AD]8*


Y7,.) &"28*-,(,$&G/#$&'";; /S6$&= /;(= #(0,()$; &"G&l-((-mF&
Q2..H,%8*5$' $0= $0.$&"0&( &,2/%=&'(%,BD&;$.+%/,B&(0=&."0G/=$0,/( 6/,BD&= $' $0= $0.$&"0&
30,$%0 $,&."00 $.,/"0 D&%/;?&"G&=( ,(&6";;D&0",&(;&'"H$%G+ 6&(;&"0&'%$*/; $&;"6+,/"0;F*

\0$& .%/,/.(6& =$./;/"0& H2$0& *"#/0)& G%"*& (0& "6=& ;B;,$*& ,"& (& 0$H& "0$& /;& ,2$& .2"/.$& "G&
)&3(%&%,$/$);,' A+;,C%9#);,5' +7/,0%;C%9D' &%$7;4F& !2(0)$"#$%& /;& ,2$& '%".$;;& "G& '+,,/0)& ,2$&
0$H& ;B;,$*& "06/0$& (0=& %$,/%/0)& ,2$& "6=& "0$F& N2$& %$(;"0& G"%& (0
( & "%)(0/A(,/"0& ,"& .2"";$& "0$&
/*'6$*$0,(,/"0&*$,2"=&/0&G(#"+%&"G&(0",2$%&/;&"G,$0&(&,%(=$b" "GG&S$,H$$0&.";,;&(0=&%/;?F&
3,& ;2"+6=& S$& *$0,/"0$=& ,2(,& /0& *";,& .(;$;& ,2$%$& */)2,& S$$& %$;/;,(0.$& SB& $*'6"B$$;& "%&
.+;,"*$%;&,"&.2(0)$&(0=&'6(00/0)&;2"+6=&,%B&,"&*/0/*/A$&,2$&0$)(,/#$&$GG$.,;F&&

&*
_ &
&
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 21

&

N2$&,B'$;&"G&.2(0)$"#$%;&(%$Y&&
•! ./9/((%(E& N2$& *(/0& .2(%(.,$%/;,/.& "G& 7(%(66$6& !2(0)$"#$%& /;& ,2(,& S",2& ;B;,$*;& H"%?& /0&
'(%(66$6& G"%& (& ;2"%,& '$%/"=& "G& ,/*$F& N2/;& *$,2"=& /;& #$%B& '"'+6(%& S$.(+;$& "G& ,2$&
6/*/,$=& %/;?F& \+,'+,;& "G& S",2& ;B;,$*;& .(0& S$& ."*'(%$=& ,"& $0;+%$& ,2(,& ,2$& 0$H&
;B;,$*& /;& G+0.,/"0/0)& '%"'$%6BF& 3G& ,2$& 0$H& ;B;,$*& G(/6;D& ,2$& ."*'(0B& .(0& %$#$%,& "%&
%$,+%0& ,"& ,2$& "6=& ;B;,$*F& W2$0& ,2$& ."*'(0B& /;& ;(,/;G/$=& H/,2& ,2$& "+,'+,& "G& ,2$& 0$H&
;B;,$*D& ,2$& "6=& ;B;,$*& .(0& S$& ,$%*/0(,$=F& Z+0 00/0)& ,H"& =/GG$%$0,& ;B;,$*;&
;/*+6,(0$"+;6B& *$(0;& $J,%(& .";,;& (0=& H"%?6"(=& S$.(+;$& /,& %$`+/%$;& ,2(,& ,2$& ,H"&
;B;,$*;& %+0& '(%(66$6& G"%& (& .$%,(/0& '$%/"=& "G& ,/*$F& N2$& ."*'(0B& 2(;& ,"& *(/0,(/0& ,H"&
=/GG$%$0,& ;B;,$*;& (0=& ,2/;& %$;+6,;& /0& #(%/"+;& "%)(0/A(,/"0(6& ,(;?;F& N2/;& *$,2"=& /;& 0",&
$GG/./$0,& /G& ,2$& "6=& (0=& ,2$& 0$H& ;B;,$*;& 2(#$& ."*'6$,$6B& =/GG$%$0,& '%".$;;/0)& ,(;?;D&
G+0.,/"0;D&/0'+,;D&"%&"+,'+,;F&
•! =)0' =/,0' ;9' F)9%+$' A)&&%4)/$%DE* N2/;& .2(0)$"#$%& /;& #$%B& %/;?B& ;/0.$& ,2$& ."*'(0B&
'6+);& /0& ,2$& 0$H& ;B;,$*& (0=& +0'6+);& ,2$& "6=& "0$& (,& ,2$& ;(*$& ,/*$F& \0.$& ,2$&
(=*/0/;,%(,/"0& 2(;& =$./=$=& ,"& +;$& ,2/;& *$,2"=& (0=& 2( 2 ;& '%$'(%$=& (66& ,2$& 0$.$;;(%B&
'%".$=+%$;D&,2$&.2(0)$"#$%&S$)/0;F&\S#/"+;6B&,2$%$&(%$&=(0)$%;&(;;"./(,$=&H/,2&,2/;&
*$,2"=& /G& ,2$& 0$H& ;B;,$*& ="$;& 0",& G+0.,/"0& (;& $J'$.,$=F& N2/;& *$,2"=& /;& '%$G$%%$=&
H2$0& ,2$& ;B;,$*& /;& 0",& .%/,/.(6F& W/,2& ,2/;& (''%"(.2D& (66& +;$%;& 0$$=& ,"& S$& ,%(/0$=&
(''%"'%/(,$6B& S$G"%$& ,2$& ;H/,.2& ,(?$;& '6(.$D& /0& "%=$%& ,"& +;$& ,2$& 0$H& /0G"%*(,/"0&
;B;,$*&$GG/./$0,6BF&

M>+6 #0, *AD_8*

Y7,.) &"28*&K&0+ .6$(%&;,( ,/"0 &/; &$` +/'' $=&H/,2 &(&2/)2 6B&(+,"*(,$= &."0 ,%"6&;B; ,$*F&N2 /;&
;B;,$*&;2"+6=&S $&%$' 6(.$=&S B&( &0$ 0 H&;B; ,$*F&-+ ))$;,&( &;+/,(S 6$&/*' 6$*$0,( ,/"0&
*$,2"= F&V+;,/GB&B"+%&(0; H$%F*

Q2.H,%8*N2$
Q N2 &."%%$.,&(0; H$%&/; *'(%(66$6&.2( 2 0)$"#$%&S$ S .(+;$&,2$&*( /0&.2(%(.,$, %/;,/.&"G&
,2/;&."0 #$%; /"0&*$,2"= &/; &,2 $&6/*/,$=&%/; ?F&N2$&."; ,&"G&"'$%(,/"0&(0 =&*(/0,$0(0 .$&"G&
S",2&; B;,$*; &H/66&S $&2/)2 $%&S+,&,2 /;&/;&"G&6/*/,$=&/*'"%,(0.$&/0&,2 /;&'(%,/.+ 6(%&; /,+(,/"0 F&
5/%$.,&*$,2 "=&"G&/*'6$*$0,(,/"0&/;&0",&(''%"'%/(,$&S $.(+; $&"G&,2 $&2 /)2&%/; ?&"G&G( /6+%$&
(0=&,2 $&(S; $0.$&"G&(&,%+;,$=&S( .?+ '&; B;,$*F&N2$&;.$0 (%/"&= $;.%/S $=&/0&,2 $&`+$; ,/"0&
="$;&0 ",&/*' 6B&,2$&$J/;,$0.$&"G&*+6,/' 6$&;/,$;&;"&,2$&'/6",&*$,2"=&/;&0",&."0;/= $%$=&(;&
(0&(6,$%0(,/#$F&&

&
•! .)(;$E&N2$&'/6",&*$,2"=&/;&*";,6B&+;$=&/0&6(%)$&"%)(0/A(,/"0;&,2(,&2(#$&*+6,/'6$&;/,$;F&
N2$& 0$H& ;B;,$*& /;& /0,%"=+.$=& /0& "0$& "G& ,2$& ;/,$;& (0=& $J,$0=$=& ,"& ",2$%& ;/,$;& "#$%&
,/*$F& N2$& %/;?& "G& ,2/;& *$,2
2"=& /;& 6"H& (0=& ,2$& '/6",& ;/,$;& .(0& ;$%#$& (;& *"=$6;& G"%& ,,2$&
%$;,& "G& ,2$& ."*'(0BF& N2$& G/%;,& )%"+'& ,2(,& (="',;& ,2$& 0$H& ;B;,$*& /;& .(66$=& ,2$& '/6",&
;/,$& "%& ,2$& '/6",& )%"+'F& KG,$%& ,2$& ;B;,$*& '%"#$;& ;+..$;;G+6& (,& ,2$& '/6",& ;/,$D& /,& /;&
/*'6$*$0,$=& /0,"& ,2$& %$;,& "G& ,2$& ."*'(0B& +;/0)& (& .2(0)$"#$%& *$,2"=& 8+;+(66B&
=/%$.,9F&
•! .7/#%4E& W/,2& ,2$& '2(;$=& ."0#$%;/"0& *$,2"=D& (& ."*'(0B& ."0#$%,;& "0$& *"=+6$& "G&
,2$& ;B;,$*& (,& (& ,/*$D& *$(0/0)& ,2(,& =/GG$%$0,& '(%,;& "G& ,2$& ;B;,$*& (%$& ."0#$%,$=& (,&

& & `*
& &
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 22

&

=/GG$%$0,&,/*$;F&N2$&,%(/0/0)&'$%/"=&/;&$J,$0=$=&(0=&,2$ 2 &(="',/"0&"G& ,2$&0$H&;B;,$*&


,(?$;& 6"0)$%D& ;/0.$& $(.2& '2(;$& *+;,& S$& /*'6$*$0,$=& ;$'(%(,$6BF& N2$& /0;,(66(,/"0& "G&
,2$&0$H&;B;,$*&/;&="0$&'$%&*"=+6$D&'$%&=$'(%,*$0,&$,.F&&
&

'5'5F&96"@3,-)&+:2+&-2*&26$),&2)&2&#26 +&".&12+2&-$762+$"
"0&
M>&)*.T&00.D*;)73,2).*.("703*U,*+U0,*)"A8*
9,/&2,*3+)+*6&'%+)&"2
" D*
43,2)&/$*)(,*&6#"%)+21,*"/*&21"6#+)&U&0&)$*+23*&21"6#0,),2,..D**
:%"V&3,*+*U+0+21,3*+2+0$.&.*"/*3&//,%,2)*3+)+*6&'%+)&"2*.1,2
, +%&". D*
'

F/$/' &)09/$);,& %$G$%;& ,"& ,2$& ,%(0;G$%& "G& =(,(& S$,H$$0& =/GG$%$$0,& G"%*(,;D& ;,"%()$& ,B'$;& (0=&
."*'+,$%& ;B;,$*;F& 3,& +;+(66B& ,(?$;& '6(.$& /0& (0& (+,"*(,/.& *(00$%& ;"& (;& ,"& (.2/$#$& $GG/./$0,&
+;$& "G& 2+*(0& %$;"+%.$;F& 5(,(& */)%(,/"0& 2(''$0;& H2$0& (0& "%%)(0/A(,/"0& .2(0)$;D& +')%(=$;&
"%& *$%)$;& /,;& /0G"%*(,/"0& ;B;,$*;& 8G"%& $J(*'6$D& =+$& ,"& (& *$%)$%& "%& ,(?$"#$%9Fk& >(0B&
'%"S6$*;& *(B& (%/;$& H2$0& ,%(0;G$%%/0)& =(,(& G%"*& "0$& ;B;,$*& ,"& (0",2$%F& 1/%;,& "G& (66D& ,2$%$&
*(B& S$& /0.('(S/6/,B& "G& *"#/0)& ,2$& /0G"%*(,/"0& =+$& ,"& '(%(*$ * ,$%;& ;+.2& (;& /0."*'(,/S/6/,B&
H/,2& ,2$& 0$H& ;B;,$*& "%& 0"0b%$.")0/A(S6$& =(,(& ;,%+.,+%$;F& K6;"D& =(,(& *(B& S$& 6";,& "%& 0",&
,%(0;G$%%$=&=+$&,"&(0&/0."*'6$,$&=(,(&,%(0;G$%&"%&$%%"%;&=+%/0)&,2$&'%".$;;F&30&(==/,/"0D&=(,(&
.(0& (6;"& S$& */;/0,$%'%$,$=& =+$& ,"& /0."*'(,/S/6/,/$;D& .(+;$=& SB& ,2$& =/GG$%$0,& ."0#$0,/"0;& "G&
$(.2&."+0,%B&."0.$%0/0)&=(,$D&,/*$&(0=&*$(;+%$*$0,&+0/,;F!!

46+',*ADB8*9+) +*6&'%+) &"2 !

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
k
&5(,(S(;$&]6";;(%B&b&5F&80F=F9F&Z$,%/$#$=&a"#$*S$%&L^D&LMRXD&G%"*&
2,,'YffHHHF0H=(,(S(;$F."*f=(,(S(;$b)6";;(%Bb=F2,*&

& *
A@ &
&
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 23

&

7eKa

q W2/6$& ,2$&'6(00/0)& ;,()$&=$'$0=;& "0&,2$& $J,$0=& (0=&;'+%'";$& "G&,2$& */)%(,/"0D& ,2$&'6(00/0)& '%".$;;&
;2"+6=& (6;"&/0.6+=$& =$,$%*/0/0)& ,2$& %$`+/%$*$0,;& "G& ,2$&*/)%(,/"0F& 7(%(*$,$%;& ;+.2&(;&,2$& /=$0,/G/.(,/"0&
"G&,2$& G+,+%$& $0#/%"0*$0,D& ,2$&=$#$6"'*$0,& (0=& ,2$& =".+*$0,(,/"0& "G&,2$& */)%(,/"0&'6(0&;2"+6=& S$&
."0;/=$%$=F

>3]ZKNC

q 5+%/0)&,2$& */)%(,/"0&'2(;$D& ,2$& 30G"%*(,/"0& N$.20"6")B& =$'(%,*$0,& H/66&0$$=& ,"& ."**+0/.(,$& /,;&'6(0;D&
"S,(/0D& /0;,(66&(0=& ."0G/)+%$& (0B&0$.$;;(%B& ;"G,H(%$& (0=&2(%=H(%$D& (0=&'%".
" $$=& ,"& ,2$&=(,(& */)%(,/"0F

UKe35KNC

q K&'%$b*/)%(,/"0& ,$;,& ,"&#(6/=(,$&=(,(&/;&2/)26B&%$."**$0=$=D& /0&(==/,/"0& ,"&'";,b*/)%(,/"0& #(6/=(,/"0&


,$;,/0)F& N2$;$& ,$;,;& H/66&.2$.?& ,2(,& ,2
2$&=(,(&/;&/0&,2$& ;(*$& ;,(,$&(G,$%&,2$& */)%(,/"0&(;&/,&H(;&S$G"%$& ,2$&
*/)%(,/"0F
&
_
G&'7%,*AD?8*9+)+*6&'%+)&"2*.)+',. *

&

'5'5G&H26$"/)&+*#,)&".&+,)+$07&
M>&)*.T&00.D*;)73,2).*.("703*U,*+U0,*)"A8*
43,2)&/$*)(,*&6 #"%)+21,*"/*),.)&2'D*
9,/&2,*6+^"%*),.)&2'*)$#,.D*
;7'',.)*)(,*U,.)*),.)&
) 2'*/"%*+*#%"#".,3*.1,2+%&"D*

&
N$;,/0)&.(0&2(''$0&/0&=/GG$%$0,&H(B;&(0=&/0&=/GG$%$0,&'2(;$;F&&
8>,+$);,/(' $%#$),0& ,$;,;& /0=/#/=+(6& ."**(0=;D& ,$J,& /0'+,D& *$0+& G+0.,/"0;D& $,.F& ."0G/%*;& ,2(,&
,2$B& '$%G"%*& (0=& G+0.,/"0& ."%%$.,6B& (.."%=/0)& ,"& ,2$& =$;/)0& ;'$./G/.(,/"0;F& 1"%& $J(*'6$D& /G& (&
.2"/.$&/;&*(=$&,"&(==&(&.6/$0,D&="$;&,2$&'%")%(*&)"&,"&,2$&o(==&.6/$0,;&*"=+6$od&&
F/$/' $%#$),0& /;& H2$0& 0"%*(6D& (S0"%*(6& (0=& $J,%$*$& =(,(& /;& '+,& /0,"& ,2$& ;B;,$*F& -+''";$&
,2(,& ,2$%$& /;& (& '%")%(*& ,2(,& (..$',;& (& ;,+=$0,<;& '$%.$0,()$& /0& (& *(,2& $J(*& (0=& )/#$;& (&
l'(;;m& *$;;()$& /G& ,2$& 0+*S$%& $0,$%$=& /;& )%$(,$%& ,2(0& "%& $`+(6& ,"& ;/J,Bp& ",2$%H/;$& /,& '%/0,,;& (&
lG(/6m&*$;;()$F&N2/;&'%")%(*&.(0&S$&,$;,$=&H/,2nD&RMY&&
•! G;9&/(' F/$/* ;+.2& (;& kj& H/66& S$& +;$=& ,"& .2$.?& /G& l'((;;m& (0=& lG(/6m& *$;;()$;& (%$&
(''%"'%/(,$6B&'%"#/=$=F&&
•! F/$/' /$' $7%' ?)&)$#& ;2"+6=& (6;"& S$& +;$=D& G"%& ,2/;& '(%,/.+6(%& '%"S6$*& MD& _nD& jMD& RMM& (%$& (66&
$J(*'6$;&"G&0"%*(6&=(,(&(,&,2$&6/*/,;F&&

O., /70* 42/"%6+)&"2Y& -"*$& (+,2"%;& =$;.%/S $& (;& l$J,%$*$fS"+ 0=(%B& =(,(& ,2 $& =(,(& (,& ,2 $&
6/*/,;& "G& (..$',(S/6/,Bf#(6/= /,Bm& (0
( =& (;& l(S0"%*(6f$%%"0$"+;& =(,(& ,2 $& =(,(& "+,; /= $& ,2$ &
6/*/,;&"G&( ..$',(S /6/,Bf#( 6/= /,BFm&.GF&5(#/=&W(,;"0&(0=&@$6$0&W/66/( *;D&LMRLD&'( )$&knF&

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
g
&K="',$=&SBY&34>D&LMMkD&4$;,&'%(.,/.$;&G"%&=(,(&*/)%(,/"0F&2,,'YffHHHb
n^_F/S*F."*f;$%#/.$;f+;f),;f'=GfS$;,'%(.,/.$;G"%=(,(*/)%(,/"0bH'b),HMRLk_b+;$0bMRbRLR^MkF'=G&
n
&34&!"*'+,/0
/ )&@"*$&7()$F&80F=F9F&Z$,%/$
/ #$=&a"#$*S$%&L^D&L &LMRXD&G
&G%"*&2,,'YfffHHHF/Sb."*'+,/0)F."*&
RM
&W(,;"0&5FD&@F&W/66/(*;D&LMRLD&!(*S%/=)$&3]!-C&!"*'+,$%&-,+=/$;&Z$#/;/"0&]+/=$D&!(*S%/=)$&
E0/#$%;/,B&7%$;;F&

& & AA*


& &
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 24

&

•! :H$9%&%'F/$/*H/66&S$&"+,;/=$&,2$&0"%*(6&6/*/,;p&bRMD&RMXD&RLL^& R &(%$&$J(*'6$;F&N2$;$&=(,(&
;2"+6=& S$& %$I$.,$=& =+%/0)& #(6/=(,/"0& ,$;,/0)F& N2$& +;$%& *(B& 0",& /0'+,& ;+.2& =(,(& S$.(+;$&
,2$Bc%$&H%"0)D&(0=&/,c;&$(;B&,"&'%$;;&(&?$B&,H/.$&SB&*/;,(?$F&&
•! I@,;9&/(' F/$/' A)((%0/(' 4/$/D* H/66& S$& ,2$& ,B'$& "G& =(,(& ,2(,& H$& %$(66B& =/=0c,& $J'$.,F& 1"%&
,2/;& '(%,/.+6(%& '%")%(*& /,& ."+6=& S$& =(,(& ,2(,& 6""?;& 6/?$& (& ;,%/0)D& (& .2(%(.,$%& (0=& 0",& (0&
/0,$)$%F& N2/;& =(,(& H"+6=& 0",& +;+(66B& S$& $0,$%$=F& K& 0(/#$& +;$%& *(B& $0,$%& J$-;J5' H2/.2&
;$$*;&+06/?$6B&S+,&2$f;2$&."+6=&(6;"&2/,&,2$&;'(.$S(%&(0=&$0,$%& JK'''LJ5'/0;,$(=&"G&MKLND'
G"%&$J(*'6$F&

I((37/' $%#$),0* /;& ="0$& S$G"%$& ,2$& ;"G,H(%$& '%"=+.,& /;& *(=$& (#(/6(S6$& ,"& ,2$& )$0$%(6& '+S6/.F&
a"%*(66BD& K6'2(& ,$;,/0)& H/66& S$& .(%%/$=& "+,& SB& ,2$& ."*'(0B& ,2(
2 ,& =$#$6"';& ,2$& ;"G,H(%$& /0& (&
6(S"%(,"%B&,B'$&$0#/%"0*$0,&(0=&0",&SB&,2$&$0=&+;$%;&/0&,2$/%&+;+(6&H"%?'6(.$;RRD&RLF&&

=%$/' $%#$),0& /0.6+=$;& ."**$0,;& (0=& ;+))$;,/"0;& "G& ,2$& +;$%;F& E06/?$& K6'2(& ,$;,/0)D& +;$%;&
"+,;/=$& ,2$& ."*'(0B& (%$& /0#"6#$=& /0& ,2$& ,$;,/0)F& N2$/%& G$$=S(.?& /;& #(6+(S6$& (0=& .(0& S$& +;$=&
,"& G/J& =$G$.,;& (0=& $%%"%;& ,2(,& H$%$& */;;$=D& (0=& (6;"& ."0,%/S+,$;& /0& ,2$& '%$'(%(,/"0& "G&
;+''"%,& ,$(*;& ,2(,& H/66& =$(6& H/,2& $J'$.,$=& /;;+$;F& 1%$`+$0,& S$,(& ,$;,/0)& %$;+6,;& /0& 6(;,&
*/0+,$& ;"G,H(%$& .2(0)$;F& 30& ;"*$& .(;$;D& ,2$& 4$,(& #$%;/"0& H/66& S$& *(=$& (#(/6(S6$& ,"& ,2$&
)$0$%(6&'+S6/.F&N2/;&.(0&'%"#/=$&#/,(6&%$(6bH"%6=&/0G"%*(,/"0&(0=&G$$=S(.?RRD&RLF&

F9"B9>,'$%#$),0&/;&."0=+.,$=&+;/0)&'$0b(0=b'('$%&SB&,2$&'%")%(**$%F&5+%/0)&=%B&%+0&,$;,/0)&
,2$& '%")%(**$%& *$0,(66B& %+0;& ,2$& (6)"%/,2*F& @$& $J(*/0$;& ,2
2$& ;"+%.$& ."=$& (0=& =$./=$;& "0&
H2(,&,2$&"+,'+,&"G&(&%+0&;2"+6=&S$&8$J$.+,/"09F&

5+%/0)&>,)$'$%#$),05&/0=/#/=+(6&'(%,;&"G&,2$&;B;,$*&(%$&,$;,$=&;$'(%(,$6BF&

5+%/0)& ,2$& ),$%09/$);,' $%#$),05& ,2$& $0,/%$& ;B;,$*& /;& ,$;,$=& (,& ,2$& ;(*$& ,/*$& ,"& #$%/GB& ,2(,&
,2(,&(66&."*'"0$0,;&.(0&H"%?&,")$,2$%F&

O#%9' /++%3$/,+%' $%#$),0* /;& +;$=& ,"& =$,$%*/0$& /G& ,2$& ;B;,$*& ;(,/;G/$;& ,2$& .+;,"*$%& 0$$=;& (0=&
/0& *";,& .(;$;& /;& ."0=+.,$=& /0& +;$%& '%$*/;$;& S$G"%$& (..$',/0 0)& ,%(0;G$%& "G& "H0$%;2/'F& N2/;&
,B'$&"G&,$;,/0)&/;&,2$&6(;,&;,()$&"G&,2$&;"G,H(%$&,$;,/0)&'%".$;;F&

F%@>00),0& /;& (& ;B;,$*(,/.& '%".$;;& "G& G/0=/0)& (0=& ."%%$.,/0)& ,2$& 0+*S$%& "G& S+);& 8$%%"%;9& /0& (&
."*'+,$%&'%")%(*F&
3,& /;& /*'"%,(0,& ,"& *$0,/"0& ,2(,& ,2$%$& (%$& ."*'+,$%& '%")%(* *;& ,2(,& .(0& (+,"*(,/.(66B& ,$;,&
",2$%&'%")%(*;F&N2/;&*(?$;&,2$&,$;,/0)&'%".$;;&G(;,$%&(0=&.2$('$%F&

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
RR
&K6'2(&#;F&4$,(&N$;,/0)F&80F=F9F&Z$,%/$#$=&a"#$*S$%&L^D&LMRXD&G%"*&
2,,'YffHHHF.$0,$%."=$F."*fS6")fLMRRfMRf(6'2(b#;bS$,(b,$;,/0)f&
RL
&80F=F9F&Z$,%/$#$=&a"#$*S$%&L^D&LMRXD&G%"*&2,,'Yff$A/0$(%,/.6$;F."*fdK6'2(bN$;,/0)b(0=b4$,(b
N$;,/0)[/=hX^^&

& *
A? &
&
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 25

&

M>+6 #0,*AD`8*
Y7,.) &"28* -$#$%( 6& #$%/G/.(,/"0& (0=& #(6/=(,/"0& .2 $.?;& (%$& '$%G"%*$=& "0& =(,(& S$/0 )&
$0,$%$=& /0,"& (& =(,(S(;$& SB& (& S(0 ?& $*'6"B$$F$ & N2 $& =(,(S(;$& ."0,(/0;& (0& l()$m& G/$6= &
(0=& (& l0( *$m& G/$6= F& ]/#$& ,H"& $J( *'6$;& "G& /0#( 6/= & =( ,(& (0=& "0$& $J(*' 6$& "G& #( 6/= &
=(,(&G"%&,2$&G/$6=&l()$mD&(0=&$J'6(/0&2"H&,2/;&G/$6=&."+6=&S$&#( 6/=( ,$=F*
Q2.H,%8* K66& l()$m& $0,%/$;& ;2"+6=& S $& .2 $.?$=& ,"& ;$$& /G& ,2$B& (%$& '"; /,/#$& 0+*S $%;&
(0=& G"%& ."0; /;,$0.B& H/,2& ( & */0/*+ *f*( J/*+ *& %(0)$& 8$F)F& RgbRRM9F& N2 /;& '%".$; ; &
/0.6+=$;& (& ,B' $& (0=& (& %(0)$& .2
2 $.?F& 30 #( 6/=& =(,(& G"%& ,2 $& ()$& G/$6=& ."+6=& S $& lrm& (0= &
lL^Xm&H2 /6$&#( 6/= &=(,(&H"+ 6=&S $&lL_mF&
Y7,.) &"28*@"H&,2 $&l0( *$m&G/$6= &."+ 6=&S$&#$%/G/$=d**
Q2.H,%8* 3,& ."+6=& S$& ,B'$=& ,H/.$& (0=& ,2$& ,H"& $0,%/$;& ."*'(%$=F& 3G& S",2& $0,%/$;& (%$ &
,2$& ;( *$& ,2 $0& ,2 $& l0( *$m& /;& #$%/G/$= F& N2 /;& '%".$;;& /;& .(66$=& ="+S 6$& $0 ,%B& (0= &
%$=+.$;&=( ,(&$0,%B&$%%"%; F&

*
a+0&3+)&"2*+23*V,%&/&1+)&"2*&2*%,0+)&"2*)"*3+)+*&2#7)L*
•! P/()4/$);,& /;& ,2$& '%".$;;& "G& $#(6+(,/0)& H2$,2$%& =(,(& /0'+,& G"66"H;& (''%"'%/(,$&
;''$./G/.(,/"0;&(0=&/;&H/,2/0&%$(;"0(S6$&6/*/,;F&
•! P%9)*)+/$);,& /;& ,2$& '%".$;;& "G& $0;+%/0)& ,2(,& ,2$& =(,(& /0'+,& /;& ,2$& ;(*$& (;& ,2$& "%/)/0(6&
;"+%.$&=(,(F&K&H(B&"G&$0;+%/0)&=(,(&#$%/G/.(,/"0&/;&,2%"+) " 2&="+S6$&$0,%BF&
&
a,%&/&1+)&"2*V.D*V+0&3+)&"2*."/)H+%,*),.)&2'*

U$%/G/.(,/"0& /;& ,2$& ."0G/%*(,/"0& ,2(,& (& ."*'+,$%& '%"=+.,& *$$,;& /=$0,/G/$=& ;'$./G/.(,/"0;D&
H2/6$& #(6/=(,/"0& /;& ,2$& ."0G/%*(,/"0& ,2(,& (& ."*'+,$%& '%"=+.,& *$$,;& /,;& =$;/)0& G+0.,/"0& "%&/;&
(''%"'%/(,$&G"%&,2$&/0,$0=$=&+;$F&

•! U(6/=(,/"0Y&K%$&H$&=$#$6"'/0)&,2$&."%%$.,&;B;,$*d&
•! U$%/G/.(,/"0Y&K%$&H$&=$#$6"'/0)&,2$&;B;,$*&."%%$.,6Bd&
•! U(6/=(,/"0Y&5"$;&,2$&'%"=+.,&*$$,&,2$&.+;,"*$%b0$$=;d&
•! U$%/G/.(,/"0Y&5"$;&,2$&'%"=+.,&."*'6B&H/,2&(&;'$./G/.&%$)+6(,/"0&"%&."0=/,/"0d&

&

I),6&."%/)&

'5'5J&K-#"6+20%,&".&/),6&1"%/-,0+2+$"0&
M>&)*.T&00.D*;)73,2).*.("703*U,*+U0,*)"A8*

43,2)&/$*)(,*&6#"%)+21,*"/*#%"#,%*7.,%*3"176,2)+)&"2D*
9,.1%&U,*)(,*H+$*#%"#,%*3"176,2)+)&"2*+//,1).*&6#0,6,2)+)&"2D*
&

& & AS*


& &
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 26

&

7%")%(*;& (0=& ;B;,$*;& *(B& S$."*$& /0.%$(;/0)6B& ."*'6$J& (;& ,2$/%& (/*& )$,;& *"%$& (0=& *"%$&
(0=& ."0#"6+,$=F& K==/,/"0(66BD& ,2$& +;$%<;& H(B& "G& ,2/0?/0)& *(BB& =/GG$%& G%"*& ,2$& =$#$6"'$%;<p&
2$0.$&,2$&H(B&,2$&'%"=+.,&G+0.,/"0;&*(B&0",&S$&.6$(%&,"&,2$&+;$%F&K66&"G&,2$&(S"#$&*(B&6$(=&
,"& ;$%/"+;& '%"S6$*;& =+%/0)& ,2$& /*'6$*$0,(,/"0& "%& "'$%(,/"0 0(6& ;,()$& "G& ,2$& -"G,H(%$& e/G$&
!B.6$& 8-e!9F& N2$& +;$%& */)2,& 0",& ?0"H& 2"H& ,"& +;$& ,2$& '%"=+.,& ,"& /,;& G+66& .('(./,BD& (0=& $#$0&
;'$./(6/A$=& ,$.20/./(0;& *(B& 0",& S$& (S6$& ,"& ;$,& +'& ,2$& 0$H& ;B;,$*& '%"'$%6B& G"%& ,2$& G/%*& ,2$B&
H"%?& G"%F& W/,2& (''%"'%/(,$& $J,$%0(6& =".+*$0,(,/"0D& ,2$;$& /;;+$;& .(0& S$& $(;/6B& ."+0,$%$=D&
;/0.$&,2$%$&H/66&S$&(&+;$%&*(0+(6&$J'6(/0/0)&$#$%B&."*'"0$0,&"G&,2$&'%"=+.,F&

K& ;B;,$*(,/.& (0=& "%)(0/A$=& ;"G,H(%$& =$#$6"'*$0,& '%".$=+%$& $0;+%$;& ,2(,& (66& ;+''"%,/0)&
=".+*$0,;& (%$& '%"=+.$=& /0& (0& "%=$%6B& (0=& *$,2"=/.(6& G(;2/"0F& Q$' )#' C%9"' )&3;9$/,$' $;'
4))#$),0>)#7'@%$-%%,'),$%9,/('4;+>&%,$/$);,'/,4'%H$%9,,/('4;+>&
> %,$/$);,E**

Q,$%9,/(' 4;+>&%,$/$);,& /;& ,2$& ."=$& ."*'%$2$0;/"0& G$(,+%$;& (0


( =& =$,(/6;& '%"#/=$=& (;& '(%,& "G&
,2$&;"+%.$&."=$&/,;$6GF&7%"'$%&/0,$%0(6&=".+*$0,(,/"0&/0.6+=$;Y ;&

•! K''%"'%/(,$&*"=+6$&2$(=$%;&
•! K''%"'%/(,$&."**$0,;&&
•! E;$G+6&(0=&*$(0/0)G+6&#(%/(S6$&0(*$;&
•! E;$G+6&*"=+6$D&.6(;;$;D&*$,2"=;&(0=&G+0.,/"0&2$(=$%;&
•! K''%"'%/(,$&."=$&/0=$0,(,/"0&
•! K''%"'%/(,$&."=$&;,%+.,+%/0)&
•! K''%"'%/(,$&+;$&"G&$0+*$%(,$=&,B'$;&&
•! K''%"'%/(,$&+;$&"G&."0;,(0,&/=$0,/G/$%;&
•! K''%"'%/(,$&+;$&"G&=(,(&,B'$;&=$G/0$=&SB&,2$&+;$%&

3,&/;&#$%B&=/GG/.+6,&(0=&6/?$6B&/*'";;/S6$&G"%&,2$&;"+%.$&."=$&,"&S$&%$(=&SB&,2$&G/0(6&+;$%F&&

:H$%9,/(' 4;+>&%,$/$);,& /;& ,B'/.(66B& H%/,,$0& (;& (& ;$'(%(,$& =".+*$0,& G%"*& ,2$& '%")%(*& /,;$6GF&
3,& /;& '%"#/=$=& ,2%"+)2& #(%/"+;& ,B'$;& "G& +;$%& ;+''"%,/0)& =".+*$0,;& ;+.2& (;& (& +;$%;c& )+/=$D&
;"G,H(%$& %$`+/%$*$0,;& ;'$./G/.(,/"0& =".+*$0,D& =$,(/6$=& =$$;.%/',/"0& "G& ,2$& =$;/)0& (0=&
/*'6$*$0,(,/"0&G$(,+%$;&"G&,2$&'%")%(*&(0=&,$;,&=".+*$0,F&&

&

'5'5L&B$. .,6,0+&-,+:"1)&".&#6"E$1$07&/),6&1"%/-,0+2+$"
"0&
M>&)*.T&00.D*;)73,2).*.("703*U,*+U0,*)"A8*
43,2)&/$*)(,*&6#"%)+21,*"/*#%"#,%*7.,%*3"176,2)+)&"2D*
;7'',.)*V+%&"7.*6,)("3.*"/*7.,%*3"176,2)+)&"2D*
9,.1%&U,*)(,*H+$*#%"##,3*3"176,2)+)&"2*+//,1)*&6#0,6,2)+)&"2 D*
&

E;$%& =".+*$0,(,/"0& .(0& $/,2$%& S$& /0& (& H%/,,$0& "%& /0& (0& "06/0
0$& G"%*D& ;"& ,2(,& ,2$& +;$%& .(0&
;$(%.2&,2$&=".+*$0,&*"%$&$(;/6B&(0=&`+/.?6BF&N2$&+;$%&=".+*$0,(,/"0&;2"+6=&/0.6+=$&(66&,2$&
/0;,%+.,/"0;& ,2(,& (%$& *(0=(,"%B& G"%& ,2$& ;B;,$*& ,"& "'$%(,$& ((0=& ;2"+6=& ."0,(/0& G%$`+$0,6B&
(;?$=& `+$;,/"0;D& H2/.2& (%$& (6H(B;& 0$.$;;(%B& G"%& 0$H& +;$%;F& N2$& =".+*$0,& ;2"+6=& S$& H$66&
;,%+.,+%$=&(0=&=/#/=$=&/0,"&,2$&(''%"'%/(,$&.(,$)"%/$;F&&

& *
AB &
&
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 27

&

!"#$"%&'
N2$;$& .(0& S$& '%"#/=$=& "06/0$& "%&
"GG6/0$F& \0$& "G& ,2$& (=#(0,()$;& "G&
"06/0$& *(0+(6;& /;& ,2$& '",$0,/(6& +;
+ $&
"G& *+6,/*$=/(& G$(,+%$;F& >(0+ +(6;&
.(0& (6;"& S$& '%"#/=$=& "06/0$& (;& '=G&
G/6$;& H2/.2& "0$& .(0& ="H06"(=& (0=&
'%/0,F& N2$& (=#(0,()$& "G& (& '%/0,,$=&
*(0+(6& /;& ,2(,& /,& .(0& S$& %$(=&
H/,2"+,& ,2$& +;$& "G& (& 7!& "%& (0&
/0,$%0$,&."00$.,/"0F&&

()"*%'&$++,-.'

\06/0$& ;+''"%,& /;& (0& (;B0.2%"0"+;&


,B'$&"G&;+''"%,&(0=&.(0&S$&'%"#/=$=&
#/(& (0& $*(/6& (==%$;;F& E;$%;& ."0,(.,&
46+',*ADZ8*9&//,%,2)*6,)("3.*"/*7.,%*3"176,2) +)&"2 * ,2$&;+''"%,&,$(*&"G&,2$&."*'(0B&,"&
%$;"6#$& (0B& '%"S6$*;& H/,2& ,2$& 2$6'&
"G&;'
'$./(6/A$=&,$.20/./(0;F&

()/01101'2&&*&."#30',-'*#.04-".01'$&0-'"&&*&."#30'

-"G,H(%$&;+/,$;&6/?$&>-&\GG/.$&2(#$&/0S+/6,&2$6'&;B;,$*;&8,""6&,/';&(0=&=B0(*/.&'()$&."0,$$0,&
H/,2/0& ,2$& ;B;,$*& /,;$6G9F& \0$& $J(*'6$& /;& H2$0& ,2$& +;$%& 2"#$%;& ,2$& *"+;$& "#$%& (0& /."0& (&
;*(66& ,$J,& S"J& (''$(%;& H/,2& #(6+(S6$& 2$6'& /0G"%*(,/"0F& N2/;& ?/0=& "G& (;;/;,(0.$& /;& ."0;/=$%$=&
(0& $J.$66$0,& H(B& ,"& /0.%$(;$& ,2$& +;(S/6/,B& "G& (& ;"G,H(%$& (''6/.(,/"0F& C*S$==$=& +;$%&
(;;/;,(0.$&/;&."0,$J,b;'$./G/.D&,(;?b;'$./G/.D&(0=&="$;&0",&%$`+/%$&0"#/.$&+;$%;&,"&(;?&,2$&%/)2,&
`+$;,/"0&,"&G/0=&,2$&;+/,(S6$&(0;H$%F&

5-06$0#.%7'2&801'9$0&.*,#&'
1%$`+$0,6B& K;?$=& s+$;,/"0;& 81Ks9& (%$& 6/;,$=& `+$;,/"0;& (0=& (0;H$%;D& (66& ;+''";$=& ,"& )/#$&
+;$%;& (0;H$%;& ,"& (& ."**"0& ;$,& "G& '%"S6$*;& (0=& '$%,(/0/0)& ,"& (& '(%,/.+6(%& ,"'/.F& N2$& G"%*(,&
/;& ."**"06B& +;$=& "0& "06/0$& G"%+*;F& N2$& 6/;,& "G& `+$;,/"0;& ."0,(/0;& `+$;,/"0;& ,2(,& ,$0=& ,"&
%$.+%F&

:*;0'3<".'&0&&*,#&'
\06/0$& ;+''"%,& /;& (& ,B'$& "G& %$(6& ,/*$& ;+''"%,& ,2(,& /;& $J,%$*$6B& +;$G+6& G"%& $*$%)$0 0.B&
;/,+(,/"0;F& K& 6/#$& .2(,& ,$.20/./(0& H/66& (;?& G"%& ,2$& =$;.%/',/"0& "G& ,2$& "..+%%/0)& '%"S6$*D& (0=&
,%B& ,"& '%$;$0,& (& 6/;,& "G& '";;/S6$& ;"6+,/"0;F& K& ,$6$'2"0$& .(66D& (& 6/#$& .2(,& ;$;;/"0& "%& (& #/=$"&
;$;;/"0& '%"#/=$;& (& G$$6/0)& "G& S$/0)& ;+''"%,$=& SB& (& %$(6& '$%;"0D& H2/.2& /;& '%$G$%%$=& SB& *(0B&
+;$%;F&

=#%*#0'+,-."%&',-'>0/'+,-."%%&'
\06/0$& ;+''"%,& /;& '%"#/=$=& /0& *(0B& H(B;D& =$'$0=/0)& "0& ,2$& '
'%"=+.,& "%& ;$%#/.$& ,2(,& /;& S$/0)&
=".+*$0,$=F&\06/0$&'"%,(6;&.(0&'%"#/=$&+'=(,$=&*(0+(6;D&;+''"%,&'()$;&(0=&1Ks&'()$;F&&

& & AZ*


& &
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 28

&

'
?0),.0'10&8.,+'3,##03.*,#&'

Z$*",$& 5$;?,"'& /;& (& G+0.,/"0& ,2(,& $0(S6$;& (& ;'$./(6/A$=& '$%;"0& " & ,"& ."00$.,& ,"& ,2$& +;$%<;& 7!&
(.%";;& ,2$& 30,$%0$,& G%"*& #/%,+(66B& (0B& ."*'+,$%F& Z$*",$& 5$;?,"'& H/66& (.,+(66B& (66"H& (&
;'$./(6/A$=&,$.20/./(0&,"&,(?$&."0,%"6&"G&,2$&+;$%<;&7!&(;&,2"+)2&2$f;2$&H(;&;/,,/0)&=/%$.,6B&/0&
G%"0,& "G& /,F& N2/;& ;"6+,/"0& /;& /=$(6& /G& ,2$& +;$%& /;& 0",& #$%B& $J'$%/$0.$=F& N2/;& ;"6+,/"0& 2(;& ;"*$&
;$.+%/,B& =/;(=#(0,()$;& S$.(+;$& ,2$& ,$.20/./(0& /;& (66"H$=& ,"& 2(#$& G+66& (..$;;& "#$%& ,2$& +;$%<;&
7!F&

&

'5'5'M&B$..,6,0+&-,+:"1)&".&1,3$E,6$07&/),6&+62$0$07&
M>&)*.T&00.D*;)73,2).*.("703*U,*+U0,*)"A8*

43,2)&/$*)(,*&6#"%)+21,*"/*#%"#,%*7.,%*)%+&2&2'*
;7'',.)*V+%&"7.*6,)("3.*"/*7.,%*)%+&2&2'*
9,.1%&U,*)(,*H+$*#%"##,3*7.,%*)%+&2&2'*+//,1)*&6#0,6,2)+)&"2 *
&

3,& /;& /*'";;/S6$& ,"& ,(?$& G+66& (=#(0,()$& "G& (& 0$H& (=#(0.$=& 3N& ;B;,$*& H/,2"+,& '%"'$%& ,%(/0/0)F&
>"%$"#$%& $#$0& ,2$& 2/)2$;,& /0#$;,*$0,& /0& ,$.20"6")B& %$`+/%$;& +;$%;& ,2(,& (%$& (S6$& (0=& H/;2&
,"&+;$&/,F&E;$%&,%(/0/0)&/;&$J,%$*$6B&/*'"%,(0,&/0&(6*";,&$#$%B&.(;$F&&

K66& ,2$& ;,(GG& *+;,& S$& G(*/6/(%& H/,2& ,2$& 0$H& ;B;,$*& (;& ,2$B& H/66& *(?$& */;,(?$;& /G& ,2$B& (%$& 0",&
'%"'$%6B& ,%(/0$=F& -,(GG& .(0& S$& ,%(/0$=& SB& ;$6Gb/0;,%+.,/"0D& G"%*(6& .6(;;$;& "%& "06/0$& ,%(/0/0)F&
1+%,2$%*"%$D& ,2$& =$#$6"'$%;& "G& ,2$& 0$H& ;"G,H(%$& 2(#$& ,"& .%$(,$& .6$(%& $=+.(,/"0(6& *(,$%/(6&
G"%&;"6#/0)&(0B&?/0=&"G&`+$;,/"0;&(&+;$%&*/)2,&2(#$F&&

O#%9' $9/),),0& .(0& S$& =$6/#$%$=& /0& (& 0+*S$%& "G& =/GG$%$0,& H(B;& =$'$0=/0)& "0& (& #(%/$,B& "G&
G(.,"%;D& ;+.2& (;& ,2$& 0+*S$%& "G& ,2$& ;,+=$0,;D& ,2$& (#(/6(S/6/,B& "G& /0;,%+.,"%;D& ,2$& ;/A$& "G& ,2$&
S+;/0$;;D&(0=&,2$&,%(/0/0)&S+=)$,F&&

@0%%AABC#&.-$3.*,#',-'&0%AABB&.$17'

-$6Gb/0;,%+.,/"0& (66"H;& ,2$& +;$%& ,"& 6$(%0& /0& 2/;f2$%& "H0& ,/*$D& +0,/6& 2$f;2$& (.2/$#$;& *(;,$%B&
"G&,2$&;+SI$.,F&7%/0,$=&*(0+(6;D&S""?;D&$bS""?;&"%&",2$%&%$;"+ +%.$;&;+.2&(;&#/=$"&,+,"%/(6;&"%&
"06/0$&$J$%./;$;&.(0&S$&'%"#/=$=&(0=&+;$=&H2$0$#$%&,2$&+;$%&0 0$$=;&,"&/*'%"#$&2/;&;?/66;F&&

K& +;$%& .(0& S$0$G/,& (& 6",& ,2%"+)2& ;$6Gb;,+=BF& 1/%;,& "G& (66D& ,2$%$& /;& 0"& ,+/,/"0& G$$F& 1+%,2$%*"%$&
,2$& +;$%& .(0& ;,+=B& H2$0$#$%& 2$f;2$& H(0,;& 80"& G"%*(6& .6(;;& (,& (& G/J$=& ,/*$& (0=& (& G/J$=&
'6(.$9F& N2$& =/;(=#(0,()$;& /0.6+=$& 6(.?& "G& )+/=(0.$& "%& ,$(.2$$%& ;+''"%,& (0=& ,2$& G/0(6& %$;+6,&
=$'$0=;&"0&,2$&*",/#(,/"0&"G&,2$&+;$%&(0=&,2$/%&(S/6/,B&,"&6$(%0&"0&,2$/%&"H0F&

'

'

& *
A[ &
&
CoreComputerScience_001-200.qxp_CoreComputerScience_001-400 5/26/16 10:15 AM Page 29

&

'

5,-)"%'3%"&&0&'

K& G"%*(6& .6(;;& "GG$%;& (0&


/0,$%(.,/#$& ;$,,/0)& ,2(,&
'%"*",$;& "'$0& (0=& G%$$&
=/;.+;;/"0& S$,H$$0& ;,+=$0,;&
(0=& ,2$& ,$(.2$%& 8/0;,%+.," "%9F&
@(#/0)& ;$#$%(6& ;,+=$0,;&
6$(%0/0)& /0& ,2$& ;(*$&
.6(;;%""*& 2(;& ,2$& (==/,/"0(6&
(=#(0,()$& "G& (66"H/0)&
;,+=$0,;& ,"& $J.2(0)$& /=$(;&
H/,2& "0$& (0",2$%F& 5/%$.,&
/0,$%(.,/"0& H/,2& ,2$& $J'$%,&
(66"H;& G"%& /=$(;& ,"& S$&
$J.2(0)$=& $(;/6B& (0=&
H/,2"+,& (0 B& , $ . 2 0 /. ( 6&
."**+0/.(,/"0&S(%%/$%;F&&

K& .6(;;%""*& ;/,+(,/"0& *(B&


46+',*AD[8*9&//,%,2)*6,)("3.*"/*7.,%*)%+&2&2'
=/;(=#(0,()$& ;2B& *$*S$$%;F&
N2$& .6(;;%""*& .(0& ((6;"&
"S;,%+.,&"0$<;&(S/6/,B&,"&6$(%0&SB&(66"H/0)&",2$%D&*"%$&;$6Gb(;;+%$=&;,+=$0,;&,"&="*/0(,$&,2$&
=/;.+;;/"0&$0#/%"0*$0,F&

4D,#%*#0'.-"*#*#4EF'
?0),.0D1*&."#30'%0"-#*#4

N2$&*(/0&S$0$G/,&"G&(;B0.2%"0"+;&"06/0$&6$(%0/0)&/;&,2(,&/,&(66"H;&'(%,/./'(0,;&,"&,(?$&'(%,&/0&
2/)2& `+(6/,B& ."+%;$;& G%"*& (0BH2$%$& /0& ,2$& H"%6=& '%"#/=$=& ,2$B& 2(#$& (& 7!& (0=& 30,$%0$,&
."00$.,/"0F& N2/;& ,B'$& "G& U/%,+(6& !6(;;%""*& /;& (..$;;/S6$& LXfkff^j_F& N/*$& $GG/./$0.B& (0=& ,/*$&
*(0()$*$0,& (%$& #(6+(S6$& ;,%$0),2;& "G& =/;,(0.$& 6$(%0/0)F& -,+=$0,;& .(0& (..$;;& ,2$/%& #/%,+(6&
."+%;$;D& 6$.,+%$;D& ."+%;$& *(,$%/(6;D& (0=& .6(;;& =/;.+;;/"0;& (,& (0
0B& ,/*$D& =(B& "%& 0/)2,F& N2$& +;$&
"G& /0,$%(.,/#$& 6$(%0/0)& $0#/%"0*$0,;& ."0,%/S+,$;& ,"& ;$6Gb=/%$.,/"0& (0=& '%"*",$;& .%/,/.(6&
,2/0?/0)D&(0=&,2+;&/;&2/)26B&;+''"%,$=&SB&,2$&6/,$%(,+%$&"G&(=+6,&$=+.(,/"0&(0=&,%(/0/0)F&

K0& "06/0$& $=+.(,/"0(6& '%")%(*& %$`+/%$;& '(%,/./'(0,;& H2"& (%$& (S6$& ,"& (..$;;& ,2$& "06/0$&
6$(%0/0)& $0#/%"0*$0,F& e(.?& "G& ,2$& %$`+/%$=& /0G%(;,%+.,+%$& H/66& $J.6+=$& ",2$%H/;$& $6/)/S6$&
;,+=$0,;& G%"*& ,2$& "06/0$& ."+%;$F& -,+=$0,;& (0=& /0;,%+.,"%;& *+;,& '";;$;;& (& */0/*+*& 6$#$6& "G&
3N& ;?/66;& /0& "%=$%& ,"& G+0.,/"0& $GG$.,/#$6B& /0& (0& "06/0$& $0#/%"0*$0,F& \06/0$& (;B0.2%"0"+;&
$=+.(,/"0& '6(.$;& )%$(,$%& %$;'"0;/S/6/,B& "0& ,2$& ;,+=$0,& (0=& )/#$;& ;,+=$0,;& ."0,%"6& "#$%& ,2$/%&
6$(%0/0)& $J'$%/$0.$D& (0=& ,2+;& /;& ."0;/=$%$=& /0(''%"'%/(,$& G"%& *"%$& =$'$0=$0,& ((0=&
/**(,+%$&6$(%0$%;F&

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
R^
&366/0"/;&\06/0$&a$,H"%?Y&C=+.(,/"0(6&Z$;"+%.$;F&80F=F9F&Z$,%/$#$=&a"#$*S$%&L^D&LMRXD&G%"*&
2,,'YffHHHF/"0F+/66/0"/;F$=+f%$;"+%.$;f,+,"%/(6;f"#$%#/$Hf&

& & A]*


& &

You might also like