ENZIM DALAM MAKANAN Substrat KEGUNAAN ENZIM KEPADA MANUSIA

Enzim merupakan molekul-molekul biologi (protein) yang SEKTOR APLIKASI FAEDAH

membantu mempercepatkan atau pemangkin untuk tindak
balas kimia. Hampir semua proses metabolik di dalam sel Detergen Agen membasuh & mencuci Membasuh pakaian & membersihkan gigi

ENZIM
memerlukan enzim untuk membantu meningkatkan kadar Tekstil Pembasuh pakaian tebal, Mencuci jean, Membuatkan kain kapas
tindakbalas bagi mengekalkan kelangsungan hidup. Enzim Pengilat sutera, Pelembut kulit kelihatan seperti sutera, Melembutkan
Enzim
adalah pemangkin yang sangat spesifik dan biasanya barangan kulit
Enzim
Dalam Makanan
bertindak untuk suatu tindakbalas tertentu sahaja.
Enzim adalah pemangkin yang amat khusus dan
Pemprosesan Bakeri, Bru, Menjernihkan jus & bir, roti menjadi lebih
BAGAIMANA ENZIM BERFUNGSI? hanya berfungsi dengan substrat tertentu sahaja. Makanan pemprosesan jus buah berkualiti, Menukarkan kanji kepada gula
Pulpa dan Penukaran kanji, Peluntur, Mengurangkan kos pengeluaran dan
Substrat Enzim berubah bentuk bagi Produk
pelekatan substrat Kertas Kawalan kejelikitan dan lendir meningkatkan kualiti
Kawasan aktif
enzim

ISU HALAL DALAM PENGGUNAAN ENZIM SUMBER ENZIM

”WE CARE THE WAY WE SERVE“ Sumber Asal: tisu haiwan (babi, lembu atau ENZIM SUMBER
biri-biri), bahan tumbuhan, mikro-organisma Haiwan Catalase Hati
dan proses penapaian. Lipase Pankreas
Substrat memasuki Kompleks Kompleks Produk meninggalkan
kawasan aktif enzim Enzim/Substrat Enzim/Produk bahagian aktif enzim Bahan-Mentah bagi pertumbuhan media: Protease Pankreas
contohnya: pepton daripada babi atau lembu Bakteria a-amylase Bacillus
FUNGSI ENZIM tidak disembelih. Protease Bacillus
KEGUNAAN DALAM INDUSTRI
Enzim digunakan di dalam pelbagai Protease: Digunakan untuk proses pra- Kultur Asal: hendaklah daripada sumber halal Tumbuhan Protease Betik
industri. Ianya digunakan secara meluas pencernaan protein dalam pengeluaran
di dalam Industri Makanan. Membolehkan makanan bayi.
sesetengah proses industri dijalankan pada Lipase: Digunakan bersama protease dalam KEGUNAAN UTAMA ENZIM
suhu dan tekanan yang normal. Ianya juga campuran detergen untuk memecahkan dan
membantu mengurangkan penggunaan mencernakan bahan kotoran kepada bahan SUMBER JENIS AKTIVITI KEGUNAAN
tenaga dan peralatan yang mahal. lebih kecil dan larut air. Bakteria Bacillus Protease Daging, minuman
INDUSTRI MAKANAN DAN TENUSU: Carbohydrase: Digunakan untuk menukar Bakteria Streptomyces Isomerase Minuman, kanji
Amylase, Protease, Rennin, Lipase, Lactase sirap kanji yang agak murah kepada sirap Kulat Aspergillus Protease Keju
gula yang lebih berharga. Contoh - sebagai Kulat Kulapok Lipase Keju, Lemak
INDUSTRI BRU:
bahan dalam minuman sukan.
Amylase, Glucanease, Protease Yis Saccharomyces Invertase Koko
Isomerase: Digunakan untuk menukar sirap Yis Kluyveromyces Chymosin /rennin Keju
INDUSTRI KERTAS:
glukosa kepada sirap fruktosa - fruktosa
Amylase, Cellulase, Ligninase lebih manis daripada glukosa - oleh itu, ia Tumbuhan Barli / Malt Amylase Bakeri, gula
INDUSTRI BIOFUEL: digunakan dalam kuantiti yang lebih kecil di Tumbuhan Betik Papain /protease Bakeri, minuman
Cellulase, Ligninase dalam produk untuk menguruskan badan. Haiwan Hati lembu Catalase Minuman, tenusu
BAHAGIAN HAB HALAL
www.halal.gov.my INDUSTRI TEKSTIL: REFERENCES: Haiwan Ruminan Rennin /protease Keju
1. Muhammad M. Chaudry & Mian N. Riaz, Halal Food Production, 2004
Tel: 03 8892 5000/5001 Cellulase, Lipase 2. Matthewson, P.R, 1998. Major biological source of of enzymes
Haiwan Perut Babi / lembu Pepsin /protease Keju, Bijirin
Fax : 03 8892 5005 (Appendix C), in Enzymes, Eagan Press, St. Paul, MN, pp 93-95.
 ENZYMES IN FOOD
Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) that
accelerate, or catalyze chemical reactions. Almost all
metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order
Substrates WHAT DO ENZYMES DO FOR YOU?
SECTOR APPLICATION AREA BENEFITS
Detergents Household washing and Washing clothes in cold water and
cleaning agents brushing your teeth

ENZYME
to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Enzymes
are very specific catalysts and usually work to complete Textiles Heavy fabric washing, Silk Stonewash denim, make cotton look and
Enzyme
one task. Polisihing, Leather goods softening feel like silk, make your leather softer.
Enzyme
In Food HOW ENZYMES WORK?
Enzymes are very specific and only work with
certain substrates
Food
Processing
Baking, Brewing, Fruit juice Clarify your juices and beer, make bread
processing better, turn corn starch into sugar syrup
Pulp and Starch conversion, Pitch control Reduce production costs and improve
Substrates Enzyme changes shape slightly Products
as substrate binds Paper bleach-boosting, Deinking, product quality
Enzyme active Stickies and slime control
site

HALAL ISSUES OF ENZYMES SOURCE OF ENZYMES

”WE CARE THE WAY WE SERVE“
DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT MALAYSIA
HALAL HUB DIVISION
www.halal.gov.my
Tel: 03 8892 5000/5001
Fax : 03 8892 5005
Source of origin: animal tissues (porcine, ENZYMES SOURCES
bovine or ovine), plant materials, microbial and Animal Catalase Liver
Substrate entering Enzyme/Substrates Enzyme/Products Products leaving active fermentation process. Lipase Pancreas
enzyme active site Complex Complex enzyme active site
Raw materials of growth media: e.g: peptone Protease Pancreas
from porcine or un-slaughtered bovine. Bacterial a-amylase Bacillus
INDUSTRIAL APLICATIONS ENZYMES FUNCTION Origin of cultures: should be from halal sources. Protease Bacillus
Enzymes are used in Chemical Industry Protease: Used for protein pre - digestion Plant Protease Carica Papaya
and other industrial application. It is widely process in baby foods manufacturing.
used in Food Industry. It allowed certain
industrial processes to be carried out at Lipase: Used together with protease in
biological detergents to break down - digest
ENZYMES MAIN USES
normal temperatures and pressures. It also
help reducing the amount of energy and - the substances in stains into smaller, water SOURCE TYPE ACTIVITY USES
expensive equipment needed. soluble substances. Bacteria Bacillus Protease Meat, beverages
FOOD AND DAIRY INDUSTRY: Carbohydrase: Used to convert starch Bacteria Streptomyces Isomerase Baverages, starch
Amylase, Protease, Rennin, Lipase, Lactase syrup, which is relatively cheap, into is more Fungi Aspergillus Protease Cheese
valuable. Example - as an ingredient in Fungi Muccor Lipase Cheese, fat
BREW INDUSTRY: sports drinks.
Amylase, Glucanease, Protease Yeast Saccharomyces Invertase Cocoa
Isomerase: Used to convert glucose syrup Yeast Kluyveromyces Chymosin /rennin Cheese
PAPER INDUSTRY: into fructose syrup - fructose is sweeter than
Amylase, Cellulase, Ligninase glucose, so it is used in smaller amounts in Plant Barley / Malt Amylase Bakery, sugar
BIOFUEL INDUSTRY: slimming foods manufacturing. Plant Papaya Papain /protease Bakery, beverages
Cellulase, Ligninase REFERENCES:
Animal Bovine liver Catalase Beverages, dairy
TEXTILE INDUSTRY:
1. Muhammad M. Chaudry & Mian N. Riaz, Halal Food Production, 2004 Animal Ruminants Rennin /protease Cheese
2. Matthewson, P.R, 1998. Major biological source of of enzymes
Cellulose, Lipase (Appendix C), in Enzymes, Eagan Press, St. Paul, MN, pp 93-95. Animal Pig/cattle stomach Pepsin /protease Cheese, cereals
 APA ITU ALKOHOL? Alkohol Sintetik: Alkohol yang terhasil • Menyah-kuman/ bacteria, melarutkan
Bahasa: perkataan Arab iaitu al kuhul yang bermaksud intipati (essence). dari sumber petroleum ini tidak sesuai sebatian dalam sesuatu formulasi ubat,
digunakan dalam produk makanan dan mengekstrak bahan aktif, dan pengawet.
Kimia: satu siri sebatian organik yang terdiri daripada jujukan karbon (C), hidrogen (H) dan tidak boleh diminum. Ianya sesuai untuk
INDUSTRI KOSMETIK DAN WANGIAN

ALKOHOL
oksigen (O). Rumusan am bagi alkohol ialah R-OH, yang mana R adalah sebatian hidrokarbon penggunaan luaran seperti bahan bakar,
• Alkohol industri gred bukan makanan
atau kumpulan alkil (CnH2n+1) dan kumpulan berfungsi hidroksil (OH) terikat pada atom karbon. bahan pelarut atau kimia untuk ujikaji
(denatured alcohol atau alkohol sintetik)
makmal (analytical grade).
Alkohol yang sering digunakan dalam produk ialah: etanol, • Medium untuk penyerapan bahan
propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol), isopropanol (2 propanol), H O PROSES PENGHASILAN ALKOHOL ramuan produk kepada kulit wajah
xylitol, sorbitol, gliserol,isomalt, dan sebagainya. INDUSTRI • Memudahkan minyak wangi dilarutkan,
C H nilai estetik-mudah meruap, mengeluar-
Tanki
Dalam pelabelan makanan, alkohol secara umumnya dirujuk Tanki
Pelarutan
Tanki
Kultur Tanki
kan bau kuat setelah disapu pada kulit.
Penyimpanan Fermentasi
kepada etanol kerana ia merupakan sebatian yang memberi H H R Molases Molases Yis

kesan kemabukan kepada peminum. Etanol adalah komponen Fatwa Kebangsaan ‘Alkohol Dalam Makanan,
utama yang terhasil daripada proses fermentasi. Minuman, Pewangi & Ubat-ubatan’ oleh Muzakarah
D2 ENT E Khas Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan bagi
N
F Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia (14-16 Julai 2011).
D1 D3 D4 D5
”WE CARE THE WAY WE SERVE“ PROSES PENGHASILAN ALKOHOL Molases + Asid
Sufurik
A
Semua minuman arak mengandungi alkohol, akan
Kultur 100% ENFA tetapi bukan semua alkohol adalah arak. Alkohol yang
ALKOHOL SINTETIK: Yis + Membentuk
buburan Air Sisa Buangan Alkohol Alkohol diperolehi dari proses pembuatan arak, hukumnya
Sintesis dari hasil sampingan kimia petroleum adalah haram dan najis.
Gudang Baja Logi
(ethylene) C2H22O11 + H2O
intervase
C8H12O6 + C8H12O6 Organic Pengsejatan 95% GUDANG Manakala alkohol yang diperolehi bukan melalui
Sukros air Glukosa Fruktosa OrganicGro Alkohol proses pembuatan arak, hukumnya tidak najis
+ tetapi haram diminum dalam bentuk aslinya kerana
C6H12O6
zymase
2C3CH6OH + CO2
APLIKASI ALKOHOL DALAM INDUSTRI ia adalah racun dan boleh membunuh.
H2C = CH2: Etilena H2O: Air C2H5OH: Etanol Glukosa/Fruktosa Karbon dioksida INDUSTRI MAKANAN Minuman yang diproses/dibuat bukan dengan tujuan
• Alkohol industri gred makanan untuk menghasilkan arak dan mempunyai alkohol
ALKOHOL BIJIRIN: dibawah aras 1%v/v adalah harus (boleh) diminum.
• Bahan pelarut terbaik
Fermentasi daripada sumber karbohidrat ALKOHOL INDUSTRI (ETANOL) Manakala minuman ringan yang dibuat dengan niat
• Bahan nyah-kuman bagi peralatan
i. Fermentasi gula Alkohol industri merupakan alkohol yang dan cara yang sama seperti proses membuat arak,
pemprosesan makanan. sama ada mengandungi banyak, sedikit alkohol atau
ii. Fermentasi kanji dihasilkan khusus untuk kegunaan industri
alkoholnya disuling adalah haram.
dan terdapat dalam dua gred iaitu: Penggunaan KHAMR (arak) dalam industri
Fermentasi Gula penyediaan makanan Makanan atau minuman yang mengandungi alkohol
Sumber bahan yang tinggi kandungan 1. Gred makanan (potable alcohol) • Makanan yang dimasak dengan
secara semulajadi seperti perahan buah-buahan,
Terhasil daripada proses fermentasi (gula kekacang dan bijran atau alkohol yang terkandung
gula seperti buah-buahan (anggur, kurma), khamr (arak) dapat memberikan atau itu terjadi secara sampingan semasa proses
molasses (tebu), ubi bit (beet root). Contoh atau kanji) tetapi mempunyai proses lanjutan meningkatkan rasa tertentu. pembuatan makanan atau minuman adalah tidak
produk yang terhasil daripada fermentasi - penyulingan - sehingga kepekatan etanol • Mengawet dengan merendahkan nilai najis dan harus (boleh) dimakan/minum.
gula adalah seperti Khamr (Arak): Red wine, mencapai 95-99%. pH dan memberikan warna dan perisa. Makanan/minuman yang mengandungi bahan
white wine, rum, brandy, todi. perisa/pewarna yang mengandungi alkohol bagi
2. Gred bukan makanan • Bir mengandungi yis yang boleh tujuan penstabilan adalah harus (boleh) digunakan
Fermentasi Kanji Denatured alcohol: Proses fermentasi yang membantu menaikkan doh roti. sekiranya alkohol itu bukan dihasilkan dari proses
sama seperti alkohol gred makanan, tetapi • Melembut dengan meleraikan serat otot pembuatan arak dan kuantiti/kadar alkohol dalam
Sumber bahan karbohidrat berkanji seperti produk akhir tidak melebihi 0.5% dan tidak
pada peringkat akhir akan ditambah bahan daging semasa diperap.
BAHAGIAN HAB HALAL bijirin malt, barli, gandum, jagung. Contoh memabukkan.
produk yang terhasil daripada fermentasi kimia nyah-asli (denaturant) seperti bitrix, INDUSTRI FARMASEUTIKAL Ubat-ubatan & pewangi yang mengandungi alkohol
www.halal.gov.my
kanji adalah seperti Khamr (Arak), Bir malt, gasolin, denatonium bagi menjadikannya • Alkohol industri gred makanan. sebagai bahan pelarut adalah tidak najis dan
Tel: 03 8892 5000/5001 diharuskan sekiranya alkohol tersebut bukan diambil
Wiski, Sake dan Tuak. beracun dan tidak sesuai diminum. • Produk pembersih mulut & ubat batuk.
Fax : 03 8892 5005 melalui proses pembuatan arak.
 WHAT IS ALCOHOL? Synthetic Alcohol COSMETIC AND FRAGRANCE INDUSTRY
In Arabic word: Al-Kuhul which means essence. Alcohol derived from petroleum source • Non food alcohol grade (denatured alcohol
is not suitable to be use in food product or synthetic alcohol)
In Chemistry: organic compound derived from carbon chain, hydrogen and oxygen. General and not potable. It is suitable for external • As a medium for absorption of ingredients
formula for alcohol is R-OH, where R is hydrocarbon compound or alkyl group (CnH2n+1) and

ALCOHOL
use such as fuel, solvent or chemicals for to skin care product.
the functional group hydroxyl (OH) binds carbon atom. laboratory analysis (analytical grade). • Facilitate in dissolving of fragrances,
The Common used of alcohol is: ethanol, propylene glycol esthetical value – volatile, removing
(1, 2-propanediol), isopropanol (2 propanol), xylitol, sorbitol, H O INDUSTRIAL ALCOHOL PRODUCTION stringent smell after applying to skin.
gliserol, isomalt and etc. PROCESS
C H
In food labeling alcohol is generally refers to Ethanol, as it is a Molasses
Molasses Yeast
Culture Fermentation
National Council of Alcohol in Food,
Dilution Tank
compound that gives intoxicant to the drinker. Ethanol is also H H R Storage Tank Tank Tank Beverage, Fragrance and Medicine’ by
the main component derived from fermentation process. Fatwa Committee of the National Fatwa
Council for Islamic Religious Affairs
ENT E
D2
N
Malaysia (14-16 July 2011)
D1 D3 D4 D5 F
A Every wine contains alcohol. However not all alcohol
”WE CARE THE WAY WE SERVE“ ALCOHOL PRODUCTION PROCESS Molasses + Suffuric
Acid 100% ENFA
are wine. Alcohol that is extracted from the wine
making process is ruled as prohibited (haram)
Raw Waste Water Alcohol Alcohol
SYNTHETIC ALCOHOL: Yeast and impure.
culture + Forming of
gruel state
OrganicGro
Synthesis by product of petroleum chemistry Orgnic
Evaporator
95% Warehouse
However, alcohol that is not produced through the
(ethylene) intervase Ferteliser Plant
Plant
Alcohol
wine making process is not ruled as impure, but is
C2H22O11 + H2O C8H12O6 + C8H12O6
still prohibited (haram) from being consumed in its
Sucrose water Glucose Fructose
original form as it is a poison and can kill.
+ ALCOHOL APPLICATION IN INDUSTRY
zymase Soft beverages processed/made not for the purpose
H2C = CH2: Etilena H2O: Air C2H5OH: Etanol C6H12O6 2C3CH6OH + CO2 FOOD INDUSTRY of producing wine and containing alcohol below the
Glucose/Fructose Carbon diocside
• Food grade alcohol industry level of 1% v/v are permissible to be consumed.
GRAIN ALCOHOL • Best solvent Whereas for soft beverages made with the same
Fermentation from carbohydrate source INDUSTRIAL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL) • Disinfectant for food manufacturing intention and method of producing wine, regardless
i. Sugar fermentation Industrial alcohol is alcohol that is produced utensils and equipment of whether their alcohol content is high or low or
whether their alcohol content is distilled, their
ii. Starch fermentation specifically for industrial use. It is available in consumption is prohibited.
two grades: Use of alcohol beverage in food preparation
Sugar Fermentation • Food cook with wine will provide and Food or beverages containing natural alcohol such
Made from high sugar content source such 1. Food grade (potable alcohol) enhance specific taste. as fruits, nuts, grains or their juices, or alcohol that
Produced from fermentation process (sugar or incidentally forms during the production process of
as fruits (grapes and dates), molasses (sugar • As preservative by lowering the pH value certain food or beverages is not considered impure
cane) and beet root. Example of product starch), and advanced to distillation process and gives colour and flavours and is permissible to be consumed.
from sugar fermentation: Khamr (Alcoholic until the ethanol concentration reached up to • Beer contains yeast which may help in Food and beverages with flavouring or colouring
beverages): Red wine, white wine, rum, 95-99%. raising the dough. that contains alcohol for stabilisation purposed
brandy, toddy. 2. Non-Food grade • Tendering meat fiber during marinating. are permissible to be consumed provided that
the alcohol is not produces from the wine making
Starch fermentation Denatured Alcohol PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY process. The quantity of such alcohol in the final
DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT MALAYSIA Made from carbohydrate source such as Basically, the fermentation process are similar • Food grade alcohol industry product is not intoxicating and the alcohol level
does not exceed 0.5%.
cereal, malt, barley, wheat, corn. Example to food grade alcohol, but at the final process, • Mouthwash and cough syrup
HALAL HUB DIVISION Medicines and perfumes containing alcohol as a
of product from starch fermentation: Khamr denaturant chemical such as bitrix, gasoline • Disinfection of bacteria, extraction of
www.halal.gov.my solvent agent are not impure and are permissible
(Alcoholic beverages): Beer, Malt, Whisky, and denatonium will be added, for making it active ingredients, dissolving compounds
Tel: 03 8892 5000/5001 provided such alcohol is not extracted from wine
Sake, Tuak. toxic and not potable. in drug formulation and as preservatives. making process.
Fax : 03 8892 5005