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ECN316 Lec3 - Aggregate Production, Productivity and Distribution
ECN316 Lec3 - Aggregate Production, Productivity and Distribution
Macroeconomics
Aggregate Production, Productivity & Distribution
(A Simple Macroeconomic Model)
1
Outline of model
A closed economy, market-clearing model
Supply side
factor markets (supply, demand, price)
determination of output/income
Demand side
determinants of C, I, and G
Equilibrium
goods market
loanable funds market
Factors of production
K = capital:
tools, machines, and structures used in
production
L = labor:
the physical and mental efforts of
workers
2
The production function
denoted Y = F(K, L)
shows how much output (Y ) the economy can
produce from
K units of capital and L units of labor
reflects the economy’s level of technology
exhibits constant returns to scale
3
Example 1
F (K , L) = KL
F (zK , zL) = (zK )(zL)
= z 2KL
= z 2 KL
= z KL
constant returns to
= z F (K , L)
scale for any z > 0
Dr Arshad Ali Bhatti/ Fall 2018 slide 6
Example 2
F (K , L) = K+ L
F (zK , zL) = zK + zL
= z K+ z L
= z ( K+ L )
decreasing
= z F (K , L) returns to scale
for any z > 1
4
Example 3
F (K , L) = K 2 + L2
= z 2 ( K 2 + L2 )
increasing returns
= z 2 F (K , L) to scale for any
z>1
5
Answer to part (a)
K2
F (K , L) =
L
(zK )2
F (zK , zL) =
zL
z 2K 2
=
zL
K2
= z
L
constant returns to
= z F (K , L) scale for any z > 0
Dr Arshad Ali Bhatti/ Fall 2018 slide 10
F (K , L) = K + L
F (zK , zL) = zK + zL
= z (K + L)
constant returns to
= z F (K , L)
scale for any z > 0
6
Assumptions of the model
1. Technology is fixed.
K =K and L=L
Determining GDP
Y = F (K , L)
7
The distribution of national
income
determined by factor prices,
the prices per unit that firms pay for the
factors of production
wage = price of L
rental rate = price of K
Notation
W = nominal wage
R = nominal rental rate
P = price of output
W /P = real wage
(measured in units of output)
R /P = real rental rate
8
How factor prices are determined
9
Marginal product of labor (MPL )
Definition:
The extra output the firm can produce
using an additional unit of labor
(holding other inputs fixed):
MPL = F (K, L +1) – F (K, L)
10
Answers:
60
10
50
8
40
6
30
20 4
10 2
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Labor (L) Labor (L)
11
Diminishing marginal returns
a) F (K , L) = 2K + 15L
b) F (K , L) = KL
c) F (K , L) = 2 K + 15 L
12
Exercise (part 2) L Y MPL
0 0 n.a.
Suppose W/P = 6. 1 10 10
2 19 9
d. If L = 3, should firm hire more
3 27 8
or less labor? Why?
4 34 7
e. If L = 7, should firm hire more 5 40 6
or less labor? Why?
6 45 5
7 49 4
8 52 3
9 54 2
10 55 1
Dr Arshad Ali Bhatti/ Fall 2018 slide 24
MPL,
Labor
demand
Units of labor, L
Quantity of labor
demanded
13
The equilibrium real wage
Units of Labor
output The real wage
supply
adjusts to equate
labor demand
with supply.
equilibrium
real wage MPL,
Labor
demand
L Units of labor, L
14
The equilibrium real rental rate
Units of
output Supply of The real rental rate
capital adjusts to equate
demand for capital
with supply.
equilibrium
R/P MPK,
demand for
capital
K Units of capital, K
15
How income is distributed:
W
Total labor income = L = MPL × L
P
R
Total capital income = K = MPK × K
P
If production function has constant returns to
scale, then
Y = MPL × L + MPK × K
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Dr Arshad Ali Bhatti/ Fall 2018 slide 31
16
The Cobb-Douglas Production
Function
The Cobb-Douglas production function has
constant factor shares:
α = capital’s share of total income:
capital income = MPK x K = α Y
labor income = MPL x L = (1 – α )Y
The Cobb-Douglas production function is:
Y = AK α L1−α
where A represents the level of technology.
Dr Arshad Ali Bhatti/ Fall 2018 slide 32
17
Outline of model
A closed economy, market-clearing model
Supply side
DONE factor markets (supply, demand, price)
DONE determination of output/income
Demand side
Next determinants of C, I, and G
Equilibrium
goods market
loanable funds market
18
Consumption, C
C (Y –T )
Y–T
19
Investment, I
I (r )
20
Government spending, G
Aggregate demand: C (Y − T ) + I (r ) + G
Aggregate supply: Y = F (K , L )
Equilibrium: Y = C (Y − T ) + I (r ) + G
21
The loanable funds market
22
Loanable funds demand curve
r
The investment
curve is also the
demand curve for
loanable funds.
I (r )
23
Types of saving
private saving = (Y – T ) – C
public saving = T – G
national saving, S
= private saving + public saving
= (Y –T ) – C + T–G
= Y – C – G
24
EXERCISE:
Calculate the change in saving
Answers
∆S = ∆Y − ∆C − ∆G = ∆Y − 0.8 (∆Y − ∆T ) − ∆G
= 0.2 ∆Y + 0.8 ∆T − ∆G
a. ∆S = − 100
b. ∆S = 0.8 × 100 = 80
c. ∆S = 0.2 × 100 = 20
d. ∆Y = MPL × ∆L = 20 × 10 = 200,
∆S = 0.2 × ∆Y = 0.2 × 200 = 40.
Dr Arshad Ali Bhatti/ Fall 2018 slide 49
25
digression:
Budget surpluses and deficits
If T > G, budget surplus = (T – G)
= public saving.
If T < G, budget deficit = (G – T)
and public saving is negative.
If T = G, “balanced budget,” public saving = 0.
Usually, Govts. finance their deficit by issuing
bonds – i.e., borrowing.
Pakistan: Government
Surplus/ Deficit, 1951-2017
26
Pakistan: Government
Surplus/ Deficit, 1990-2017
Pakistan: Government
Debt (% of GDP ), 1994-2017
27
U.S. Federal Government
Surplus/Deficit, 1940–2016
10
0
percent of GDP
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
slide 54
120
100
percent of GDP
80
60
40
20
0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
slide 55
28
Loanable funds supply curve
r S = Y − C (Y − T ) − G
National saving
does not
depend on r,
so the supply
curve is vertical.
S, I
Equilibrium real
interest rate
I (r )
Equilibrium level S, I
of investment
29
The special role of r
r adjusts to equilibrate the goods market and the
loanable funds market simultaneously:
If L.F. market in equilibrium, then
Y–C–G =I [S=I]
Add (C +G ) to both sides to get
Y = C + I + G (goods market eq’m)
Thus,
Eq’m in L.F.
market ⇔ Eq’m in goods
market
30
Mastering the loanable funds
model
Things that shift the saving curve
public saving
fiscal policy: changes in G or T
private saving
preferences
tax laws that affect saving
CASE STUDY:
The Reagan deficits
Reagan policies during early 1980s:
increases in defense spending: ∆G > 0
big tax cuts: ∆T < 0
Both policies reduce national saving:
S = Y − C (Y − T ) − G
↑G ↓ S ↓T ↑ C ↓ S
31
CASE STUDY:
The Reagan deficits
1. The increase in r S1
S 2
the deficit
reduces saving…
r2
2. …which causes
the real interest
r1
rate to rise…
3. …which reduces I (r )
the level of I2 I1 S, I
investment.
Dr Arshad Ali Bhatti/ Fall 2018 slide 62
32
Now you try…
33
An increase in investment demand
r S
34
An increase in investment demand
when saving depends on r
r S (r )
An increase in
investment demand
raises r,
which induces an r2
increase in the r1
quantity of saving,
which allows I
to increase. I(r)2
I(r)
I1 I2 S, I
Dr Arshad Ali Bhatti/ Fall 2018 slide 68
Chapter Summary
35
Chapter Summary
Chapter Summary
36
Thanks
37