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Traverse Calculations: - Angle and Distance (Total Station Surveys) - Direction and Distance (Compass-Tape Surveys)
Traverse Calculations: - Angle and Distance (Total Station Surveys) - Direction and Distance (Compass-Tape Surveys)
Traversing Methods
• Angle and Distance (Total Station Surveys)
• Direction and Distance (Compass-tape
Surveys)
1
Traversing Methods
• Angle and Distance
(Total Station
Surveys)
Traversing Methods
2
Traversing Methods
• Direction and Distance
(Electronic
equipment)
Traverse Types
• Loop
– Geometrically closed
– Mathematically closed (checks possible)
• Connecting
– Geometrically open
– Mathematically closed (checks possible)
• Open
– Geomet. and Math. open (no check)
3
Loop Traverse
• Geometrically closed
• Mathematically closed (checks possible)
Connecting Traverse
• Geometrically open
• Mathematically closed (checks possible)
4
Open Traverse
Geometrically open
Mathematically open
Overview of Calculations
• Distance reduction
• Angle closure and angle adjustment
• Calculate direction for each side
• Calculate Latitude and Departure
• Calculate Linear error of closure (LEC) and
Relative error of closure (REC)
5
Overview (cont.)
• Adjust latitudes and departures (traverse
adjustment)
• Compute coordinates (Northings (y) and
Eastings (x) )
• Compute Area
• Inverse Problem - Given the coordinates of
two points find, dir. and dist. between them
Distance Reduction
HD = SD ⋅ Cos(α ) = SD ⋅ Sin(ZA)
6
Perform Angle Closure
• Closure = ( meas. or calc.) – (fixed or
known)
7
Perform Angle Adjustment
• Starting point is correction per angle.
8
Angle Adjustment (cont.)
• Adjust for Horizon Closure or Calculate Mean Int.
• Mean Int. = Int. + CA
CA = - (+95”) ÷ 2 = - 48”
CA = - (+15”) ÷ 2 = - 07”
9
Angle Adjustment (cont.)
• Mean interior = Int. + CA
Sum = 179°59’10”
10
Angle Adjustment (cont.)
Adjusted Interior = Mean int. + CA
11
Calculate the Azimuth of each
side of the traverse (cont.)
Key points cont.
•Requires knowledge of different horizontal angles - int.,
ext., deflection angle, angle-to-the-right, etc.
•Meridians are parallel
•Line intersecting parallel lines creates equal alternate
interior angles ( see Geometry Review)
Geometry Review
12
Review (cont.)
Review (cont.)
13
Calculate the Azimuth of each
side - using Adjusted Int. Angles
14
Find the Azimuth of side 3-1
15
Calculate Latitude and Departure
• Latitude = lat = HD · Cos(β)= HD · Cos( Az)
• Departure = dep = HD · Sin (β) = HD· Sin (Az)
Sign Convention
16
Latitude and Departure (cont.)
Loop Traverse
17
Lat and Dep (cont.)
Example Calculation for lines 1-2 and 2-3
18
Calculate L.E.C. and R.E.C.
Loop Traverse
Closure lat = Σ lat − 0 = Σ lat
Closure dep = Σ dep − 0 = Σ dep
L. E. C = ( Σ lat) 2 + ( Σ dep) 2
L. E. C. 1
R. E. C. = =
∑ HD i
n
19
L.E.C. and R.E.C. (cont.)
20
L.E.C. and R.E.C. (cont.)
Connecting Traverse
Closure lat = Σ lat − ∆ N = E L
Closure dep = Σ dep − ∆ E = E D
L. E. C = (E L ) 2 + (E D ) 2
L. E. C. 1
R. E. C. = =
∑ HD i
n
Loop Traverse
Closure lat = Σ lat − 0 = Σ lat = + 0.056
Closure dep = Σ dep − 0 = Σ dep = + 0.050
L. E. C = ( Σ lat) 2 + ( Σ dep) 2 = (0.056) 2 + (0.050) 2 = 0.075
L. E. C. 0.075 1
R. E. C. = = =
∑ HD i
552.784 7370
21
Traverse Adjustment
• Adjustment Methods to remove random
errors
– Compass Rule*
– Transit Rule
– Crandall Method
– General Least Squares Method
note: −
∑ lat = Correction per ft.
∑ HD
C = −
∑ dep ⋅ HD = correction to a departure
Di
∑ HD i
note: −
∑ dep = Correction per ft.
∑ HD
bal. lat. = lat.+ CL
bal. dep. = dep.+ CD
22
Traverse Adjustment (cont.)
Example calculation for line 1-2
0.056
CL = − ⋅ 104.919 = − 0.011
552.784
0.050
CD = − ⋅ 104.919 = − 0.009
552.784
bal. lat. = 98.592 + ( − 0.011) = 98.581
bal. dep. = − 35.884 + ( − 0.009) = − 35.893
23
Calculate Coordinates
Usually, the coordinates of the first point are assigned
arbitrary values so other coordinates will be positive.
N i = N i − 1 + bal. lat i − 1, i
E i = E i − 1 + bal. dep i − 1, i
24
Calculate Area by Coordinates
E1·(N3 – N2)
E2· (N1 – N3)
E3· (N2 – N1)
__________
Σ = 2 Area
25
Area by Coordinates (cont.)
Example calculation:
26
Determinate Method (cont.)
• Obtain cross products, “up” products are multiplied by a plus
one and “down” products are multiplied by a negative one.
Inverse Problem
Inverse Problem - Given the coordinates of two
points ( i and j ) find: the dir. and dist. between them.
27
Inverse Problem
lat i.j = ∆ N i.j = N j − N i
dep i.j = ∆ E i.j = E j − E i
dep i.j ∆ E i.j
β i.j = arctan = arctan
lat i.j ∆ N i.j
Determine
Quadrant by
Inspection
28
Inverse Problem (cont.)
Find the corrected Azimuth and Distance between
traverse stations by inversing.
Example problem:
29