Lesson Outcomes

0 At the end of this lesson, the students should be able

to:
0 Discuss about IEEE standard
0 Differentiate between unicast, multicast and broadcast
addressing
0 Explain the Ethernet evolution implementation:
0 Standard Ethernet
0 Fast Ethernet
0 Gigabit Ethernet
0 10-Gigabit Ethernet
 Introduction
0 Local Area Network (LAN)
0 A computer network that is designed for a limited
geographic area
0 Can be used in a organization for the purpose of sharing
resources
0 Ethernet is a LAN that using CSMA/CD access method
 IEEE Standards
0 In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a
project – Project 802 -> to set standards to enable
intercommunication among equipment from a variety
of manufacturers
0 Project 802 – specifying functions of the physical layer
and the data link layer
 IEEE Standards
0 The Data Link Layer
0 Divided into logical link control (LLC) sublayer and
the medium access control (MAC) sublayer
0 The Physical Layer
0 Divided into physical layer signaling (PLS) sublayer,
attachment unit interface (AUI), medium attachment
unit (MAU) and medium dependent interface (MDI)
 IEEE standard for LANs

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 Ethernet
evolution

Standard Fast Gigabit Ten-Gigabit

Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet

10 Mbps 100 Mbps 1 Gbps 10 Gbps

 Standard Ethernet
0 Operate at data rate 10 Mbps
0 MAC Sublayer
0 Frames data received from the upper layer passed to
the PLS sublayer
0 Access Method:CSMA/CD
0 Uses 1-persistent CSMA/CD
 Standard Ethernet
Frame Format
0 The Ethernet frame contains seven fields:
0 Preamble
• Alert the receiving system to the coming frame and
enable it to synchronize its input timing
0 Start frame delimiter (SFD)
• Alert the stations they have last chance for
synchronization
0 Destination Address
0 Source Address
0 Length/type
0 Data
0 CRC
 MAC Frame Format for Standard Ethernet

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 Standard Ethernet
Frame Length
0 Ethernet has imposed restrictions on both the
minimum and maximum lengths of a frame
0 The minimum length restriction is required for
correct operation of CSMA/CD
0 The maximum length restriction has 2 reasons:
0 Memory very expensive when Ethernet was designed
– a maximum length helped reduce the size of buffer
0 Prevents one station from monopolizing the shared
medium, blocking other stations that have data to
send
 Minimum and maximum lengths for Standard Ethernet

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 Standard Ethernet
Addressing
0 The NIC fits inside the station and provides the
stations with a 6 byte physical address (hexadecimal)
0 e.g 06 : 01 : 02 : 01 : 2C : 4B
0 Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast Addresses
0 A source address is always a unicast address -> the
frame comes from only one station
0 The destination address can be unicast, multicast and
broadcast
 Standard Ethernet
0 Unicast : defines only one recipient – one to one
0 Multicast: defines a group of address – one to
many
0 Broadcast: recipient are all stations on the
network
0 The least significant bit of the first byte defines
the type of address – if the bit is 0, the address is
unicast; otherwise, it is multicast.
0 The broadcast address is a special case of the
multicast address which all bits are 1s
 Unicast and multicast addresses

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 Example
Define the type of the following destination
addresses:
a. 4A:30:10:21:10:1A
b. 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE
c. FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
 Solution
To find the type of the address, we need to look at the
second hexadecimal digit from the left.
a. This is a unicast address because A in binary is 1010.
b. This is a multicast address because 7 in binary is 0111.
c. This is a broadcast address because all digits are F’s.
Categories 10Base5 Bus, thick
of coaxial cable
Standard Bus, thin
Ethernet 10Base2
coaxial cable

10Base-T Star, UTP

10Base-F Star, fiber

 10Base5 implementation

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 10Base2 implementation

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 10Base-T implementation

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 10Base-F implementation

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 Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations

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 Changes in the Standard
Bridged Ethernet
0 Bridges have two effects on an Ethernet LAN:
0 Raise the bandwidth
0 Separating Collision Domains
 A network with and without a bridge

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 Changes in the Standard
Switched Ethernet
0 A bridged LAN can be extended to a switched LAN.
0 If we used an N-port switch (N = the number of
stations on the LAN), the bandwidth is shared only
between the station and the switch (5 Mbps each).
0 The collision domain is also divided into N domains.
0 A layer-2 switch is an N-port bridge with additional
sophistication that allows faster handling of the
packets.
 Switched Ethernet

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 Changes in the Standard
Full-Duplex Ethernet
0 Next evolution was to move from switched Ethernet to
full-duplex switched Ethernet.
0 The full-duplex mode increases the capacity of each
domain from 10 to 20 Mbps.
0 Characteristics of full-duplex switched Ethernet:
0 No need for CSMA/CD – each station connected to the
switch via two separate links.
0 MAC control layer – a new sublayer that is added
between LLC sublayer and the MAC sublayer to provide
for flow & error control.
 Full-duplex switched Ethernet

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 Fast Ethernet
0 Was designed to compete with LAN protocols such
as FDDI or Fiber Channel
0 The goals of Fast Ethernet:
0 Upgrade the data rate to 100 Mbps
0 Make it compatible with Standard Ethernet
0 Keep the same 48-bit address
0 Keep the same frame format
0 Keep the same minimum and maximum frame
lengths
 Fast Ethernet
Mac Sublayer
0 Access Method : CSMA/CD for half duplex
0 Autonegotiation:
0 Allow 2 devices to negotiate the mode or data rate of
operation
0 To allow one device to have multiple capabilities
0 To allow a station to check a hub’s capabilities
Categories 100Base-TX Two wires
Cat 5 UTP
of Fast
Ethernet
100Base-FX Two wires
fiber

100Base-T4 Four wires

Cat 3 UTP
 100Base-TX implementation

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 100Base-FX implementation

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 100Base-T4 implementation

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 Summary of Fast Ethernet implementations

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 Gigabit Ethernet
0 Designed for higher data rate (1000Mbps)
0 Access Method
0 Half duplex with CSMA/CD or no CSMA/CD for full
duplex
Categories 1000Base-SX Two wires short-
wave fiber
of Gigabit
Ethernet 1000Base-LX Two wires long-
wave fiber

1000Base-CX Two wires

copper (STP)

1000Base-T Four wires UTP

 1000Base-X implementation

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 1000Base-T implementation

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 Summary of Gigabit Ethernet implementations

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 10-Gigabit Ethernet
0 The goals of the 10-Gigabit Ethernet:
0 Upgrade the data date to 10Gbps
0 Make it compatible with Standard, Fast and Gigabit
Ethernet
0 Use the same 48-bit address
0 Use the same frame format
0 Keep the same minimum and maximum frame lengths
0 Allow the interconnection of existing LANs into MAN
or a WAN
0 Make Ethernet compatible with technologies such as
Frame Relay and ATM
 10-Gigabit Ethernet
MAC Sublayer
0 Operates only in full duplex mode – no need for contention;
not use CSMA/CD

Physical Layer
0 Designed for using fiber-optic cable over long distances
0 Three implementations:
0 10GBase-S
0 10GBase-L
0 10GBase-E
 Summary of Ten-Gigabit Ethernet implementations

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