Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Nonlinear Analysis of Stress and Strain in Soils B.j.duncan

    Uploaded by

    Daniel Antonio
    142 views13 pages
    Elastoplasticidad de Duncan

    Original Title

    Nonlinear Analysis of Stress and Strain in Soils b.j.duncan

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Elastoplasticidad de Duncan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    142 views13 pages

    Nonlinear Analysis of Stress and Strain in Soils B.j.duncan

    Uploaded by

    Daniel Antonio
    Elastoplasticidad de Duncan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 13
    S is September, 1970 sms. —— Journal of the SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATIONS DIVISION Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers —— NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF STRESS AND STRAIN IN SOILS By James Mf. Duncan! and Chin-Yong Chang,* ‘Associate Members ASCE , INTRODUCTION Before the development of electronic computers, it was not feasible to Berform analyses of stressos In soll masses for other than aasutned linear ‘laste sil behavior. Now, however, due tothe availability of gh-speed compu ters and poverful sumerical analytical techniques auch a8 the ‘ethod developed by Clough (4), its posstble to approximate nonlinear, ine elastic soll behavior in strasesnalyses. In order ta pesform nonlinear stfess ‘ualyses of scils, however, it ls neceasary tobe able to describe the streos strain Bebavior of the soll In quanitalive tarms, and to develop techniques {or incorporating ths behavior tn the analyses. ‘A simplified, practical nonlinear stress-strain relationship for 2oile which 4 convenient for use with the finlte element method of analyels 1s described herein, examples of it3 use are shown. Two of the parameter® involved inthis tionship are ¢ andj, the Mohr-Coulom elrength parameters, The other four parameters involved tn tho proposed relationship may be evaluated oa Ly using the stress-strain curves of the eame teste uaed to determine the values of candg, : ‘STRESS-STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS The sireso-strain behavior of aay type of coll depends on a number of dit- ferent factors including density, water content, atructare, drainage conditions, Strain conditions (.e, plane strain ilaxial), duration ot loading, stress hie” {ory, confining pressure, and shear ot itmay oie ~Diasuseen open nil Fabry 1,107, Toalendte losing dle soe ro 4,yzlten segues must be led withthe Exscutve Diretor, ASCE. hla paper ta part st he copyrighted Joursi ofthe Sal Nechanioe and Pounatons Divisten, Proceeds fe Ameroun Sooty of Ctl Bginoor, Vl. 96, No. SB, Septenter”10¥E, basse ‘tiga muha fr review for posible uiletion em Marek, 1976, Asoo. Prot of Civ. Bugrg, Unt of Callers, Bertaley, Cal suggS E8g-Matrlale Rosser td Development inc, Weosweré-Cpdo& Ansat- 1629 1630 September, 1970 sus to take account of those factors by selecting soll speciniens and testing con- ditions which simulate tho corresponding fled conditions, When this ean be one accurately, It would be expected thatthe atraing regulting from glven ‘stress changes inthe laboratory would be representative of the strains which, ‘would oceur in the field under the same stress changes. Lambe (28,24) described ths procedure and explained how It may be used to predict strains find movements in soll masses, without developing a stress-strain relation- ship for the soll. ‘This same concept of doplicating Meld conditions can greatly simplify the procedures required for determining stress-strain relationships for soll if {oll specimens and test conditions are selected to duplicate the field cond Hons, many of the factors governing tho stress-strain behavior of the sci, wil be aéeeunted for. Even when tia précedure la followed, however, its ‘commonly found that ihe soil bbavior over a wide range of stresses fe non- linear, inelastic, and dependent upon the magnitude of the confining pressures ‘employed in the tests, Inthe subsequent seetions ofthis paper, a implied, practical stress-strain relationship 1s described which fakes into account he oalinesrity, strese-dependeney, abd Inelasicty of soit behavior. NONLINEARITY AND STRESS-DEPENDENCY Nonlinearity. Kondaer andhis coworkers (17,18,18,20) have shown that the nonlinear stress-strain curves of both clay and sand may be approximated by Iyperbolae with a high degree of accuracy, The hyperbolic equation proposed Dy Kondner was a aay (ease 4m which 0, and o, = the major and minor principal stresses; € = the axal strain; and'a and = constantewhose values may be dolermined experiment ally. Both of these constants « and have Feadiy visualized physical mean, ‘ngs: As shown in Fig. 1, ¢ isthe reciprocal of the Initial tangent modules, 1, and B is the reciprocal ofthe asymptotic value of stress difference which the stress-strain eurye approaches at infinite atrala (2, ~ 2, )ue Kondaer and hiseovorkers showed thatthe values of th ecetfitents a and + may be determined most readily if the stress-strain data are ploted oa transformed axes, as showa In Fig.2, When Bq. 1s rewritten in the following fora ‘i 0) ‘st may be noted that @ and b = respectively, the intercept and the alo i the resulting straight line. Dy plotting stress-strain data tn the form shown in ig. 2, it is easy to determino the values of the parameters a and corre sponding to the best ft between « hyperbola (a straight line in Fig. 2) and the tet data, ~ ‘When this is done it ts commonly found thatthe asymptote value of (7, - 9%) is larger than tho compressive strength of the soll by a amall aroun ‘his would be expected, because the hyperbola remains below tho asymptote Atal inte values of strain, The asymgtoticvalue may be related to the com- ‘ aus STRAIN IN SOS. 1691 Pressive strength, however, by means of factor ty as chown by O11 Rp lo = hae eet: eae {which (0, = cy)y = the compressive strength, o sree difeence at fae es (7, eshat © the asympiotic valu of atte dilrence; and Ry =the {allure ratio, which always has avalte les than unity. Fora sumber of ait, {erent aol 'the value of hasbeen fond tobe between 0.78 and 1.0, and ‘oe easentallyindependen of eonfining presoue. By expressing te parameters g and interme of the lll tangent mod ‘hs value andthe compressive strength Bq. 1u5j be rewritten a Ca) IG, 2,~TRANSEORMIED HY ‘PeaBOLIC STRESS-STRATT conve tal, bes bea found too a convenient and useful means of representing the ealinearty of soil stress-strain behavior, and forme sn important past of "he stress-strain relationship described herein, ‘Stress-Dependency.—Except inthe ease of wnconsolidated-undrained tests cm saturated soils, both the tangent modulus value and the compressive teength of soils have been found to yary with the confining pressure employed ln the tasta, Experimental studies by Janba (14) have shown that the relation- ‘hp botweeninital tangent modulus and confining pressure may be expressed Bh +rn.(3) {which &; = the initial tangent modulus; Pe = almospherie pressure expressed in no. eS sTREaS- SERAIK cunve © » = the nilnor principal ste ‘same pressure units as Ey and -_ September, 1970 as 4; X = a modulus number; and = the exponent determining the rate of var ition of with cy; both & and w arepure numbers, Values ef theparamclers K and m may be determined readily from tho results ofa series of teats by plotting the values of By against 0, on log-log scales and fitting stalght line to the data, as shown in Fg, 8. The valuge shown Sa Fig, 3 were deters Imined fom the results of drained (riatll feta on a rockfll mslerial teed for the shell of Furnas Dam, and a sill from the foundation of Cannonsilie Dam reported respectirely by Casagrande (), und Hirschfeld and Poulos (2), 1 t-te assumed that failure will ocur with no change fk the value of oy, the reltonshtp between compressive strength and confining pressure way C6 expressed conveniently in terms ofthe Mohr-Couloma falure erlerion oy Beco g tte sind 6 To sing (Ge Mohr-Coulomd strength parameters, (= ap « In ehich ¢ and 9 = 1a. 8000+ "sin trom tondoto of Canasta Cem \ (Gata tom rrsctes aed Pals, 1963), a Kr360, nese e000} j : 3 T2000} . Fi t 3 "eee Furnes Dam Spt i 2 ware rom Corerantes B68) too, 24 802540 bbe Contning Pressre oy =i? HIS avaRIaTioNs oF nama1 taNonwr monuivs Wer. CoNPDANG PRES- [SURE UNDER DILADIED TRLAXIAL THOT CONDENS ‘combination with Eq, 4, provide a peans of relating stress {strain and contining pressure by means of tho five paramelere ser fy i/-,Teehniquos for wtilising tis relationship sa nelineat finite’ lament stress analyses are analyzed in the felling section, PROCEDURES FOR NONLINEAR STRESS ANALYSES jNentinear, stress-dependent stress-strain Behavior maj'be approximated 1 finite elomentanalyses by assigning diferent modulus valves te each of te ‘slements into which the sol is subdivided for purposes of anaiyets, as shows ' x | i oe ee sus. STRAIN Dy SOILS 1688 in Fig. 4. The siodalus value assigned to each element is selected in the ba- sis of the stresses or strains in each element, Becatge the modslus values depend on the stresses and th stresses in turn depend onthe modlas values, tls necessary to make repealed snalyens to inarethat the modulus Value and the stress conditions correspond foreach clement In the ester, aban ——4 If il il io, 4.-FINITH ELEMENT REPRESENTATION OF FOOTING ON s011 Pio, CmUQUES FOR APPROXIMATING NONLINEAR STRESS-STRAIN BEKAvion Two techniques for approximate posliaedr stcess analyses are shown in Fig. 8. By the iterative procedare, shown on th left-hand eide of Fig, 8, the fie change in external loading ts analyzed repestedly, After each aialysis the valuos of stress and etrainwithineach clement are examined to determine 1634. ‘September, 1970 SMB MC they eatisty the appropriate nonlinear relationship betzeen stress and Strain, If the Yalues of stress and strain do not correspond, a new value of ‘modulus 48 selected for that eloment for the next analysis. This procedure has been applied to analyees of the load-sttlement bebarior ofa footing on ‘and by Girijavallabhan and Reese (11) and to analyses of pavements by Don- fan, Montamith and Wilson (8). ‘By the incremental procedare, abowa onthe right-hand sie of Fg. 8, the ‘change in loading 1s analyzed ina sories of steps, or increments, At the be- {inning of each new increment of loading an appropriate modulus value Teoted for each element on the basis ofthe values of stress or strain in that clement, ‘Thus the nonlinear street-etrala relationship is approximated by a ferles of straight line. This procedure has been applied to analyses of em- banlkments by Clough and Woodward (5) to analyses of excavated slopes by Dunlop and Duscan (10), and to analyses of stresses in simple shear specl- ‘mens by Danean and Durlop (8). "Both of these methods have advantages and shortecmings, The principal ad- vantage of the iterative procedure isthe fact that its possible, by means of this procedure, to represent stress-strain relationships in which th stress ecrensoa with increasing strain sflor reaching a pea valus. This capability say be very important because the oecurrence of progressive fallure of sols fg Belleved to be associated with this typo of stress-strain betavior. ‘The shortcoming of the Iterative procedure ig tat itis very dificult fo take info fcecunt nonzero fnitil stresses, which plan an important role in many sol, mechaniés problems. "The principal advantage ofthe Incremental procedare is that initia stres- ‘ses may be readily accounted for, It also has the advantage that, in tho pre- cose of analysing the effects of « piven loading, stresses and strains ar0 falevlated for smaller lotds as wells For example, ifthe appliation of « 50- ton load to a footing was analyzed using 10 stops, or increments, the setle- ment ofthe footing, and the streases and strains in the aoll, would be ‘caleulated for footing Loads in increments of 5 tons up to §0 tens. ‘The shor'- ‘coming of the incremental procedure is that it is net possible to imelate stress-strain relationship in which the stress decreases beyond the peak, TO o co would require use of + negative value of modulus and this caact be ‘done. withthe finite elepjént method, The accuracy ofthe incremental proce- (are may be improved if each load increment is analyzed mora than once. Jn this way it 15 possible to improve the degree to which the liar inere= ‘ments approximate the noalinearscil behavior. ‘TANGENT MODULUS VALUES ‘The stress-strain relationship expressed by Eq. 4 may be employed ver? conveniently in incremental stress analysos because It is possible to deter- ‘mine the value of the tangent-modulus eorresponting to any point on the ‘stress-strain curve. Ifthe value of the minor principal stress la constant, aS Say se ogee 5 Meal Derringer co Hd oa o sM 5 STRAIN DY SOTLS 1685 pression for the tangent modulus aan Although this expression for the tangont modolue value could be employed fn incremental stress analyses, it has one slgaficant shortcoming: The vale of tangent modulus, Bj, is velated to both etresa difference and strain (0, = 3) and «]} which may have diferent rolereace states. Although the reterence slate for stress diferonce [[o, ~ o,) = 0] ean be apcified exactly, theret~ ference state for strain (¢ = 0) ig completely arbitrary, Thus, for example, the initial condition of a soit mass, before some external loading ie applied, may rationally be referred to aa the undeformed state or state of nero strain ‘The same condition, however, could not be referred to asthe stato of zero stressdlforence ifthe mass contained noabydrostatie stresses as a result of body forces ar any pther influence, For the parpose of analyzing the etfocts of nowly applied exttrnal loads, therefore, the niin) condtien could be cho sen a5 the roferencd stato for strain but not for stress difference. Although tha conditions of zefo strass difference and zero strain coincide fa the tests scribed previously, they do not in many important soll mechanics peob= lems. Therefore, tho expression for tangent modulus may be made more gen erally useful If it is made independent of stress oF independent of strain, Because the reference state for strain lg choeen arbitrarily, and because stresses may be calculated more accurataly than strains in many soil rnoch- fanies problems, it seems logical to eliminate strain and expres the tangent ‘modulus value ia terms of stress cay. ‘ho train, c, may be eliminated from fq, 8 by rewriting Ba, 4 a8 . gt é secede ED Ga +) nd substituting this expression for strain Sato Eq 8, Alter simplifying the resulting expression, Fy may be expressed a5, By RSP Bese so 8) inwhien $ or fraction of strength mobilized, given by i i te eo ath Ae On ans) I the expressions for F;, (0, - 04)y, sad 8 given by Bgs. 8, 6 and 11 are ‘substituted Into Eq, 10, the tangent modalug value for any stress condition ‘may bo expressed as 5 of Bemge aT (ef. Be con § + 20; an. Mis expression for tangent modulus may bo employed very conveniently in ‘mcremental stress analyses, and constitutes the essential portion of the stress-strain relationship daceribed herein It may be employed in either ef 2) - 1636 September, 1970 fective stress analyses or total stress analyses, For effective stre yes drained test conditions, with oj constant throughout, are aed to etermine the values cf the required parameters, For total sireas analyses nconeolidatod-undralned tests, with 0, constant throughout, are used to de- termine the parameter valu 1 should be pointed out thatthe stress-strain relatlonship described has Dean derivod on the basis of data obtained from standard tiaxial tests in lehich te intermediate principal stress equal to the tilnorpeincipah stress, because in most practical cases only triaxial teat data are available. However, tiie sume relationship may bo used for plane strain problems in which the {nlermediate principal stress is not equal to the minor principal sess, sf ‘sppropriate plane strain teat results are avallable. For cases in hith thea dimensional stresses and strains are involved, St may be desirable to include fn 4 failure criterion or a stress-strain relationship of soils the effects othe ‘alle ofthe intermediate principal stroes. Homever, until the rosulls of tests gmploving more general loading conditions are astlable ona routine basis, At seems desirable to employ simplified slross-otrain relationship sich ab the one described, which will provide euficent accuracy for many practical purposes. ‘The usefulness of Bq, 12 lies in its simplicity with regard to two factors 1, Beoause the tangent modulus is expressed in terms of stresees only, it ‘may be employed for anilysea of probleme involving any arbitrary. inal strtas conditions without any additional complications. 2. ‘The parameters involved in this relationship may bo determined readtly ftom the resuite of Ieboratory taste. The amount of effort requlved to dalore Iine the values of the paramsters Hm, and Ry la not mich greater than that required to datermine the values ef ¢ sad ‘EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS ' deralop techniques for evaluating the parameters Kn, Ry, ¢, and, andlto evaluate the usefuiness of Bq. 12 for representing noullnéat, stress, dependent soli behavior, x mumber of tests have been conducted on 2 nlform ‘ing silica sand, The first of thesa teste wore ctanderd drained triaxial come preksion teots, which wore usod to evaluate the patamoters Fepresenting fe behavior of the sand vpon primary leadlag. Teste were also Conducted {6 ax. ‘amine the stress-strain behavior of the sand during unlosding and reloading Tho sand used in these sludtes ig x aniform fine silica sand wilh sab- fgntular to subrounded particles. The eand vas washed batveen the No. a0 and No. 100 sieves to obtain a uniform material whieh would nol segregate during gumple preparation, Tests were performed on speclinens prepared at two itdventinstian void ratios; Dense, ¢ » 0.80, Dy = 100%, which was the low at void ratio ebtainable by vibration inthe saturated state; sad Loose, 0.81, Dy. = $8 %, which vas the loosest condition which could be eomenteaty Preparéd on a routine basis. The specimens lested were initially 1 In dam and $4 io, hgh, and were prepared using the techniques described ty Lee sat Seed (28). The specimens were tested using normal (unlubseated) cape and Primary Locding.Two series of compression tests were conducted, ie a sus 1st ease and loose specimens, at eltectivoconfiningpressures of Lke per aq cx, 8 kg per 2g em, and 6 kg per oq em. The variations of stress diference and olume change with axial strain in these teats are shown in Figo. € and 7, Tt ‘may be noted that the denso specimens dilated considerably during th tests, whereas the loose specimens comprossed or dilated very lite, ‘The axial strains a fallure were 2% to 4% for the dongs apeeimens and 12 3 to 10 % {or the loose specimens. ‘The strength parameters determined irom these fests were cg = 0, #4 = 26.9% for the danse epecimens, and cg » 0, $4 = 0. for the loose specimens, The otress-strain data (or the denso specimen tested at § ke pet sq em havo been replotted en transformed axes in Fig, 6 for the purpose of dele STRALY IN som , } £m i § j s i | ; Hope i 8 ences exprson 110, 1.

    You might also like