ii

tjl,
tJ
wsEAs TRANSACTIONS
on CIRCUITS and SYSTEMS
ruteÉz
lssue 2, Volume 2, April 2003
ISSN 1109-2734 http://www.wseas.org

High efficiency sequentiat switching HPWM inverter 321

G. Venkatesan, R.Arumugam, M. Vasudevan,s-Balamurugan

Estimation of stator resistance of induction motor for direct torque control scheme using adaptive neuro 321
fuzry iriference systems using adaptive neuro-fuzry inference systems
M. Vasudevan, R.Arumugam, G. Venkatesan,S. Paramasivam

An alternate approach in finding optimum toad impedance for maximum power transfer using vector 332
representation
K.Bhoopathy Bagan; K.Mozhiarasi ,N.P.Subramaniam, M.Manikandan and G.Selvakumar

A VLSI Design of a Low Sensitivity Programmable Sampled Data Filter 338

Sherif Michael

Hybrid modelling of the second-order PWM converters with DCM 343

Elena Niculescu

Computerized study of the linear optical incremental encoder 351

Dorina-Mioara Purcaru

An efficient algorithm for shape identification in tactile recognition 356

Dorina-Mioara Purcaru

Acoustic feedback cancellation in hearing aids using spectral subtraction 362

Won-seok, Ryu Kyoung, ParkJang-sik, Park

Nonlinear vibration control of a flexible-tink robot arm based on a Taylor series expansion of the control 368
law
Stratis A. Kanarachos, Konstantinos Spentzas

A study of the makespan objective considering processing and machine setup times 374
G eorgette Kanarachou, Vrasidas Leopoulos

A Quantitatively Study of Threshold Voltage Fluctuation with Quantum Mechanical Models for Deep- 380
Submicron MOSFETs
C.S. Tang, S.C Lo, J.H. Tsai, and Y. Li

Joint Encryption & Compression using Variable Model Arithmetic Coding 386
Ranjan Bose and Saumitr Pathak

Design and measurements of current mode filters using CMOS technology 391
Mariusz Jankowski, Zygmunt Ciota, Bartosz Macieiewski, Andrzei Napieralski

A survey of Reservation Schemes for Optical Burst Switching (OBS) 395

Evagelos Varthis

A Novel Transadmittance-Type KIIN-Biquad Employing DO-OTA with Only Two Grounded Capacitors 400
Muhammed A. Ibrahim and Hakan Kuntman
A High Performance CMOS Opamp and An LP Filter Design Example for Video Applications 404
Atilla Uygur and Hakan Kuntman

Synchronous state analysis for a master-slave clock distribution architecture 409

J.R.C. Piqueira and S.A.C. Vargas

The System Parameter Fusion Principle and its Application to Evaluating the Core Competence of the 414
Corporation
Qiangguo Pu, Haili Xia, Zhengqin lltu, Ying Liao, Nikos Mastorakis

Analysis of Polyphase Filter Section with CFAs 421

Mahmut Un

A precise DA converter realised with imprecise resistors 426

LJubisa stankovic, Rada Dragovic-Ivanovic, Zoran Mijanovic, Nedjeljko Lekic

Hybrid FEC/ARQ Delay for Diffserv over Ip and MpLS Multicast Networks 430
Abdullah Alwehaibi, Anjali Agarwal, Michael Kadoch and Ahmed ElHakeem

High frequency Silicon-germanium heterostructure devices:simulation and analysis 436

Brishbhan Panwar, Gagan Khanduri

Application of Computational Intelligence Techniques in Active Networking Technology 442

Mahdi Jalili-Kharaajoo and Alireza Dehestani

Application of Robust control Issues in Differentiated services Networks 448

Alireza Dehestani and Mahdüalili-Kharaajoo

New techniques for video based indoor exploration with mobile robots 454
Stefan Florczyk

Minimum-Knowledge Schemes for low-power, low-memory Devices 460

Thomas Newe, Tom Coffey

QoS Comparison for Diff§erv over Heterogeneous MPLS Multicast Networks.: A Simulation Study 466
Abdullah Alwehaibi, Anjali Agarwal, Michael Kadoch and Ahmed ErHakeem

INVITED PAPERS IN THIS ISSUE:

techniques for video based indoor exploration with Sfefan Florczyk
robots
ication of Computational lntelligence Techniques in Mahdi J alili-Kharaajoo and Alireza
Networking Technology
ication of Robust Control lssues in Differentiated za Dehestani and Mahdi

System Parameter Fusion Principle and its Qiangguo Pu, HailiXia, Zhengqin
tion to Evaluating the Core Competence of the Wu, Ying Liao

prec¡se DA converter realised with imprecise resistors isa Stankovic, Rada

, Zoran
, Nedjeljko Lekic
frequency S il icon-germanium heterostructure Panwar, Gagan
:simulation and analysis
Noncausal vector linear prediction filters Manglem Srngh and Prabin K.

Novel Transad m ittance-Type KHN-Biquad Employin g A. lbrahim and Hakan

DO-OTA with Only Two Grounded Capacitors
High Performance CMOS Opamp and An LP Filter Uygur and Hakan Kuntman I
 Example for Video Applications
of Polyphase Filter Section with CFAs Un
avelet Representation of Differentially Fed ANN Reg Manjunath, K.S. Garamurthy
QoS Comparison for.Diffserv over Heterogeneous MpL§ Abdullah AlWehaibi, Anjali
Multicast Networks : A Simulation Study Agarwal, Michael Kadoch and

FEC/ARQ Delay for Diffserv Over lp and MpLS AlWehaibi, Anjati

Networks Michael Kadoch and

ian Decisions with Differentially Fed Neural Manjunath, K. S. G urumurthy

Networks
state analysis for a master-slave clock .R.C. Piqueira and S.A.C.
Vargas

EDITOR-IN.CHIEF'
MASTORAKIS N., Military Institutions of University Education, Hellenic Naval
Academy, Department of Computer Science, Hatzikyriukor, 18539, piraeus,
Greece.
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
AKAN A., Istanbul University, Turkey ,
ANTONIOU G., Montclair State University, NJ, USA.
D'ATTELIS C., Universidad Favaloro, Argentina.
ER M.J., Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
KLUEV V., University of Aizu, Japan.
LE M.- H., University of Western Sydney, Australia
LIYANA-PATHTRANA R university of western sydney, Australia
NEDJAH N., State University of Rio de Janeiro,Brazil
SIRAKOULIS G., Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
ZEMLIAK A., Puebla Autonomous University, Mexico
TOPICS: Fundamental Theory of Circuits, Network Theory and Applications, Electronics:
Components, Devices, Systems. Silicon Devices: Technology, Mádeling, nliiauitity.
óptoelectronic
Devices, Electron Devices for Control and Robotics, Electrán Devices ior power
Technology, High
Voltages and Electric Machines. Device Physics. Physical Design. High-Level
Synthesis and-iestirig.
Non-Linear Circuits. Formal Verification. Semiconductors. Siperconductivity Circuits,
Computer-
Aided Design. Microelectronics, Microcircuits. Yery Large Scale Integraíion Systems (VLS!,
Applications. Military Electronics, Elechonics for Space exploration, Consumer
-Technoiogy. Electonícs, Circuits
in Power Technology, Electron Devices fo¡ video Circuits for Antennas Technology.
Electron Devices and Systems for Radar and Sonar Systems. Ciicuit Models, Electrical
and Elechonic
Measurement, Instrumentation. Laser and Optical Systems. Sensor Technology. Instrument-Computer
Interface. Circuits for Industrial Applications. Circuit models for Electromag'netic
Fields. Electronics
for Signal Processing and other Applications.
Systems Theory, Control Systems, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, Ft zy Systems,
Neural Networks,
VLSI Realization of Neural Networks, Computational Inteliigence in §ysiems Theory, Knowledge
Modelling, Decision Support Systems, Hierarchical Control Systems, Aerospace SysteÁs,
Lighpa;e
Engineering, Stochastic Systems, Non-linear Systems, Telécommunication Sysiems,
Information
Systems, Signal Processing Systems, Multidir4ensional Systems,Multivariabie ,yrt"*,
Hybrid
Systems, Multirate Systems, Speech and Image Processing Systems, Discrete Event
Dynamic Sysiems,
Manufacturing Systems, Decentralised Systems, Remote Sánsing, Microelectromecúanical
Systems,
Human-Machine Systems. Environment Modeling. Sonar and unáerwater acoustic
systems. Undersea
Systems. Navigation and Tracking Systems. Space Systems. Wavelets. Systems
Techniques for
Wireless Applications. Filter design. Verification and Validation. Systems for
Statistical Signal and
Array Processing.
HOW TO SUBM IT: http://www.wseas.org, htp://www. worldscs. org
SUBSCRIPTIoN: The subscription rate for each journal is 100 Euros
[per year) for individuals and 200 Euros
(per year) for institutions or companies.
FORMAT oF THE pApERS : htp ://www. worr dses.org/j ournar s
 WSEAS INVITES YOU TO ORGANIZE, A SESSION IN
ITS CONFERENCES

BENEFITS FOR SPECIAL SESSIONS ORGANISERS:

The names of the SUCCESSFULL SESSION ORGANISERS will be included in
the conference publications (program, proceedings, post-conference publications)
as ASSOCIATE EDITORS and they will participate as members in the
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE of the corrsponding conference
of the next year. Also, for every session with 6 papers, the organizer will have the
opportunify to select one paper which will participate without paying registration
fees. INSTRUCTIONS TO THE SPECIAL SESSIONS ORGANISERS will
be sent by emait. Contact us: peri@wseas.org and peri@worldses.org

o Vouliagmeni, Athens, Greece, Dec. 29-31.,2003

. Éoward Beach, Taiwan, January 14-1,6,20A4 '
. Salzburg, Austria, February 13-15, 2004
. Udine, Italy, March 25-27 ,2004
o Key West, Florida Keys, Florida, USA, April 2l-23,2004
o Cancun, Mexico, May l2-L5,2004
. Vouliagmeni, Athens, Greece, July 12-15,2004
. Corfu Island, Greece, August t5-17 ,2004
. lzmir, Turkey, September 14-16,2004
. Rio De Janeiro, Brazil, October 2004
. Tehran, Iran, November 5- , 2004
1 1 7

. Salzburg, Austria, February 13-15, 2005

. Istanbul, Turkey, July 2005
Send us also your proposal for a new WSEAS conference in
collaboration with your department, university, institute

WSEAS is the unique scientific society that publishes every

accepted paper in the Proceedings of its conferences
as well as in Books or in WSEAS Journals (different publications,
with different ISBN/ISSN)
 409

Synchronous State Analysis for a Master-Slave

Clock Distribution Architecture
J.R.C. PIQUEIRA and S.A.C. VARGAS

Abstr-act- A time signal distribution system is an important
part of sev,eral engineering assemblies being present in pro_
cess controlling cquipment, distributed computation systems and
telecommunication networks. In order to [ave accuiate perfor.
-by
man- ce, synchronous operation of these systems, composed ser_
erd nodes, needs a reliable time basis iignal extraCted from the
line data stream in each node. When the nodes are synchronized,
rou 'ag and detection can be performed, guaranteeing tle co"...í
sequence of information distribution among the se"e"at users of a
shared circuit. Consequentl¡ an auxüary network is created in-
side the main circuit, a sub-network, dedicated to the distribution
of the clock srgnals.
There are different solutions for the architecture of the ,me dis.
tribution sub-network and choosing one of them depends on cost,
precision, reliabiüty and operational security.
In this work an overview of the possible .me distribution
schemes is given. Additionally, a detailéd study of a robust option
is presented by using the qualitative theory of differenüat áqua-
tions. Correspondences between constituúve parameters of the
network *d
9g dynamics of the spatial phase and frequency er-
rors are established.
Keywords: Bifurcation, Dynamical Systems, equilibrium,
master-slnve netvvork, phase-locked loop, synchronous net-
work
Parallel distributed architectures and computational clusters
need synchronized clock signals, provided by pLLs, in order to
establish the peer to peer connections between system layers.
In this work, the time distribution system that supports these
applications is analyzed considering that the the several pos-
sible solutions are based in the dynamics of the phase-locked
loop.
The idea is to show that, in spite of the problem complexity,
using Dynamical System theory is an interesting tool in order
to obtain robustness, controllability and reachability conditions
for synchronous states.
II. PHASE-LogKrNG pRoBLEM
The problem of phase-locking consists of controlling the
phase of a local oscillator by the phase of an extemal oscil-
lation, making them coincide or, at least, differ by a constant.
From the point of view of electronic engineering, a phase-
locked loop is the device that accomplishes it. It is a closed
loop system connecting th¡ee basic elements: a phase detector
(PD), a ñlter (F) and a volrage-controlled oscillaror (VCO)
[4],
[8]. A basic PLL is shown in figure l.

I. INtRooucrloN
The analysis of geographically separated oscillators started
to become an important problem for telecommunications in the
sixties with the introduction of the first digital trunks which re-
quired synchronous timing basis for demodulation and regener-
ation of pulse code modularion(pCM) signals tgl, tl I l. Fig. l. Block diagram ofa pLL
The phase-locked loop is a device introduced by Belescize
[3] in 1932 to extracr timing signals. Nowadays, it is used in The input and output signals are, respectively, given by:
integrated circuit versions with high precision and low cost
[4].
This device can extract the clock from digital signals corrupted u¿(t)- V¡ sin(tJsü + ei\»,
by distortion and noise in transmission media. They were ini- u¡(ú) : I/6 cos(t^lsú + áo(¿))
tially used in regenerators and termination units of digital mul-
tiplexing equipmenr tl5l, tt4l. In these expressions, a.rs is the central frequency here named
Nowadays, in telecommunications, .this kind of circuits are free-running frequency of the loop, 0 ¡(t) and 0s(ú) are rhe in-
useful in higher hierarchy multiplexing systems, in order to stantaneous phases, and,V¡ and l/s are the amplitudes of u¡(t)
guarantee synchronization among several digital streams of and us (ú).
lower hierarchy in the terminal stations tzl, tl9]. The loop is considered to be in a locked or synchronous state
when it reaches an equilibrium state, with constant phase error
In processing control systems they can provide the synchro-
nization among measuring, control and sensor systems guaran- - P = 0¡ - d6 and null frequency errol i = 0¡ - Oo t¿1, tS].
As the phase detector is a signal multiplie¡ the pD output is
teeing the correct execution of supervising and control tasks, in
given by:
real time.

Escola Politécnica d¿ Universidade de Sáo paulo Deparrarnento de Engen_

haria de Telecomunigóes e Controle Av. prof. Luci¿rno Gualberto, traressa 3, n.
ud(t) :'io^*rr[sin(ar - áo) + sin(2a.,6ú + á, + 0o)] , (ll
158 05508-900, Sáo Paulo, Brasil, e-mail:piqueira@lac.usp.br. Work supponed
by CNPq ¿md CAPES where K- is the phase detector gain.
410

The filter is supposed to eiirlinate high trequency Lerms. So, .

Distributing tintc si-snals in a networ-k in orcler to apply
il'the double frequencv ternt is suf,frciently attenuated by the control actions and comr¡rands at specilic tintes.
filter [8|, equation ( l) rs reduced to: . Establishing a sL¡percomputer by interconnectins scvcral
computers in a nctwork.
r,¿(l) : 1i,1 sin(á¡ - á6), e) Thcse itcnts arc sul-ticie nt to ¡ustily the relevance ol'tirning
distribution in applications rclatcd to control an<.I communica-
with 1f¿ - ]1i,,,1,1|i¡, in volts per raclian.
tion enginccrin-9.
In many real engineering situations, the Iinear approximation
olthe sine hy its argurnent is considerecl, reducing the pD out_ In real problems, objective crornparisons arnong the scveral
put to: possibilities arc needed. Thcn, a prccisc rnathematical trcat-
ment is necessary.
u¿(t) = Iid(qi-00). As it was already stated, the intention is to cliscuss tlrc several
Here the model ol PD and irs output u¿(ú) lollow equarion strategies fbr spreading clock signals and the synchronization of
(2). Being simple, the filter F is an all-pole low-pass with zeros several oscillators distributed over a wide geographic area.
in infinite tl6l, t-51 wirh rransfer lunction: There are situations in which precision in synclrronization is
not a critical point. In these cases, indepen«Ient clocks manually
bs
(3) adjusted are used. This strategy originatecl the plesiochronous
stl * br¿-lst¿-l + ......* bo' networks.
where V.(s) and l/¿(s) represent the Laplace transtbrms ol When synchronization results fiom interactions between the
si o-
nals ¿,.(ü) and u¿(f), respectively. oscillators of'the network, it is called synchronous.
The combination of'equarions (2) and (3) yields: Synchronous networks with a clock priority mechanism are
called master-slave. When all the clocks in a network have
equal relevance in determining t.he synchronous state, it is
called mutually synchronized.
#r"rrr* b,,-r
ffir,"tt)+ ..... * óouc(ú) In what lollows, the phases ol local oscillators, denotecl hy
= boI{a sin(á¿ - áe). (4) O, are composed by a tiee-running term c.rú, a fbrcing term á(t)
and a peturbation P(f), i.e.,'
The output phase (ás) of the VCO is controlled by u.(ú) and
satisnes 0o : Iiour, where 1(6 is a VCO constant, in radians é(t) =ut+0(t)+P(ü.
per volt per second [8], Thus, equation (4) can be rewrirten as:
Master-slave networks are classillecl accorcling to the trans-
dn+t ^ d,, d
mission direction ol time basis in One-Way Master-Slave
¿¡"+reoft)
* b,r-t
¿*oo@
* " "'+ bo=?o\)
'
at
(OWMS) and Two-Way Masrer-Slave (TWMS).
In OWMS networks, the master clock has its own ancl in-
= bolioli¿sin(á¿ - 0s). (s)
dependent time basis. Slave clocks have their basis depencling
Defining I(.) on another node, the master or another slave. Besides. these
networks are classified according to the topology in chain and
star.
tr(.) =
d"*' ,., *, d" ' In TWMS networks, the master clock has its own (ime basis
¿/ún+l
\ t' J¡t-t
dt"l')
' + + boÍ,]o but the control signal sent to the slave clocks is adjusted ac-
cording to the basis ol otlrer nodes, Slave clocks may have their
and by taking the phase enor p(t) : g¿
- 0o as rhe dynamic
time basis dependent on several nodes.
variable, equation (5) becomes:
According to the topology, TWMS networks can be classi-
L(p) + bol(¡l{dsin(á¡ fied as chain, star or loop.
- 0o) = L(0¡). (6)
Master-slave networks are extensively aclopted in public
The ordinary dill'erential equation (6) describes the be_ telecommunication networks due to simple implementation,
haviour of a phase-locked loop that is the main component of good timing performance, reliability, and low cosr [6]. They
circuits fbr extracting time signals. also have applications in parallel distributed computation [20],
robotics [ 2], and multimedia applications [21 ].
III. In this work the TWMS double-star network is studied. As
DISTRIBUTIoN oF TIMINc SIGNALS
figure 2 shows, the mastec called node l, has an accurate and
The problem of time distribution along networks consists of
independent time basis. However the control signal that it sends
controlling frequency and phase ofclock signals spreading over
to the slaves considers its own phase and the phase of all slaves.
a wide area. The idea is synchronizing the frequency and phase ' Figure 3 shows a scheme of master nodes in TWMS net-
scales of several oscillators in a network by using the data com_
works, indicating the mechanism for generating control signals
munication capacity of the links. considering the phase of the master Q ¿r and the phase of the
This problem has several applications [13]: slaves {D¿.
. Establishing a world wide time distribution system. Control signals iD sent by the master to the network is sub-
. Synchronizing clocks located at different points in a digital mitted to a weighting process that considers all the phase of the
communication network. slaves with coefficients o;,r. such that
![ra1.; = 1.
 411

from dynamical systems theory [8] obtaining conditions of

,p keeping then controllable [l0].

@
Z==- Th'é slaves considered are second order PLLs with a time
constant p. The architecture is the double-star with a master
MandN-lslaves.

\u \
The master is an oscillator with phase ,buft).Signal própa-
gation time from the master to the ith slave is indicated by ,r¡,
and, from the ith slave tothe master, by r,r, fori : 2,..., N.
Phases of oscillators output in this network are defined as
\o follows:
. Master oscillator
Fig. 2. Double-st¿r TWMS network
óu(t) = u¡,yt * P¡t(ü Q)

rth slave-node oscillator

ó¡(t) : 9i(t) + u;t -f P¡(t), i = 2,3,4,..., N. (8)

0,(t- t,) o Master output phase

o,(t- T,,)
1T
O-1t-t",¡
h(t) :2óu(t) - F= L)a,A - r¿t). (e)

Fig. 3. Master-node in TWMS networks Modelingeach ith slave, i : 2,3, 4,..., N,with a PLL equa-
tion, as we have seen in section II, their dynamics can be de-
scribed as follows:
In this work, related to the double-star scheme, all the slaves
are considered with the same relevance, consequently a1,¡ = ó¡ (t) + pó¡(t) - t-tt-Lisin(il(t - n;) - óz(t))
llw-1),vj-2,...,N, =
j;r (t) + pui + pP;U), (lo)
In aTWMS network, PLLs belonging to the slave nodes have
an input signal with phase iD resulting from a linear combina- where p is the filter cut-off frequency in all nodes, and p ¿ is the
tion ofphases from the several nodes, as shown in figure 4. ith slave-node PLL gain.
slV
The linear combination follows the condition Defining frequency and phase spatial errors by:
L'¡=2¡+ior,i = | in each ith-slave.
In double-star systems any slave-node do not contribute to
f p*.n
,ir,;
= Qu - 4n, (l l)
the input signal of the other slaves. Therefore: a¿,1 = 1 and
a¿,i=0,Yi,i-2,...,N.
| = óu - ó¡.
The substitution ofequations (7), (8) and (9) in (10), taking
IV. STABILITY oF EQUILIBRIUM STATES AND FREQUENCY
into account equation (l l), results:
ERRORS IN A DOUBLE-STAR TWMS T.¡TTWONT

When a TWMS strategy of clock distribution is chosen one

has a more robust and accurate performance for the network. bu¡ *tt,bu¡ *tttt¡sir,[rlpr, +
,= ir*,,
But, in this situation, due to the feedback loops between the '¡1"
nodes, frequency errors, even low, propagate along the whole
network spoiling the performance. rNr
In this section, the problem of frequency error propagation -ñ=L,*n"+r¡t)tiu¡ - ritt'- 1)''¿
in double-star TWMS networks is studied by using techniques
+ f;-, trrl(,r,rz + OMú)l - -O¿ - PQ¡t
0,(t-r,) -ltu¡* Qu * pQut. (12)

O,(t-r,) The obtained dynamics is nonlinear and depends explicitly

.
on time, so there is no equilibrium state. The oscillator degra-
-
dation combined with the delays does not allow the system to
0Jt-f.-)
be locked in the steady state [7], [7].
If the derivatives in equation (12) are taken and considering
Fig. 4. Slave-nodes in TWMS networks a linear approximation by expanding the non-linear terms in
il-'
'lrykrr series
t8l, t7l, I l7], one can write: the cquilibrium state is given by:

N-2
9u¡ +lt'vun +uu,l!-Q¡,t¡ *": f ,r., Lrrr-r*,yr:2¿-r: \](CI¡r-e) and ¡;:; .¿ --0.
t;, ¡+¡
I.1.r ( l5)
-A, L 1,,(ti * r¡t)iu¡ - ñ _ r[(A/ - 1)r¡, Developing the expressions and verilying the influence olthe
J=¿ number of nodes, one can write the equilibrium state by usin-e
N mathematical induction as:
+f r;rla,r.rl = p(r¿^r - CI,). (13) I
j=2 Í2i-3 : ; (CIu - f)) and Í.zi-z : 0, i : 2,3, ..., l{.
21.1

( l6)
Considering state variables: The linear part ol this ncw system around the cquilibrium
state is represented by matrix
tz¡-e = tiltt,¡ and Íz¿-.¿ : iM,i, ot00
-.1:

N¡,r 2!t,r yr 2yvr

N-r -ts + N-1
the system becomes: N:l ¡r'-t
0001
yD 2por
- N/ru 2r!?
-f + N_I
fi2i-3 : !t2i-2, N-I N-I A_I
N-2 :o0o -
-
iz¡-z= -l-tx.2i-2- ppil--!- f rzi-,r+
r\-L- oü00
y\' 2púr p! 2ytr
i+i N-t N-l N-1 N_t
¡r 00
ñlr'u-' - i I(r,, * r¡t)xz¡-'z ( l4) _ f!
N-1
2rúr
N-l
j=2 00
2pt'¡
!!
1
'N _
N-r N-l
-¡l-11(¡'/- 1)r,i - f;-, ,;rJOazJ ?' 0

+¡.t(Q¡a - Q¿). 01
N¡i,
_! + _
2p!r

This system admits an equilibrium state which corresponds

to constant frequency spatial errors Q ¡tt,¡ and non-limited phase
Calculating the eigenvalues of .4 by using MApLE V tll:
spatial errors p¡¿, ¿.
Acceleration spatial error rp¡a, ¡ tends to a zero stationary )r = )z =... = ,\, = -l+
state. After the transient states, the acceleration of, any slave /fr - Ar,
tbllows the acceleration ol the master.
The linear part of the new system, around the equilibrium Ar+r = lrr2 = ...= )z(¡v-z) : -t - \/ü= 4tr,
state, can be represented by:

01
N Ft2 pP2lrt2 + ?2r)
00 )z(¡¿-r)-r,z(¡u -t) = pur -| +
1f
{rr, - f,), - rrr.
-N-r ---;:-i--P _ rts2 rs:(¡rZ * ¡¡t )
N-l N-l
00 0l Examining the eigenvalues one can conclude that the equi-
PP3 er3(r13 * r21 ) NprS r/3(rl3 + 13t)
N-l N-l N-t N-l librium point of the system, having constant acceleration error,
00
:o is asymptotically stable for any physical possible value of the
o0
.,
00
parameters.
p!.N lrN (rtN + '2t /pN(,tN + r3l
)
_ lr N )
/!-l N-l N-l N-l
V. CoNCLUSIoN
0
Pv2
0
ppzl¡tz *,Ntl As a result of long-term instability ol'the master oscillator in
_
N_l a double star TWMS network, slave nodes do not synchronize
.0 0
_ Pp3 !p3(.13 + rNl ) in phase with master. Phase spatial error gt M,i between a slave
N-l and the master is unlimited as a consequence ol equation ( l2).
o

Howeve¡ in some practical situations, the propagation times

0 can be related to the gains of the PLLs making the frequency
errors controllable.
Summarizing:
If the simplifying but realisr assumption rhat delays are close - . It follows liom equation ( l2) that rhe double-star TWMS
t«l PLLs gains with: network does not present synchronous solution when os-
cillators suffer a phase acceleration and frequency errors
Tti:TiL:T) lli:u and 0¿=f), i:2,3,....N. propagate along the whole network.
 .lti

It tbllows trom ( l6) that the f'requenc-' spatrll crrors do not

dependent on the number of slaves bi:t tlnl.v-. t''' ;.hc accel-
eration of the master and the slaves.
Restrictions on the stability domain ol' equilibrium state
depend on the relation between PLLs gains and signal de-
lays.

REFERENCES
"Maple V by example". Acadenric
lll M.L. Abell and J.P. Braselton. P¡'ess.
London.1999.
t2l J.C. Bellanry. Digital network syncht'otrization' IEEE C¡»nntunicutittts
M u¡ia:ine ( I 995). 70-83.
tll H. de Bellescize. [-a reception synchrotre. Ondtt Elactri<¡nt. ll. 2-10-240.
r 932.
R.E. Best. "Phase-lockecl loops - 4th edition
". McGraw Hill. New York.
l4l
I 999.
tsl H.J. Blinchkoff, All-Pole Phase-Locked Tracking Filters. IEEE Trans.
Cornnrun.. vol COM-30. pp.23 l2-23 18. 1982.
t6l' C.S. Bregni. A historical perspective on telecomunnications network syn'
chro¡¡iz:rtion. IEEE Commun. Maguzine, pp. 158- 166. 1998.
[7] P.A. Carciu. Redes sinrples de malhas de sincronismo de fase: unru anilise
via teoria de sistem¡s di¡ri¡licos. Dissenaglo de Mestrudo. Llniversidade
Mackenzie. Sio Paulo. 2000.
t8l F.M. Cardner. "Phase'lock Techniques". John Wiley & Sons. New York.
1979.
[9] A. Cersho and B.J. Karafin, Mutual Synchronization of Ceographically
Separeted Oscillators. The Bcll S,-¡ten Tttdmiral Jtnrnal . 1689-I704.
1966.
[0] T. Kailath. "Linear Systetns", Prentice-Hall. New Jersey, 1980.
tl ll M. Kamaugh. A Model forOrganic Synchronizatiou of Cotnmunications
Systerns. The Betl Systern Ttrhrtitttl Jtrurnul, 1705-1735. 1966.
tl2l W.C. Lee. J. Lee, D. Choi, M. Kim and C. Lee. The Distributted Con-
troller Architecture for a Musteran¡r and its Application to Teleoperution
with Force Feedback. IEEE lntemational Conference on Robotics attd
Autonration, pp. 213-218. 1999.
tI 3l W.C. Lindsey. F. Gh¿¡zvinian. W C Hagmunu and K. Dessouky. Network
Synbhronizution. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 73. pp' 1445-1467, 198-5'
tl4l W.C. Lindsey and M.K. Si¡non. "Teleconrmunication Systenrs Engineer-
ing ", Dover. New York, 1973.
tt5l M. Schwartz, "Tr¿t¡smissio de lnfontruqio . Modulugáo e Ruído ", Gua-
nubaru Dois. Rio de Janeiro, 1979 (trudu§Ao da ediqio da McGraw Hill,
New York. 1970).
ll6l K. Oguta, "Modenl Control Engineering". Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
t997.
tlTl J.R.C. Piqueira, Umu contribuigio ao estudo d¡s redes corn nrulhas de
sincronismo de fase. Tese de Livre Docérlcia. EPUSP. Sio Paulo. I 997.
tl8l S.A. Castillo-Vurgus. Propugagio de eros de freqüéncia enr redes
mestre-escravo, Dissenagáo de Mestrudo' EPUSB S¡o Paulo. 2002.
tlgl M. Sexton and A. Reid' "Transntission Networking: SONET and Syn-
chronous Digital Hierarchy". Norwood' MA, Artech House, 1992.
[20] G. Shao, F. Bemran and R. Wolski, Muster/slave Conrputing on the Grid,
Proceedings of the IEEE COMPSAC, 2000.
[21 ] S. Sohail and G. Ruj, Replication of Multinredia Data usiug Master'Slave
archirecture, Proceedings of the IEEE 2 tst COMPSAC. 1997.