Module-9

Distribution Automation
A. K. Mishra
IOE, TU, Nepal
akmishra@ioe.edu.np

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 POWER UTILITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Generally a single incomer say at 33kV or 66kV or 11kV is used to feed
loads in large geographical area. (Primary Distribution System)
• Several feeders & lateral connections are used (say at 11kV, 6.6kV, 3.3kV)
up to the secondary distribution transformers. (Secondary Distribution
System)
• Except the main substation, all others are outdoor pole mounted type
– having transformers, disconnect switches, fuses etc.
• Large number of small pole mounted distribution transformers are used
with practically no monitoring & control.
• In many developing & under developed countries, network expansion had
been in an unplanned way due to financial & political pressures.
• Distribution system losses varying between 10-20%.
• Relatively poor metering & protection.

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 PROBLEMS IN THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
A) From utilities point of view:
– Lack of system data and information. (for forecasting, market study)
– Lack of equipment health information.
– Problems in fault detection and delay in service restoration.
– Increased system losses, transformer failures.
– Poor return of revenue.
– Lack of historical data.
B) From customer’s point of view
– Poor quality of supply. Solution to the
– Frequent supply interruptions.
distribution problems
– Large voltage variation.
– Unscheduled load shedding.
is
– Irregularity in electricity bills. ‘DISTRIBUTION
AUTOMATION’
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OBJECTIVES OF DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION
• System wide network monitoring.
• Health monitoring of major equipments. (transformer, CBs etc.)
• System wide control for improved system operation.
– (Better quality of supply, reduced system losses).
• Effective operator decision support system.
• Automatic data logging, historical report generation.
• Remote metering and billing

Distribution Automation system is analogous to the ‘Nervous

System’ in human being with computers in the central control room
acting as ‘Brain’. Ears, eyes and hands are analogous to RTUs.

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 BUILDING A SUITABLE “DISTRIBUTION
AUTOMATION” SYSTEM
• Proper switching devices throughout the system suitable for
remote operation.
• Measuring and sensing devices for monitoring system
parameters(V,I,P,Q) and switch status.
• Appropriate technology for sending/receiving of data and
information to/from the field from/to the control center. This
requires
– Conversion of data into suitable form at both the ends.
– Sending and receiving data between field and control center.
• Appropriate system/intelligence to store and analyze the
system data and information.
• Trend is to integrate protection, control and monitoring
functions.

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 COMPONENTS OF DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION
SYSTEM
Control Center Equipments
•Computers
•Printers Software
•Digitizers etc. •Communication software
•Automation software
•Data base management
•Graphical user interface
•Application software (Higher level software for system
status monitoring & to take various operating and control
decisions).

Communication System
•Wired communication such as Ethernet,
DLCC, Fiber Optics, Telephone link etc.
•Wireless communication
Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
•Collects the data from field
•Employs transducers and A/D converter
•Communication interfaces.

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 Main Computer at Control Center Ethernet
DA Software+ S/S RTU
A Typical Distribution Database Management Software+ RS485
Automation System Communication Manager Software S/S CTs, PTs, LBS,
CB etc.
Front End Radio
RS485 Dialup telephone
modem

Tel Exchg.

RS485 Dialup tel Front end RS485 Dialup tel Front end
modem Radio modem Radio

RS485 Dialup tel Front end RS485 Dialup tel Front end
modem Radio modem Radio
RTU RTU

CTs, PTs, LBS, RTU RTU CTs, PTs, LBS,

CB etc. CB etc.
CTs, PTs, LBS, CTs, PTs, LBS,
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ADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION
A) Economical Benefits
B) Operational Benefits
C) Customer Benefits
Released transmission and
distribution capacity

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 Economical Benefits (contd…)

Control & Monitoring

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 Economical Benefits (contd…)
Substation Automation

Reduced
metering &
protection
equipment
wiring

• Increased revenue due to faster restoration (detection of theft)

• Improved cash flow due to remote metering (no need to hire people for
billing
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 Advantages of Distribution Automation (contd…)
B) Operational Benefits
• Improved engineering and planning decisions due to accurate data
availability
• Reduced crew time to detect fault and restore service
• Monitoring of unattended substations
• Operator’s ease in decision making
• Economic dispatch, economic unit dispatch, opf, optimization, etc.
C) Customer Benefits
• Reduced complaints due to
-Low voltage
-Prolonged outages
• Value to customers of improved reliability
• For example: use of Voltage Stabilizer automatically, maintains voltage,
DVR, STATCOM etc.

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
FOR
DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION

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 APPLICATION SOFTWARE?
• Decision support tool (Yes or No…ON or OFF…)
• Power system software (ETAP, MATLAB, DIGSILENT etc…)
• Performs higher level computations (Optimization,load flow…)
• Can be invoked by operator (by pressing buttons, switches…), by
system periodically (automatic tripping, auto-recloser…) or can be
event driven (relay, auto-recloser…)
• Used for operator guidance/ closed loop control/ operational
planning

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 VARIOUS APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• State estimation
• Load flow
• Optimal capacitor switching (Volt/ Var management)
• Network reconfiguration
• Fault detection and isolation
• Service restoration
• Load shedding
• Load management
• Health monitoring
• Remote billing etc.

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 OPTIMAL LOAD SHEDDING
Objective
To evolve load shedding schedule according to certain pre-defined
priorities under scheduled and emergency conditions.
Features
• Categorization of loads, like residential, commercial etc.
• Prioritizing according to the categories in different time slots
• Taking previous shedding of load points into account
• Change of priority of some load points for certain duration
• Overruling the existing priority order for some load points for certain
duration

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Automation
 START
Optimal Load Shedding
Read data

Input from screen

• Present time
• Amount of load to be shed

Prioritize the load points according to their category and time slot

Arrange load points in ascending order of priority taking into account Conduct load flow and indicate
 History of previous load shedding at various buses voltages at various buses
 Priority change
 Overruling priority
Print the results

Select load points from the above arranged serial order

STOP
If load selected Requested
for shedding load shedding
NO

YES
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 Input data (Load Shedding)
TEST DATA REQUIRED FOR LOAD SHEDDING (18 BUS SYSTEM): load 1 500.00 200.00 1 *
load 2 500.00 200.00 2
load 3 500.00 200.00 3
Categ.d
load 4 500.00 200.00 4
number_of_categories: 6
load 5 400.00 150.00 5
1 commercial
load 6 450.00 150.00 6
2 residential
load 7 500.00 200.00 1
3 watersupplies
load 8 400.00 150.00 2
4 streetlighting
load 9 400.00 150.00 3
5 industrial
load 10 400.00 150.00 4
6 agricultural
load 11 500.00 200.00 5
load 12 400.00 150.00 6
timeprio.d load 13 600.00 200.00 1
number_of_time_divisions_clockwise: 5 load 14 600.00 200.00 5
22.00 6.00 load 15 600.00 200.00 6
6.00 8.00 load 16 600.00 200.00 4
8.00 10.00 * The category information of the load points
10.00 17.00 Privls_his.d
17.00 22.00
1 10
priorities_of_categories_in_different_time_divisions:
2 9
rows_represent_categories_and_columns_represent_timedivisions:
3 8
4 3 3 2 4
4 10
2 4 1 3 6
5 10
5 1 5 1 1
6 3
1 6 6 5 2
7 11
3 2 4 6 5
8 7
6 5 2 4 3
9 10
10 9
input.dat (Load flow data) 11 10
line 0 1 0.00000 0.55000 0.00000 12 12
line 1 2 0.30000 0.12000 0.00000 13 9
line 2 3 0.25000 0.10000 0.00000 14 8
line 3 4 0.25000 0.10000 0.00000 15 9
line 4 5 0.25000 0.10000 0.00000 16 11
line 5 6 0.25000 0.10000 0.00000 overrule.d
line 1 7 0.30000 0.12000 0.00000
Number_of_overrule_instructions: 2
line 7 8 0.25000 0.10000 0.00000
6 2
line 8 9 0.30000 0.12000 0.00000
11 1
line 9 10 0.50000 0.20000 0.00000
line 7 11 0.30000 0.12000 0.00000
line 11 12 0.30000 0.12000 0.00000 chprio.d
line 12 13 0.20000 0.08000 0.00000 Number_of_load_points_where_priority_is_to_be_modified:
line 1 14 0.40000 0.16000 0.00000 1
line 14 15 0.30000 0.12000 0.00000 4 3
line 15 16 0.30000 0.12000 0.00000
line 13 17 0.20000 0.08000 0.00000 voltlimit.d
Upper_Voltage_Limit_P.U.: 1.05
Lower_Voltage_Limit_P.U.: 0.95 17
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 Output (Load Shedding)
ls.out

Time : 16.00 Hrs

Present total load : 7850.000 KW

Requested load shedding : 3400.000 KW

Load to be shed : 3600.000 KW

LOAD SHEDDING SCHEDULE

Sl no. LP SHED PRIO PRIVLS OVERRULE LOAD(kW) CATEGORY LOAD_SHED

1 10 1 6 9 0 400.000 street lighting 400.000

2 16 1 6 11 0 600.000 street lighting 1000.000

3 15 1 5 9 0 600.000 agricultural 1600.000

4 12 1 5 12 0 400.000 agricultural 2000.000

5 14 1 4 8 0 600.000 industrial 2600.000

6 5 1 4 10 0 400.000 industrial 3000.000

7 13 1 3 9 0 600.000 commercial 3600.000

---------------

8 4 0 3 10 0 500.000 street lighting 4100.000

9 1 0 3 10 0 500.000 commercial 4600.000

10 7 0 3 11 0 500.000 commercial 5100.000

11 3 0 2 8 0 500.000 water supply 5600.000

12 9 0 2 10 0 400.000 water supply 6000.000

13 8 0 1 7 0 400.000 residential 6400.000

14 2 0 1 9 0 500.000 residential 6900.000

15 6 0 5 3 2 450.000 agricultural 7350.000

16 11 0 4 10 1 500.000 industrial 7850.000

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 Output (Load Shedding)
EXPECTED VOLTAGE PROFILE AFTER LOAD SHEDDING
BUS NO. VOLTAGE MAG REMARKS

0 1.000000

1 0.992167

2 0.986310

3 0.982644

4 0.980197

5 0.978973

6 0.978973

7 0.985628

8 0.982467

9 0.980137

10 0.978194

11 0.984165

12 0.982701

13 0.982701

14 0.992167

15 0.992167

16 0.992167

17 0.982701

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 FAULT LOCATION
• Objective
– To estimate approximate location of fault and the fault impedance

• Assumptions
• Network is assumed to be radial
• RTUs are placed at substation and distribution transformer points
• Demo of symmetrical fault only.
(similar approach for unsymmetrical faults)

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 FAULT LOCATION (contd…)
Approach
•Identify the fault path
•based on current increase over its base value
•based on change in voltage magnitude
•Identify the nearest upstream RTU
Fault Location:
Let D = distance from nearest RTU to the fault
Rf = fault impedance in ohms
Va = the sending end voltage
Ia = sending end current
Z = conductor impedance per unit length
If = fault current
This results;
Va = DZIa + IfRf (i)

In the above equation, D , If and Rf are unknown.

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 FAULT LOCATION (contd…)
Also for simplification let’s say;
Vd is the drop per unit length
i.e. Vd_real + jVd_imag = (R+jX)(Ia_real+jIa_imag) known simplifying the
equation (i);
We get;
D = {(VrealIf_imag)-(VimagIf__real)}/{(Vd_realIf_imag)-(Vd_imagIf_real)} (ii)
Rf = {(Vreal*Vd_imag) - (Vimag*Vd_real)}/{(If_real*Vd_imag) - (If_imag*Vd_real)} (iii)

Above equation can compute D and Rf for known If

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 FAULT LOCATION (contd…)
Overall procedure
• Initially assume If = Ia – Iapre
Where; Iapre= pre fault current Ia
• Estimate of D and Rf solving equations (ii) and (iii)
• Substitute the calculated D in eq. below and find voltage at the
fault point as: Va’= Va - DZIa (iii)
• Find remote end current in feed (Ia’ )by using radial load flow with
Va’
• Get new If = Ia - Ia’
• Calculate new D and Rf with this If
• Repeat the process until D-Dnew converges
Distance

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Automation
 Read system input data
Fault Location Read RTU data

Run radial loadflow for prefault voltages and currents

Find fault path

If=Ia-Ipre

Calculate D=((VrealIf_imag-VimagIf_real))/((Vd_real*If_imag-(Vd_imag*If_real))
Rf=((VrealVd_imag)-(VimagVd_real))/((If_realVd_imag)-(If_imagVd_real))
Va’= Va – DZIa
Load flow to compute Ia’

Get new If = Ia - Ia’

If |D-Dnew| <limit
NO
YES
Stop Distance for converging criteria
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 FAULT LOCATION (contd…)
Input
• Network topology
• Line parameters (R , X and length of the lines)
• Load parameters (P and Q)
• Fault voltage and current information from all the RTUs
Output
• Faulted feeder section and fault location
• Fault resistance

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 FAULT LOCATION (contd…)
Test System
• A 30 bus system is used to test the method with fault created at different
points
26 27
25
24 20 17
23 19 16
S/S 22 18 15
1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
69/23kV
28 21
29
=Load points
30

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 FAULT LOCATION (contd…)
Results
• Fault 1(F1) in feeder section 24-25 at a distance of 0.5 miles from node
24, with Rf = 5ohms
– Calculated fault distance is 0.49 miles from node 24 with Rf = 5ohms
• Fault 2(F2) in feeder section 29-30 at a distance of 0.5 miles from node
29, with Rf = 10ohms
– Calculated fault distance is 0.5 miles from node 29 with Rf = 10 ohms

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 NETWORK RECONFIGURATION
Objective
Reconfiguration of electric distribution network to: Loss
minimization, voltage profile improvement, overloading elimination or
combinations
Inputs
• Network topology
• Line parameters (R and X )
• Load parameters (P and Q)
• Location of switches and their status
Output
• Reconfigured network
• Switches to be operated
• Change in line losses
• Voltage profile of the system

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 NETWORK RECONFIGURATION (contd…)

Example Network

18 19 20 21

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
S/S 15
33/11kV
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 16
17

Tie line Closed switch

Load point

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A GENERIC RECONFIGURATION ALGORITHM
Objective
Reconfiguration of the network to
• minimize system loss
• eliminate feeder and transformer overloading
Approach
• The algorithm minimizes an objective function defined as
OF = Reduction in system loss or overloading index
 Pi 2  Qi2 
 
Where overloading index is defined as =
2

S i max 
• The reconfiguration ensures change in status of tie line and parent
switches in order to minimize the objective function.

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 START
A Generic Reconfiguration A

Read the system data from database Close St and open S0

Run LF/distflow/approx formula to find out the

NO If solution is needed only
new objective function for this St and S0
with remotely controllable
OF(St – S0)
switches ?
Identify the switches which are YES Open St and close S0
either locally or remotely operated
Identify the switches which can be
operated remotely S0
S0 = S0 + 1 If
Identify all the tie switches YES S0 < n
St = 1,2,----t
NO
B
Run the base case load flow and find out the
St = St + 1 If
objective function OF(base)
YES St < t
Select first tie switch NO
St = 1
Identify the least out of all OF(St – S0)
which is L_OF(St – S0)
Identify the parent loop associated with St

YES If
Identify all the operable switches in this parent loop OF(base) > L_OF(St – S0)
S0 = 1,2,------,n
Change the status of St and S0 i.e.
for this combination the switch will NO
S0 = 1 be treated as new tie line and the Print results
tie will become operable switch

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 SERVICE RESTORATION
Objective
To achieve supply restoration to isolated networks through optimum tie
line switching.
Approach
Restore the supply through closing of a tie switch resulting into minimum
overloading.
 Pi 2  Qi2 
Overloading factor = 
 2
S i max



Where, i is either a line, tie line or a transformer
Pi and Qi are the present power flows and Simax is the rated maximum
limit.

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 START Service Restoration
Read the system data from database A

Identify the number of islands/isolated areas Identify least of all OL(St) which is Stoptimum
Iso = 1,2,--------,m
Select first isolated area Iso = 1 Change the status of Stoptimum and fix it
for further runs which will supply to
Identify the tie switch connecting to this isolated area isolated area Iso
St = 1,2,---------,t
YES
St = 1 Iso = Iso + 1 If Iso < m
Close the tie switch
NO

Run load flow and find out the overloading index Print results
for the supply through this tie-switch OL(St)
STOP
Open tie switch St

St = S t + 1 If St < t ?
YES
NO
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