Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Meaning
Stress refers to an individual’s reaction to a disturbing factor in an environment
Definition
Stress is defined as an adaptive response to an external situation that results in physical,
psychological and/or behavioral deviations for organizational participants
Sources of Stress:
• Environmental Stressors
• Organizational Stressors
• Group Stressors
• Individual Stressors
• Work Stress
Environmental Stressors:
• Political factors
– Political uncertainties
• Economic Factors
– Changes in business cycle – business recession
– Temporary/permanent lay offs
– Reduced pay
• Technological Factors
– Computers, robotics, automations and other technological innovations
Organizational Stressors:
• Task demands
• Role demands
• Inter-personal demands
• Organization structure
• Organizational leadership
• Organizational Life cycle
Group Stressors:
• Lack of group cohesiveness
• Lack of social support
• Inter-group conflict
• Sexual harassment
Individual stressors:
• Type of personality
• Life stage changes
• Career change
• Life trauma
Symptoms:
• Insomnia
• Loss of mental concentration
• Anxiety
• Absenteeism
• Depression
• Substance abuse
• Extreme anger and frustration
• Family conflict
• Psycho-Somatic Disorders – heart disease, migraine, headaches, stomach problems, and
back problems.
Stress Management Techniques:
• Individual Strategies
• Organizational Strategies
Individual strategies:
• Time Management
• Physical exercise
• Relaxation
• Yoga
• Social Support
• Control over the situation
• Open up to others
Organizational Strategies:
• Personal health promotion programme
• Improved communication
• Job re-design
• Selection and placement
Stress Management
Techniques
Eastern Western
Approach Approach
Eastern Approach:
• Yoga
• Tai chi
• Qigong
• Meditation
Western Practice:
• Progressive muscle relaxation
• Autogenic Training
• Bio-feedback
• Humor
Bio-Feedback:
Counseling – Meaning:
Providing assistance and support to the employees to face and sail through the thorny times
in life
Counseling – Definition:
Counselling is defined as professional guidance of the individual by utilizing psychological
methods especially in collecting case history data, using various techniques of the personal
interview, and testing interests and aptitudes
Importance:
Apart from their personal problems, there are various reasons which can create work stress
ᴥ Unrealistic targets or work-load
ᴥ Constant pressure to meet the deadlines
ᴥ Career problems
ᴥ Responsibility and accountability
ᴥ Conflicts
ᴥ Bad inter-personal relations with superiors and subordinates
ᴥ Problems in adjusting to the organizational culture
Counseling helps the employee to share and look at his problems from a new perspective,
help himself and to face and deal with the problems in a better way.
Counselling - Techniques:
Eclectic Techniques
Classic Gestalt Techniques
Non-verbal & Metaphorical Techniques
Classical Behavioral Techniques
Person centric Techniques
Conflict Resolution Techniques
Stress Reduction Techniques
Psycho-dynamic Techniques
Eclectic Techniques
Directive technique followed by non-directive technique
Non-verbal Techniques
o Simple observation with
Appropriate physical closeness
Appropriate eye contact
Appropriate Facial expressions
No distracting body movement
No distracting mannerisms -e.g., twirling hair, playing with an earring, scratching, etc,
o Metaphorical Technique
The comparison of one thing to another
When you speak you may use a metaphor to describe your experience.
o Example: “It feels like I’m all alone in the middle of a desert”
A counsellor may choose to enter this metaphor and explore it more deeply
Steps in Counseling:
• Preparation
• Assessment
• Contracting
• Engaging
• Terminating
Preparation
• Pre-assessment Stage
• What should happen before the clients are seen and indeed before the counselling
service is established
• Preparing a working model to guide the counsellor throughout the counselling
process
Assessment
• Understanding the client
• Methods of assessment
• Agreeing and assessment
• Considering interventions
• Agreeing Counselling
• Sharing Information
Contracting
o Agreeing to work together
o Contracting on
Practicalities
Role of client & counsellor
Role of Organization
o Referring if appropriate
Engaging
o Managing the personal, administrative and organizational side of the counselling
o Re-entry of employees
o The task of work-place counselling
Terminating
o Agreeing a termination date
o Working towards termination
o Process of termination
o Final Session
o After Termination
Evaluating the employee performance after counselling
Getting feedback
Functions:
Helping the individual to understand and help himself
Understand the situations and look at them with a new perspective and positive outlook
Helping in better decision making
Alternate solutions to problems
Coping with the situation and the stress
Types of Counselling:
• Directive Counselling
• Non-Directive Counselling
• Eclectic Counselling
Directive Counselling:
Given by E.G. Williamson
Counsellor Centered - Counsellor plays an important role
It is based on the assumption that the client cannot solve his own problems for the lack of
information
He tries to direct the thinking of counsellee by informing, explaining, interpreting and advising
It gives more importance to intellectual aspect than emotional aspects
Non-directive Counselling:
Given by Carl Rogers
It is also known as permissive counselling
Client Centered – Counsellee is the pivot of the whole counselling process
The main function of the counsellor is to create an atmosphere in which the client can work
out his problem
In this type, emotional elements rather than intellectual elements are stressed
Eclectic Counselling:
Given by F.C.Thorne
Counselor can alternate between directive and non‐directive methods
Counselor study the personality of the client‐needs, situation, etc. selects suitable
method‐ start with directive counseling then change to non‐directive counseling
Counsellor uses reassurance, giving, information, testing, etc. It is economical and effective
technique.