14 chapter 0 The Real Numbers

exercises
! "
For Exercises 1–4, determine how many different 20. 3 2m + 4(n + 5p) + 6n
values can arise by inserting one pair of paren- 3 6 2 m+3 1
theses into the given expression. 21. + 31. · +
4 7 5 7 2
1. 19 − 12 − 8 − 2 3. 6 + 3 · 4 + 5 · 2 3 n−2 7
2 7
22. + 32. · +
2. 3 − 7 − 9 − 5 4. 5 · 3 · 2 + 6 · 4 5 8 4 5 3

For Exercises 5–18, expand the given expression. 3 14 2 y −4

23. · 33. +
4 39 x+3 5
5. (x − y)(z + w − t)
6. (x + y − r )(z + w − t) 2 15 x−3 5
24. · 34. −
7. (2x + 3) 2 3 22 4 y +2

8. (3b + 5)2 5 1 #x y$
25. 7 35. −
9. (2c − 7) 2 2 x−y y x
3
10. (4a − 5)2
1# 1 1 $
11. (x + y + z) 2 6 36. −
26. 5 y x−y x+y
7
12. (x − 5y − 3z)2 4
(x + a)2 − x 2
13. (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 3) 37.
m+1 3 a
27. +
14. (y − 2)(y − 3)(y + 5) 2 n
1 1
15. (a + 2)(a − 2)(a2 + 4) x+a
− x
m 5 38.
28. + a
16. (b − 3)(b + 3)(b2 + 9) 3 n−2
!1 1"
17. xy(x + y) x − y x−2
2 4 3 y
!1 1" 29. · + ·2 39. z
18. a2 z(z − a) z + a 3 5 4 x+2

For Exercises 19–40, simplify the given expression 3 2 5 x−4

as much as possible. 30. · + ·2 40.

y+3
5 7 4 y−3
x+4
19. 4(2m + 3n) + 7m

problems
Some problems require considerably more thought than the exercises.
Unlike exercises, problems usually have more than one correct answer.

41. Explain how you could show that 51 × 49 =
2499 in your head by using the identity
(a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2 .
42. Show that
a3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc
= (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ac).
43. Give an example to show that division does not
satisfy the associative property.
44. The sales tax in San Francisco is 8.5%. Diners in
San Francisco often compute a 17% tip on their
before-tax restaurant bill by simply doubling
the sales tax. For example, a $64 dollar food
and drink bill would come with a sales tax of
$5.44; doubling that amount would lead to a
17% tip of $10.88 (which might be rounded up
to $11). Explain why this technique is an appli-
cation of the associativity of multiplication.
 section 0.2 Algebra of the Real Numbers 15

45. A quick way to compute a 15% tip on a restau- 47. (a) Verify that
rant bill is first to compute 10% of the bill (by
16 25 16 − 25
shifting the decimal point) and then add half of − = .
2 5 2−5
that amount for the total tip. For example, 15%
of a $43 restaurant bill is $4.30 + $2.15, which (b) From the example above you may be
equals $6.45. Explain why this technique is an tempted to think that
application of the distributive property. a c a−c
− =
46. The first letters of the phrase “Please excuse b d b−d
my dear Aunt Sally” are used by some people
provided none of the denominators equals
to remember the order of operations: parenthe-
0. Give an example to show that this is not
ses, exponentiation (which we will discuss in
true.
a later chapter), multiplication, division, addi-
tion, subtraction. Make up a catchy phrase that
serves the same purpose but with exponentia-
tion excluded.

worked-out solutions to Odd-numbered Exercises

Do not read these worked-out solutions before first
struggling to do the exercises yourself. Otherwise
you risk the danger of mimicking the techniques
shown here without understanding the ideas.
Best way to learn: Carefully read the section of the
textbook, then do all the odd-numbered exercises
(even if they have not been assigned) and check your
answers here. If you get stuck on an exercise, reread
the section of the textbook—then try the exercise
again. If you are still stuck, then look at the worked-
out solution here.

For Exercises 1–4, determine how many different Other possible ways to insert one pair of paren-
values can arise by inserting one pair of paren- theses lead to values already included in the
theses into the given expression. list above. For example,

1. 19 − 12 − 8 − 2 (19 − 12 − 8) − 2 = −3.
Thus ten values are possible; they are −418,
solution Here are the possibilities:
−382, −238, −3, 1, 13, 17, 23, 113, and 139.
19(−12 − 8 − 2) = −418
3. 6 + 3 · 4 + 5 · 2
19(−12 − 8) − 2 = −382
solution Here are the possibilities:
19(−12) − 8 − 2 = −238 (6 + 3 · 4 + 5 · 2) = 28
(19 − 12) − 8 − 2 = −3 6 + (3 · 4 + 5) · 2 = 40
19 − 12 − (8 − 2) = 1 (6 + 3) · 4 + 5 · 2 = 46
19 − (12 − 8) − 2 = 13 6 + 3 · (4 + 5 · 2) = 48
19 − (12 − 8 − 2) = 17 6 + 3 · (4 + 5) · 2 = 60
19 − 12 − 8(−2) = 23 Other possible ways to insert one pair of paren-
theses lead to values already included in the
19 − 12(−8) − 2 = 113
list above. For example,
19 − 12(−8 − 2) = 139 (6 + 3 · 4 + 5) · 2 = 46.
24 chapter 0 The Real Numbers

Thus five values are possible; they are 28, 40, (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 3)
46, 48, and 60. ! "
= (x + 1)(x − 2) (x + 3)
For Exercises 5–18, expand the given expression. = (x 2 − 2x + x − 2)(x + 3)

5. (x − y)(z + w − t) = (x 2 − x − 2)(x + 3)

solution = x 3 + 3x 2 − x 2 − 3x − 2x − 6

(x − y)(z + w − t) = x 3 + 2x 2 − 5x − 6

= x(z + w − t) − y(z + w − t)
15. (a + 2)(a − 2)(a2 + 4)
= xz + xw − xt − yz − yw + yt
solution
! "
7. (2x + 3)2 (a + 2)(a − 2)(a2 + 4) = (a + 2)(a − 2) (a2 + 4)

solution = (a2 − 4)(a2 + 4)

(2x + 3)2 = (2x)2 + 2 · (2x) · 3 + 32 = a4 − 16

= 4x 2 + 12x + 9 !1 1"
17. xy(x + y) x − y

9. (2c − 7)2 solution

#1 1$ # y x $
solution xy(x + y) − = xy(x + y) −
x y xy xy
(2c − 7)2 = (2c)2 − 2 · (2c) · 7 + 72 #y − x $
= xy(x + y)
2
= 4c − 28c + 49 xy

= (x + y)(y − x)
11. (x + y + z)2

solution = y 2 − x2

(x + y + z)2
For Exercises 19–40, simplify the given expression
= (x + y + z)(x + y + z) as much as possible.

= x(x + y + z) + y(x + y + z) + z(x + y + z) 19. 4(2m + 3n) + 7m

2 2
= x + xy + xz + yx + y + yz solution
2
+ zx + zy + z 4(2m + 3n) + 7m = 8m + 12n + 7m
= x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz = 15m + 12n

13. (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 3) 3 6

21. +
4 7
solution
3 6 3 7 6 4 21 24
solution + = · + · = + =
4 7 4 7 7 4 28 28
45
28
3 14
23. ·
4 39
 section 0.2 Algebra of the Real Numbers 17

3 14 3 · 14 7 7 solution
solution · = = =
4 39 4 · 39 2 · 13 26
2 y −4 2 5 y −4 x+3
5 + = · + ·
7 x+3 5 x+3 5 5 x+3
25. 2
3 2 · 5 + (y − 4)(x + 3)
=
5 5(x + 3)
7 5 3 5·3 15
solution 2 = · = = 10 + yx + 3y − 4x − 12
3
7 2 7·2 14 =
5(x + 3)
m+1 3
27. + xy − 4x + 3y − 2
2 n =
5(x + 3)
solution
m+1 3 m+1 n 3 2 1 #x y$
+ = · + · 35. −
2 n 2 n n 2 x−y y x
(m + 1)n + 3 · 2 solution
=
2n
1 #x y$ 1 #x x y y$
mn + n + 6 − = · − ·
= x−y y x x−y y x x y
2n
1 # x2 − y 2 $
=
2 4 3 x−y xy
29. · + ·2
3 5 4 1 # (x + y)(x − y) $
=
solution x−y xy
2 4 3 8 3 x+y
· + ·2= + =
3 5 4 15 2 xy
8 2 3 15
= · + ·
15 2 2 15 (x + a)2 − x 2
37.
16 + 45 a
=
30 solution
61
= (x + a)2 − x 2 x 2 + 2xa + a2 − x 2
30 =
a a
2 m+3 1 2xa + a2
31. · + =
5 7 2 a
solution = 2x + a
2 m+3 1 2m + 6 1
· + = +
5 7 2 35 2 x−2
y
2m + 6 2 1 35 39. z
= · + · x+2
35 2 2 35
solution
4m + 12 + 35
= x−2
70 x−2 x+2
y
z = ·
4m + 47 y z
= x+2
70
x2 − 4
=
2 y −4 yz
33. +
x+3 5