Part 1:

1. WATER SUPPLY AND WATER WELLS

 Spring water: groundwater that has made its way to the surface.
 Technical advance: invention of the well (exploit in situ ground water).
 First drilled Wells: 1806 United States – to obtain brine.
 Use of drill rigs: ability to Access water at considerable depths.
2. WATER QUALITY
 Naturally occurring compounds
 The primary groundwater quality concern: naturally occurring compounds
– objectionable components that form “hard water”.
 Naturally occurring compounds that affect human health: sodium chloride
(salt) and radioactive elements.
 Considerable effort in investigating the physical-chemical natural of salt
movement in coastal aquifers.
 Radioactive constiituents: for example, the resulting collision particles with
living cell tissue is known to cause tissue damage that can lead to cancer.
 Anthropogenic compounds (caused by humans)
 Widespread use of agrochemicals
 Leaking sewers Can give rise to groundwater
 Septic tanks contamination
 Industrial chemical

 Agriculture: principal source of nitrate

 Use of nitrogen fertilizers: primary source of nitrate levels in groundwater
although wastes from livestock and poultry farms can also be a source.
 Other sources of contamination:
o Hydrocarbons
o Chlorinated hydrcarbons.

3. The Physical System

 The evolution of simulation techniques over time shows us how complex systems
can be approached from more flexible simulation tools.
 Until 1960 they focused on the use of groundwater as the amount of water to meet
municipal, industrial and agricultural needs, which identified the quality problems
of this water, which were presented with organic compounds, BTEX and chlorinated
hydrocarbons used in the industry poisoned this water.
 Today the groundwater transport model is used in research, analysis and treatment
in groundwater contamination, because an accurate transport model requires an
existing precise flow model, as these models cover types of solute reactive transport
and multiphase fluids with biological degradation of contaminants, so their use is
not generalized when using a huge amount of parametric inputs.
  An assessment of the storage of radioactive waste in an underground deposit is also
carried out, for the risk of exposure to people and the environment, due to new
challenges, and difficult problems aren’t anticipate according to history of the
underground water study.
 OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) supported geothermal
simulation, due to the extraction of oil, where geothermal reservoirs were modeled
for a number of fields around the world, but this support only lasted a decade, so a
small effort has been made to understand and study flow and transport
groundwater considering it a potentially important energy.

Part 2

Simulation of Groundwater System Behavior

Groundwater flow simulation

- Professionals say that are needed to address a range of problems on the satures flows
a) unsaturated flow (passive air,flowing water)
b) multiphase flow (two or more dynamic phases such air, water and
non-aqueous phase liquids),
c) single and multiphase flow through fractured media
d) single and multiphase flow with uncertain coefficients (especially the random
field representation of hydraulic conductivity)

problems that need a flexible program used in the MODFLOW are need to upgrading or
have finite volumen numerical algorithms that do not depend upon rectangular meses.

The author says that upon he thinks that it should be improvents on the program the
people en 2050 will not use thay actuallized system because the old one to be used you
have to know basic math

Also there are GUI of low quality and primitive and should be other ones more
actualized with better couple to groundwater code

Transport modeling

The transport models on day are not the best accesible posible beacuase they depends
on groundwater and transport taining to get success, also as expensive lab studies,