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Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram: Prof. H. K. Khaira Professor in MSME Deptt. MANIT, Bhopal
Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagram: Prof. H. K. Khaira Professor in MSME Deptt. MANIT, Bhopal
TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAM
Prof. H. K. Khaira
Professor in MSME Deptt.
MANIT, Bhopal
Phase Transformations in Steels
• Iron has having different crystal structures at
different temperatures.
• It changes from FCC to BCC at 910o C.
• This transformation results in austenite
transforming to pearlite at eutectoid
temperature.
• This transformation of austenite is time
dependant.
Fe-C Equilibrium Diagram
. .
• Transformation rate of a phase : N G
• Transformation rate first increases, reaches a maximum and then starts
decreasing with decrease in temperature
Time for Transformation
• Time required for transformation as a function of temperature
follows a reverse trend than the rate of transformation.
Time required for transformation fist decreases, reaches a
minimum and then starts increasing with decrease in
temperature.
Let us do some experiment
Isothermal transformation of eutectoid steel
eutectoid reaction:
γ(0.8 wt% C)
↓
α (0.025 wt% C) + Fe3C
Let us consider eutectoid reaction as
an example
495 ℃ 410 ℃
bainite
TTT diagram for eutectoid steel
• Diffusionless transformation
of FCC to BCT (more volume)
• Very hard & very brittle.
Possible transformation involving
austenite decomposition
The Time – Temperature –
Transformation Curve (TTT)
• Composition Specific
– This curve is for 0.8%
carbon
• At different
compositions, shape is
different
Hardness
of
Critical different
cooling structures
rate
Factors Affecting Critical Cooling Rate
• Any thing which shifts the TTT diagrm towards
right will decrease the critical cooling rate
• The following factor affect the critical coolin rate
– 1. Grain size
– 2. Carbon content
– 3. Alloying elements
Increase in grain size, carbon content or alloying
elements shifts the TTT diagram towards right and
hence reduces the critical cooling rate as shown in
next slide.
Effect of Carbon Content and Grain
Size on Critical Cooling Rate
Superposition of TTT and CCT
Diagrams for Eutectoid Steel
The CCT diagram (solid lines) for a 1080 steel
compared with the TTT diagram (dashed lines).
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
steel.
(a)TTT and
(b) (b) CCT curves for a 4340
Factors Affecting TTT Diagram
• 1. Grain size
• 2. Carbon content
• 3. Alloying elements
Effect of Grain Size
• Fine grain steels tend to promote formation of
ferrite and pearlite from austenite.
• Hence decrease in grain size shifts the TTT
diagram towards left.
• Therefore, critical cooling rate increases with
decrease in grain size.
Effect of Carbon Content
• There is a significant influence of composition on
the TTT and CCT diagrams. For the
transformation diagrams we see the effect
through a shift in the transformation curves. For
example:
– An increase in carbon content shifts the CCT and TTT
curves to the right (this corresponds to an increase in
hardenability as it increases the ease of forming
martensite - i.e. the cooling rate required to attain
martensite is less severe).
– An increase in carbon content decreases the Ms
(martensite start) temperature.
Effect of Alloying Elements
• Different alloying elements have their
different effects on TTT diagram.
• An increase in alloy content shifts the CCT and
TTT curves to the right and
• Alloying elements also modify the shape of
the TTT diagram and separate the ferrite +
pearlite region from the bainite region making
the attainment of a bainitic structure more
controllable.
Effect of Alloying Elements on TTT
Diagram
Slow Cooling
In attained
Time in region
Formation of ferrite and
indicates
pearlite amount of
microconstituent!
Medium Cooling
In attained
Formation of Bainite
Fast Cooling
In attained
Martensite in ~ 1
minute of cooling
•
THANKS