GREEK PROSE STYLE By the late J. D. DENNISTON D.LITT., OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1952NOTE WueEn Dr. Denniston died in May 1949, six chapters of the book which he had been making out of the material collected for his Oxford lectures on Greek prose were found together in the same folder. These form Chapters II-VII of the book as it now appears. A sketch of the projected contents of the book, dated 1934, mentions all these chapters and also two others, one on ‘Diction’ and another on ‘The History of Greek Prose’. No draft of a chapter on ‘Diction’ has been found: but it seems likely that the lecture on ‘The Development of Greek Prose’ which Dr. Denniston delivered at Oxford in November 1937 would have been adapted to form an introductory chapter to the book. This lecture accordingly appears as Chapter I. If the author had lived to see the book through the press, he would certainly have made many changes in the draft. Chapter I, in particular, would doubtless have appeared in a very different form. But the task of final revision was one which only the author himself could properly have performed. I have confined myself to altering a few expressions in Chapter I and in Chapter VII (which was read as a paper to the Cambridge Philological Society in May 1934) which seemed appropriate only in a spoken discourse, checking the references, and ex- panding some of the bibliographical notes. HUGH LLOYD-JONES JESUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGECONTENTS I. THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE THE BASIC PERIOD (BEFORE GORGIAS) Early Ionian philosophic prose static, not dynamic. Its unit the sentence, not the paragraph. Poetic diction, reinforced by the devices of (1) allitera- tion, (2) word-play, (3) chiasmus. The influence of this style on Plato, The early chroniclers. Herodotus. p. 1. THE ATTIC PERIOD (AFTER GORGIAS) Athenian orators before Gorgias. Gorgias: his excesses. Thucydides. His relation to Gorgias. Thrasymachus and his connexion with the invention of prose rhythm. The diction of Gorgias and Thrasymachus. Poetic element in diction of Ionian prose rejected by Attic orators after Gorgias and Antiphon. Lysias’ style displays reaction against Gorgias: more poetical colouring allowed by later orators. Archaism of Thucydides. Poetic element in Plato’s diction thought excessive in antiquity. Poetic diction disapproved in political and legal but allowed in epideictic oratory. p. 8. General character of fourth-century prose determined by developments during last quarter of fifth century. Prevailing style periodic: poetic words avoided: a new prose vocabulary develops. Need to express abstract ideas gives rise to new types of expression : Thucydides. Thucydides’ compression and the boldness of his word-order. Summing up. p. 18. II, ABSTRACT EXPRESSION Relative frequency of abstract substantives in Greek and English. p. 23. Adjectival and verbal abstracts. p. 24. Use of the neuter plural of the relative pronoun construed as an internal accusative to express an abstract notion. p. 25. Omission of abstract in Greek. p. 27. Abstract subjects: relative frequency—philosophical prose—Herodotus— Thucydides—Antiphon—other orators—Demosthenes—Xenophon. p. 28. Adjectival qualification of abstracts. p. 35. Use of neuter adjective or participle instead of an abstract subject. p. 36. Use of articular infinitive. p. 37. Abstract for concrete. p. 38. Particularizing use of plural abstracts. p. 38. Abstract qualified by genitive for concrete denoting person. p. 39. Conclusion. p. 39. III, THE ORDER OF WORDS Topological and rhythmical considerations. p. 41. Is it possible to arrive at general principles? p. 42.viii CONTENTS Order of subject, object, and predicate. p. 42. Position of emphasis: emphasis at beginning: emphasis at end. p. 44. Hyperbaton: emphatic word placed early in violation of natural order: emphatic word placed late in violation of natural order (interrogatives, relatives, conjunctions). p. 47. Deliberate separation of logically cohering words. p. 50. Milder and more violent forms of hyperbaton. p. 51. Separation of article from substantive. p. 52. Splitting of unified phrases. p. 53. One hyperbaton contained within another. p. 54. Interlacing. p. 54. Penultimate position of word which logically closes articular or other phrase. p. 55. Intrusion of external elements into the articular structure. p. 56. The causes of hyperbaton. The motives for its use as an artistic device. p. 57. IV. SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS 1, SENTENCE -STRUCTURE Adgis elpopén and Afis Kareorpappérn. p. 60. Variety : short clauses in Plato. p. 60. Units normally small. p. 61. Splitting of clauses into phrases and single words. p. 62. Hendiadys, Two substantives : two verbs. p. 62. Coupling of attribute by xat. p. 63. Adjective or adverb represented by parenthesis or tacked-on clause. p. 64. Clauses, etc., normally short : some exceptions to this rule. p. 65. Period structure: oratorical, philosophical, and historical. p. 66. Tight and loose periodic structure: proportion between parts. p. 66. Simple and elaborate period structure: the loose texture of some Platonic periods. p. 68. 2. ANTITHESIS Antithesis: symmetry. ~, 70. Symmetrical antithesis as a stylistic device: avoidance of symmetrical antithesis ; attitude of Thucydides. p. 72. Order of clauses. Chiasmus: inversion. p. 74. V. REPETITION Repetition and its avoidance. p. 78. Effectiveness of repetition: repetitions at short intervals. p. 79.CONTENTS ix Word repeated in main and subordinate clause : (1) conditionals, (2) relatives, (3) causal and temporal clauses, (4) participial clauses. (i) With accusative absolute participles, (ii) epexegetic participial clauses, (iii) other cases. p. 81. Miscellaneous. p. 83. Anaphora. p. 84. Anaphora with yéy and 8é. p. 84. Anaphora with simple 8, xaé, etc. p. 86. Connexion varied with asyndeton. p. 87. Pseudo-anaphora. p. 87, Antistrophe, p. 87. Symploke (anaphora plus antistrophe). p. 90. xdkhos: énavaBimdwats. p. 90. Repetition for the sake of clearness: (1) repetition at end and beginning of clause, (2) participle repeating preceding word. p. 92. Resumptive repetition: (1) with prepositional phrases, (2) the verb of a subordinate clause picked up, (3) resumption of main clauses. p. 96. VI. ASYNDETON General use of asyndeton. Its relative frequency. p. 99. I, HALF ASYNDETON Asyndeton at the comma. p. 100. Strings of nouns and adjectives. p, 100. With stylistic effect (substantives—verbs—participles—clauses—mixed sub- stantives and participles. p. 100. Pairs: (1) antithetical grouping of units, (2) last two units linked, (3) seldom less than three words or clauses linked, (4) asyndeton often combined with repetition. p. 103. Two-limbed asyndeton with repetition. p. 107. Three-limbed asyndeton with repetition. p. 108. Repeated word at end of clause. p. 109. 2. FULL ASYNDETON Full asyndeton: connexion supplied by pronouns, p. 109. Nature of statement forecast. p. 11. Quasi-asyndeton—ye, pér, pév ye, rot. (i) in orators, (ii) in non-oratorical authors, (iii) accummulated asyndeta. p. 111. Unmitigated asyndeton. (1) In general. p. 112. (2) Combined with repetition. p. 115, Repetition of interrogatives in string of rhetorical questions. p. 116.x CONTENTS In narrative. At beginning or climax. p. 116. Accumulated asyndeta in narrative. p. 117. Pairs of sentences, the first giving circumstances, the second result. p. 118. At close of speech, p. 119. Xenophon and Andocides. General rhetorical use: in narrative. p. 121. Introducing ground, or example, of proposition. p. 122. In character sketches. p. 122. In series of precepts. p. 123. VII. ASSONANCE The difficulty of defining assonance. p. 124. Series of words with the same termination tolerated. p. 124. Sigmatism. Alliteration. p. 125. Assonance based on the use of compound words: repetition of the second part of a compound : the frequency of this type of assonance in the later works of Plato. p. 129. Assonance resulting from the juxtaposition of related words. p. 133. Oxymoron and figura etymologiae. p. 134. Homoeoteleuta. p. 135. Punning assonance. p.’ 136. Conclusions, p. 138.I THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE TuE student of Greek prose expression can certainly not com- plain of lack of materials. No branch of ancient literature is represented in so rich a diversity. We possess either complete works, or substantial fragments, of all those authors whom the ancient critics thought really important either in achievement or in influence: and further (a valuable aid to the student of a style) a considerable harvest of the second-raters, the men who, through their very lack of personality, illustrate, perhaps even better than the great figures, the tendencies of their age. I do not, of course, mean that our material is everywhere equally adequate. Broadly speaking, the year 427, when Gorgias came to Athens on his famous mission, marks the boundary between the dark ages and the dawn of history. And it will be con- venient, for many reasons, to treat the earlier and the later periods separately. Up to the beginning of the last quarter of the fifth century, Greek prose means, broadly speaking, Greek philosophy and Greek history. Stylistic oratory has barely been born: and the medical writings contained in the great Hippocratic corpus (stylistically important, because the Greeks tended to stylize everything) have hardly begun to appear. Further, Greek prose means Ionic prose. Historians and philosophers alike mostly come from Ionia: and even when they do not, they use Ionic as the accepted medium of prose expression. Of the style of the earliest Ionic philosophers, Anaximander, who was born about 610 and was, according to ancient tradition, the first man who had the courage to write a book on physics, and Anaximenes, we know next to nothing. But it is interesting to note that they wrote in prose and not in verse, which was first used for philosophical exposition by Xenophanes and Parmenides. The later Ionians are less shadowy figures. We possess important 5378 B2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE fragments of Heraclitus, Democritus, and Anaxagoras. The remains of Democritus are very considerable: and we can trace in them the outlines of a highly developed, even artificial, style. These writers made little attempt at organized structure. And the cause of this lies in the quality of their thought. They ex- pound truth in oracles rather than proceed to it by the ordered march of logic. Hence their writing gives the effect of stiffly piled- upmasses: it is static, not dynamic. And it is safe to say, though no continuous passage of any great length has survived, that its unit was the sentence rather than the paragraph. Within these limits, dignity, and even, on o¢casion, grandeur, was attained. The language is throughout poetical, consciously exalted to the level of an exalted theme, and it abounds in curious compounds and other new formations. This quality of the diction is reinforced by assonantal devices: first and foremost, by alliteration. This dangerous literary arti- fice plays on the whole but a small part in Greek literature." The tragedians occasionally indulged in it (e.g. Soph. OT 371 tudrds ra 7” Bra tov re vobv ra 7” Sppar’ ef): and there are other indubitable, though less striking, instances of similar conscious effects. But assonance never, as in Latin poetry, became part of the texture of the Greek language. I will give a few examples of the way in which the early philosophers experimented with it. Heracl. Fr. 25 pdpoe yap peloves wélovas potpas Aayydvovar: 53 mddepos Tavrww pev matip ett, mévrw S€ Bacweds: Democr. Fr, 258 (an elaborate pattern in a, x, and p) Kretvew xpi) Td Typai- vovta Tapa Sixny mdvra mept ravrdés* Kal tara 6 rrovdv edOupins Kat 3uiens Kal Odpocos Kal rijoews ev marti kdopw pélw potpay pebeber. In later Greek prose we rarely meet with alliteration. There are traces of it in Thucydides, and in the mock Epitaphios in Plato’s Menexenus. But the Gorgianic school of ear-ticklers preferred to get their jingles at the ends of words, while the great writers rejected assonance altogether, except in so far as it inevitably accompanies the repetition of words. Secondly, there is a free use of what we, rather misleadingly, call ‘plays on words’, It is difficult, at this time of day, to think ourselves 1 CE Ch. VIL, pp. 126 ff.THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE 3 back to the standpoint of people who regarded words, as Norden! puts it, as the ‘visible pictures of invisible realities’ : pictures so faithful to their originals that one could, in all earnestness, use what are to us fortuitous resemblances of sound as a basis for reasoning. But we must think ourselves back into this mentality, if we are not to misjudge the Orphics? who said that the o@pa was a ofpa, the body a tomb: or Heraclitus, when he wrote (Fr. 114) {dv vdw Aéyovras loxtprlecbar xp} TH fuv@ mdvrwv: ‘if we would speak with intelligence (fv rdw), we must rely upon this element which is common to all things’ (vv = xowg). The puerilities of Gorgianic assonance, of which more later, are in a different category. He and his followers, in a more sophisticated age, used assonance not as mystics but as euphuists. In addition to alliteration and word-play, effects are obtained, in this early prose, by the repetition of words. But whereas in later writers the repeated word normally comes at the beginning of a clause, in the earlier it is most commonly placed at the end; e.g. in Heracl. Fr. 30 dwrépevov pérpa Kal droaBevvipevov yérpa. Moreover, chiasmus, which is, generally speaking, much rarer in Greek than some people imagine, is here much favoured. Thus Heraclitus writes (Fr. 88) rade yap peramecdvra éxeivd ort, xaxetva mad peranecdvra tabra: where a later writer would have said petameodvra pév yap rade éxeivd éort, petanecovra 5é maw raira éxeiva. The alliterations, too, are sometimes arranged chiastically. To illustrate in combination as well as in isolation these features of early Greek prose technique, I will quote one of the most extensive and characteristic passages which have come down to us, the twelfth fragment of Anaxagoras. 1a par da mavrés woipay pereyer, vots é éorw dmeipoy Kal airo- kparés Kal péuerxrar obSer! ypruars, dd pdvos abrés ef éavrod éorw. el wih yap ef’ cavrod fp, ANd req eudueuwro Adu, pereiyer dv drdvrew xenudrww, et duduenrd rep: ev wavrt yap mavrds poipa éveorv, dorrep & rots mpbo¥er pot Aedercrat ad dv exebver abriv 7a ovupeperypéva Gore pnSevds xpruaros xparety duolus ds xat pdvov édvra &f? éavros. Zor pap Nenrbraréy re mdvrewv xpnudrew Kal xaBapdrarov, Kab yvedspry ' Die Antike Kunstprosa, i, p. 24. 2 PL. Crat. 4ooc.4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE ye mept navrds waaay toxer kai loyder péporov. kab doa ye Yuyi exer rai [ra] eile xat [ra] Adoow, mévruw vols xparet. kad ris mepexwpttovos tis ovpadons vods expdrnoer, dove nepixuphoa viv dpyiv. wai mpéirov dred rov opuxpod pfaro wepixwpelv, ent 88 wAdov epixwpel, Kal wep xwpijoe. emt mAdov. Kal rd. ouppuoydperd re Kad dmoxpidpeva Kad Sia~ xpwdpeva rdvra tyvwy vots- kal droia tueMev Cocoa: xai droia Fy, Goa vOv jh Zor, kat S00 viv Eon. kat dnote Eoras, wdvra diexdopnoe vois, Kal Thy mepixdspnow ratryy, fv viv wepixwpées 7h re dorpa Kai 3 Hos kat 4 cedivy kat 5 dip Kal é aiPhp of dmoxpuspevor. 4 88 repr xdpnow abr} erotnocy droxplvcoas. Kal droxplveras dnd re Tod dpatod 78 mruxvéy kal dd rod uxpod 78 Bepusy kai dd rod Lopepod 75 Aapmpsy kat dé 706 Siepo0 73 Enpdv. poipac 8¢-roAAal woMAdv eiat, wavrdmact 58 obdéy drroxpiveras ob8e Siaxpiveras Erepoy ard 708 érépov mAty vod. voos 8€ mas Spods ear wat peiluv xal 5 eddrrww. Erepov 88 obey cow Sporov odBeri, AN’ Srew meiora En, rabra évSqAérara &y Exardv éore kai fv. One notices how certain key-words, vods, mepixwpeiv, dao- xpiveoOa:, and their cognates, run through the passage with a recurrent emphasis. Their repetitions flood and permeate, rather than strike, the ear. You note the word-play in toye, ioxve, the effectiveness of the recurrent vois at the end of clauses and sentences: and, further, the device (greatly favoured by Herodotus) by which the same word ends one sentence and begins the next, thus forming a sort of pivot on which the structure hinges: . . . éwotycev droxpivecOa, Kai doxpiverat: «+ + TAqy vob. vois 5€ Tas Spoids eort. Palpably different as this method of writing is from the characteristic style, or styles, of fourth-century Greek, it was not without influence on Plato. The exposition of the im- mortality of the soul in Phdr. 245c-x is, to my mind, remarkably similar in feeling. It has a statuesque grandeur, which stands in marked contrast to the freer, suppler movement of the pas- sages which precede and follow it. Yux} mica dBdvaros. 78 yap deuctvyrov dBdvarov: 76 8 dMo Kwoiy kal in’ Mov xwospevov, maiay Eyov kuvfocws, wadlay exer Luis. pévov 8} 78 adrd kwoty, dre odk daaetmov daurd, ofmore Myer Kwvow- pevov, EMA Kal rots Geis Soa xwetras Toro wnyh Kal dpyh Kurfocws. apy 8& dyévytov. e€ dpyiis yap dvdykn nav 76 yeyvdpevoy ylyvecbat,THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE 5 adriy 8€ wd? e& évds: ef yap Ex rov apy yiyvorro, od av ert dpi) ylyvorro. ered 82 ayévnrdv dorw, kal ddidgOopov ard dvdyxn elvat. dpxiis yap 3 dmodoperns obre abri more Ex Tov obre GMo e€ exeivns yernoerat, eimep &€ dpyiis Set ra mavra ylyveobar. ofrw 8) Kurjoews prev dpyn 76 abrd atrs Kwobv. robr0 8¢ ofr’ dndAAvabat ore ylyveoBax Swvardy, i} mdvra re obpardy maody Te yay els Ev cupmecodcay orfvat Kal prfrore adds eyew dev Kunbévra yerjoerar. Plato was, in fact, strongly influenced by Ionic philosophical prose, not only in his technical terminology but in the texture of his style. He is very far from writing pure Attic, in the sense that the Attic of Lysias is pure. I have dealt at some length with the early philosophers, because we find in them a technique at once so elaborate and so different from the technique of the following age. The early chroniclers, Pherecydes, Hecataeus, Hellanicus, and the rest, need not detain us so long. Very scanty fragments of their works survive ; and these are enough to show that they had less importance for the development of prose style than the philo- sophef&, Dionysius of Halicarnassus rightly observes that their style had a certain charm and freshness, but revealed no oxevupia rexrxy (Th. 5; cf. also 23). Perhaps their most impor- tant function is to make us realize how much concealed art underlies the seeming artlessness of their great successor Herodotus. ' Herodotus is an unaccountable phenomenon in the history of literature. He is in the direct line of succession to the logo- graphers: but while they, apparently, had no technique at all, he had a technique‘at once effortless and adequate to any demands he chose to make upon it. Nor were these demands so small. It is easy to regard Herodotus as an entertaining old fellow gifted with unlimited incredulity and a knack for telling amusing, sometimes improper, stories in an Ionic brogue. But he was more than this. There is, at certain moments, a hushed intensity in his style which recalls Homer, Malory, or the English Bible: the story of Croesus and Solon, for example, or the story of Harpagus, who unwittingly ate the flesh of his murdered son at_Astyages’ table.6 THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE ds 88 1G Apndye eBéxee Dis Eyew ris Popiis, Aorudyns ctperd jv et fobet 7 7h Bolin. dapérov 88 Hpmdyov xal xdpra foPfvas wapédepov roiot mpooexerro Thy Kepakiv rod maiSds Kataxexadyupermy Kal ras xeipas nal robs né5as, Apnayov 88 exedevoy mpooordrres daroxadtrmew re al AgPetv 76 Bodrerar adrGv. reBbpevos 88 5 Apmayos Kal dmo- kadtrruv Sp@ 708 maiSds rd Aetupara- Sdv 88 obre eLewddyn evrds re Euro yiverat. elpero 5é abrév 5 Morudyns et ywdoxor Srev Onplov kpéa PeBpoinor. 5 82 xal pudone En xal dpeardv elvar wav 1d ay Baoreds tpSp. tovrour 8¢ dpeupdpevos kal dvadaBdw 74 Nowra rev Kpedv te es 7d olkla, &Betrev BE Euede, ds ey Soxéw, ENoas Odipew ra mdvra, (i 119. § ff.) It is difficult to analyse the beauty of this Greek. The only obvious point of style that strikes one is the repetitive device that maintains the flow: etpero ef ioe . . . papyevov Sé Kal Kdpra HoOjva: éxédevov amoxaAvarew . . . meOduevos 8 Kal amo- kadvnrwv ... dp... Sdv Se. ... And what a marvellous stroke of art is the parenthesis as ¢yw Soxéw, which transforms the omniscent historian into the. spectator, horrified and ignorant of the issue: ‘he meant, I suppose, to collect it all and bury it’. One is too apt to take for granted the reserve and restraint of the classics. And when we remember the orgies of nauseating detail with which the Thyestes theme is embroidered in ancient literature, down to its climax in Seneca, and the horrible ravings of the blinded Oedipus (in Sophocles, of all people), we shall better appreciate the high art with which Herodotus stresses the tragedy, not the physical horror, of this episode, which lends itself so readily to Grand Guignol method. I turn now to a more rhetorical passage, which illustrates the peculiar suppleness with which Herodotus can make use of a device which later became a cliché. It is from the comparison, in i 32. 6, between the rich man and the happy man of moderate means. drqv pev xat émbupinv odk spotws Suvards exelvw evetkat, taira 5é 7 edtuxin of dmepvxer, dnpos 8¢ eort, dvovaos, arabs kax@v, ebrrats, ederdis. Here we have a familiar trick, asyndeton combined with initial assonance. First of all comes a group of three (a favourite number in later asyndeta). But the stiffness is taken out by putting the verb, éor:, in the middle, instead ofTHE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE 7 writing gov. 8 amnpos, dvovcos, dmafrjs: and, further, by the addition of «axdév, which is not necessary to sense or grammar, since elsewhere Herodotus uses dza6js absolutely. Finally, he varies a figure by a second asyndetic series, here only a pair, edmais edetdzjs, to which the spondaic rhythm adds solemnity. By the side of such workmanship, Demosthenes’ effects, fine as many of them are, have something of a mechanical air: nor has Demosthenes quite that economy which reserves such devices for the rarest use, at the height of an emotional crisis. We are commonly told to regard Herodotus as a writer of A€gis ipopévn, ‘speech strung together’, as opposed to Acfis xateotpappévn, ‘bound’ or ‘knit’ speech. But he could use either mode in equal perfection. Take, for example, the first words of his history, surely one of the noblest openings in literature. ‘Hpoddrou Adicapynacéos loropins dnddebis Se, chs prjre ra yevdpeva, 2 dvOpdmev 7@ xpdrw elena yéryrat, pire epya peydAa Te Kad Owpard, 7a pev “EMqar, 74. 88 BapBdpoar dmodexérra, axed yeryrat, td. te GMa Kal 80’ fv airiny érodeunoay aAXjAow. Here, as often happens in the so-called historical period, the main clause comes at the beginning: the rest of the sentence is a subordinate final clause in two halves, of which the first is longer than the main clause, and the second, itself organized into sub-clauses, yet longer. The effect is that of a long musical phrase, rising to a crescendo, and sinking again gradually to a quiet close. The power of the sentence is heightened by the relative word-lengths, the four sweeping polysyllables with which it opens being followed by a series of short words (a rhythmic effect which we can observe also in the openings of the De Rerum Natura and Sappho’s ode to Aphrodite). Put the first five words in any other order, and the thing is ruined: say dmddebts 78¢ totopins ‘Hpo8drou ‘AXxapvyooos. The order as it stands looks, indeed, inevitable. But so does the opening of the Republic, which Plato is said to have tried in so many ways before he decided on xaréBnv xGés eis TTepard pera TAadewvos 108 Apiorwvos.! The whole question of word-order is of great ¥ See pp. arf.8 THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE importance in Greek prose style: and one of the reasons why writing Greek prose is such a fascinating occupation is that it offers a release from the comparatively strict bondage of English structure, Except in its cruder forms, Greek word-order cannot be analysed. But unless it is felt, much of the beauty of Herodotus and Plato will be missed. Nor, again, was Herodotus incapable of constructing the typical ‘oratorical’ period, in which the interest is maintained to the end by suspension of the main idea. A fine example is the description of Adrastus’ suicide in i 45. 3. A8pnoros 5é 5 TopSlew 706 MiSew, obros Si. 5 goveds wav ro8 éwvrod aSeApeos yerdpevos, overs 8¢ 100 Kadripavros, emetre havyin rBv dwWpd- maw eyévero mept 73 afpa, ovyyvwondpevos dvipdmuw elvar rdv abrés dee Bapvovpdopdsraros, emxaraopdler 7H TYpBy éwurdy. The effect here is heightened by the great, dragging polysyllables, ovyyryrwoxdpevos, Bapvovppopdiraros, émxatacddter, and by their subtle disposition in the sentence. Another fine example occurs at i 86. 6, where a probably intentional alliferation adds to the impression. kai rév Képov dxotcavra rv épynvéwv ra. Kpotaos etme, werayndvra re kai émdoavra Sr Kai abrés dvpwmos édv dddov dvipwrov, yerduevov éwvt06 ebSaysovég ote eAdaow, Lavra mpi 8iSoin, mpds te Tovrowat Seloarra rip row Kai emdckduerov cis obSév ety rev ev dvOpdmoun dogartws Eyov, nedcvew ofewrivar viv taylorny 76 Katdpevov wip Kal KarafiBdlew Kpotady ve xat rots werd Kpotoov. Herodotus, then, was capable of elaborate periodic structure ; but he employed it with economy, for emotional effect, in con- trast with the normal easy flow of his Aéés eipoyévn. I have lingered over Herodotus because he is often, as a stylist, damned with faint praise. His achievement, measured by what we know of his predecessors, marks, I believe, a greater advance than any other Greek prose writer achieved. We now come to the last quarter of the fifth century, the period in which the main characteristics of fourth-century prose were being developed with a speed which is the mark of intenseTHE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE 9 and widely spread activity. Our sources of information now become much more numerous and varied. Besides Antiphon, Andocides, and Thucydides, we have the pseudo-Xenophon- tine A@yvatwy Todreia, written in about 425, considerable fragments of one or two sophists and Platonic parodies of others, valuable references in Aristophanes, and a number of medical or quasi-medical works from the Hippocratean corpus (though the value of these to the historian of style is diminished by the difficulty of determining the dates of com- position). This age is notable for the new predominance of the Attic dialect, the rise of oratory, and the appearance of stylistic theory. It may, indeed, be questioned whether Athenian oratory had not already attained to some degree of artistic finish. That Themistocles is described by Thucydides as Sewds Adyew does not, it is true, go for much. Nor can we safely believe Diodorus' when he says that the custom of delivering a funeral speech over soldiers fallen in war dates back to Plataea. But Pericles certainly delivered an Epitaphios in 439, and he is reputed to have been the first to write out a speech for use in a law court. Plato calls him advrwy teAewraros eis pytopucyv,? and Eupolis says that ‘persuasion sat on his lips’ and that ‘he alone, like a bee, left his sting behind in his hearers’ hearts’.s A few bold metaphors are all that survive of him, the loss of Athenian youth in battle compared to the spring perishing out of the year,‘ ‘Aegina, the eyesore of the Piraeus’, and so on. The loss of his speeches, whether written out or merely delivered, is perhaps the most serious gap in our tradition: and a passage or two, no longer than the remarkable fragments of the younger Gracchus, might have given us a vivid picture of the stage teached by public speaking in the hands of a cultured and gifted Athenian before the later, and more literary, fifth-century sophistic had shown its influence. That Athenian oratory was highly developed before the © xi 33, 3. CE. F. Jacoby in Jas: Ixiv (1944), P- 57) 2. 92. 2 Phaedrus 269%. 7. Of 4 Arist. Rhet. 13652 32, 14114 3. 5 Plu, Per. 8; Arist. Rhet. ane 15.10 THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE arrival of Gorgias is implied by Cleon’s speech on the Myti- lenaean question in Thuc. iii 37 ff. Speaking in 427, the very year of Gorgias’ arrival, Cleon reproaches the Athenians with regarding a debate in the assembly as a kind of show. ‘You are lovers of new-fangled expressions,’ he says, ‘the slaves of each new paradox: you cannot resist the delights of the ear, and sit there like an audience at a sophistic exhibition, not like men deliberating on matters of state.’ This is important evi- dence, if Thucydides is not guilty of anachronism here. That he is not guilty of anachronism is strongly suggested by some of the formal speeches in quite early plays of Euripides; for instance, by Jason’s speech in the Medea, +522 ff. But, while the importance of Gorgias has often been exag- gerated, it cannot be doubted that he and Thrasymachus, and perhaps other sophists in a less degree, did exercise con- siderable influence on Greek prose. In the case of Gorgias the influence was, I believe, wholly bad. What he did was, in fact, to take certain qualities inherent in Greek expression, balance and antithesis, and exaggerate them to the point of absurdity. To his doctrinaire mind, balance meant mathematical equality. And this was more readily obtained, and more blatantly obvious to the ear, if the clauses were short. Hence his writing is through- out chopped up into the smallest possible units. Further, symmetrical antithesis naturally carries with it assonance at the end of clauses. There is evidence that the tragedians at times coquetted with the possibilities of rhyme at the end of lines. Thus Sophocles writes (Aj. 807-8) : Eyreoxa yap 84 duds prarnpérn, kal Tis wadads xdpetos exBeBAnpery. And there are a number of similar passages which bear the mark of conscious intention. Gorgias, the ancient authorities tell us, was the first writer of Greek prose to exploit consciously the use of rhyming clauses. Whereas in earlier prose rhymes naturally arose out of symmetrical structure, in Gorgias and Isocrates, and other writers under the Gorgianic influence, they are deliberately sought out. Double rhymes, too, are notTHE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK PROSE ir infrequently found. Compare Gorgias, Hel. (Fr. 11) 3 rod pev yevopevov Bod, Aeyouevov 5€ Aros. In Isocrates, Paneg. 178, tyuy dréverpav balances Seonéryv KatéaTnoay: compare tis yap 4 tév rrovetv Suvapévwy 7 T&v Adyew emoraperwy od Tove Kal prdocogrjce: ; (ibid. 186). Certain rhymes are part of the common stock-in-trade of these purveyors of puerility: yyy mjun, popn yreun, wpa xépa, and so forth. Further, with a view to obtaining both rhyme and symmetry, clauses are padded with superfluous synonyms. The opening of the apds Anudvixoy, which is ascribed, perhaps wrongly, to Isocrates, is an excellent example of the method. &y moots pév, & Anpdvixe, 709 Sieordoas edphoouev rds re rev onovbaluv yrdpas Kat tas tGv davhww Siavolas, 70d 5é peyloryy Bra~ dopay etdipaow ev rats mpos dArjAous ouvnbelats: of pev yap Tods Pidovs mapévras wdvov rinGow, of 88 kai paxpdv dmdvras dyamGot, Kai ras wev trav davhuv avvnfelas ddiyos xpdvos bieAvoe, Tas 5é T&v orovdalwv pidias 088° dv 6 mas aidy eareiyperev. The synonyms here provide at once balance and rhyme. zoAd Bieorwécas . . . TOAD peyloTyy Siagopav Variety: short clauses in Plato While, however, developed Greek prose is in the main periodic, some variety is, as I have said, necessary. Plato not infrequently * Sometimes very short ones. E.g. i 179. 4 éore 88 GAAq wédis .. .. “Us odvopa adrf. 0a éari worapss ob péyas “Is Kai 7G moTapd 76 obvoya, 3 Quoted at p. 8. + Quoted at pp. 14-15.SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS 61 follows up a fairly long sentence with an isolated clause con- taining not more than two or three words: e.g. Leg. 727B ovS€é ye... ToBro- PAdwret ydp (the fierce concentration of this is remarkably effective): 730¢ mords ydp: 6 8¢ dmoros & didov YeiSos Exodorov, Sw Sé dxovorov, dvous. dv oddérepov Cydwrdv: Leg. 8038, 944 D, Smp. 1878. Often again, particularly in narra- tive, Plato will write a series of quite short sentences, often introduced by ydp: R. 328B-C kal pdda mpeoPirns por eSofev elvar: 81d xpdvou yép kal éwpdin airdv. Kabijoro 38 dorepavepevos émi twos mpookepadaiou re Kai Sidpou- rebuxeds yap érdyyaver ev Th avdg. exabeLsueba odv map’ adrdv: exewro yap Sidpor 7wes adrdht Kindy: Grg. 523C elmev odv 6 Zets- dW’ ey, édn, matow roiro yyvdpevoy. viv pév yap Kakdis af Sika Sucdlovrar, dumexd- pevot ydp, pn, of xpwdpevor kpivovrar Cavres yap xpivovrar: Prt. 328D: R. 3388: Smp. 1808: Phd. 618, 1168. At D. xix 221 a series of short questions and answers gives variety and liveliness: 780 TOMods exOpods exew ; od8€ y’ dopadrds. dM’ Sifjpy€ por mpds toorov dréxBeud. rus ; Sepia. Units normally small We must now consider the principles governing the architecture of the Greek sentence. To begin with, the units are normally small. The edifice, lofty though it may be, is built of bricks, not of huge blocks of Cyclopean masonry. To adopt another meta- phor, a Greek pertod, though capable of sustaining itself, if need be, for twenty lines or so, demands frequent halts—like men who can walk all day if they are allowed to rest every now and then. The point may be illustrated by paraphrasing a few passages. Pl. Grg. 451C eiouy’ dv dr. rept rv trav dorpwv popdv kai Alou kal cedijyns, ms mpds GMnAa tdxous exer: ‘I should say that it concerns the relative speed of the heavenly bodies’, (Cf. Grg. 501B doxeppévar . . . THY HSoviay pdvov Tis puyis, Tiva av arf} tpémov ylyvorro.) Leg. 937D mov 8¢ Svrwv Kal xaday ev 7 tév dvOpdmuv Biv, tois mMetorors abrév ofov Kijpes emmepta- ow, ai xarayalvovoly re Kat KarappuTratvovow aird: ‘Most of the numerous blessings of human life are by nature subject to the defiling and polluting influence of certain spirits of evil’: D.62 SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS Xviii 245 Kal od aloydver Tov abrév els re padaxiay oxebrrwv Kab tijs DAlrnov Suvdpews div ev’ Svra xpetrtw yevéoba, kal raGra rois Adyos ;: ‘you have the effrontery to expect a man whose cowardice you mock to prove superior to Philip’s power by the unaided resources of his eloquence’: xix 301 rév 5€ wenpaxd?” éavrov KoAdonte Kai Tod’ dravres tSwow : ‘when all men see the punishment you mete out to venality’. Splitting of clauses into phrases and single words - The Greek tendency to split up a thought into its component parts applies tothe smaller units of style as well as the larger. Not only are sentences split up into short clauses: clauses, too, are split into phrases and single words. This tendericy is mani- fested in various ways. Hendiadys: two substantives In the first place, where English would have an abstract sub- stantive qualified by an attribute, Greek usually prefers a pair of co-ordinated substantives. I have illustrated this in discussing the Greek use of abstracts, and suggested one reason for this tendency. Another reason is what I may call the hendiadystic bias of Greek, which is one manifestation of the general pre- ference for small units. The following types of hendiadys may be noted. Substantives of which, in English, one would normally be dependent on the other, are co-ordinated in Greek. D. xviii 297 tavrns Tis obrws aicxpas Kal mepiBorjrov cvoTrdcews Kal Kaxias, LaMoyv 8’, & dvSpes APnvaior, mpoSocias : ‘conspiracy of cowardice, or rather of treachery’ ; xix 77 eis xpdvous kai méAcpov Kal TprBav éunéoy : ‘might become involved in the delays of a protracted campaign’: xix 314 Kal xAvdwva Kal paviav 7d Kabeornxdra apdypal? ayoupevew : ‘a wave of madness’: xix 220 pu). . . Speis Thy dpdv Kal viv émopxiay oixad’ cicevéyxnobe: ‘the curse of perjury’. Two verbs An adverbial qualification is often replaced in Greek by aSENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS 63 second verb, Pl. Prt. 333E terpaxdvOar te Kat dywviay: ‘was bristling for a fight’: D. viii 64 eye Kat dpodoyet: ‘avowedly possesses’: xviii 13 érpayeiSer al diefzfer: ‘described in high- flown language’ (cf. xviii 14, 21, 22: xix 156: Aeschin. iii 146): xix 59 mdvra rdxet mpdypara daoddAe Kat Tédos elxev: ‘were finally ruined’ : ix 62 dpxover xal rvpawodar: ‘rule despotically’ : Isoc. v 79 r&v Braognpotyrw Kai drvapotvrwy : ‘people who talk libellous nonsense’: xii 74 rots dAalovevopevois Kai Adyovow drt dv réxwow: ‘irresponsible charlatans’: D. xv 9 trav yeyernpevov Tt kal ovvevqvoxérwy : ‘an incident which has turned out to your advantage’. Contrast with the above examples Th. vi 54. 3 epwrik@s mepraryjoas : vii 71. 3 mepideds Evvamovevorres. But, on the whole, the adverb is not a characteristically Greek mode of expression. I add a few further examples of this Greek preference for hendiadystic expression: Aeschin. i 193 Seipo dvaBfj «al dvarcxuvrg: ‘has the effrontery to come forward’ (the context shows that the dvaicxurréa consists in the mere act of coming forward at all): ii 40 mapaddéws Kal diravOpdirrws : ‘in a surprisingly friendly way’ (cf. D. lix 107 obrws aicxpds Kal ddtydpws édoere: ‘with such disgraceful unconcern’); Aeschin. ii 41 Todds Fv Tois emaivos Kal éraxbys: ‘fulsomely lavish in his compliments’: D. ix 61 éotya xai karenémAnxro : ‘was cowed into silence’: xix 248 ovvéxpue Kai ovvénpage: ‘joined in the con- spiracy of silence’. We may notice here the Greek habit of linking wodvs to a qualitative epithet by xaé. Coupling of attribute by xat. When in Greek a substantive to which an attributive adjective is attached itself possesses an adjectival, descriptive force, the two words are normally linked by xai; sometimes, to mark the effect of climax, by «al raéra. Hat. iii 73. 1 dpydueOa . . . bad Mijgov dv8pés pdyou, kal tadra dra odk exovros: D. xv 23 dpeis 8 dvres AOnvaion BdpBapov dvOpwrov, xal radra yuvaixa, poPrj- aeode ;: lii 25 6 8é Kyguouddns (sc. Fv) péroucos Kal oddév Suvdyevos : ‘whereas Cephisiades was a helpless metic’ : Hyp. iii (v) 3 dv@pw- mov doyoypddov te Kai dyopaiov, 76 5é péyiorov Aiytmriov: ‘a64 SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS low-down Egyptian attorney’ : D. xix 95 dv ofuat navodpyos obros xal Oeots exOpds cal ypappareds: ‘this villain, this godforsaken clerk’: xix 283 rv pytépa Tv Tindpxov, ypady yuvaixa (‘Timar- chus’ old mother’) (apposition): xxi 164 1d6’ 6 SeiAds Kai Kar- dparos otroat: ‘this accused coward’: lii 9: Aeschin. iii 20. In such cases the gradual, methodical unfolding of the description seems to a modern ear somewhat flat and lacking in concentration. Sometimes this deliberateness is employed even where there is no emphasis to be conveyed: Pl. R. 393B yi “Opnpov Soxeiv elvat tov A€yovra, GAAG tév iepéa, mpeoPrnv dvra. Exceptions are rare: Aeschin. iii 16 67 od mpoodédyeobe “Kaxodpyov cogioriy oidpevoy pijyact trols vOwous dvaipiicew, Adjective or adverb represented by parenthesis or tacked-on clause In English an adjective or adverb, or adjectival or adverbial phrase, often takes the place of a clause. ‘He very kindly asked me what I was doing’ implies that the putting of the question was, in itself, a kind act ; while ‘he asked me very kindly’ tells the reader that the question was put in a kind manner. Here, again, the speed of English, which expresses a judgement by a single word thrown in casually by the way, contrasts with the deliberateness of Greek, which needs a clause, interpolated parenthetically' or tacked on at the end, to convey the idea. PL. Euthd. 273A dys . . . dn OA Aéyww : ‘you say truly’: R. 327A rv éopriyy BovAdpevos Oedoacbat riva tpdmov moujcovaw are viv mparov dyovres: ‘wishing to see how they would conduct the first per- formance of the festival’: 449¢ ddd 76 épbds robr0, donep 7éMa, Abyou Seira tis 6 tpdmos Tijs Kowwvlas: moMol yap dv yévowro: ‘which of the many possible types’: 497A 76 ev ody iis prrocodgias cv evexa StaPorjy ctdngev kal Ere od Sixaiws, ewot Bev Bonet perpiws elpfo8ar: ‘why philosophy has incurred such unmerited unpopularity’: Leg. 6598 mpés ydp ri tav Kpitev pPovny rovotaw odcav davdAnv: ‘in accordance with the depraved tastes of the judges’: Isoc. v 7 owd¢povodvres: ‘very wisely’ : English often uses relative clauses, not merely to define, but to add some- thing. In the latter case Greek regularly employs parenthesis: Pl. R. 4498 6 88 Heiduapyos—apsspie vip drartpr ob Abeyudron eabforo: “Polemarchus, who was sitting .SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS 65 D. iv 38 ds ode ev: ‘unfortunately’: viii 60 ob?’ dy eedArjonr’ émoriocabe (dpyew yap eidbfare): ‘nor will a nation accustomed to empire know how to do so’: ix 59 émparre... Kat tadr” 7jSecav dmavres: ‘was notoriously acting’: xv 21 «ed 706’, 8 ut) yévorro, roiouvrd 7. ovpBatn: ‘in such a regrettable contingency’: xvi 16 ody iv’ Exdorous judy iSwow exovras Ta abr@v...+ dye yap dv pirdy- Opwror yévowro: ‘not because, in a fit of belated altruism, they are anxious to see... .’: xviii 245 fs 4’ dacreis edfuvas: obrw oxais ef: ‘for which you foolishly hold me responsible’: 293 GAN’ ob7” av yw taira dyoay (aSixolny yap dv duds): ‘I would never advance a claim so unjust to yourselves’ : 299 dia xpivw, a@s yap od; ‘I naturally consider worthy’: xix 18 wep! rév dmodoinwy (rabra 8 Fv Dwxeis cat ITvAa): ‘with regard to the temaining questions of Phocis and Thermopylae’: 95 ody iva medvev F} karnyope? ris adrod 8G Adyov: pavia yap rod7d ye: ‘not from an insane desire to increase the number of charges against himself’: gor dy émeiEnr’ dxdpous dvras syav (viv ydp daow efvar xdpior) : ‘prove the unreality of their boasted power over you’. Clauses, etc., normally short: some exceptions to this rule The units of which Greek prose is composed, clauses and phrases, are normally, then, relatively short. We have already, however, had occasion to notice certain deviations from this principle. And it is now time to consider further to what reservations the principle is subject. Demetrius.(De Eloc. 204-5) remarks that in the plain style long cola are to be avoided: peyadonpenes yap nav pjKos. That is why, he adds, the dactylic hexameter is called jpwixdv, bad peyéBous Kai mpénov Fpwow, in contrast with the iambic trimeter. This analogy leads him to suggest the iambic trimeter as a good average standard of length for a clause, and he illustrates this from Plato and Aeschines Socraticus: xatéBnv xOés eis [Tepaia pera. PAadkwvos ro Aplorwvos: éxabreba pev emt rev Odwv dv Axel, 05 of dOAcbéra: tov dydva SiariOdaow (Fr. 15 Krauss). When Cicero in the Orator (xxv 85) says, of the ‘subtilis orator’, ‘continuationem verborum modo relaxet et dividat’, the 5378 F66 SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS context seems to show that he is mainly thinking of the length of sentences : but I suspect that he is also thinking of the length of clauses. It is certainly true that Thucydides tends to use longer clauses than the orators: and so, at times, does Plato: Th. ii 43. 2 dW ev (sc. rddw) 1 Sdfa adrav mapa TO evruxdvre aiel kai Adyou kal Epyou Kaip@ aleiuynotos KataNelmerar: 43. 3 dd Kai év 7H i mpoonxoton dypagos wvijyn map’ éxdory rijs yoduns paMov 7 708 épyou evBrawrGras: 43.6... 75 werd pdyns Kal ows AmlBos dua yeyvdperos dvalaOyros Odvaros: iii 37. 2 of obx e€ dv dy xapifnobe Prarrépevor adrol dxpodvrar dpav, dW’ e& dv av loxte paMov i} 7H exetvwy edvola meptyévnabe: v 85 Sus 8 pr) Euvexed prcet of moMol éraywyd Kai dvédeyKta éodnag dxovcarres jar dnarnbGow: 111. 3 moAAois yap mpoopwpévors ert és ofa gdépovrar 76 aicxpdv Kadovpevoy dvopatos énaywyod Suvduer én- eomdaaro jaonbeiat Tod phuatos cpyw Evppopais dvyxéorors Exdvras mepureceiv Kal aloxdynv aicxiw pera dvoias 7} THxn mpoodaPeiv: Pl. Leg. 773D éngdovra 8¢ reiBew reipaoGar Tv rév maldwv duard- tyTa airy abrois Tis Tay ydpewv icéryTos dnAjorou xpnudtwr ovdons mepi mAciovos Exacrov Trovetabar, Period Structure Demetrius (19-21) recognizes three types of period, the historical period (icropic#), the oratorical period (pyropicy), seen at its highest in Demosthenes, and the period of dialogue (8:aAcyix7), which we may call the Platonic. Of these the rhetorical, Demetrius says, is the most rounded: the Platonic is lax, and ‘scarcely reveals its periodic nature’: the historical comes mid- way between the other two. It is certainly true that the Demos- thenic period is more closely knit and compact than the other two types: on the other hand, Plato is a greater master of the period than Thucydides. Tight and loose periodic structure It is of the essence of a good period that the interest and im- petus should be maintained throughout the sentence, and that the structure, however long, should not be felt to have burstSENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS 67 its bounds. Interest is most easily maintained if the structure is not grammatically completed till near the end. The listener or reader is thus compelled to keep his attention fixed, while he awaits the expected completion. If the structure is completed earlier, the later part of the sentence has to rely on the intrinsic interest of the thoughts expressed. In D. xviii 89 the sense is completed at rs viv epyvys, and might stop either there, or at xpneroi, or at édmiow, or at Staudprorev, or at aireire. In Isoc. iv 47, a period twenty-seven lines long, the structure is completed in the sixth line, and prolonged by a number of loosely connected clauses. Such writing suffers from what the ancient critics called dntidrns, a tendency to flop and sprawl. A similar looseness of structure is noticeable in Th. i 69. 5: 76. 2: iii 38. 4-7. In the last passage the main idea is expressed at the opening, airtor & tpeis xands dywvoberoivres: the rest of the period consists of a series of loosely strung together adjectival and participial clauses. Such periods are much commoner in Thucydides, Plato, and Isocrates than in Demosthenes, who usually takes care to maintain force by holding up essential elements in the structure, and so reserving his emphasis. Thus a relative clause is often placed before its main clause, which produces a stronger effect when the content of the relative clause has been made known. D. xiv 36 28 dv 4 rin Kal 76 Sarpdrior pidov pev ddvor- TEAR, ovpdéporra 8° eyOpdv eudaviler, totrov rpeis foPdpeba ; Xviii 4 todre tolvwy 6 pév dom mpds HSorjv, ToUry Sorat, 6 Se mGow cs Enos elmety evoxAet, Aoundy euoi: xviii 1. Cf. Pl. R. 604c 6 te Sef ev abrois Sr tdxtorTa TapayiyveoOar jpir, Tobrw eumodav yryvépevoy 76 AvmeioGa, When, on the other hand, the relative clause is the more important, it is postponed. D. iv 6 nai yap ouppaxe’v kai mpoogyew tov vodv tovras bAovew dravres, obs av OpGo mapecxevacpévous Kal mpdrrew eédovras & xpi}. So too with other dependent clauses. E.g. in D. xviii 7 the protasis bears the weight. Verbs of saying, knowing, etc., are placed early when unemphatic, postponed when emphatic. D. iv 5 dW’ lSev . . . T8710 Kaddis exeivos Ste. ..: but xviii 114 Gru... ey pediws roMaydbev Seifw. Similes are normally placed early (e.g. D. ii 10), but sometimes late for rhetorical emphasis, crescente68 SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS ut descriptionis, as Dissen! puts it: D. xviii 122 Adyes d Se? mpocetvat 7H SnpoTik@, dovep dvdpidvr’ éxdcSwxds Kara ovy- ypagiy . . . Bods pnrd Kal dppyta dvoudlwr, domep & dudéns. Sometimes, however, in apparent opposition to the general tendency to postpone emphatic matter, an unemphatic clause is tacked on to the end of a period: D. viii 72 odrw ydp isws averripbovor eimetv: xviii 16 irepBody yap ddixlas rodrd ye. But in such cases the period may be regarded as already virtually completed. Proportion between parts Proportion between the parts is an important element in period-building. Demosthenes sometimes obtains a striking effect by lengthening successive clauses: at viii 21-22 the period consists of six odre clauses. The first four are short, the last two much longer, and divided (the last very elaborately) into sub- clauses: cf. xviii 67 dmép dpyfis kal Suvacrelas rév dfBadysv éx- kexoppeévov, THy Kieiv Kateaydra, THY xeipa, TO oKéAos TeMpw- pévov, may & 7 Bovdnbeln pepos 4 THX TOO odparos mapehéoFa, Tobro mpotewevor, Hore TH Aout pers. Tysfs kal 8déns Civ: xviii 93. Sometimes, however, the proportion between the parts is deliberately sacrificed for the sake of a pregnant and striking brevity at the end. Thus in Pl. Phdr. 238c, the period ends with an apodosis of two words, épws ékAj@n. D. xxi 216 ryvixair’ drropngretol” dpeis: xviii 42 ened) . . . ri éyévero; In Pl. Prt. 335C ef is said with something like a shrug of the shoulders, Simple and elaborate period structure The structure of the Platonic period is, on the whole, much less elaborate than that of the Demosthenic. The component parts of a Demosthenic period are often themselves periodized. Either they are constructed hypotactically, or, where parataxis is employed, they are knit more closely by antithesis, pev . . . S€, odx . . . GdAd, or by other corresponsive particles, otre . . . obre, Te... kal, }... 7%. In the Platonic period, on the other * De Structura Periodorum Oratoria’, in his edition of Demosthenes, de Corona, Gottingen, 1837 (pp. i-lxxvi).SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS 69 hand, a string of somewhat loosely connected clauses, parti- cularly participial clauses, often constitutes the structure.' Thus at R. 372B we have a string of participial clauses, mostly short, with a main verb (edwy7joovra:) producing ana- coluthon. At 3984-B the apodosis, which occupies the greater part of the period, consists of four paratactic main clauses, the last of which is subdivided. At 4884-E there is a long and straggling period of twenty-seven lines, opening with the main idea vénoov yap rovovrovt yevduevov: then, in apposition to Totovtovi, vatKAnpov . . . Tods Sé vatras . . .. Then follows a long accumulation of participles agreeing with vavras. As he goes on, Plato forgets that the construction is appositional, and modulates into accusative and infinitive (dpyew, wAetv), and then, with surprising inconsistency, into nominatives (émaiovres, oidpevor, if the text is right). At 496c-£ there is a string of plural participles, changing into the singular under the influence of the simile domep «fs Onpia dvOpwmos euneodv: rabra mdvra Aoyou@ AaBdv picks up t&v TOMA . . . iSdvres THY paviav.Cf. 540A-C (participles: some degree of anacoluthon, since dvay- kaoréov . . . els paxdpwv vijcous dmévras oixeiv is hardly a natural phrase). At Grg. 480B-p the latter part of the period con- sists of accumulated participles: cf. Phdr. 238B-C. Criti. 120B-c is a fine example of the effect Plato can achieve by an extended homogeneous structure. The preparations for the act of juris- diction (éicdLovré re xat €8ixafov) are expressed in a long series of participles, broken by a single finite clause (é7ei5% ytyvorro oxéros . . .)) which marks the arrival of the crucial hour of dark- ness, and the single emphatic word wixrwp which stands for a whole clause. Leg. 865D-E, one of Plato’s most impressive periods, is mainly formed of participial clauses. The sentence opens with three short clauses, and the fourth (kal déBov Kai 8eiuaros) opens as though it might be the concluding clause of the period. Instead of this it broadens out into a long parti- cipial clause; an even longer one follows, with accumulated speed: then the tremendous molossus Seqaive. pulls us up « Ant. vi 23, 37-38 provide examples of loosely knit periods constructed mainly by simple parataxis.7o SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS suddenly to a dead halt : we spring again suddenly forward with xal taparropevos . . . Tov Spdoavra: and finally the two short clauses, prjynv ovppayov eywv, adtdv te kal tas mpdées adrod brings the sentence to its final resting-place with a solemn spondaic rhythm, Structures built on such simple co-ordination are rare in Demosthenes, though they are sometimes found in him: e.g. xlii 14 (accumulated participles). Contrariwise, elaborate periodic structures are not absent from Plato: e.g. R. 411A-B, 4934-C, 621c. But, broadly speaking, the distinction which I have drawn between the Platonic and Demosthenic periods is valid, and fundamental. The loose texture of some Platontc periods The looseness of texture of the Platonic period often produces a rambling effect. Anacolutha are frequent, and the thread of the thought is picked up, when it begins to wander, by the repetition of words or ideas. At Pré. 3134-c the period ends with a series of relative clauses, each depending on the preceding one: the main idea, émrpémew, is kept before the mind by con- stant repetition. At R. 337A-B ed 75q00a is picked up by 8#Aov jv, ei épowo by obrws tuvOavopevy : at 443D cvvappdcarra is picked up by owSijoavra: at 572A els rov invov ty is picked up by xabevdp and odtws dvanatyrat. At Ti. 71A-D there is anacoluthon: «iSdres .. . Beds. At Leg. 830p~831a the period should, strictly speaking, end at xat rév jy, since what follows does not represent the intention of ypwpevous dtoxwwSdvors BéAeow. Plato is at the mercy of his structure, and does not know how to stop. Smp. 182D-183¢ is almost too straggling to be called a period. Aftera long and rambling parenthesis (anacoluthon at dpxous duvivres) 183C tavrp pév odv olnbein dv Tis picks up the opening words évbupnOevrt yap ort... ANTITHESIS It is characteristic of Greek thought to view an idea in the light of its opposite. Antithetical expression is one of the funda- mental constituents of Greek style. The contrasted ideas areSENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS qt sometimes hypotactically related: but, in the main, Greek pre- fers parataxis, by pév . . . 8¢ (etc.), ode . . . dd. Symmetry Greek antithesis is, for the most part, precise and clean cut. When the contrasted ideas are complex, they are often split up into their component parts, and the antithesis is divided into two shorter, and so sharper, antitheses. Isoc. vii 51 wapezyov yap opas avrods tots pév "EMnor morovs, tots 8é BapBdpors oBepods: rods pev yap ceawxdres Foav, mapa Se trav... ‘they made themselves trusted by the Greeks, whom they had saved, and feared by the barbarians, from whom . . .’: 60 ¢avjoopar tats pev ddvyapxiats Kal rats mAcovetiars emitysav, tas 8° todrytas kai tas Sypoxparias émawvav, ob mdcas, ddd tas KaAdis KabeoTy- vias, 088’ cbs Eruxov, GAAd Sixaiws Kal Adyov éxdvrws: ‘to dis- approve of the inequalities of oligarchy: to approve, in a judicious and reasonable spirit, of equality and democracy in their best form’. D. xviii 255 6 5€ ri iStav tuxny Ty ewhy Tis kowijs Tis méAews Kvpuntépay elvai dno, riv puxpdv Kal gavdnv Tis ayabfjs Kat peydAns: “he maintains that my trifling and unimportant destiny has more influence on the course of events than the great and glorious destiny of our country’. The order of words in antithetically balanced clauses is often strikingly symmetrical. D. i 10 76 yev yap 7dAX’ drodwAeKevar Kara. tov méAepov Tis Hpetépas dpedrcias dv ris Btn Sexalws, 7d Sé pore wdc rotro memovOévar mepnvévar té Tw" yiv cvppaxtav rotruw avtippomov, adv Bovdrdpea xphoOa, ris map’ exeivwv edvotas edepyérny’ dv.eyarye Setnv. In English we should probably vary the order: ‘while our considerable losses during the war may reasonably be attributed to our own negligence, we can only thank a benevolent providence for the fact that .. .’: 16 76 pev odv emripdv lows dicot tis dv pddvov Kal mavrds elvar, 78 8° Saép té&v mapdvrww 6 tt Set mpdrrew dnopaivesba, todr’ evar ovpPovdrov : Xviii 68 cbs 7G ev ev ITAAn tpadevre, xwpiw dddéw . . . tocatrny peyadouyxiav mpoofker eyyevéoba dare . . . dpiv 8 odow Adnvains ... rocatrnv kaxiay indptat, dore . ..: 231 THs ev dpdrytos, Hy . .., €répors mrerpabivar owveBn, ris 5€ pravOpwrias,72 SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS Wy ..., tpets ... rods kapmods KexduioGe: ii 3: xX 26 mapa pev yap tas ent t&v xopyyidv Samdvas wudpas pepos puxpdv % xdpis tots Gewpevors jpdy, mapa Se ras ray els Tov réAEMOV mapacKevav adbovias mdvra rév xpdvov 4} owrnpla méoy rH 7éde: Lys, xxxi 12 ore yap TH odpart dSvvatos Fv tadaurwpeiv, ws Kal duets dpare, obre Tf obcia dropos Aptoupyetv, cis éyw dnodeiEw: Hyp. vi 3 Tis Te yap mpoapésews elonynri)s TH moet eyévero Kal ris otparetas ayyendw tots todas Kardon: Pl. Phdr. 233 B-c (Lysianic dis- course on Love). Such symmetrical antitheses are already to be found in early prose: cf. Archyt. Fr. 3: Democr. Fr. 159, 164. In Gorgias they abound. They often naturally carry with them homoeoteleuton, and what is said here must be read in conjunction with the discussion of assonance in Chapter VII. The attainment of precise symmetry sometimes entails the in- sertion of a synonym in the second clause, for purposes of balance, when the idea might easily have been understood from the first clause. Lys. xxi 19 p) pdvov rav Sypociwy Ayroupyuav pepvijcba, Gd rdv Blow emrpdevpdrwv evOvpeiobar: xxxi 17 ody Sms dpedijoe THY TOAW . . . Stev07jOn, GAN’ drrws Te Kepdavel... mapeoxevdoato: Isoc. iv 49 od yuyywoxomevous . . . Katagaveis yeyvopevous : 85 didoripws elyov . . . éfidoviknoay: cf. Hyp. vi 3 above. Symmetrical antithesis as a stylistic device Precision of symmetry can be made to serve the noblest ends. Pl. Leg. 906A POelper Sé yuas ddixla Kal FBpis werd dgpootyys, oder 5é Sixacocvvn Kal owppootvn peta Ppovijcews. Here there is exact parallelism in thought as well as in language, and there is nothing forced or unnatural in the expression. Sometimes, however, the orators employ antithesis as an end in itself, and language becomes the master, instead of the servant, of thought. Ant. v 74.6 wev yap 70AAG mpecBrepds dor rev eudsv mpaypdrww, eye 58 OMG vecitepos rév exeivw menpaypévwv. Here, to say nothing of the purely stylistic variation mpayydrwv, mempaype- vv, the whole yey clause is really devoid of meaning. Lys. xxi 17 51d. radrqy (ri obciav) pev bd TOv €xOpGv ddixws cvkopavreicbar, 80 exetva (rd dvpAwpeva) Sé df’ dudv Sixalws o@lecdar: theSENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS 73 antithesis ddxws—Sicalws is dragged in by the heels. Isoc. xii 176 €orar 8° 6 Adyos mapdSotos pev Trois ToMois, duoiws 8° dAnOs Tots dMois (Adyots): ros dAAos formally balances rofs woAAois, but without any logical parallelism. Demetrius has some sensible observations on the dangers of excessive antithesis: § 53 xp? 8€ Kai rods ouvdéopous put) pdda dvrarodi8o00a dxpiBds, olov TO ‘ p&r’ ovv8dopep tov ‘ 8é’+ puxpomperés yap 7) dxpiBea. He quotes (§ 24) Epicharmus’ parody of a false antithesis: réxa pev év Tivos eyed Fv, téka 8& mapa rivos eydv (Fr. 147 Kaibel, 176 Olivieri). Avoidance of symmetrical antithesis In practice exact symmetry is often avoided, seemingly with intent, by a change of order or variation of structure. And. ii 6 kal eloly edruxdoraron pv of eAdyiora eLapaprdvovres, awppo- véorator 5¢ of dy rdxtora perayrypwoxwor: Lys. xxv 17 Wore év ddyapyig wey pn} emBupetv trav dMorpiwv, év Snuoxparig Sé ra Svra mpobipws eis duds dvadicrew: Lys. xiv 12: xxv 4, 26: D. Xviii 107 (daiAero and dzeAcifOy could easily have been brought to the ends of their clauses): xviii 10 ef yév lore pe rovosrov ofov odtos 7ridro . . .* ef 8... undevds TOv perpiww . . . xeipova kal éué Kal rods euods dredrpare kal yeyvaionere.t Thucydides’ attitude towards antithesis is highly individual. At times a love of forced antitheses leads him to use strained and unnatural language: ii 43. 3 dMAd xal év 79 pu) mpoonxotoy (yf) dypagos prjun map” éxdorw ris yvaipns uaMov 7 708 Epyou évSiarrGrau:, here the choice of épyov for ‘material record’ is dictated by a desire for a pointed contrast: iii 40. 1 éAmi8a obre Ady moriy obre xpihpaow dvyriy: vi 92. 3 duyds Te ydp elus Tis tav éehacdvrwy Trovnpias, Kal ob Tis dperépas . . . dpeAlas.? But, while Thucydides often uses a far-fetched antithesis to point an epigram, he has no love of elaborate antithesis for the sake 1 Isocrates might have written ef pév rovodréy pe oloy ofros yredro yryvdboxere, «1 252... pndevds Trav perpluw ... xelpova dnedidare, rovrw K7r. the antithesis is not, I think, forced. The Athenians (like the Spartans) ives (acdpara) as dMorpubrara: as belonging, that is, to the state, not to the in lual : but, unlike the Spartans, they regard their minds (yrdpa:) as something inalienable, which they must control themselves, but control in the interests of the state.74 SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS of merely formal regularity. On the contrary, he frequently varies the construction so as to avoid exact symmetry: / 84. 2 tav te bby énalvy eLotpuvdvraw . . . otk émaipdpeda ASov9, Kal iy ts mapokivy . . . dveretoOnpev: 86. 5 pijre. . . Gre... prjte xarampodtbdpev : iv 59. 2 EypPatverdé rots pév ... Gaiverbar.. ., of 82... €BéAovaw: Vv 109 o8 76 ebvou... GAN Hv... Order of clauses Usually, in accordance with the principle enunciated above, the 3¢ clause bears the weight. D. ii 9, 24: iii 20: xix 267 : xviii 13. Far less often, the pév clause is the more emphatic. Th. vi. 92. 5 Kav didos dv ixavds wdpedoinr, dow Ta"pev APyvaiwy ofda, ra & sperepa jxalov: D. xviii 125: ix 1: Lys. vi 18. Chiasmus We have observed that the order of words in antithetically balanced clauses is normally symmetrical, though excessive symmetry is avoided, as pedantic and artificial, by certain writers. Occasionally, however, a special effect is obtained by placing one pair of corresponding terms in the middle, side by side, another at the flanks, the so-called figure of chiasmus. There is no example more effective than Pl. Phd. 114C xadov yap 76 EOrov Kai 7 Amis peyddy. Chiasmus is often employed where a word (or words) in the earlier clause is repeated in the later. Chiastic repetitions are a favourite device of the Ionian philosophers. Heracl. Fr. 62 aOdvaror Ovyrol, Ovntoi dBdvaro., Lavres Tov éxelvwy Odvatov, Tov 8 exetvw Biov teOvedtes: Fr. 88 rdde ydp petamcadvra exeivd éon, kdxeiva mddw petarecdvra tabra: Fr. 90 mupds te dvraporp 7a. Tdvra Kal rip drdvrwy, Skworep xpvood ypijpara Kal xpqudtov xpvads (but here we can hardly speak of chiasmus, since the order is, logically speaking, symmetrical: cf. Pl. R. 562E pérouxoy 8 dorg Kat dordv petoixw eécotcba : D. ii 26 é« xpnorav patra . . . éx gavAwy xpnord): Democr. Fr. 108 8ifnpévoror tayaba pods mapayiverat, TA SE KaKd Kai pr Slnpevoror: Fr. 177 ore Adyos eabAds pavAnv mpiitw dyavpicke odre mpitis dyal} Adyou Pracdnuin Avpaiverar: Fr. 187 WPuyijs pev yap rededrysSENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS 75 oxiveos poxOnpinv dpBot, oxrveos 8é ioxds dvev Aopropod puxiy oddey 7 duet riOgow: Fr, 201 dvorpoves Sqvasdrntos épéyovrat ob reprépevor Svardryre. Cf. Democr. Fr. 191 perpidrate répynos xai Biov ovppetpin. Such chiastic repetitions, while characteristic of the Ionian philosophers, are not infrequent in later Greek. Pl. Smp. 178A mdvraw pev obv ... obre . . . ueuvyto ob7’ ad éyd & exeivos eheye mdvra: 179A 7} Amey rdf 7 SrAa droBadwv: 193B évavtia mpat- térw* mparre. 8’ évavria .. .: Phd. 66c 8a yap rHy T&v xpnudrww Krijow mdvres of méAcuor yiyvovrar, ra Sé xpjpara dvayxaldpeba wrdobat 81d 75 oGpa: Prt. 345A rhs oBv eis ypdupara aya mpatis éomw, kal tis dvdpa dyabév rove! eis ypdupara ; Leg. 700E povorxis dxovres tn’ dvoias KarapevSdpevor cs dpOdryTa pev odk Exor odd” arwodv povoury:! Phd. 84E ot . . . GSovres kal &v 7H mpdobe xpd, Tore 81) mAciora Kai KdAMoTA Gover: R. 334A Grou tis dpa. Sewos pvra£, rovrou Kal udp Setvds : 500C Bet 51) Kal Koopip 6 ye gpurdoogos duirdv xdopids Te kai Oelos .. . yiyverae: 552C optvous véonwa . .. vdonpa rédews: 596C kal mdvra 7a év obpav Kal 76 &y “Adov tnd yijs dnavra: 612C Kal abry Sixavoodvn mpds ddtxiay abriy xpibein: Leg. 869D & Sé epi ris dddcews cipnrar pdvov narpt, radrév Toro €orw mepl ardons Tav Towovrww dpécews : 937E xadod S€ dvros rovrov, més od} Kal 7d ouvdixeiy jyiv ylyvour’ av xaddv;: Phdr. 249D vovberetrar pev i716 Tv TOMGY ds TapaKwav, evBovordlwv 82 AeAnDev rods oMAods: Leg. 672C wav palveral re xal Bog drdxrws, kal drav dxrawdon éavrd tdyvora, drdxrws ad amadd: Phdr. 239¢ révev prev dvdpeiwv Kat Bpdrrwv Enpdv dmeipov, Zumetpov 8¢ dradfjs Kat dvdv8pov Siairns: Leg. 782D 80 dv dperi} re adrois dyopevois dpbas, Kal robvavriov dmoPaive: kaxds axGetow : 788D Todd} adéy Grav emppén mévev xwpis ToAAdY: X. Cyn. vi 16 girovixws mapabovoa, ovvrpéxovoat gidrorévws: Ant. ii B 11 of 82 Stcbuovres judy ee tov dvairiov, rév 8° alreov aduevres: V7 TOMG xetpov daurév A€yovras, drav & mun Kuwdivw dow: srav 8 dvev xwddvev rt Siampdoowvrat, Gov dpOovpevous : D. ii 29 mpdrepov pev yap... Kara cuppopias eicedépere, vuvi Sé roditedecbe Kara ovppopias: viii 46 i” domep excivos Eromov exer Siva Thy x For the repeated preposition, cf. D. xviii 87 éweib} roi ex ris EvBolas & @ldunmos Sf? Sucy eddy rors Smdous, rf 82 woderelg ... Sx? du0d,76 SENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS adicjoovsay .. . obrw Thy cwoovaay tpeis Kal BonPycoveay dracw Erowov Exnre: ix 9 abros pev ToAcpety dpiv, dd? dud S€ pu} TroAe- petobar: viii 70 oSrds ear? dv8petos, kat xproysss ye modrgs 6 towirds éorw: xviii 48 Kal ydp ef mapedjrvé’ 6 trav mpaypdrwy katpds, 6 Too y’ ciSévar 7a Toabra Kaipds del mdpeott Tots Ppovoiar :158 opal? Sr devyer pev Tas iSias mpoddaess, eis 5€ Tas Apdixrvonxds xatagetyer. (In D. ii 13 dpyiis kai Suvdyews is followed by 8évapus Kat dpxy in § 14. The object is here variety, not rhetorical point or emphasis.) Chiasmus is also used to sharpen the contrast between dia- metrically opposite ideas. Th. ii 83. 5 ras mpdpas pev efw, gow 8€ ras mpupvas : iii 11. 1 droxerptous Se Exovres ods mAcious, jpiv 88 dard Tod toou dpudodvres: 62. 3 Smep S¢ Core vdpois pev Kal 7G owdpovestaéry evavrubtatov, éyyurdrw 8é tupdvvov: Pl. R. 410D dypidrarés Te Kal oxAnpdrntos, Kai ad padaxias te Kal jpepdrytos : 5OIE od8e 7 mroAcre’a Hv puvOorcyodpev Ady Epyw Tédos Ajperar: 564A e€ olyat ris dxpordrys eAevdepias Sovdela mhelory Te Kal dypustdérn: 619E odk dv xOoviay «al tpaxeiay mopeveobar, ddd Delay re kat odpaiay: Phdr. 240A radSixols $Boveiv piv obolav kexrnpévors, dmodupévns Sé yxalpew: Leg. 829A yevopeévy pév dyabG Bios eipyuxds, Tmodeuixds 5¢ ewbev re Kal Evdobev, dv 7 Kak: 668A GAda tH dAnfe? mdvrww pddota, Axrora S€ drwoiv Ew: 733A TE xalper mAclw, eAdrrw 8 AvmeloOar: 944C Lednv alcxpav dpwipevos peta Kdxns padov 7} per’ dvdpeias KaAdv Kal ed8ainova Odvatov: Lys. xii 6 ryswpetoOar pev Soxeiv, 76 8° epyw Xpnparileaba: Isoc. iv 95 Kadds drobaveiv 7 Civ aloxpdas. Most examples of chiasmus fall, I think, under one or other of the above heads. But it is also sometimes found in places where there is neither repetition of words nor contradiction between diametrical opposites. Sometimes, indeed, the two con- trasted ideas are merely complementary of each other. Pl. Leg. 672d (6 Adyos) dnolv alBois piv Yuxfs krfoews evexa SeBdoHar (rév ofvovy, adparos 8€ dytetas Te Kai ioxvos : 853D Kabdrep éxetva 7a onéppara tupt, vopots odtor . . . dryKroe ylyvovrar: Smp. 185E Oppijoas él tov Adyov Kad@s obx ixavds dmerédece: Arist. Pol. 128864 riva wépuxe ylyvecbat tpdmov Kai Kabicracba: mas: Lys. ii 23 otk efoByOncav 7d mAHOos tév evavrinv, GAG TH abzavSENTENCE-STRUCTURE AND ANTITHESIS 7 dperh paMov enicrevoav: 37 ToMdkis pev Sefdoavro dddyAovs, eixdzws 8¢ ods adrods ddopipavro: 39 ededs te TaiSwy Kal yovaixdy 1000s olkrds Te TaTépwr Kal pyrépwv : [vi] 8 7} rods vdpous earemréov early 7} dradMAaxréov rod dvdpds: D. vii 22 Sv 08 } pev elpijyn Era, wadoerar 8 dmorodpevos 6 Dituwmos: xviii 163 dre tov &v Audicon méAquov Tovrou pev moujcavros, ovpmepavapevwy 8e rév Drwv trav ovvepydv abr@ rv mpos OnBaiovs exOpav: X. Cyn. i 6 dnordva: pev reOvediras, vooodvras 8¢ iéaBar. Inversion In successive pairs of yev . . . 8€ clauses the order of reference is sometimes inverted. D. ix 61 dyri rod 7G pév Bonbeiv, rods & dmorupmaviaa, Tots pev odx wdpyilero, tov 8 émrjSeov rabra nadety é$n: xxiii 103. For further examples, see Rehdantz,' p. 30 (Kreuzstellung), and Gebauer* there cited. Inversion of direct constructions: Pl. Smp. 196B ot” duce? ovr’ ddtxetrat ov” d2r6 Oeod ode Dedv. 1 The reference is to the index of rhetorical terms in C. Rehdantz, Demosthenes Neun Philippische Reden (fourth edition, revised by F. Blass), i2.2 (Leipzig, 1886). 2G. Gebauer, De hypotacticis et paratacticis argumenti ex conirario formis quae reperiuniur apud oratores Aiticos, Zwickau, 1877.Vv REPETITION Repetition and avoidance of repetition Ir is perhaps true to say that, on the whole, Greek repeats words rather less than English does, by substituting a pronoun or pronominal adjective for a noun or adjective, or rodro rroveiy for a verb. E.g. Pl. Leg. 712A modirelas ris dpiorns Kai vopwy tov tovovrwv: D, xviii 96 rev Té7” APnvaiwy ro’ av exdvrwv prnor- kakfjoat . . .. dA’ odk éroiovy Toor’, 088’ eyyts : 128 4 Kaddv 7} BA} rowvruv tis Sidyrwois: 205 dW’ od3¢ Liv iétovy, ef pi} per’ edevdepias eééorar robro moteiv: xix. 5 dv per obv How dAnbeis, Ta Sov7’ éyvwte, dv 8é pr) Tovabrat, tdvavria: Isoc, vii 48 dor’ ei Kai more SieADeiv (rv dyopdv) dvayxacbeier, pera moAXijs aiSods Kal owdpoavyns épaivovro Toéro rowdvres. In general, I think, the orators avoid such antitheses as xadds . . . od xadds, preferring either KaAds . . . aiaxpds or xadds . . . od rovodros. But there are examples of the first type in non-oratorical writers, and also some in Lysias. Democr. Fr. 35 moAAa pev épfer mpdypar’ avdpos dyabod dfva, odd 8 dradpa ody Epter: Fr. 231 ebyvdywr 6 yr} Avmeduevos éf? ofow odk exer, GAAG xalpwr ef’ olor exer (end of clause in both cases): Pl. Leg. 733B Advmny 8 éAdrrw pera peilovos Hovis Bovddpcba, HSov_v 5° eAdrrw perd peiLovos Avans ov BovAducOa (exact repetition all through): 804E dv8pda. pev mpénov av ein, yovactl 8€ ok dv mpémov: Ep. 334D dv 6 pev pry meBopevos [ij Ta viv ob Kadds, 6 Se meBopevos rébvnKev Kadds: X. Cyr. 1v. i 11 ods tets tpémecBar pev adv trois Bevis txavoi, Subxovres 5€ aipetv obx ixavot: Lys. xiii 96 dv peév éxetvor Odvarov xaréyvwoav, Spets drropmpicacbe- dv 8° éxeivor Odvarov od Kat- éyvucar, dpeis xataxmpicacbe : xxi 28 od yap dv dizov, ef pév Tis Alot rhy rdéw ph adrijis rijs méAews ev KwStrw ovons . . ., éréOn vopos chs weydAa ddikobvros, ef 8 Tus adrijs Tis TOAcws ev Kuvdivep odans Aimot Thy TéAw adriy, odk dv dpa éréOy (exact repetition all through) : [vi] 7 rods pév exOpods pndev mroveiv Kaxdv, Tous 8€é didovsREPETITION 79 6 71 dv Suvyrat xaxdv (but here the affirmative idea is intensified by 6 70 dv Suvyrat) : D. viii 55 ef 7a per xprjpara Aumet rds Spa ei Stapracbijoerat . . ., THY 8° ‘EAAdSa r&oav otrwot Dilummos edetiis dpadlwy ob dumet: ix 5 ris paOvulas THs Yperépas .. . kexpdrnke DQurmos, Tis TéAcws 8 od Kexpdrnnev :' Xix 183 Tods Lev roivuv xpévous ei per pt) mpoaveire Tis TéAews, odK Gdixel, «f & dveirev, Sixyxe. Effectiveness of repetition Before entering into details, let us consider a few passages which illustrate, in general, the effectiveness of repetition of words. Pl. Leg. 659D 7 vépw Kai trois bd rob vopou Temeropéevors : 8024 dvSpdow re nal ywaigly éyabots xa dyabats Siapavds yero- pévots (the repetition of the adjective perhaps reminds us that male and female virtue are different things): 906A ovppayor 8é aystv Oot re Gua. kai Saipoves, Hyuets 8° ad xrijpa Ved Kat Sarpdvwv: Q21E édy 5é mpoapeufdpevos epyov 7 T&v Kara moAcuov Kaha épywv (for the partitive genitive cf. Criti, 1068 ddppaxov jyiv adtév rededrarov Kal dpiotov dappdxwy emoripny edxducba SiSdvar: Leg. 730A Eevixdv . . . duaprnpdtruw 76 mepi rods ixéras ylyverar dudprnua péyotov: 716D rév roidv8e Adyov, dndvrwv Kdddtorov Kal ddnPéoratov ofpar Adywy, ws . . .): Phd. 111D Todd 8€ mip Kal mupds peydAous motapous: Prt. 307E dyovre tov IIpé- Sixov . . . kai rods pera tod [Tpodixou (for the repetition of the proper name cf. [Lys.] vi 21 oxépaoe S€ Kai avrod AvSoxidov tov Plov ... AvBoxi8ns yap ...): Pl. R. 471C 76 ds Suvdrn abry 3} moArela yevdobar Kal ziva tpdrov more Suvary : 610A bx” dMAozpiov Kaxod pi} eumoujoavros 76 Eudurov Kaxdv: X. Cyr. Vil. v 4 of te pévovres @b6s Oappadecsrepor eyiyvovro emi SimAdovov 7d BdBos yryvopevor, of 7° dmdvres Soatrws Oappadedsrepor: D. ix 13 e€- anatdy ... anardobe : Hdt. i 207. 6 (ageBéws) : X. HG vit. ii 22 tédos 8” of pev inmeis Kara xpdtos jAavvov, of 5 weloi Kara Kpdros eov: Cyr. 1. ii 9 donep eidfeoay: Ant. v 16 ef dpiv pev dnaf . . eo & anak ...: D. viii 67 jouxlav dyew: Lys. xii 68 adrds emayyeddpevos . . . adtds dnddece. 1 This gives a stronger emphasis than would rs méAews 8 of.80 REPETITION Frequent repetitions at short intervals In some passages a great effect of force is obtained by the frequent employment of the same word, or cognate words, at short intervals, not, as in the case of anaphora, solely at the opening of clauses, but in different positions.' The word in question is naturally a key-word,? which forms the text of the passage. This device, known to the Romans as éraductio,3 is already found in Homer; e.g. + 204-8: Tis 8 dp’ dxovodeys pee Sdxpva, rixero 82 xpiis. dhs 88 xudby katarixer’ ev dxponddoiow Specow, iy 7 Edpos xarérnger, émiy Zédupes xarayevy: mheopéras 8° dpa ris morapol mjOover péovres* &s Tis Tixero Kad mapria Sdxpy xeovons.+ D. xix 97 eipivn ev obv 8: exetvous, émxivduvos 8¢ Kal agarepa. kai dmotos 8a todtovs yéyovey Swpodoxyjoartas. eipyer’ ody, eipyer’ abrov ré&v bnép ris elpyins Adywr, eis 8€ Tods Unép TOV menpaypévun éupipalere. o3 yap Aloxivns Sud viv eipivqv Kpiverat, obk, GAN’ % elpijvn 8° Aloxtny diaBeBry7aL. onueiov S€+ ef yap 7 bev elpyvy "yeydver .. . th’ dvOpcdirwv eddmncer av 4 elprivn . . oi Anax. Fr. 12 (vois): Pl. R. 611C (Gedofa): Leg. 670D (dSewv) : 674A-B (yeveoOau): 799B (eeipyetv): 932E (SteppOn, Sidppyow, Scappidqv) : Phd. 84E-85A (dSew) : Prt. 344D (durjyavos) : Cri. 46A (BovredeoBax) : Smp. 2128 (melBew) : Men. 958 (oxoneiv) : Ant. ii 8 10 (eixdra) : D. i 24 (katpds) : 27 (Lqpuody) : ii 23 (Oavpdle) : iii 34-35 (rats) : iv 38-39 (ra mpdypara): 47 (Bavérov): v 21-3 (eBovAero, €BodAovro with negatives): vi 1 (Adyox): viii 39-40 (adds): 72 (modérps) : xix 13-15 (elprjvn) : 48 (erayyéAAcoBax) : xxi 189 (p7}rwp). In Pl. Rep. 5378-5384 a complex effect is obtained by the repetition of a number of words. In other passages the repetition has less rhetorical force, and sometimes gives the impression of naiveté or carelessness: Pl. Prt. 3208 evepev. . . evenev: R. 1 CE p. 46, n. 1. 2 For further examples, see Rehdantz’s index s.v. traductio, Some of my examples are taken from him. In some that he gives the repetition seems to me fortuitous: e.g. S. OT 399-402. 3 Rhet. ad Her. iv (¥) 20, cf. Cic. de Or. iti 206, 4 CE. Hes. Op. 578-Br (jess repeated),REPETITION 8r 616A dvaBaivo. . . . dvaPfvar: 621B yevéobar . . . yevéoar: X. An. Ik. V 1 peorf moMadv dyabav ... Thijpers TOY dyalav. Word repeated in main and subordinate clause Certain types of repetition in which a repeated word occurs both in main and subordinate clause may be noticed. Conditionals (1) In protasis and apodosis of conditional sentence. (i) The protasis, normally placed first, expresses a hypotheti- cal necessity, desire, or obligation. The apodosis contains nothing but the repeated word. Pl. R. 484D rifecOai re, éav 8én riBecOar: 517A ct mas... SUvawro . . . dwoKreiverv, droxTewvdyat dv;: Leg. 695A ef orpareticaOar Séor, orparevecbat: 924A edv Ody tw Swpeiabas, SwpeicOw: Grg. 463B «i odv BovAerar [Taos mur Odvecbat, muvOaverbu. (ii) The apodosis defines the conditions under which the hypothesis is, or may be, realized. Pl. R. 534C ef wp eiSdiAou rwds eddmrerat, Sdtn, odk emoriun éddmrecbar: Leg. 8078 «i ylyvorro qpiv, yiyvouro dv Kat wdda perpiws: X. Cyn. 10. 22 «i ydp Te Kal mdoxot, od dv Sid ye 76 wt) dpOs mrovelv mdoxo: Ant. vi 3 ef rus xai Evudpopa yiyvouro, dvev Kaxdryros Kai alaxdvys yiyvecba.. (iii) The protasis expresses doubt as to the applicability of a word contained in the apodosis. Ant. ii 8 2 xawdrara yap 87, i xp?) Kawdrara Mov 7) Kaxoupyérara. eimeiv: D. viii 36 dyravdr- tow (et 5} tops 7a rowadra novwbvras tytaivew drycayper). (iv) The apodosis expresses a new idea. PI. R. 4854 xal ofpat, ea exeivav ixavds Spodroyijoupev, dpodoyjcew Kai dru. . .: Lys. vi 33 p27} ofcabe, ef Spets BovAcaOe . . . emAabEcOat, Kai rods Ocods émArjoecbar; XXxiv 8 Kdy moMAdnis eis tiv ToUTwWY eupdAwor, moMdxis abrois dmavrijovrat: D. xix 30 od ydp ef davdors ypijob? byets eis ra Kowd modMdxts dvOpeirots, Kai Ta mpadypar’ éori daira dv i 7dds d£ofrat: 342 Tods srioby av éxelv rotjcarras dvnpy- kdres ex Tis Tédews Eceabe, dv rovrous dvéAnre. Sometimes repetition between sub-clauses is employed in two co-ordinated main clauses. Hdt. iii 65. 6 Gd’ efre SdAm Exovar 5878 G82 REPETITION adrhy xrnadpevor, SdAp draipeO vat bn’ dpéwr, etre xai abdvet rew Karepyacdpevot, abevet Kata 76 Kaptepor dvacdcacba: : D. xviii 13 ei pév eloayyeAlas dfia mpdrrov? édpa, eicayyéMovra . . ., ef 5é ypddovra napdvopa, maparsuuv ypapspevov. Relatives (2) In relative and in main clause. (i) The relative clause contains nothing (or virtually nothing) except the relative and a repeated verb. Often there is a dis- paraging or deprecatory tone in the relative clause. Pl. Leg. 859C mepi civ etpnxa ds efpnea (‘to the best of my ability’): Prt. 323C é€ emedctas mapaylyvecda @ av mapaylyyyrar: Smp, 1875 by Bet edAaBovpevov mpoadgépaw ols dv mpoodépy: Ant. iv 8 6 d re Enaoxev dkovoiws Exacxev: Lys. xiii 11 ef S:abeln Suds [dadpws] Gorep Si€Oyxev: 53 viv 8¢ maabels id’ Sv tore ereiaOns: D. x 65 of pév 48y wendvOacww, & 81 7endvOacw (euphemistic): X. Mem. 1. ti 39 dpdnodrny dv xpdvov chyrcirny atr@. (Contrast Ant. iii y 11, where there is a fresh subject in the relative clause: elp£avres dv 6 vopos elpyer.) While in the above cases the relative clause adds definition, in the following it expresses the objective validity of the hypothesis expressed in the main clause. Pl. Phar. 2428 «i 8 éorw, dozep odv éorw (‘as in fact he is’): D. xix 153 €¢ yap foay ws Foav tére. Here objective validity is denied: Ant. iv y 5 ef 8€ rot kal b76 Tod latpod drdbavev, chs obk dxéBaver. (ii) The relative clause contains the idea of obligation or fitness. Pl. Leg. 653C puceiv pev & xpi) pioety . . . orépyew Se & xp} orépyew: 867¢ Kabdmep . . . mpootkev tw mdoxev, macxérw: La, I89QB kal ESwxas cavrod melpay dperijs iv xp} Si8ovar tov péAAovra. Sixaiws Sdcew: Ant. i 22 drobvpckdvrw, Kal rai0’ id’ dv xcora adrovs éxpiv droOvijoxev. (iii) Each clause contains a distinct idea. Ant. i 25 dfud, domep kaxeivov .. . abry dnddecev, o8rw kal adriy tabray dnoddcBar : Lys. xxxi 5 peréyeww 76 pépos T&v Sewwdv, dorep xai tHv dyabdv peréxovat: D. iv 38 dX’ ei pév, 50° dv tis SmepBij 7B Adyw, va pr) Aumijon, Kal 7a mpdypaé? brepPrcerar: Isoc. iii 51 door yap av tpav rept mAciota Tév eudv xpyoipous abrods mapdcxwow, odror meiora Tovs otxous Tovs abrév Whedjcovaw.REPETITION 83 Causal and temporal clauses (3) Causal and temporal clauses. Pl. Prt. 3288 6 89Aov éru [Ipwt- aydpas padiews erexdiSdker, ered) kai ra ToMG tadra eedidater: Grg. 526D emeSdv aroPrijoxw drobviyjoKev. Participial clauses (4) Participial clauses. (i) With accusative absolute participles expressing the idea of possibility or obligation. Pl. Leg. 809A Kal pt) KoAdLovra Sov Koadlev: 918D Kal e€dv xepdaivew ra pérpia, anAjorws aipeira xepSaivew: Ant. vi 44 e€dv adrois dad ris mpcirys tpépas apta- pevos . . . droypdpecbar, dreypdpovro obdeyud: Lys. xiii 84 ef S¢ mdAa Sov tyswpeiobar torepov Hyeis Tywpovpeba, (ii) In an epexegetic participial clause. Pl. Leg. 925E rovrwv 8} pndev dpovrilew tax’ av 6 vopobérns ddteev Taw, ovx dpbdas Soxodv (a curious use of the absolute construction): Arist. Pol. 125717 8:6 Lyrodow . . . odk dpOiis Cnrobvres : 1271°38 emreriyun- Kaow, dp0as emtidvres. (iii) Other examples do not come under either of these head- ings. X. Mem. i 6. 6 of peraBadddpuevor yYdyous Kai OdArous evexa peraBdMovrat: Hier. vii 7 mds yap dv dainpev 7 tovs Big éavora- pévous Odxwy 81d 7d TYyLdv Tods ddiucobvras eavioracba;: Ant. iii B 7 Gd mdvra dpOds cs erevder Spadv pace pev ovSev dxodarov, mabe 8¢. . . (a very forced repetition) : Lys. iv 20 bxep dv dnow PSucFobar, ode ASixnperos : xii 5 rovadra Agyovres ob Toadra Toety éréduwv: D, ix 55 Kal odxi mw robro Sevdv, xatmep dv Sevdv (cf. xxi 72) : xix 67 7oMAG toivww dv rig . . . Didurmov edSaipovicas ris rixns eixdtws, Tobro pdAor’ dv eddapovicerev dadvrwv : Isoc. x 48 ei tods Beods ciSds mept Kddovgs giAovixodvras adros KddAous Kareppovnce. Miscellaneous PI. Grg. 452E Kai &v dw ovAAdyw mavri, Soris av Trodutixds adA- Aoyos yiyvynras: Lys. iii 42 Scot émPBovdevoavres dzoKreivai Twas €rpwoav, droxreivat 8’ obk eSuvjPnoav : Xxxi 20 od . . . Stadepdvrws Sef yryvdoxew mepl abrob & of oixeion yeyvdoxovow: D. ix 56 484 REPETITION mdrepot tods irméas mpoddocay, dv mpodobevrw ” Oduvbos dmebrero 3: xix 68 76 mrofov; 76 erei8) rovmpav avOpdirww eis 7a mpdypat’ adt@ eS€noev, wovnpdrepous evpeiv 7} eBovdero: xiii 84 és. waMov Kara- Ppovovpévous 7} viv Katareppdvnvrar: Isoc. v 108 pdvos yap Ta ‘Eijvev . . . dpxew dfuioas pdvos kai Siadvyety 7durjOn robs xwbdvous. ANAPHORA Anaphora in general Blass (i 144) defines anaphora as ‘the repetition of thesame word, in the same or in different forms, at the beginning of several successive clauses or sentences’. This definition is, however, too external to be quite satisfactory. It leads Blass to reckon as anaphoric the repetition of numerals, as in Th. viii 5. 2 al Séxa pév Boustol vais daéoxovro, Séca 8é *Ayis. There is no ‘figure’ here, no device of style. The sentence is a plain state- ment of facts, and the repetition is compulsory, not sought. The essence of anaphora is that a concept applying to two (or more) other concepts, is distributed over both. (Anaphora with odo, etc., is a borderline case.) Anaphora takes various forms: with wév and 8¢, with asyn- deton, and (rarely) with simple 8¢, cai, and re. As Blass (loc. cit.) points out, anaphora is not a ‘Gorgianic’ figure, but one of those natural devices of style which are already freely em- ployed in poetry. Anaphora is, in fact, almost absent from Gorgias (70AAG pev . . . odd S¢ in the Epitaphios). It is com- monest in those writers who aim at vividness, force, and pathos: rarest in those who rigidly suppress the emotions. Thus it is rare in Thucydides (e.g. i 85. 2: 126. 12: vi 88. 6), almost absent from Isocrates: but common in Lysias, Demosthenes, Plato, and Xenophon. In Aeschines it occurs far more frequently in iii than in i and ii (Blass iii 238). pév and Bé A few examples of the normal type of anaphora with pév and € will suffice. Hdt. i 45. 3 odros 8) 6 goveds pév to0 éwvrod aedpeod yevopevos, poveds Se rob xaOjpavros : iii 14. 11 SaxpvewREPETITION 85 wav Kpotgov . . . 8axpdew 8¢ [Tepoduw rods rapedvras : 36. 1 od Se wreivers wey dv8pas cewvrod woAupras én’ obdeyrq aizin usvoxpéw éAdv, «reves 5¢ maiSas: i 210. 2 ds dvi pev Sovdwy éolncas edevbepovs Ilépoas etvar, dvrl 8¢ dpyeobar . . .: iii 126. 2 6 82 tatrn Ti Tapay Kara pév exrewe MirpoBdrea . . . xara 3€ Tob MirpoBdrew rév maida (repetition of preposition severed from its verb by tmesis) : iv 133. 3 éxrds ev éocabe pds éxeivov airins, éxrds 5¢ mpds jyéwv: Pl. R. 537D pdripor per ev pabrjpact, pdviror & év woddup Kal trois dAdois vopipos: Leg. 734A jpepalas ev Avmas, hpepaias 82 ABovds . . . apodpdas wev Avmas, oodpas Sé #Bords: Ant. v 62 & d puobels dv dmeoréper piv eud ris marplBos, daeoréper 3¢ abrov iepdv Kal doiuw: Lys. xix 9 éorepnuévor pev Kppdeorav, eorepnevor 8 ris mpoucds: D. xviii 72 meprelpyacpar pev éyd rept rovrwy elmedv, reptelpyacra 8° 7édis 4) meobeto” époi: xix 84 Kal paraia pev 7} mpdrepov Ponbea . . . wdrarat 8° af xara QnBaiwy édmiSes: ix 23: xxi 30, 114. Exceptionally at the opening of a speech: Lys. xiii 1. Sometimes the repeated word occurs thrice: Pl. R. 596D-E Taxd pev Arov roujoes Kal ra ev TH obpav@, Taxd Se yy, raxd Se cavrév te... .: Hdt. i 37. 3: X. Occ. 7. 5: Lys. vi 28. Or even four times: Hat. iv 12. 1: Lys. xii 21: X. Hier. 6. 4 76 8é popeiobar pev dxAov, poPetafar 8 epnulav, doPetoba. 8 advratiav, poPetobar 82 Kal adbrovs rods Puddrrovras, .. .. Sometimes more words than one are repeated. X. Am. iti 4. 45 Tod} peev Kpavy} . . . TAA) 8é Kpavy? ...2 And. i 144 iSdra pev oldv dor. mérews tovatrns modirny elvat, elidra 5é ofdy éore &évov elvax: Pl. Leg. 739¢. The interval between the repeated words varies considerably. Here it is very short: Lys. xxiii 11 eBédovros pev Tod Nixoprjdous, Bedrovons S€ rijs yuvarxds ddudvar, Here it is much longer: Hadt. i 44. 2 éxddee pev Ala xabdpowv, paprupspevos ra 7d 700 Lelvov wemovbdss etn, exddee 88 erloridy re kai éraipyov: Th. iii 38. 1 (parenthesis intervenes): Hdt. iii 14. 11: Lys. xii 77, 78: D. xix 84: Aeschin. iii 71. There is sometimes a lack of exact correspondence, formal or logical, between the clauses. Pl. Leg. 711E paxapiws pév adros fj, waxdpror d€ of cvvyKoor: Lys. xix 62 Kal viv dé tév trodotruw Tpinpapy& pev éyw, tprnpapydv 52 6 marhp andfavev: Hat. viii86 REPETITION 76. 1 dvifyov pev 16 dn’ éonépys Képas . . . dvifyov Sé of audi rv Kéov . . . teraypyévor (here the change of subject is introduced by the way). In the following, the repetition is of words preceding two 5e’s following a pév: Is. v9 é€jAace perv... ddeidero 58... dfeidero Sé. The following cannot be classed as anaphora, since there is a strong contrast between the clauses, and the repetition of apdrrovros is compulsory: D. xv 11 éyd vopilw, mpdrrovros jev &v Alyinry ravi’, ds dpunne, Baortéws . . ., mpdrrovros 8 obs A€yeras, kai Sinpaprnkdros ols érexeipnoev . . .. Common as anaphora is in Greek, the opportunity for its use is sometimes neglected, even where the precise parallelism of the thought suggests it: Pl. Prt. 321A S€pyacvw, ixavois pév dpovat xetpdva, Suvarois 8€ kal xavpara. For anaphora combined with asyndeton see under Asyndeton. Anaphora with simple 8, kai, etc. Anaphora with 8¢ (without preceding pév), xa, and 7. 8é. Hdt. v 26 Bulavrious re efte nai KadynSovious, «fre 82 Avravdpov ...: vii 224 rav... érvOduny ra obvépara, émvdduny 8€ Kai dndvrwv rev tpinKociwv: ix 7a Tobro 5€ ouppdyous bre -.. mojoacba .. ., eBédea Sé Kai dAnv xwpyv . . . Sddvar: And. i 18 xaf pou xdde Kaddiav xai Zrédavov, xdda Sé Kal BLurnov. kai. Pl. Prt. 343C eis toro ody 76 pfua Kal rovrou Evexa todrep emPovredwv . . .: Th. ii 41. 3 wdvn yap T&v viv dxofs Kpetoowv és meipav épyerat, xal porn. . .: Lys. xxiv 10 wdyras olyat . . . robro Lnteiv kat todr0 pidocodpetv: Isoc. iv 27 ris dAAns KatacKevijs, &v f xatoxodpev Kat pel” is roAvrevdpeba Kal du’ Gv Liv Suvdyeba: XX I0 adrol ydp jpeis dis 78y Thy Snuoxpariav émeiSopev Kara- Avbcicay Kal Sis ris eAevPepias deorepyOnyev: XV 10 ToGobrov odv piijxos Adyou ovvideiy Kai Tooadras das Kal rocodrov dAAjAwy ddeorwaas ovvapydoa: Aeschin. ii 19 iv’ Sao. of Sixaorat, tis fv Ddoxpdrous éraipos Kat ris 6 tas Swpeds Aprorodijpuw ddoxwy meicew Sobvat rov Sipov: D, xix. 43, 52. At Ant. vi 17, Kal «f act cannot be counted as anaphora. q. Th. i 33. 2 kal oxépaode ris edmpagia onamurépa 7 ris TotsREPETITION 87 morepiors Avnporépa:: Aeschin. i 65 tis yap tudv...; tis... .3 (cf. i 185): D. ix 56 wérepou .. . 3} mérepor.. .; te... kai. Hdt. v 91. 3 tva Kowd Te Ady Kal Kowd orddy .. .. kai... kai. X. HG iv 2. 3 e&vOvpodpevos kal ofwy rysdv Kal oiwy eAriSwy dmecrepetro. Connexion varied with asyndeton Sometimes connexion is varied with asyndeton. D. xix 63 rov7p 81 wdv7’ énlorevov, al mpds todrov mdvz’ doxdrovv, mpds Todrov éxovobvro ri eipiyqv: 69 ols dmavrdévras éuprémew, ofs avliv dvdywn tév Aowrdv Biov Kal ev ols edOivas EweMov Sdicew tov amenpaypévew: 334 molos yap otparnyss Adov, tis 8¢ Dundas dmoddrexe ; tis 8€ Adpucxov ; Tis S¢. . .; Tis BE. «5 Tis BEL. ws tis 82. . .; tis 8& Kopwveiay, tis 8 ’ Opydpevov, tis EéBouav do- zpiav; zis Méyapa npdnv ddtyov; tis OnBaiovs (meroinxer) laxupods ; Pseudo-anaphora It is a peculiarity of Herodotus that he not infrequently, in giving details of an action, repeats the verb with 5¢ or xai. This type of anaphora is purely formal, since it lacks the notion of distribution, which, as I have observed, is essential to ana- phora proper. Se. vi 89 of 8¢ KopivOior . . . APnvatowor Soda Seopevowcr efkoor véas, 8060. S¢ mevtadpdxpous droddpevor: ii 32. 7 mapa Sé rHv nod péew morapov péyav, péew 5¢ dad éomépyns abrov mpds jAov dvaréMovra: ii 158. 2: iii 4. 2: iv 95. 2: V 100: vi 43. 4. CE. iii 34. 1 A€yerar yap eimeiv adrév mpds IIpnédonea, rév ériwa te padvora kai... ., eiwetv d¢ Aéyerar Tdde: i 124. 3 ole Taira Kal moiee KaTA rdxos: iv 189. 3 xdpra yap tatry xpéwvrat af AiBvooa Kai xpéwvrar Kadds. Antistrophe The term ‘antistrophe’ is used to denote cases in which the tepeated words come at the end, not at the beginning, of the clauses or phrases. In short co-ordinated phrases or clauses, adding force to a88 REPETITION series of ideas. Heracl. Fr. 30 daréuevov pérpa Kal droofews- pevov peérpa: Anaxag. Fr. 4 Sorep map’ jpiv at end of two con- secutive clauses: Pl. Leg. 9428 & re woddpwp mavri Kai é eipivy ndon: Arist. Pol. 1252°33 dpxov ducer kal Seondlov pier: X. Cyr. 1. i 30 weuardda 6dnv Kat Sexdda SAnv Kal Adyov Gdov Kal rdéw GAqv : IV. Vi 6 mod yap pirikd. éxabov x” éxelvov, kal Sanpérnoa éxelvp : D. iv 27 ob yap expiv . . . ragidpxous rap’ Suay, immapxov map’ tudv, dpxovras oikxelous elvar . . .; xxi 135 od 8” dmeideis néow, édavvers mdvras: 198 ddAdd Kal mAovret pdvos Kat héyew Buvdrar pdvos: Aeschin, iii 18 Sonus 8° ev 78 npr dbyw ry piidov alret, Spxov atret, vdpov alret, Snwoxpartav airet, dv obre airfjoa odSév Sovov od8evi obr’ airnDévra érépw Sobdyau: 202 p78? &v dperf 7000 tyav pndels xaradoyilécbw, ds dv émavepoyevov Krnoupiivros, ei xadéon Anpoodernv, mp@ros dvafohon ‘ xddet, kddew’. él cavrdv Kadeis, emi rods vdpous KaXels, ext rhv Snpo- xpariay xaNets: Pl. Leg. 963C dvSpetav ydp dapev dperty elvar, kal riv dpdvnow dperty, kal ra. S80 rdMa . . . dperfv: Aeschin. iii 202 . . . Svmep Kdyd Karnydpnxa. eyes 88 nds KarqydpyKa ; Lys. xxvi 15 doSoxpdéoa. With longer clauses. Pl. R. 596c GMa Kal rd ek ris yijs dudueva dravra moet Kai loa mdvra épydferat . . ., kal mpés rovrous viv... Kai ndvra 7a ev obpavd xai 7d ev “Adov tad yijs dnavra épydlerat. With a strong logical contrast, the sphere within which the contrast operates being expressed by the repeated word. Democr. Fr. 191 Sidmep 7a pev pi) SiLecOar xpedv, ent 8é roils edOvpéecBar xpedv: X. Cyr. 1. vi 38 ev rots povarxols rd véa kad dvOnpd eddoxipel, wohd 5€ Kai ev tots moAepiKois wadov 7d Katya Byxavipara ed8oripet: Arist. Pol. 125531 6 yap Seondrns otk év 7@ kréafar rods Sovdous, GM’ ev 7H xpiobar Sovdors: D. iv 39 obx dxodovbeiv trois mpaypacw, dd’ abrods Eumpoater elvar tv mpaypdre : xix 338 dowep eyes Pidurnov pev otk eBatpaca, rods & alxyaddrovs atpaca: 343 dpdvra rois wey dnavra menpaxdat + + « ddopyny riv Dirtrrov teviav reprotcay, trois 8 Sixaious te mrapéxovow Eéavrods . . . pOdvov mepidvra map’ eviow:i 4... moAd mpoéxer .. . evavrlws exer: iv 43 ry wey dpxiy . . . rept rod Tysenprfe aacba Didurmov, viv Se tedevriy . ... dep rod ry maBetv Kaas bm6 Didirmov, But in the following the repeated word comesREPETITION 89 just before the end: X. HG vu. i 11 mds od . . . Sewov dMors pev énutpénew Kata yi jyeicba, adrods 8¢ dpicra ta&v KaTd yi empedeicbar ; With variation of order (antistrophe alternating with ana- phora). Pl. Leg. 733E Adywpev 59 ccddpova Biov éva elvar, kal Ppdvipov éva, at éva Tov dvdpeiov, Kat rév dyrewdv Biov éva takw- peba: R. 538A év moMois per xprpact TONG 82 Kal peyddp yéver ral xdAake roMois: D. xix 177-8 érédaéa.... éeréSaka.... odk- obv ra00” breaxduny ev dpyf, tad7’ énBeéa. In alternate clauses. Pl. Grg. 504E érws dv. . . Sixaoodvn wev & rails Yuxais ylyrpras, aBixia 8 dradAdrrqras, Kad owdpootyy pev eyylyyytat, dxodacia S& dmaMdrryntat, Kal % GAA dper} eyylyryrat, Kaxia & dain: Smp. 212A rikrew ovk efSwra dperijs, Gre odk eidebdou edarropévp, GAN’ GdnOH, dre tod GAnOobs efarrro- pévp: R. 615 iva... ei... névrevv rovrev Sexam)acias ddynddvas inep éxdorov Kopicawro, cal ad ei... elev, kara tadra ri déiav xopitowro: D. i x1 av pdy yap do” dv mis AdBy Kal odon, weyddqv exer 7H TEN THY xdpw, av 8° dvaddcas AdBy, cwvarijAwoe Tv xdpur. Repeated word at end of subordinate and of main clause. Pl. Leg. 6698 éreid3) yap vyvetrar wept adi Siapepdvrws 7 Tas Gas eixdvas, edAaBelas 51) Se?rar wrelorns wacdv eixdvwv: 891E ei 82 dor pndapf Erépws cvpgdwvijoa . . . 7} ratry, AeKréov, 3 Oavpdore, Kat rabry: Smp. 190A donep of KvPiordvres . . . KuBi- or&ar Ktkhp, derd tore obc1 tots pédcow . . . efepovro KiKAy: And. i 90 émov . . . rois rpidxovra duvure pt) evnotkarijoew ... F Tov oxodf Tav ye Ew rohrav tun HfoGre pvnoixaxeiv (a for- tiori, negative: cf. @ fortiori, positive, Lys. xiii 57 Katro. ei éxeivos dméGavev, § trov Aydpards ye Sixatws dmobavetrar: And. 1 86 Srov odv dypddwp voy odk tear xpjoacbar, % mov dypdgy ye drpiopare mavrdzaow od Sef xpjjoacba) : Lys. ] vi 33 4) yap oteabe, & dv8pes Suxacral, ei tuets Bovdecbe ra todrw memonpéva éem- Aabéobar, Kat rods Oeods emAjceabar: xiv 8 rod vépov Kedevovros, dv tis dSoxipacros inmedn, driv elvas, érdduncev dSoxipacros famedew : XXV 20 rH abriy KaredBdvres rept adrav yrdpnv exere, ivmep detyovres mepl budv abdrdv eiyere: D. xix 211 domep énpéoBevoa dis, obrw Kal Adyov dpiv Sobvat Sis: iii 19 dv ra mapdvr? dvadion mpds & uh det, rv dndvrwv edrrophoat mpéds & Sei.go REPETITION Symploke (anaphora plus antistrophe) Occasionally repetition occurs both at beginning and at end of clause, anaphora being combined with antistrophe. This is the figure known as symploke. D. xlv 37 efra Adyer mepudv, ais euapripnce pev Nixoxdjs éemrporedoa Kara TH diabrjxny, euapri- proce S¢ Tlacuxdsjs entporevOjvar xara rHv SiabyKnv.... 6 yap emrporefoat xara Siabrjxas Happy Sidov or Kal? drotas dv eidein, Kal 6 énvtpomevOqvar Kare Scab ijras paprupav Sidov or Kal? éroias av eisety.* bros The ancient rhetoricians give the name «vxAos to the figure by which a sentence returns to its opening word or words at the close. D. iv 48 civ 8 of pev mepudvres... pact. .., of Be... ., of 8€ Adyous wAdTrovres Exacros Teprepxdpeba: xix 289 obd€ soft pe Pdurnos . . - OM’ el. . ., raGra pofel pe: xxi 816 8... ob pévov eis ene Kal tovs euods Gero Seiv sBpilev, ddAd Kal eis robs guderas 81” dud: Lys. xii 95 mparov piv tev Smdww dvapnijobyTe, Gr... . bd Tovrwwv elpiyns ovans ddnpeOnre 74. SrrAa. In D. xviii 258-60 ruxnv, ending the long period, scornfully echoes réyy near its opening. In other supposed examples of Kvxdos (e.g. D. xx 73 A€yerar . . . Aéyerat, cited by Hermogenes) the repetition is not striking, and may be regarded as accidental. Epanadiplosis While anaphora and antistrophe have a distributive force, epanadiplosis consists, as the word suggests, in the simple doubling of a word for the sake of emphasis. This figure is often employed in poetry, particularly in Euripides, the words being either juxtaposed, or separated by one or two intervening words. E. Alc. 328 éorat rd8’ €orat: 1093 aivd pev aivd: Med. 467 FAes mpds pas FAGes : 711 ofkripov oikripov: 1244 AaBe Eigos AaBé: Andr. 245 cofty cody od: Soph. Phil. 816 pées, wees pe: 1241 €orw tis, €or. * Rehdantz (op. cit.) cites D. i 4, 11 as examples of symploke. But the element of avephorn i is hardly present in these passages, since the repetitions of apés and dy cannot be regarded as anaphoric.REPETITION gr In prose, there are a few Platonic examples. With an apos- trophe only intervening between the word and its repetition: Phar. 242D 8ewdv, & DaiSpe, Sewdv Adyov adrds re éxdpucas .. «+ Euthd. 2848 ob per, &n 5 Awovved8epos, doSoph, & Krjourne, Aowdopy : Leg. 624A beds, & Séve, Geds. With other words, besides the apostrophe, intervening: R. 608B péyas ydp, édny, 6 dyav, & dite Travxwv, péyas. With juxtaposed repetition: Ti. 228 & Zdrwv, Zdrav, “Ednves det waidds core, yépwv S¢ “Edgy od €or (here the chiastic repetition which follows heightens the effect). With the repeated words separated by a particle: Phdr. 2288 dnavrijoas 8¢ tG vooodvrt mepi Adywv doy, iedv per, Baw Foon. : Of other prose-writers, only Aeschines, Demosthenes, and Dinarchus use epanadiplosis: Aeschines very occasionally, Demosthenes frequently, Dinarchus (the xpi8wos Anpoobévys)* proportionately more frequently still. The repeated words are very seldom juxtaposed. D. xviii 208 ode gor’ od Eorw: D. xix 224 xal 3Bouxa, SéSouxa (elpijoerar yap s) py... xxi 174 GAN Unmov, trmov ob« éréAunoer 6 Aapmpss kal mAovows ofros mpiacba. (with withering sarcasm). I exclude od ydp ear’, ovx éort (D. ii 10: iv 46: viii 61: xix 296: xxi 46: xxiii 127: cf. D. xix 123 od ydp eviv, odx évfv). Often only d dvSpes APnvaior, or a particle, intervenes between the repeated words, though the interval is sometimes rather wider: D. xviii 242 movnpdv, & dvdpes APnvaior, wovnpev 6 ovxopdvrns (with other adjectives, precisely similar: D. viii 28: xlv 80: Aeschin. iii 75: Din. i 46): D. xxi 112 0d peéreort . . . od péreorwv, od (for the re- sumed od, cf. D, xix’ 97, 186: Aeschin. iii 194: Din. i 85 (7): D. xviii 24 ob €or taér’, odx éorw (for other repetitions of iui, cf. D. ix 36: xvi 24: xviii 308: xix 222: xxv 73, 79: xxvii 57: with a wider interval, D. i 19 éorw, & dv8pes APyvaior, xpijpal? dpiv, Zorw do’ obdevt tév dw dvOpcszwy) : D. iii 33 tows av tows (viii 77): iv 10 767° obv, & d. 'A., 760’ & xpy mpdkere;: xviii 141 Eyvaw ydp, dbéws Eyvaw: xix 96 fv dé0uKa per, bd. A., SSoura Ha}... 97 etpyer” obv eipyer’ adrdv: 267 spas obv, Suds d ppoveiv Set rods woAAous : XXi 119 Tobro ydp, Todr’ ovK Exov eotiv SmepBodhy 1 Hermogenes zepi iSeav 2. 11.g2 REPETITION dxaBapotas, & d. 'A.: xxii 31 fSer ydp, jdet: XXV 100 zl epetr’, & a. A., ri épetre 3: xxviii 20 BonPrjoar’ ody apiv, BonOjcare: Aeschin. iii 133 O7Ba: 8€, @fBar, wéds dorvyetrwy: Din. i 10 Sixasa pev ody, Sixara .. .: 27 pdvws ydp otrws, dv8pes APnvaior, pévas: 28 picOwrds odros, & A., prodwrds dort madaids: 29, 40, 76: ii 24: iii 22. In D. xviii 143 a substantive is repeated with the addition of an epithet: mdAepov els tiv Arriucpy ciadyets, & Aiayivn, éAquov Apdurrvovixdy. In D. xix 46 I think that the second 7) viv resumes after the formula of quotation, and is not a part of the reported speech: * pn viv’, rodaBdy Alcxivns otrool, ‘ ui) ov dpioraco ’, Eby. In X. HG u1. iii 28 and Lys. xiii 93 vov and vw resume the preceding vév and vuvi, though at the same time the repetition adds force. We can hardly reckon these as cases of epana- diplosis. In Din. i 24 the repetition occurs in a new sentence, and is underlined by dnt: dpodra: Kat ometperar 76 OnBaiwy dou... .. dpotrat dns kai omelperat. i 67 is perhaps to be classed as resump- tive: tivas 8°, & A@nvator—oxoneire yap mpos Spas abro’s—rivas tas ehniBas éfopev...; So also is i 68, if the conjecture ri 5’ édy is correct. i 72 éyévero wédts, éyévero peylorn: the text has been questioned: but Dinarchus, who rode anaphora to death, may have overreached himself here. Repetition for the sake of clearness Hitherto we have considered the repetition of words from the point of view of emphasis. But repetition is also employed for the sake of clearness, and the repeated word often forms a hinge on which the unfolding of the thought pivots. Certain clearly marked idioms must be noted here. Repetition at end and beginning of clause (1) In Herodotus and Plato (and occasionally elsewhere), a clause or sentence often opens with a repeated word, usually the last word of the preceding clause or sentence.' Hp. Morb. 1 CES. Ph. 1035 xaxdis dovo6”: ddetobe 8°.REPETITION P ii 10 (Littré vii, p. 18) . . . peAatverar. pedaiverar 82 . eAket. Eder 88.0.2... Seabeonath. Siabeppatverar Be 51 (Littré vii, p. 586) . . . kevodrar. xevodrar 5¢. . . tpogn Sé...: Hdt. ii 35. 2 of Se dv8pes Kat’ oikous édvres 5 Spalvovar. ddaivovor 33 of pev EMor dvw tiv Kpdxny dbeovres, Alytrrior 5é kdtw: iv 68. 4 Sé8oxrar roiot mpuron Tay pavriwy abrotot ddMvobat. drodriar 5é adbrods tpdmp To@de: 105. 1 ekAumrety rv xepny macav vax’ dhiwy. Sfias ydp oft moMods . . .: V 57. 2 érpdovro én’ Adnvéwy. APnvaior 3é ofeas emi pytotor eddéavro: Pl. R. 546A dAAd AvOjcerar. Adous Se Se: 6IIA TodTO . . . obTws exérw: ef 8 exer, évvoeis ru. . .: Leg. 684A dare od mepl Kevdv re Lyrhooper rév adrov Adyov, GAAG mepi yeyovds Te Kai Exov dAfDevav. yéyovey 81) Td8€: 823B Kal KAwzeiar . . . Ofjpar. Orjpas de mépi rWévr TG vopobérn Tovs vdyous . . .: 870A Kai dmaievoiay Thy kakiy. THs 5¢ dmadevolas . . .: 937B éav émoxngOG 7a pevdi papruphjoa. emoxymrecOa 5S. . .: Phd. 643 Kal ddnbR y dy A€youey mAijy ye Tod odas By AcAnBévar. AdAnBev yap abrods ...: IOgA ‘early elvas adriy tcxeww Thy .. . icoppomiay- iodppomov yap mpaype.. : at Prt. 314A F &y TH Trav ceria (ivy): ovria pev yop. . .: B TadTa oby oxordépeba Kal pera Ta&v tpecpuTépwr judv. uets yap ér véow Gare tocodrov mpaypa Siedécbar: Smp. 181B obrds éorw dv of dadror .. . épBow. epdat Sé of rovodrot mp&rov per. . .: Grg. 484C édoas 78n gprrogogiar. pirocopia ydp ror . . .: 448C ex réav eurretpdv ewrreipws nipnuevar: éumerpla yap ...: Arist. Pol. 1267°3 « els deipov EAOwow: dmeipos ydp .. .: X. Mem. wv. iii 17H et tovros dpéoxo.' Gpéoxor Se més dv paMov.. .;: An. V. ii 26 émet 5é ixavd 75n Fv (ra EbAa), evippav: evijrrov Sé Kal tas . . . oikias: vi 9 dy ovk dy Sivatcde dvev toiwy SiaPiivar- Avia S€ tis Eorat 6 mapéxwv ;: Lac. Pol. 10. 7. . . weyloras Lnplas émbetvar. éméOnee S€ Kal my dvundcrarov, dvdyxnv: In an answer in dialogue: Pl. R. 487D GAAd 76 col Soxosy jSdws av dxovoyw. Axovors av Gre Eporye daivovras adn Adyew : D. viii 24-25 mdvres .. . xpyara AapBdvovorv. AauBdvovor Sé of pev.. .. Sometimes more words than one are repeated. Hdt. iii 82. 4 aBuvvara pi) od KaxdryTa eyyiverBar: KaxdryTos Tolvuy éyywvowevys 1 vii 56. 1 Onefro rév orpardy tnd paotiywr diaBalvovra.94 REPETITION 8:éBn 82 6 ozpards adrod ev Era tyuépnor: Pl. Prt. 3274 €f yap 8} 6 déyw odrws Eyer—exer 88 pddiora mdvrwy odrws—: Grg. 456C TH Patopich} xphjobu donep rH dn wdoy dywrig. Kal yop TH ay dyuvig.. In the following passages the second clause contains an explanation of a phrase used in the first. Hdt. i 174. 1. . . obre Soot ‘EMijvey radray ri xeipnv oixéovot, oikéovar 5é kal dAdo. . .: iii 157. 1 emitpamdobar Eroipor Foav r&v éd€eTo apéwv: eSéero Sé orpartjs (‘and what he asked for was an army’): vii 104. 5 7a av éxetvos dvdyn: dvdye 82 rdvrd alel: Pl. Prt. 3570 mepi dv peo? auas. jpecbe Sé.. .: R. 474A duvvd ols Sivapar. Stvapar 5é edvoia re Kal. . .: 526D ef ru mpds exeivo elves mpds 76 Toeiv xarideiv . . .. relver 8€, fapev, mdvra adtéce doa. . .: Leg. 661A 70. yap b16 Tév TOMay Aeysuev’ dyaba odk spOds A€yerat. A€yerar yap ws dpiorov pev 76 byaivew . . .: 142E ods ye 5%) mAovatous of moAdol Katadéyovaw: A€yovow 8€ rods KexTnUevous . . .: 807A od8” oldv re... drvyfjaat 708 mpoorjKovros, mpoonje: 5é. . . (cf. Grg. 525A): X. Mem. ut. ii 1 dpa . . ., xal (Emus) o8 Evexa orparevovrat, robro éorat; orparedovra: dé, va . . .: Cyr. VI. i 42 obrw Te eEdyyee ws dy adbrois ta mapa cod Aeyducva eumoddv pddor’ dy etn Sv BovAovrat mpdrrew. etn 5° av euroday ei Huds pains : D. xviii 35 . . . dAAd 76 Tabrd ovppepe: cvpdépen 58. . «i tt mpos adtovs Siadépeabe. Sapepovrat 5é mpds yds . . In the following, the second clause provides a justification for the use of an expression. Pl. Smp. 219¢ & dv8pes Sixacrai- Sixaorat ydp dare rs Swxpdrous tmepnpavtas : D. iv 49 dove rods dvontotdrous t&v map’ tiv «iSévar ti péAde mroveiv ekeivos: dvontdtaro: ydp ciow of Acyorovobvres : XXi 16 TH yap éo0ATa THY lepdv (iepav yap éywye vouilw mdcav donv . . .): 69 cite Tis... Botderar vopioa pavig (uavia yap iows éorlv irép Sivaply 71 Trovety) elze kal prroriuia. Sometimes there is a strong contrast between the clauses. X. Cyn. 10. 14 épebilew cbs ddioovra: ddrévas 5¢ od xpy}: D. vii 34 Siflov ds mpoxexetpiopevww kal éroiuwy dvrwv trav dyabdv, & eudMoper meicecdax ris cipiyys yevouevns. yevouevas € ris €ipy- vq, & pév tpets eudMoper dyad melcecOar, exnoddiy €or: xix 89 «.. mpoaddu, al yeydvaaw éxeivw peydrat. yeydvacw 5é kal jyivREPETITION 95 tivés: D. xlii 9 erect’ ametrov ri dAnv pr) eédyew: efijyev odros dndaas Tas tyuépas, mAny éxeivys ev f} eyc daetrov: Pl. Leg. 815¢ 008 St more BodAeras pddiov ddopicacbar- Siopicacba: phy por tatry SoKei .. .. , The repetition of the same word at the close and opening of successive clauses appears in a different form in D. xviii 13 (cited by Hermogenes iii 286 as an example of anastrophe): od yap dinov Krnoupavra pev Sivarar Sudxew 8: end, eye 8... atrév odk av éypdisaro : with subordination of clauses, Lys. xx 25 at éreiSi Karavaion jwdyxalor inmevew, immevov. Participle repeating preceding word (2) In particular, a participle often picks up a preceding verb in Herodotus and Plato. There are no examples of this idiom in Thucydides or Xenophon, and hardly any in the orators.’ The participle is normally aorist, marking a temporal progression : but sometimes present, marking the continuation of the state of affairs described. The repeated words are either juxtaposed, or separated by a narrow interval (wider than usual in Pl. R. 493B). Democr. Fr. 33 wetapuopol . . . werapvopotoa Sé.. .: Hdt. ii 14. 2 émedy oft 6 rorapds . . . dpoy tas dpotpas, dpaas Sé dod Srricw: 39. 1 ofdlovor, opdkavres Se . . .: iii 128. 1 epiLovras Sé Aapeios xareAduBave xehedwv mddecbar: maMopevuw Se. . .: iv 95- 2 xpypara Kricacba ouxrd, Krnodpevov S¢ . . .: Vi 52. 4 dmopéev, daropéovras S¢ . . .: vii 27. 2 ITdOtos . . . xpipard te émayyéMeto . . .. emayyeMopévov 8 xpijyara IIvOiov (several words repeated): ix 2. 3 7éue xpyara . . ., méumwv Se TH ‘EMd8o. Siacrijcets (with change of mood between the main clauses): id. saep. Pl. Prt. 320D xal otrw meioas véwer. vépov Se. . 2: 321C Hrdpet Sti xpyjoarro. dmopodyr: S¢ . . .: Phdr. 234D efrdpny, kal éxduevos .. .: 248C .. . BapwvOF, BapuvOeioa 82... .: Grg. 5254 Thy yuxny elder: Sav 82. . .: R. 519D dvaPivar exetvyy why dvdBaow, Kai ereddy dvaBdvres ixavds iSwor (in subordinate clause) : 592B wapdSerypa dvdkevrar TH Bovropery dpav Kal dpavrt éaurév karouxilew : Leg. 7288 éorw 3°} peyiorn (Sin) 76 Spowdobar * I give those that I can find, from Lysias and Demosthenes, below. In Lys. xiii g9 the text is doubtful.96 REPETITION ois ofow Kakois dv8pdow, cuovotpevov S€.. .: 790B . . . xpGT0, kal xpapevos . . .: 798C (twice in quick successio: f. Phd. II4A): 955D To yep yrOvar Kal ydvra Kaprepeiy ... .: id. saep.: D. xlii 5... ev ravrais exddeoa . . .. kaddoas de... The connective following the participle is most commonly simple 8¢, unprepared for by a preceding particle: so always in Herodotus, except for the following passages: ii 66. 2 ra téxva kreivovat, Krelvavres pévrot ob maréovrat: Vii. 27. 2 (re. . . 8€: see above) : ix 58. 3 76 xarappwSfjoat AaxeSaipovious xarappwo- cavrd te .... In Plato, simple xai is pretty common. We also find, in Plato, Andocides, Lysias, and Demosthenes: pev, .. 8. Pl. R. 547C peraPijcerat yev 81) ottw: peraBaca 8¢ ms oleae: Phd. 114A euneceiv pev .. . eumeadvras 88... .: Leg. 904C peraBdArer ev Toivuv wav” doa. . ., weraBdAdovra Se. . «: D. liii 2 81a ev rar. dréypaspa. droypdipas 82... With a stronger sense of contrast : Lys. xxxiv 11 Sewov ydp dy ely . . . ei, Ste ev édedyoper, euaxdueBa Aaxedaipoviors iva xatéAOwpev, katedAOdvres 8e devésueba iva pr} paxdpeba: And. i 89 ddr’ obv Sokev dpiv Soxidoa pev tods vépous, Soxidoarvras 5é dvaypdpar . . .. te al. Pl. Leg. 7ooc yaivai re kal dua yrdvra Sixdou : 712B: 875A (re... Kai). obv. Pl. Phd. 598 éxéAever jpas eiorévar. elaidvres ody... re... S¢. Pl. Leg. 754C Saws ai re dpyai xaracrdow Kata vous, katacracar 8¢ Soxipacbdar. : }... q. Ht. vi rr Kal dpiv eyd .. . bro8ékopar 7 od cuppeifew tods modepious 7} cuppicyovras Todd édacadcecbas. Resumptive repetition When a sentence is beginning to straggle, and the structure of the thought is thereby becoming obscured, the picking up of a cardinal word by repetition often restores clarity. There is a certain naiveté about this way out of a difficulty, and it is not surprising that repetition of this kind is commoner in Herodotus than in other writers, We can distinguish the following types. Prepositional phrases (1) When a prepositional phrase, preceding the verb governingREPETITION 97 the preposition, is prolonged to a considerable length, the pre- position is often repeated with some part of odros. Hdt. iv 17. and rob Bopucbeveiréwy eumopiou (. . .), dé rovrov ...: 154. 2 6s émi Ovyarpl dpxropt rH obvopa Fv Dpovipn, ent tadry Eynue nv yovaixa (the interval here is short: cf. ii 124. 2 kal mpds T6 AiBurdv xaretpevov Spos, mpéds Tobro édxew): iii 5 bis and And. i 27 wepl rév pnvizpw, foay yap . . ., wept 3é Tovrwv ajdioByrow. Similarly a substantive (etc.) not governed by a preposition is so picked up. Hat. iii 153. 1 Zwmvpw7@ MeyaBilou rovrov ds. . ., rovrov To6 MeyaBilov madi Zwripw .. .: iv 44. 1 6s BovAdpevos *Wv8cv rorapdr, és .. ., ToGrov Tov moTapov eiSevas 7H .. .: Cf. D. xliii 24 ris Pvropdyns 88. . . al Bidypov...{. . .), 70584 Brdypov...: ix 35 xatrot rév dnacw doehydis obrw xpdpevov ri otecbe, énadav Kal? &” tay éxdorov Kbps yéryrat, rt mojoew 5 Subordinate clauses (2) The verb of a prepositive subordinate clause, participial or finite, is picked up. Hdt. i 77. 1 Kpoioos 8¢ peupéels xara 70 mAADos 75 Ewvrod orpdrevpa (...), TodTo pep dbeis .. . (participle picked up by participle: cf. iv 145. 2 eeAacBévres bud [lehacyav +++, bd rovre eFedacbevres .. .): Vi 76. 1 émetre 8... dvixero émt motapov *Epacivov, ds héyeran ... (. . .), dmuxdpevos bv 6 KAcopevns ént rév rorapsv robrov . . . (finite clause picked up by participle ; several words repeated) : vii 43. 1 dmixopévou 8 roo orparod él tov Zkdpav8pov, ds . . ., emt Tobrov 3) Tov moTapov ws dmixeto Sépfns . . . (participle picked up by finite clause): D. xviii 261 éredy 8° cis rods Snudras eveypddns dnwadimore (€& yap robrd ye), ened) y’ eveypddns .... Resumption of relative protasis. Hdt. ii 26. 2 ef 82... ., ef Tatra obrws elye . . . (the resumed clause briefly sums up what precedes: cf. D. iv 50 GAY’ av ddevres tabr’ exeiv’ ciddpev, dru... av rabr’ eiSGpev .. .): Lys. xii 47 Katrou ef éowppdvoww Kat- €papripovy ay abrav, kal rods SidacKdAous ... afd8p’ dv exddraLov, kai rods Spxous, ei Cowdpdvovr, otk dv .. . evdurtov (but here the repetition is for emphasis rather than for clearness) : D. xliii 17 av yap émBeitw ..., tar’ dav emdeitw, Sdopar Spdv .. .. Resumption of postpositive conditional protasis. Lys. iii 38 5378 H98 REPETITION al dv more Exabov, ef rdvavria t&v viv yeyernpevuw Fv, ef toMods éxwv . . .; (restatement in particular terms) : iii 43 kal ydp Sewov Gv etn, ei boar . . . EAxos EAcBov, ef Urép rovTw.. . . obTws tyeis peyddas ... . Tas Tyswplas roujcedbe, Main clauses (3) Resumption of main clause. Pl. Grg. 456D Kai yap 77 GAn dywrig ob rovrou évera. Sei mpos aravras xphaba: dvOpaous, Sr... od rovrou évexa ods didous Sei rUrrev . . . (restatement in more particular terms: made easier by the intervening dr: clause): Thg. 128A eis ras mddets idvres TeiBovar t&v véwy TOds . . ., ToUTOUS melBover . . .: X, Cyr, U1. iii 26 of pev ofv Acodpior . . . rddpov mrepteBdAovro, Sep Kal viv ér. movotaw of BdpBapor Bacwrets, dou av orparomedevuvrar, rddpov trepiBdMovras evrreras Sia THv TrOAU- xetplav: D. xliii 79 & rovrw rH prjpare of pev EMor anavres of did 700 Bovoéddov Keivrat Kai 6... Kat of ddNou dravres Tocobrot Ovres ovyyeveis, of dard 700 Bovoédou, dzavres obrot Kowwvotow Tob Pvijparos Tovrov (a welter of repetitions): xviii 221 ézemefopnv 3 dnp epavrod, ruxsv pév dvaicOyrov, Spws 8° énenelopny (cf. Hdt. iii 80. 1 Kat eA€yOnoav Adyou dmoror pev eviorar “EAjvww, €dA€xOnoav 8° dv).t For resumptive repetition with Snep lov, see E. des Places, Une formule platonicienne de recurrence (Paris, Les Belles-Lettres, 1929).VI ASYNDETON’ General use of asyndeton. Relative frequency GREEK poets and prose-writers, from the earliest times to the latest, normally linked both sentences and clauses with con- necting particles. Modern English prose, in dispensing for the most part with connexion, has not only lost something in clear- ness, but has sacrificed a valuable reserve means of emotional expression. From the very outset the Greeks were aware of the striking effects which can be obtained by asyndeton. ‘Longinus’ (xix) quotes from Homer (Od. x 251-2) WABoper, cis éxédeves, dvd Spupd, paid.’ *OSvoced" elSouev ev Pihoonar rervypéva Scipara Kadd. In prose, Gorgias employs asyndeton freely in the Defence of Palamedes: so does Antiphon the Sophist in Fr. 49 Diels (131 Blass, 17 Gernet). For some time, however, the possibilities of the device remained unexploited. Thucydides affords hardly a single instance: the earlier orators, Antiphon, Lysias, Iso- crates, Isaeus, not very many. Plato has rather more, even proportionally, but still comparatively few. (The practice of Andocides and Xenophon in this respect is somewhat peculiar, and I reserve it for subsequent discussion.) The great master of asyndeton is Demosthenes, who derives more of his character- istic force and intensity from this device than from any other. Aeschines is an easy, though a bad, second to Demosthenes. The three last-named writers between them illustrate the use and abuse of asyndeton in Greek with a fullness that needs no supplementing. At the outset, we must draw a sharp distinction between asyndeton at the comma, between words and clauses, and the much rarer asyndeton at the colon or full stop, between sentences. For the sake of brevity, I will style the former ‘half asyndeton’, the latter ‘full asyndeton’. [See also Greek Particles, pp. xliii ££]roo ASYNDETON I, HALF ASYNDETON Asyndeton at the comma: strings of nouns and adjectives In a long string of co-ordinated words (the longest are usually strings of nouns or adjectives), copulatives are more, frequently omitted than inserted. E.g. Th. ii 9. 2 Meyapfjs, Bowwroi, Aoxpoi, Duis, Apmpaxcdra, Aevnddior, Avaxrdpior: Pl. Phdr. 253E oxodtds, odds, eixef ovpmepopnpevos, kparepadxnv, Bpaxutpaxndos, oipompdowmos, peAdyxpws, yAaveduparos, dpaos, tBpews Kal dAaloveias ératpos, mepi dra Adows, kupéds, pdoryt era Kévrpwv poyts treixwv. Such strings of adjectives are to be found, owing to the nature of the subject, in particular profusion in the Cynegeticus (ii 5, vi 15, x 1). (Contrast Th. iii 101.,2 "Imvéas cai Mecoamious wai Tpiradas nai Xadaiovs nal Todoguviovs Kat ‘Hosious xat OiavOéas.) Asyndeton in such cases is purely formal : it has no stylistic importance. The same may sometimes be said of a shorter series: e.g. X. Oec. 9. 9 doos T&v oKevdy Kal” pepav xpOvrat of oixérar, olov ovromouxois, dypomouKois, taAaci- ovpytxois, kal ef 7e dAdo rodrov: An, U1. iv 28 of BdpBapor Sufyov ent oxeSiars Sipbepivars dprous, rupovs, ofvov. Democr. Fr. 11 kal oxorins pev (yvipys) td8e otpravra, dius, dion, du, yedots, padots: Pl. R. 490C pépvnoar ydp ov Sr ovveBy mpoojkov rovros dvdpeia, peyadompérea, edpdbea, prijyn (contrast 494B dpordynrar yap 8) piv edydBea Kai prijpn Kal dvdpela Kal peyadonpémea tadrns elvar rijs dicews): Arist. Pol. 1262530 ofov aixtas Epwras pdvous: 126738 rpla tair’ elvar tov dpiOpdy, SBpw BAdBnv Oavarov. With stylistic effect But in the great majority of cases, the stylistic significance of asyndeton is unmistakable. E.g.: (1) Substantives (or phrases). Gorgias Fr. 11°3 és ye odter narpida, toxéas, Thy néoav ‘EAAdSa : 13 ofs dadpxe. dmavra péyora, mpoydvu dperat, xpnudraw miOos, dpioretar, ddwi) fpovnudrar, Baorreia wédewy: 17 7H vduep, TH Sicy, Tois Oeots, TH wAYOE rav dvOpdirwv: 19 mpovdiSovv euavrdv, todas, Gidous, dgiwpa mpo- yovu, tepa rarp@a, tadous, Tarpida Tiy peyiarny Tijs ‘EAAdSos. Ant. vi 4 Wy elpyecbar mércws iepOv dydvu Ovordv.ASYNDETON ror Pl. Leg. 649D Oupds, Epws, OBpis, duabla, pudonépdera, SeiAla, kal ér. TouddSe, mAosros, KdAdos, iaxds. X. Occ. 8. 6 dmdiras, imméas, meAraords, tofdras, ofevSovjras: Ap. 25 iepooviig, torxwpuxig, dvBpamodice, méAews mpoSocig: An, IV. iv 9 lepeia, otrov, oivous madraiods eddddeis, dorapidas, Sompia mavrodamd. D. xviii 159 t&v pera tadr’ dmokwddrwv drdvrww eimety avOpuas- Tav, Tommy, moAEwY. Tsoc. 8. 96 ddixias, pabvpias, dvopias pidapyuplas. Lycurg. 142 lepdv, Ovovdv, dyopas, véuwv, modureias. With repeated article. Pl. Grg. 503 «i BovAe iSeiv rods Lwypddous, rods oixoSdpous, Tods vavmnyods, Tods dAAous mdvras Snproupyods: And. i 131 és dvarérpopev éxeivou Tov mAobrov, THY awdpootvny, Tév Mov Biov dravra: Pl. Smp. 2078 of rpémo., 7a On, Sdéat, emOvpiar, ASovai, Aina, PdBot, ToUrwy Exaora .. . (article at first repeated, then dropped). Adjectives with re- peated article: Pl. Smp. 187D kai obrds éorw 6 Kadds, 6 odpdvos, 6 ris Ovpavias povons “Epws. Repeated article with participles : X. HG vi. v 12. (2) Adjectives. Gorg. Fr. 11°25 épyois éemyepety ddvuvdros, doupddpos, aicxpois: 36 Sewdv dBeov dSixov dvopov épyov: Pl. Phdr. 240A dyapov, dmasa, dowov: 241C dmiotw, SuvoKddy, POovep@, dndet: Smp. 211E abré 76 KaAdv iSeiv ciducpwes, kabapdv, dyerov: Hdt. i 32. 6 danpos 8€ éort, dvovoos, drabjs xaxdv, eras, evedjs: X. An. IV. v 31 Kpéa dpvewa, epipera, xolpea, péboxea, dpvidera. Substantives with adjectives. X. Cyr. vii. i 2 xer@ou dourxois, Odpati xaAxois, kpdveor xaAKois, Addous AevKois, paxaipais, TAATH xpavelvw: cf. Ages. ii 14 (substantives and participles). Substantives with dependent conditional clauses. D. ix 39 taGra 8 dori ri; idos, ef Tis eiAndé Tu yédws, dv dpodroyf: ovy- yrepn tals édeyxopevois: puioos, av tovros tis emTyg> TAG mdv0" do” éx Tod Swpodoxeiv 7pryrat. (3) Verbs. Gorg. Fr. 11°11 ovyAboper, eiropev, jxodoaper, xpiipara nap’ airy eafoy, 2abov Aafsy, Expupa: Fr, 11*22 adrds eAberw, pavijtw, paprupynodrw: Pl. Phdr. 2558 dpav, dnrecOas, ptreiv, ovyxataxeiobat: X. HG i. iv 33 jxdvrilov, €Baddrov, éerdfevov,102 ASYNDETON éopevddvew (cf. An. 1. iv 26): IV. iii 19: Cyr. vit. i 13 Sudxew, natew, karaxalvew, dyabd exew, Kadd dxodew, eAevOdpois elvar, dpxew: Pl. R. 575B Ola kdémrovor, torxwpuxodat, Baddavrio- topotet, AwmoSuroiaw, lepoovrodow, dvBpanodilovrar: D. ix 73 ovykareiv, ovvdyew, SiSdoxev, vovBeretv: xviii 195 orfvat, cvved- Geiv, dvanveicar: xix 103 dpds é€ymdryxer, ddofe?, dixatws da- dhwdev, Kpiverat: 109 éniotevo’, eEqrarHiOnv, jpaprov: 118: ii 30: Isoc. Panath. 264 émyvouv, éLidovv, euaxdpilov. (4) Participles. Present participles, expressing simultaneous actions: Pl. Phdr. 240D dp&vri, dxovovri, dmropévp: 254D dva- puprjoxwy, Praldpevos, xpewerilov: D. viii 76 rods d:dd£ovras, vouleryoovras, mpdovras: xix 138 A€yovras, edSqxiodvras év dpiv, érépous xpivovras: Isoc, xv 147, 321: xvi 41: D. ii 13, 25: Aeschin. iii 94 dpdvrwv dgpovodvray Brendvrwy edadov speiv dpeAdpevor: X. HG iv. iv 12: An, ml. i 129: Cyn. vi 16. Successive details of a description with no emotional force: Pl. R. 616D-. Aorist participles, expressing successive actions: Pl. Crito 51¢ yernoarres, exOpépavtes, maSevoavres, peraddvres: Grg. 471B xarapeOdoas . . ., éyBaddy eis duatav, wixrup eayaydv: Smp. 181D: Prt, 320A dedubs epi adrod p11) StapPapy 1) bd AAKiPiddouv, dnoondcas dnd tovrov, katabénevos ev Apidpovos émaideve: Isoc. Xviii 29. (5) Clauses. Gorg. Fr. 11°20 mapapedjoavra mavrwv Trav peyi- orwr, eorepnpevov Tis KadAorns tysfs, ev aicxlorn SuoKdclg Sidyorra, tods év 7H Tapotxoper Bip advous én’ dperij meTovn- pévous drroppipavra: Hdt. iv 71. 2 tod ards drordpvovrat, tpixas mepixeipovrat, Bpaxiovas mepirdpvovrat ..., karapvacovrat. . ., Sia- Buvéovrat (details of a process, with no emotional effect) : D. xviii 67 tév dpOadpov éxkexoppévoy, Tiy KAciy Kareayora., THY XEipa, TO oxédos memmpwpévor, may & 7 BovdnBetn épos 4 TIXN TOG odparos mapedéabat, tobro mpoteuevov: 139 ered) favepds 7j8q Ta mol” éceatdnro, Xeppdvqoos émopbeir’, ext riv Arriciy émopedtero dvOpwros : xix 76 mévre yap yeydvaow myuepar povat, év als odros dmpyyeidre 72. pevd9, sues émaredoare, of Duxeis éniOovro, évédw- kav éavrods, dmebdovro: Aeschin. iii 8 Avere . . ., BeBaobre . . ., koddlere . . .: Lycurg. 33 dadodv 76 Sikatov, pddiov 7d ddnfes, Bpaxds 6 éAeyxos.ASYNDETON 103 (6) Verbs and clauses. Pl. R. 361E 6 Sixatos paorrycdicerat, orpePrdoerar, SeBijoerat, exxavOjcerar rH POaAD, TeACUTaY Tava xaxd mabdw dvacxywovrevbijcerar Kal ydcerat . . .: X. Cyr, Vint. ii 6. (7) Mixed substantives and participles, Aeschin. iii 157 voyicaé” Opav ddcKxopéryy riv mod, Texav Karackagds, eumpycets oixdv, dyopévas yuvatxas Kal maidas cis SovAciav, mpeaBtras dvOpdmovs, mpeofuridas yuvaikas, oysé perapavOdvovras TH édevbepiav, kdatov- as, ixerevovras dpas, dpyilopévous od tots Tyuwpovpevors dAAd Tots rovrwy airlots, émoxirrovras ...: Hyp. vi 27. Pairs Certain peculiarities in the use of half asyndeton call for special remark, (x) There is sometimes an antithetical grouping of units within the series. E.g. Th. vii 71. 4 qv . . . mdvra épod dxodca, ddopuppss Bo}, vixdvres xparovpevor, da doa .. .: Heraclit. Fr. 10 ovvdies dda Kal ody Sra, cvphepdpevov Siadepdpevor, ovrgdov, SiGSov, cal... .: Fr. 67 6 beds hyepn eddpdvy, xeyrdrv O€pos, mddepos eiptvy, Képos Aysds: Arist. Metaph. 98633 Aevndv pédav, yAved mruxpdv, dyabov Kaxdv, péya puxpdv: Pl. Prot. 319D xaAneds oxvrordpos, €umopos vatkAnpos, tAovatos mévns: R. 399C tavras 880 dppovias, Biavov éxodarov, Svatvyovrwy ebruxoivrwy, awdpd- vow dvSpeiwv : Leg. 8974 xaipoveay uTovpévyy, Bappotoay Pofov- pevav, prcodcay atépyovoav . . . Tovros Eémopévas Bepyornras pies, Baptrntas Kouddrntas, oxAnpdv Kal padaxdv, AevKdv Kal pédav, adornpdr Kal ydukd, kal mdow ...: X. Cyr, vit. i 4o xareide peotov 70 rediov Emmwy dvOpdmuy dppdrur, pevydvrewv Sunkdvrwv, kparovvtaw kparovpevwv: D. xviii 246 Bpaduriras sxvous, dyvolas grovixias. We have the same idiom in English: ‘for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health’. With subordination: Pl. Smp. 186p gon 8¢ exftora ra evavruditara, yuxpdr Beppe, muxpdv yavkel, Enpdv sypG, mdvra 74. Tovabra : Phdr. 239A Frrev S€ duals copod, SetAds dvBpelov, ddvvatos eimeiv pytopixod, Bpadvs dyxivov: Gorg. Fr. 11°32 rois edruyodow od POovepds, THv SvaTvxovvrww olxripywy, differs from the above instances in being strongly antithetical, the particles omitted104 ASYNDETON being pev—dé, not te—xal. Such an asyndeton is hard to parallel. Plato indeed, in Smp. 197p, puts into Agathon’s mouth gAdSwpos edpeveias, ESwpos Svopeveias . . . ndwrds dpotpos, krntos edpolpos . . . émpedis dyabdv, duedjs kaxdv. But he would hardly have written so if he had not been consciously parodying Gorgias’ style (vide 198c). A somewhat similar device is employed in Isoc. Evag. 44-46, where we have a long series of clauses in pairs, with asyndeton between the pairs, but con- nexion (ev .. . 5€ or odk . . . dAAd) within each pair. The germ of this method is to be found in Gorg. Fr. 6 ceuvot pev mpds rods Geovs TH Suxaip, Savor S¢ mpds Tos toKeas TH Oepameig, Sixacor pev mpds tods dorods TH tow, edoeBets 5¢ mpds Tods pirovs hi mloret. CE. Arist. Metaph. 986°23-26 mépas Kal dmeipov, mepirroy kat dpriov . . .. (2) Asyndeton is sometimes varied by linking the last two units of the series. In some of these cases the last unit stands on a different footing from the rest, either as being an ‘et cetera’ (Pl. Phdr. 2468 xaddv, cogdv, dyabdv, kal my 6 7 rowoGrov: 240D épavr., dxovovrt, dmropévy, Kal acav aloPnow aicBavopevp Tod épwpévov: Isae. xi 41 t&v éavrod eSwrev dypdv *Edevoin Svoiv raAddvrow, mpéBara éfjkovra, atyas éxardv, émumda., tmov Aapmpov 颒 of efurdpynce, kal Thy GAnv KatacKeviy dracay) or for some other reason (X. Lac. Pol. 13. 4 mdpewor 8& epi tiv Ovotav mrodepapxor, Aoxayol, mevrnxovrijpes, E€vwv otparlapxot, otpatod oxevogoptxod apyovres, kat t&v dad trav médewv 5é otparnydv 6 Bovadpevos). In An. V. iv 22 dpBious . . . rafdpevor is really a single clause co-ordinated with @voavres and dpuorjcavres: at ibid. vi. vi 1, where the first units alone are coupled, aupots kai xpiOds is a single phrase. In other cases these reasons for the irregularity are absent: X. HG vu. ii 2 foav 8 obra Kopivéror, "Emdatpror, Tportjvior, “Epproveis, ‘Aduets, Zixvedveor kal ITeMnvets (Ages. ii 6 is similar): Cyn. iv 4 dad Tod Oupod, dnd ris Kehadis, dd trav dpydruv, dnd ris petadddgews tov oxnpdrwv Kal dad tév dvoPreupdtwy Kal epPreypdrwv: Lycurg. 150 ixerevew dpdv riv xdpav Kal ra Sév8pa, Selabar rods Apévas 74, vedi, kal 7a telyn THs TéAews, Avodv 8 Kal Tods veds Kal 7a lepa. Bonfeiv adrois: Pl. Smp. 203D is singular in that the linkASYNDETON 105 is inserted in the middle of the series, asyndeton being resumed. after it: .. . irns kai ovvrovos, Onpevris Sess, det twas wA€dKwy Bnxavds, Kal ppovijcews éembupnris kat mépipos, prdocopdv dud, mavrés Tod Blov, Sewss ydns Kal dappaxeds Kal cogroris. There are serious grounds for questioning xat before ¢povjcews. In X. An. vil. iii 48 asyndeton occurs between the second and third units only, the first and second being linked: av8pdzo8a per ds xQua, Bbes 82 Sioxidvor, mpéBara dda papa: in Cyr. VIII. ii 6 the asyndeton lapses in the middle: évi epew xpéa, Aw dnrav, dw Se ixOdv Spev, Dy drav, dw dprovs woreiv. In these last two passages, however, the text is uncertain. (3) The number of co-ordinated words or clauses is seldom less than three. Asyndeton gives pace to a sentence, and if it is over too quickly the result is mere jerkiness. Demosthenes perhaps affords three examples of two-limbed asyndeton: iii 31 reptnpy- pevor xpipara, ovppdxous: xviii 94 e& Sv Sdéfav, edvoay mapa mdvrev éxréabe : xxi 81 77 Sin, Tots vdpois: but only in the last is the text above suspicion. Isaeus has one (vii 41) éorpdrevpar ras otpareias Ti mode, Ta mpootarrépeva mod: Aeschines far more: iii 174 Sevds Adyew, Kaxds Pidvar: 237 dpa trav épywr, énBeov jpiv 6 ti A€yets: 23 (between sentences) gacov dydic- Byrfjoat co . . .. py dpmate rhv pitoripiav . . .: 48 dro- Séeucrai aor rémos, Smov Set robr0 yevéoOa, dmeipnrai co ew rijs exxAnatas pr} enpdrrecbar: 112 dxovaare ris pas, dvaprijabnre té&v Spxwv: Xenophon offers a few instances: HG 1. iii 13 Apyefou Kyedorparos, ITuppddoxos : Smp. viii 40 edrarpi&ns ef, icpeds Oedv t&v dn’ "Epex8éws : the author of the Cynegeticus has relatively many more: ii 3 76 5 efSos eAadpdv, icxupdv: iv 8 tpixas dp8ds, Bobeias: vi 1 7d pev Sépaa padand, wAaréa: vi 8 orouxilerw Sé paxpd, t{mAd. Another instance occurs in a sixth-century in- scription Aioxins, Xaplas dvéOnxav rd0nvaig dapyjv (Kiihner- Gerth, ii 341, n. 1). Further instances of two-limbed asyndeton: Adjectives. Hdt. vii 69. 1 réga 8¢ madivrova elyov mpds Sefid, paxpd: Pl. Leg. 873C pire mepuvddvw advxrew npooresovan THxn dvayxaobeis (but here the units are not eiusdem generis: ‘a pain- ful fate which cannot be avoided’).106 ASYNDETON Participial clauses. Pl. R. 567E (0edjoeey dv) tods Sovdous ddeAduevos rods ToAiras, eAevBepdoas, T&v epi éavrdv Sopupdpwv moujoacbat: 619C elvar 8¢ adrov tiv ex Tod odpavod ixdvrwy, ev teraypévy Todrelg ev TH mporépy Bi PeBiwxdra, eer dvev giro- aodias dperijs wetetAnddra: 620A (ovx eéAovaay gives the cause of afpovpevay) : [Lys.] vi 32 odkouv xpi) . . . obre mpeoBtrepov dvra obre vewrepov, dpdvras AvB8oxiSqv ex trav Kwddvwv aplopevov, ouvedéras abt epya dvdata cipyaopevyp, dewrdpous yiyveobar. At Pl. R. 3628 is a two-limbed asyndeton of verbs in one limb of an asyndeton of clauses: pérov pev dpyew ev TH TAe .. ., Ereera yapety dndBev dv Potdyyras, &BiSévai- els obs dv Botdqras, cuppddMrey, kowwwreiv ols dv Cédy, kai napa rabra mdvra .. (4) Asyndeton is very commonly combined with repetition. The device occurs very early in the history of Greek prose :' Democr. Fr, 125 vouw xpory, vopw yAund, vduep mpov: Ant. Soph. Fr. 49 Diels (131 Blass, 17 Gernet) adry % iyucpa, adrn %) vot Kawod Saipovos dpyet, Katvod nétpov .. . toa povobvras, ica mvéovras: Ant. vi 39 ouvijady por Kal SeAdyovro ev tots lepois, ev TH dyopG, ev wi ep oikia, év ri oderépg adbra&v xai érépwh mavraxod: Lys. iii 46 oSroi eiow of Big cis Tiv jperépav oikiay eioidvres, ofrot of Sicdkovres, obror of Big ek ris Sod ovvapmdlovres ads: Xxxii 16 éxBdMew todrovs 7jiwcas Ovyatpidods Svras ek rijs olkias THs adt&v ev tpiBwrios, avuTodiprous, ob peta dxodovov, od pera orpwpydrwv, od peta ipariwv, ob pera t&v énimlwy & 6 marhp avrois katédimev, od8é pera THY TapakaTabynKay ds éxelvos mapa. got Karébero: Pl. Leg. 797D 70Ad afadepdsrarov edprjcoper év pais mdoaus, év mvetpacv, ev Sialras cwpydrev, ev tpdmots yuxdv, ev ds Eos eimeiv od trois per, tots 8 ob: X. HG vil. i 25 Grou Sé Bovdrnbeiev e&eAOeiv, od wE, od xepedv, od piiKos 6500, odk Spy SvoRata arexwAver abrous (cf. Hdt. viii 98. 1, quoted in the note): An. II. ii 4 Kal ént rovrots adrés dudaas jyutv, abros Sefids 80ds, adrés ebazarjcas cuvédaBe ods orparnyovs (Xenophon may have had in his mind the magnificent lines of Aeschylus quoted by Plato in R. 3838): 11. iv 46 dvdpes, viv emi ry ‘EXdda ¥ It is, however, very rare in Herodotus: v 1. 3 viv av ety b xpnopss emrede- Spevos ayiv, viv syerepov 76 Epyor: Vili 98, 1 ob Sufpos, ob xadya, ob WE: i 71. 3 (08): 132. 1 (02).ASYNDETON 107 vopitere dusMdabat, viv mpos tos mai8as Kal ras yuvaixas, viv ddtyov movjcavres dpayet riyv Nowriy tropevodpeba.:* vi. i 21 (Exes four times) : Cyr. vil. v 52 (dui three times): Ages. vii 1 émov Gero riv matpida tt dpedjoew, od mévuv ddiero, od KwStvov adiorato, ob ypnpdrwy efeiSero, od adpa, od yijpas mpoupacitero (where the quickening of the tempo at the end is admirably effective) : [Lys.] vi 53 tofov didov, roiov ovyyeri, rofov Snudrny . . .3; Aeschin. iii rar: D. xxi 35, 61: vi 24 ravrnv duddrrere, taurns dvréyecbe: dv radrny atte, oSev pH Sewvdv mdByre: Aeschin. i 105 (od six times): i 191 (raéra four times, a fine passage) : iii 137 08 8a rév Karpov, od Sid tov PdBov Tov mepiordvra. atrovs, ob Sid Thy Sperdpav Sdtav: 244 Sri Swpoddxos, Sri Setdds, Sr ri rdfw eure: Lycurg. 79 6 dpxwy, 6 Sixacris, 6 idrys: D. ix 65 Kady ye... Kady ye... KaADS .. .. Two-limbed asyndeton with repetition Two-limbed asyndeton with repetition occurs at Ant. Soph. Fr. 49 (quoted above): Hdt. v 1. 3 viv dv ety 6 xpnopds émrede- dpevos *ypiv, viv ierepov 76 epyov: Ant. iv B 9 ravr’ ody , tov rémov, dre, 700, Tas eldes: X. Cyr. I. iii 4 dvaxadobvres Tév ebepyérny, Tov dvdpa rév dyabdv: IV. vi 5 €Baxba THAuodros dy dpt yevedoxovra tov dpiotov maida rév dyamyrdy: And. i 95 *Emxdpys 8 obros, 6 mdvrwy movnpératos Kai BovAdpevos eivar towbros, 6 pvnoKaxdy abrés atr@: Pl. Ap. 344 mdvras pol Bonfeiv éroipous 7H SiapGeiporrt, 7H Kaxa epyalopév: Aeschin. ii 157 6 Tis peylorns méAews atpBovdros, 5 Tods puplovs Apxddwy voverdv. : Other examples: Pl. R. 6178 Zepiva . . . pwviy play leicay, &va révov: X. An. 1. viii 9 dAAor 8 brmets, dAdo rokdrar (instead of dAor pév.. ., Mor Se...) : IL. iv 35 edv ré tus OSpuBos yéyvynras, Set émadfa tov amov . . ., Sef kal Owpaxiabévra dvaPiva él tov trmov: Pl. Grg. 510C odros . . . robrov: Epin. 992A (odros) : Epist. 347¢ (raGra): X. Vect. v 3 ody of moddarrot, ody of woAvouvor ; D. xix 235 Adywy cis ‘ adbrés emijvecer tjpds, adtds eforia rods mpéaBes’: 300 7... cbvetaBar, 7G .. . BiafGeipew Kat enaiperv, rovrois: liv 28 avixa .. ., Tdr’ dv bOdws Fev .. ., rd7” dv Tods olxéras napeS@Bov ; Iviii 22 mdvra Adyov paddov epety . . . bs Kara~ oracidlerat...cis...: Arist. Pol. 1331%4 eis iepeis, ets dpyovras : X. Cyn. v 20 mapa. 74. abd, 5d. réiv abrav. Three-limbed asyndeton with repetition PL. R. 5678 d&ws dpa Sef dpav abrov tis avBpetos, tis peyadAddpwr, ris ppdvypos, ris movo.os: Phd. 78 aird 73 tov, atré 73 xaddv, atr3 éxaorov 6 gore: Plt, 2684 dAX’ airés ris dyéys rpodés 6 BovdopBés, abrds iarpés, adrds ofov vuppevris kal... X. Mem. 1, i 16 cxomay ri edocBés, ri daeBes, Ti xaddv: Cyn. 5. 8 én’ atrav, év abrois, map’ adrd: [Lys.] vi 30 xal rév dvBpa od Siiyos, otkASYNDETON 109 ddtyapxia, od Téparvos, ob més ebére SeEacba Sd rédovs: D. XViii 98 radz’ emoiouy of Spérepor mpdyovot, Tai8” Speis of mpeofv- TEpoL. In D. xviii 322 there are three limbs, but there is repetition in the last two only: 7ds 7uuds, .. ., Ocparedew, ravras avgew, pera ToUrw elvar, In Pl. Mx, 247E the last of the three limbs is joined by xai: érw yap .. ., Tovrw dpiora tapecxedacrar Liv, obrds dori 5 oddpwv kai o8tos & dv8peios Kal dpdvipyos: ofros . . .. Successive two-limbed asyndeta. X. Oec. 9. 6 orpdpara ev yowaxevirds, orpdpara ev dv8pwvtriS:, sroSipara yuvaxeta, trodijpara dvBpeia. Repeated word at end of clause In all the instances given so far the repeated word comes at the beginning of the clause. Very occasionally it comes at the end. Aesch. iii 198 dors 8 ev 7G apeirw Adyep rH Piidov aire’, Spxov aire?, vdyov aire?, Syuwoxpariay alret: 202 ent cavrdv Kadeis, énl rods vdpous kaAeis, ent riv Syoxpatiay cadets. In the following passage the position of the repeated word is varied: X. Occ. 6. 13 Tobs pev yap dyabods téxrovas, xarkéas dyabous. Il. FULL ASYNDETON Full asyndeton This type of asyndeton is, as I have observed, considerably rarer than half asyndeton. We must first consider the cases where some kind of link is supplied by the content of the sentence preceding, or the sen- tence succeeding, the asyndeton. Connexion supplied by pronouns (1) Very frequently, where (a) the earlier sentence contains a pronoun looking forward, or (b) the later sentence contains a pronoun looking back, the writer dispenses with a connecting particle. E.g.: (a) Hdt. i 38. 1 dyetBero Kpotoos rowoiSe: Th. ili 20. 3... . tpdmp Toupde, KAiwaxas émoujoavro: iv 80. 3... 7d8e €npakav . . .. mpoeitov .. .: Pl. Leg. 733A xpi) . . . Bde axoneiv.10 ASYNDETON 7Soviy Bovrducba . . .: 875D tabra 8) tHvde elvera efpytac- viv tpets tdfopev . . .: Ti. 60B (roi@Se): Leg. 670A radra pe exer tatrn Adyov (summing up: cf. Prt. 318A tocoGros 6 ye tyérepos Adyos) : (b) Hdt. i 32. 2 és yap éBSoprjxovra érea odpov ris tons avOpdme mportPnu. odror edvres enavtot éBSoyrfuovra . . .: Pl. Thg. 130A roGré mote érabev Apworeidys (introducing instance) : Hat. i 50. 3, 53. 3, 59. 3: X. A. 1. ii where fifteen sentences begin with evraia, evreiber, tavrny, etc., without any con- necting particle. In this latter case the pronoun is normally placed first in the sentence, so that connexion of thought may be established without delay: occasionally, however, it comes later: Hdt. i 30. 3 6 wév . . . radra emerpéira: Th. iii 28. 2 7 wer fbuPacis adrn eyévero: X. An. 1. iii 20 Boke radra! viii g Teooa- dépvns éd€yero rovrwy dpxew: IN. iii 3 BovAevopevois Tois oTparn- yots eSofev dmoxpivacbar rdde: Ant. vi 14 KabetorjKe pev 7} xopyyla otrw: D. xviii 235 7a pev rijs méAews ovtws tafjpyy éxovra: XX 55 & pev eympioacbe . . . raér’ eoriv: Andoc. i 13! mp&ros wev odtos rabra eurvuce. Nature of statement forecast by rexpjprov 8é, etc. (ii) In general, when a writer forecasts the nature of a statement which he is about to make, the statement often opens with asyndeton (though ydp may be used as a connective). Th. ii 50. 2 texpaprov Sé+ rv pev ...: Vigo. 2... pdbere 78: rAedoaper ...: Pl. Leg. 700A metp& onujvar.. .. “Eora: tadra: obk Fv . . .: 7028 *Eyd twa (Cdeyxov) . . . wot Sox xatavoeiv. gouev .. .: Ant. i 13 mreipdoopat Suiv Sinyjoacbar . . .. dmep@dv 7 Fv... V 49 6 pev yap Soidos Sto Adyw Edeye: té7€ wev Efy . . .: 79 TOG 8 earl 7a oupBodrpeva .. .. yépwv yey éxetvos . . .: D. vi 17: ix 3. 56: XV 9, 11: xviii 150, 178: xix 294. In such cases asyndeton has no stylistic effect. Most of the asyndeta in the comparatively unemotional speeches of Demosthenes, the Symmories, Rho- dians, and Megalopolitans, are of this kind. Pl. Leg. 635D tadrov meloovrar toils Arrwpevars tev pdBwv- Sovdedcover tpdrov Erepov ++ +1 -762D Kal melon rév véwy Enpsovobw: mepi tas rv véwy dpxds Fripdobw mdoas : Grg. 5198 oxerhaldrrww dis Seurd wdoxovat* 1 There are many instances in Andocides,ASYNDETON rIr TOG Kal dyaba Thy wédw memonKdres dpa ddixws dn’ adriis daéMovvrat. In Hdt. ii 7 the second sentence restates the content of the first : dors 5¢ 686s . . . napamAnoin 76 piikos rH e& APyvéwy OS® . . .. opixpdv Tt 76 Stagopov ebpor tis dv Aoyilopevos Tay ddav Touréwy. Midway between such asyndeton and the stylistic asyndeton of passionate utterance is the asyndeton softened by certain particles which, though not strictly connective, seem to have been regarded by the Greeks as to some extent mitigating the lack of connexion. Quasi-asyndeton: ye, pév, nev ye, Tor ye. In Th. iii 63. 2 ixav} ye Fv qpas .. . dwotpémew, Fox is per- haps right, as against Steup, in holding that the asyndeton here is softened by ye. The passage is, however, exceptional. Quite different is the common use of the indignant exclamatory ye: Spordr ye, od ydp. phév X. An. vil. vi 32 ‘you have won great glory in your campaign. ey@ pév spas dy Sixaiws dv. . .: rots Oeots xdpw idévar’ : Cyr. 11. ii 10 ‘ what friends we have!’: éye pév ode ofSa moious Twas xpi) wGMov ed€acHa: Andoc. i 127 dvretwe pev Kons: Aeschin. iii 120. . . daép Spav adrdv 75 Bovdeveobe. évijpxrat pév 7a kava, ‘and you must consider what sort of prayer you can make, if you have not first punished the guilty . . .’: Lycurg. 34 . . . Bpaxds & eAeyyos. ef ev dpodroye? . . .. (See also last four examples under (i) above.) pév ye. This combination of particles often appears to be in- vested with a quasi-connective force, resembling that of ydp or yoov. Th. vi 86. 3 ‘do not distrust us rather than the Syracusans. apets pév ye are less to be feared than they’: Pl. Smp. 180D més & 0d 8v0 7d Bed ; } pev ye wou mpecBurépa: X. Mem. 11. xiv 5: Smp. i 9 ‘all present were struck by Autolycus’ beauty’: of pév ye ouvmnpdrepor eyiyvovro: vi 7: Cyr. M1. ii 2: i 16: IV. iii 18: ‘if I learn to ride, everything will be in my power. mpovoeiv pev ye &w: v 29: Hiero 1.11: viii 9: D. xiv 29 déBos ode dAlyos yévorr’ dy éxeivw Sia Tovrwy. ofS per ye Siaxoolats Tpujpecw .. . tos mpoydvous adrob ytAias dmoAdcavras vais . . .. 6 ev ye112 ASYNDETON xpvolov, ds paow, dyer: XViii 93: 199 Sq. 0d8’ odtws dnooTaréoy TH more todTw Fv .. .. viv pev y’ droruxely Sone? Tav mpayparuy: Xxiii 110: 136: Isocr. iii 45 ey totvuv ev maar tofs Katpots darj- copa. Teipay THs euavTod Pucews Sedwxeds. evSens wev ye xpnudtrwv kararepbels otrw Sixatov euavrdv mapéoxov dare pndéva Avrijoat t&v modrav : cf. iv 126: viii 86: ix 49. rou. Pl. R. 499E .. . wo) mdvy otrw tav ToMdY KaTnydpe. éMoiav ror Sdkav ELovow, dy adrois . . . evdeucvin obs A€yers tos grrooddovs: X. Cyr. vit. vii 15 (bis): Mem. ur. xii 5: Ant. v 72, 94, 96: Aeschin. iii 130 ‘have not the gods warned us?’ obBelay Tou éyuwrye pGMov mdédy édpaxa tnd pev rdv Dedv cwlo- perm ...: Pl. Smp. 2188, 219A. There is, it is true, room for difference of opinion as to whether these various particles have any connective force. With regard to ye, Kiithner asserts that the particle never possesses such a force, though it sometimes appears to. It appeared so, I think, to the Greeks as well. I much doubt whether Thucy- dides in vi 86. 3, or Plato in Smp. 180p, would have indulged in an uncompromising asyndeton, without something to soften it. At Pl. Leg. 9518 er: takes the place of a connective. At Pl. Leg. 953D ev vov perhaps mitigates the asyndeton (cf. pv vor). Unmitigated asyndeton. In general We have now to consider passages in which asyndeton, undis- guised and unmitigated, produces its full stylistic effect. (1) General rhetorical use. In Demosthenes, particularly, fine examples are to be found in great profusion. There is only space to quote a few of the finest. iv 29 ‘the war will be in the main self-supporting.’ éyd cvpmddwy eBedovris mdaxetv Srioby Erouos, dv ph 7080" oBtws exp : XViii 298-300 . . . wdvd? dyidis Kal Sixalws memoXrevpar. Sud rar’ alia rysGobar, Tov S€ terxropdv Tobrov, év od pov diécupes, kal Thy ragpeiar dfia wev xdpitos Kal énaivou kpivw, TOs yap ob ; méppw pévror mov THv euauvT@ mevodrevpevwv Bear. od ABors erelxica Tiv TéAw Ob8E Trivbars ey, O88” ext rovros péytorov Trav épavrod dpovO- ddd’ édv rov eudv retxvopdv BovdAn Sixaiws oxomelv, edprjces S7Aa Kal wdAes Kal rémovs Kab Aévas Kai vais xal famous kal rods bnép rovTww dyvvopévous * TairaASYNDETON 113 mpovBardpuny ey mpd ris Arrucijs: xix 225 tore Sijou [TvBoxhéa tovrovi rov IIv008dépov. rovrep rdvu piravOpdrtrws exexphyny eyed, kal andes eyot Kal rodry yéyovev eis Thy hpépav radryv obdéy. obros éx- tpénetat pe viv dnavrav ...: Hyp. Fr. 118... doddunee 82 76 O€a- tpov, 76 BSeiov, 7a vecdpia, Tpitfpers errourjoaro, Aevas* rodrov % wéNs fuer Friuwoe: D. xviii 158 ph rolvuy Nyere ... ds Of vs raira nénovbev avOpcimov. ody’ bd’ évds, GAN’ bad TOMY: Vi T7: ix 73: Xviii 322: xix 103, 136, 299; XX 100; xxi 187: Lys, xxxii 11: Aeschin. i108: iii 83, 253. 23 édoov dudioPyrijca . . .. wi) dprate . . Further examples of isolated asyndeton. (i) In the orators. Lys. ix 2 (ody omitted): 13 (ody omitted, summing up: @ pev tpémp mapeddOnv Kat eLnpudOyv, émioracbe) : xxxi 34 [xavd por vouilw eipfofa (at end of speech): xxxii 11 ‘they came to me, and with tears besought me to help them.’ mod ay ein A€yew, Soov mévbos ev TH epi oixia Fv ev exe TH xpdvwp: D. xlv 85 pr) drrepiSnré we . . . tots euavrod SovAos . . émixaprov yevopevov. odpds dpiv marip xWias SwKev donidas: Aeschin. iii 82 6 5€ mapubsy dpyds abrois évedi8ov modduov Kai tapayijs. odds éorw, & dvdpes AOnvaior, 6 mparos eLeupd Lépprov teixos kat Adpuoxov Kal . . . xwpla, dv o88€ a dvdpara jSeyrev mpérepov (the accusing finger is dramatically pointed). With a rhetorical question. Isoc. xvii 23 dvotyew 7’ éxéAeve 76 ypap- pareiov évayriov papripwy. ri dv spiv ra mold réyoun, b dvBpes Sicacrai ; edpéOn yap .. .: cf. xviii 10 ri dy Spiv Kal’ Exacrov Sunyotpny ;: D. xix 112 6 8€ rods prev OnBalous . . ., rods 5é Dudas +. 7@s dv evayrudrepa mpdypal? éavrois rovrww yévorro ; (katrot omitted): 199 6 dxdBapros obros . . . epel . . «+ ef? ofs yoy drromiyopar, ob toacw ofro. . . 3 (ii) In non-oratorical authors. Hdt. iv 118. 2 ob« dv roujoere tabra (sc. help us) ; Hpets pev meldpevor 7 exdcipopev ry xedpyy i} pévorres Sporoyin xpnadpea (the omission of dv or dpa makes the threat strikingly abrupt and dramatic): 127. 2: v 92 9 5 obk dv ratocobe GAAd mepyocecbe mapa 7d Sixatov Kardyovres ‘Inniny ; tore tuiv Kopwious ye 03 ovvawéovras (ddAd omitted) : vii 10 « ‘think twice before you decide on the expedition.’ opas ra trepdxovra Léa cis kepavvol d Oeds ode €& pavrdlecbar .. .. obrw 5é Kai otpards moMéds tnd ddiyou Siapbelperar Kard Todvbe : 5378 I114 ASYNDETON viii 140 a 4: Th. iii 37. 2 0d cxomodvres Sr. rupawida exere Tiv dpyhy Kal mpds émPovdelovras atrods Kal dxovras dpxopevous: odk e€ dv dy xapilnobe . . . dxpodvra: judy (Steup defends the asyndeton here: but it is too abrupt for the context, and b’s od« is no doubt right) : vii 77. 1 Kal éx r@v mapdvrwy . . eArriBa. xpi) Exew (f8q TwWes Kal ex Sewordpwv 7} rodvde éacibyoav) pndé katopdudecbar . . . (in parenthesis: cf. Pl. Smp. 219F od udvov euod repifv, ddd Kal tév GMwv amdvrwyr—émdr’ dray- kaoGecipey . . . dovreiv, od8ev Foav of drow mpds 76 Kaprepetv—) : PI. R. 571¢ gray. . + ofa8” dre rdvra ev TG rowvrep ToAUG moveiy: Thg. 121C o8rw 8¢ éxet Zouxe Kai 76 rept r&v avOpebmww: dnd tTSv uavrod ey mpaypdrew rexpalpouar Kal és rdMa: Smp. 2134 . émt pyrois ciolw 7 yj; ovumiecbe 7 ob ; (asyndeton gives peremptoriness) : 216D evBobev 5¢ dvorxBels dans oleae yewer .. . awdpoatyns ; tore dre obre et Tis Kadds eore péAer adrg ovdev (ydp or yodv omitted): Leg. 896E play 7 mAelous ; mAclous: éyd brép agg dmoxptwvodpat: Grg. 487B . . . cot ef edvous. tin rexpnpio xp@pa ;: Prt, 325C otecBai ye xpi) (SiSdoxeca), & Ledxpares. &k raider opuxpay dpidpevor, pep. obrep av Laat, xat iSdoxouer Kal vouderotaw. ereidav OGrrov our] tis Ta Aeydpeva . . .. (iii) Accumulated asyndeta. Hat. iii 53. 3-4 & zal, BovAeat ryv re Tupawvi8a és dAdous receiv kai rév olxov Tod marpos Suapopybevra Mov 7 adrds aden dmeAOdw exew ; dribt és 74 olkia, madcat cewvrdr quay. 7) porysty erfya oxady: pw) TH Kak 76 Kaxcv 1B, woot rdv Sixatwy ra erreucé- orepa mporiBeiar. moMol 8 75n Ta wyTpdnva Silrjpevor ra raTpGia. dméBadov. rpawls xpfiua aparepdr, ToMol 82 adrijs epacral ctor, 6 8& yépwr re 78q Kal mapnBykds: pr Gs Ta cewvrod dyala dour (an accumulation of short exhortations and gnomes) : Pl. Grg. 520A 7i 8° dy rept éxeivew réyous . . 3 oter rt Siadepew tovrous éxelvww ; rabrév, B paxdpr’, early aoguorijs kal pijrwp .. «+ R. 617D-E Avdyens Ovyarpss xépns Aaxécews Adyos: WPuxal edijpepor, apy) GAdns trepiddou Ovytod yévous Oavarnddpov. odx Suds Salpev AfEeras, AN’ Seis Saiuova alpacobe. mparos 8° é Aaxdy mp&ros aipeiabw Blov G ovvdorar ef dvdynns. dpery Sé aororov, Hy Tydv Kal dtysdlwv mA€ov Kal EAarrov abrijs Exactos é€eu. airia édopévov- Geds dvattws: Ant. vi 39 kal pera TodroASYNDETON 1I§ avvfady por ai Siedéyovro av rots tepots, ey rh dyopd, & wh ef oikia, ev 7h ogerépa airav wal érépwb mavraxod. 16 tedevratoy, & Zeb wat Geol rdvres, Ditoxpdens airés obroal év 7H Boudevrnplep evavriov ris Bovdjjs, Eords per’ euod ent rod Biiparos, darépevos ey08 Sreddyero, dvdpart odros eye mpooayopedu, kal yd ToGrov ...: D. xviii 43 of pév xardmrvotot Oerradol Kai dvalabyro. OnBator gidov, edepyérny, owrijpa rév Didunnov iyyoivro mdvr’ éxeivos Fv adrois: ob8e duwviy Hrovor ef rs EAA0 Tt BovAorto Adyeww : XIX 53-54: xlii 8-9 aapeonunvdyny 74 olxiuara, rod vdyov por SeBwxdros" oBros dvdr... . Ener? dmreinoy thy Dy wah ebdyew> eiiyer obros dadaas ris fppas, hiv éxetrys ev f eyd dmetnor. xpéws 088? Sriody dpeider’ emi rj eoxarta: viv odros dmopaiver moAAd. dmdds rove? & 7 dv BovAnras, odx 5 Te of vdpor KeAedouaw. A€ye TAs papruplas . . .: Aeschin. iii 209 dray spas émepwrG ‘mot piyw, apes AOnvator; mepveypdipard pe ex ris wodrelas: ove Eorw Sno dvamrfoopar’, dvBrmoBddere aiz® ‘5 88 Siyvos 6 ASmpatiov not xatagtyy, Anudabeves ; pds Ttolav ouppdxwy mapackerify ; mpos rota xpipara; ri mpoBaddAdpevos dnp rod Sijpov mezoAi- Tevoat ;’ Combined with repetition (2) Combined with repetition. This is, of course, closely related to the use of half-asyndeton combined. with repetition which we discussed on p. 106. But the hammer strokes fall more slowly, and with a more ponderous weight. And. i 149 dpeis . . . els Spas... pets... D. ix 65-66 xadsy y of oddol viv eldrjgacw *Qpevridv xdpw, Sri trols Diriarnov Pidors exérpapay adrovs, tov 8° Eiidpaioy ecsbovv: xadiy y’ 6 dijpos 6 Eperpréwy, drt rods Sperépovus mpéoPes dmprace, Krerdpy 8° evédwxev abdrdv: Sovdevoval ye paotiyotpevor Kat oparrdpevor. Karas ’Oduvbiwy éfelcato . . .: XViii 48 expe rovrou Tiydraos, Ews dbAcce OnBas- péxpe rovrov Ei8ixos wat Ziwos . . .: xix 177-8 énéSaéa .. . enédega. ..: 335 a Deve... pty Aye... Aeschin. iii 162 of70s . . . oBros . « 8: rovrov: Isocr. xv 255 obros yap... todrp . . . Sid rovrov (cf. Isocr. xviii 28, 34). Several words repeated: . viii 65 obk Fv dadadks déyetv ev’ OM vOw . . . od Fv dapares every ev OerraAig.. . ob« Fv &v OrBas dogadrés: Aeschin. iii 167 od ydp dy xapny116 ASYNDETON dnoorjcas ; ov yap dv mpoéAGots . . .;: Isocr. iii 7: Aeschin. iii 119. Repetition of interrogative word in a string of rhetorical questions A variety of the above is the repetition of interrogatives in a string of rhetorical questions. Ant. vi 46 8:4 tt obv odk dreypdgovro ; 8a ri ovvijoay Kal Siehéyovro 3: D. xix 119 Katto tls 4 Kowwvia, tis 1} TOMA mpdvora Sep DBroxpdrovs abr; : iv 4408... 5 00...5 od ...;: Aeschin. iii 130 oby fkavév Fv ... od mepi rovrw ...; 08 7d tedeutaiov;: 209 mpds molay ovppdywy mapacKevqy; mpds moia Xpipara ; té mpoBadAdpevos Srép rod Shpou memoAirevoa;: 235 odx > Suiv adrois eere Tods modtevopevous ; ob Tamewwoavres daro- arépibere Tods viv érnppévovs ; ob peuvnobe...3: X. Oec. 11. 11 mas dyteias empedqs 7Os Tis Tod odparos pwns; mas Odwis . . «3: Isocr. viii 107-8: xii 121-2: Hyp. Epit. 30. Introducing each of a series of lively questions in dialogue: Pl. La. 181 wept 8¢ dv ipédpeba ri dare ; ri Sone? ; ro pdOqya rois perpaxtos émr}Beov elvar } of ; Leg. 8868 ri ody 84; 7h Adyoper ; ri xp Spav hyds ; morepov .. .; (It will be noticed from the examples given under (1) and (2) that two-limbed asyndeton is rare: cf. p. 105 above.) (3) Introducing an exclamation. With 4 zov: Lys. ii 37, 39. CE. Pl. R. 450A ofov, Fv 8 eyed, eipydoacbe . . .- SoovAdyov dd... xuveire. In narrative. At beginning or climax (4) Asyndeton in narrative. Many writers use asyndeton very cleverly to key the hearer up at the beginning of a story, or at its climax: e.g. (beginning) Aeschin. iii 171 ‘I will describe Demosthenes’ ancestry’: TvAwy Fv éx Kepapéwv. odros mpodovs tots moAeptots . . .: 183... . dv dfidv dort pynobivar. fodv twes .. . oBror Seip” dduxduevor .. .: (climax) 71 wé ev péow (the critical night before the second assembly, which transformed the situation): i 62 é wavri S& xaxod yevdpevos 6 Ilirrddaxos mpoo- alare avdpi kai pada xpnor@. gor ts TAavcwv Xodapyeds: odros abrov ddaipetra eis édevPepiav: D. xviii 215 (the Thebans decide to side with Athens) perd tadra roivuy éxddovy bpas. KalASYNDETON r17 perenéumovro. ébfre, éBonfeire, tva ray pdow mapadreinw . . .: Lys. i 22 mpdrov 8€ SipyjoacBar Bovropar 74 mpaybévra rH tedevtaig jpépa. Léotpatos Fv pou emrydetos kal pidos. rovrw Alou Seduxdros idvri e& dypod dajyrqca. The whole narration in this speech, §§ 6-28, is an admirable example of the effective but economical use of asyndeton. It first occurs at § 14 éovdrwv éy& (the first dawning of suspicion in Euphiletus’ mind): then at § 17 raGra einodca and tard pov mdvra (the suspicion becomes almost a certainty): then at 21 dyoddye tadra moujoew and 22 (vide supra), leading up to the denouement. Accumulated asyndeta in narrative In other narrative passages asyndeta are piled up in masses, Andoc. i 126-7 (a series of asyndeta broken by rofw in the middle) : Aeschin. iii 62 éypayse DrAoxpdrys eeivar Dirlrrmw deGpo xrfpuxa kal mpéoBers réyzewv rept eipyvys: Tobro 76 Yjduopa. éypddn Trapavopv. Fxov of ris Kpicews xpdvor Karnydpe pev Auxivos 6 ypoipdpevos, dmedoye?ro 5€ Diroxpdrys, cuvamedoye?ro 3€é Kal Anpoobéns: amépuye Piloxpdrys. pera Tadra emper xpdvos Oepsoro- KXijs Gpxwv- évras0? eicepyerar .. .: D. i 12-13 dpa Aoyilerai tis tpadv, & av8pes APnvaior, cal Oewpet rév tpdrov 8" dv péyas yéyover doberis dv 76 Kat’ dpyds Ddurmos ; 76 npdrov Audimodw AaBdv, werd radra TTv8vav, nédw ToreiSaav, MeBadvyv adSis, efra QerraXlas éxéBn: peta tadra Depds, Tayacds, Mayvqoiav, ndv6? dv eBovder’ ebrpenicas tpdrov dyer’ eis Opdany: ez’ exet rods pev exBadrdy rods Sé Karaorjoas Tév Bactréwy jobevnce: nddw pdcas odk énl 7d pabupety daéxdwev, dr’ edOds ’OdvvBiois exexelpyoev: xix 139. The longest series of asyndeta I can find is D. xxiv 11-14, where, to say nothing of clauses, nine consecutive sen- tences, covering twenty-seven lines, open without a connecting particle. Further instances of asyndeton in narrative : Hat. i 45. 3 Kpoicos pév wv eBaype, cis oixds Fv, tov éwvrod maida (asyndeton perhaps mitigated by pév vy) : iii 68. 4 éweure Sevrepa 6 ’Ordys Adywv . . .: 140. 2 Suws Sé abrov mapdyere €ow .. .. mapitye 6 mudoupds tov Ludoadvra .. .: iv 97.6: Pl. Prt. 314C Sdéav jpiv radra eropevdpeba: 315E TH 8° obv iSday mdvw118 ASYNDETON xadbs. Sota dxosoa dvopa adr elvar Aydbwwva : 317D Bovrcabe . . . ovvéSpiov karaoxevdowper ...;"E8éxer xpifivar: 3385 éSédxet maow ode rouréov elvax: Thg. 129¢: D. xix 93 pera rabr’ elpyvyy twes Aas EreBov rovjoacbai: émelaPnpev> mpéoBers enéupaper* ttyayov orot Sefpo rods womoopevous Thy eipyvnv. mddw évradfa mepi rovrov péuerai Tis Aloxény ; dnot mis elonyjoacPas robrov

You might also like

• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4610)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (822)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1104)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1898)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1850)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2521)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (897)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1947)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4203)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1018)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John Le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (540)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (441)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1716)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (401)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5810)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (347)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (807)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (844)
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (608)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brené Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1092)