5.3 Soil Classification ‘The soils prevailing in the Proj clayey due to alluvial sedimentation of fine particles Area are generally transported by the river streams and frequent flooding from their overflow. Development of soil structure seems mode~ rately well under the repeated alternation of water content during wet and dry seasons. Moreover, the texture varies widely with the deposit conditions, assuming many different soil profile characteristics. 5.3.1 Classification in High Categories In 1972, the Bureau of Soils of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, published for the first time a nation-wide soil map by adapting the USDA-Soil Conservation Service-Comprehensive system of Soil Class~ fication and Soil ‘Taxonomy (1970). Figure A.5.3-1 is a copy from the original map showing the soils of the Project Area including those around it. In Southern Luzon Tsland there are ten soil groups which were classified under order-Suborder-Great Group system as shown in legend of the map. Correlation between these Groups and Soil Units of Soil Map of the World, FAO/UNESCO (1978) are also reflected in the legend. ‘The soil groups covering the Project Area are estimated to consist of four as follows; Symbol USDA System FAO/UNESCO 12a INCEPTISOLS-Aquepts-Tropaquepts Eutric Gleysols 13a * ~Tropepts-Eutropepts Eutric Cambisols Vla _ VERTISOLS-Usterts-Chromisterts Chromic Vertisols vib “|. ". ~pellusterts Pellic VertisolsINCEPTISOL axe simply described as soils with pedo~ genic horizons of alternation or concentration but without accumulation of translocated materials other than carbonates or silica, Aquepts are seasonally wet and ‘ropaquepts (12a) develop under continuously high temperature, assuming glei, color horizons. sutropepts (13a) are highly base-saturated, being formed under long hot and moist conditions of Tropepts. ‘These two groups correspond to Eutric Gleysols and Butric cambisols (FAO), respectively. the former represents .areas of Candaba Swamp and those along Pampanga River; the latter appears to cover the whole southern areas of Angat River. VERTISOLS are soils with a high content of swelling clays, showing deep wide éracks during the dry season. Usterts are soils with cracks for more than three months. ‘They are divided into two Great Groups, Chromusterts (Via) and Pellusterts (VIb) by the difference in chroma, hish and low, respectively. Same division was done in Pa0's classifica~ tion system. These groups on the map scem to stretch to terrace areas in the right side of the Angat River and along the eastern rolling lands of the Project Area. In general, these soil groups are more or less asso- ciated with other Order groups. 5.3.2 Classification in Lower Categories (1) Results of the Former Soil Surveys Overall descriptions on the correlation of high order soil groups with low order soil series and types have’ not yet been reported by the Bureau of Soils in the Philippines. Survey reports of soils in Bulacen and Pampanga province published in 1939 and 1956, respectively, did not refer to this correlation, too. More recently in 1964, @ more detailed survey was carried out also by the staff of Bureau of Soils, where about 600 hore holes were examined and amore detailed soil map was made. ‘This survey was done by the Bureau of Public Works of which the present NIA became independent later in 1966, to provide new pedological in~ formation necessary to the facility improvement of the AMRIS Area. Only the soil map was availablé and the soil type descriptions are not at hand. A soil map (iigure A.5.3+2) instead was made based upon these three survey results (1939, 1956 and 1964). ‘Their Soil Series and Tyves are Listed as follows: Soil Series and Types in AMRIS Arca (193%, 1956 and 1964) type No. a 1. Obando Series ~ Obando Fine Sandy Loam (2) 2. Bigaa Series ~ Bigaa Clay Loam a) - Bigaa Silty Clay Loam (546) 3. Quingua Series - Quingua Fine Sandy Loam (4) = Quingua Silt Loam (5) ~ Quingua Silty Clay Loam (285) - Quingaa Silty Clay (899) 4, Candaba Series ~ Candaba Silt Loam (69) = Candaba Clay Loam (70) b. Soil of the Upland and Hills 1. Buenavista Series ~ Buenavista Silt Loam (9) 2. Prensa Series - Prensa Clay Loam (6) - Prensa Silt Loam (66) In this list, Type No.82 was excluded because its description is not available. Profile characteristics. of these Soil Types are summarized in later paragraphs. A.S-8Soils are divided into two topographic groups, the — + flat lowlands and the upland and hills. ‘Those of the low~ lands are sub-grouped into three areas; 1) The light colored soils which are mostly found in the well drained plains and are of sandy texture; 2) the darker colored soils which predominate the lower areas of clayey texture having poor drainage; 3) soils with reddish color shades that’ prevail on the higher, well-drained areas, they are all suited to both general and specialized farming purposes. Rice is the principal crop followed by corn, sugar cane and melons. There, however, are the very low lying areas continue to the Candaba Swamps. They are under water during the wet season and are hardly cultivated for rice during the dry season. Most of the proposed ex- pasion area belongs to this category. he soils of the upland and hills were formed either from older alluvial deposits or from the weathered products of the underlaying rock materials. Due to the rolling relief, agricultural land use has been more or less Limited on the terrace areas. Strip cropping and close-growing crops may be advantageously practiced in these areas. oa the basis of both external and internal characte~ ristics, the soils are further subdivided into three prin- cipal classification units, Soil Series, Soil”Type and Soil Phase. Their definitions are as follows; 1) Soil Series genetic horizons, similar important moxphological , and similar parent materials. Its A group of soils that have the same: characteristic name is usually taken from the locality where the soilis first identified. The lower part of the soil, that is, the subsoil has an important role in deciding the characteristics of the Series. 2) Soil type : One or more Soil Types are identified in one Series according to the texture of upper part of the soil profile, or the surface soil. They are named according to the surface texture and are the principal mapping unit because of their inherent specific properties to which agronomic data are inti- mately correlated. 3) Soil Phase : This is a variation within a Type, differ~ ing only in some minor features, generally external, such as relief, stoniness and degree of erosion which may reguire some changes in agricultural management. their segregation is usually desirable if the areas can be delineated on the soil map, ‘he present survey which is semi~detailed in nature did not delineate these soil unit. The Project Area comprises of nine (9) Soil Types in four (4) Soil Series of the lowlands and three Types in two Series of the upland and hills. ‘Type numbers are not so significant since these have been coveniently used as mapp~ ing symbols in every soil survey work. A new Soil Series was established and is called Calumpit Series. Some Series with higher code numbers, more than 285, can not be fully described due to lack of the related survey data (1964) (2) Results of the Present Soil Survey 1) Soil Profile Description whe soil survey was conducted from September to Decem- ber, 1982, 90 as to examine thé soil profiles in the pro- posed expansion areas which are sporadically, located A.5-10just outside of the seryice areas. Because of the in= vestigative nature of the survey, a detailed reconnaissance level was taken to decide the density of profile examina- tion. During the survey, the soil was still submerged and a wet season paddy crop was partially being cultivated in the expansion area. Boring technique was often used by: means of hand auger instead of pit digging. Tt totalled to 14 pits and 28 bores. Their locations including ‘some sites within the service area are shown in fable A.5.3-1, and Figure A.5.3-2. whe pits were dug up to a depth of 80 to 120 cm from the surface with a width of 100 cm. ‘to observe further the lower layers of the pit, boring was tried using a common posthole type auger. Field tests were conducted determine soil hardness. A tester, a kind of cone pene- trometer to measure soil compactness, was used since it is handy and portable for the field survey. Compactness of the soil layer is Of much importance to determine work- ability of a land for potentiality classification as well as to distinguish genetic differences in the soil classifi- cation process. In addition, quick chemical reagent tests were tried with every soil profil . hese are; a) Dilute hydrochloric acid solution (IN) for detecting carbonates (effervescence) b) Benzidin. (pp!-diamino-diphenyl salt) solution (one percent in 10 percent’ acetic acid solution) for detecting active manganese (dark blue color develop- ment) ¢) aat-dipyridyl solution (0.05 percent in 10 percent acetic acid solution) for detecting ferrous iron (Fet+) (pink-red color development) A.S-11The soil profile descriptions followed by the method defined in the FAO Guidelines for Soil Profile Description which are now of wider use in the world. Soil profiles thus examined are reported in Table A.5.3-2 where pits and bore holes are arranged in the order of Survey dates, Detailed descriptions of the representa- tive pit profiles have been prepared and yet excludéd for printing since the results are summarized in this report. 2) Soil and Water Analysis Horizons Soil of the profiles were sampled and analysed for Eh (oxido-redox potential of'wet sample) ,. pil ard BC ( electrical conductivity of air-dried sample). In the course of the soil survey, water samples from various sources were collected and analyzed similarly to the soil samples. These totalled 161 of soil and 63 of water samples. All determinations though not always for all samples were conducted by means of the portable electrode meters ati the temporary laboratory in the NIA Region IIT Office at San Rafael, Bulacan. Table A.5.3-3 gives the results of Bh determinations on some profile samples with pH and other observations re- lated to the oxido-redox status of the soil. Eh is ex- pressed as milli volts at pH 7.0 and at 25°C and is under~ stood to assume a reduced state of the soil when it is below + 200 mv. Table A.5.3-4 presents the values of pH and EC deter- minations of the soil samples together with those of com pactness tests. EC was measured from a 1:2 soil-water mixture, In case of clayey soils, moisture of the water- saturated pastes ranges from 60 to 80 8. Accordingly the A.S=12conductivity values of the saturation extracts, BCe, which is formally used in the laboratory analysis, must be esti~ mated by multiplying those of BC2 (1 3.0. extract) by 2.5 to values resulting from the use of the Soil Hardness Tester are categorized as follows; il Hardness Evaluation Hardness Tester Index* Resitande Easiness in Category (mm) (kg/em?)_ Pith work Soft <8 < 0.98 Very easy Slightly hard B-12 0.98- 1.93 Easy Nara 12-17 1:93-4:04 slightly difficult very hard 17-23 4.04-10.0 dificult Extremely hard > 23 > 10.0 very difficult * Dr. Yamanaka's Soil Hardness Tester. Index (mm) is a reading of the cone when it penetrates into the solum. In general soil consistency varies with its moisture and clay content; the less moist and the more clayey, the more Compact and hard becomes the clod. It also. depends.on permeability and drainability of the soil. Table A.5.3-4 shows that majority of the surface soils are Slightly hard to hard (8-17). Some of the, Candaba soil Series: are ex- tremely hard (22-27), making necéssary’ land soaking at the time of paddy field preparation, Index value more than 23 (10 kg/cm?) checks, elongation of the rice roots (Takijima, Ye, 1969). Root growth is restricted in subsoils, bécause their moisture content is not so changeable with seasons. All, results of water sample analysis are presented in vable A.5.3-5. These Will be discussed. later. A.5-133) Vegetation Whe Project Area is not naturally endowed with forest resources such as Boho and Rattan which are used commer- cially in the manufacture of sawali and furniture sets, respectively. The lowland areas are mostly cultivated to rice and to a small extent to corn, root crops, vegetables, fruit trees, and legumes. outside of the arable lands, however, there are very impressive landscapes of Cogon and Talahib conspicuously growing on the upland and hills along the terrace areas or near the marshes. Another characteristic view is a luxuri- ant growth of water hyacinth in canals and drains. Such growth of wild water plants in the irrigation channels is nothing but an obstacle to contemplated water delivery and drainage in the service area. Table A.5.3-6 gives some conspicuous grasses with their land features in the AMRIS Area, This information on vegetation suggests the soil envixonments of the land. For example, a greater portion of the land covered with bamboos is coarse in texture and moderately well drained, while the land where leguminoseae dominates is rather clayey and endowed with more organic matter than the land with thick cover of qraminaceae. Of the natural trees, Nipa palm: aré scattered along the rivers in the southern most area. A delicious wine is being produced from its flower sap. Mango plantation, though fragmented, is most popular in many municipalities of Bulacan Province. Quality of the mango fruits has been claimed to be the best in the Philippines. This may be due to the comparatively fertile and well drained clayey soil con- ditions which is enough to sustain vigorous growth of the trees. It is very interesting to note that non-seasonal fruits can be Harvested by spraying the trees with a chemi- cal such as K No? in the month of August. In this case they become in full bloom in October to November, producing their fruits in January to February. A.Sa144) General Features Related to Soil Classification Investigating the present survey results with reference to the data of monitoring study on the residual soil mois- ture which was conducted by the staff of NIA Region III Office in 1980, some problems related to soil classifica~ tion must be pointed out as follows; a) Soil Texture In most of the profiles, texture of the surface soil was silty clay loam to silty clay with less por- tion of lighter texture such as silt loam. This is a wide variation from the former surveys which showed predominantly silt loamy soil texture in the soil maps. b) Iron Coneretions As evidenced from the profile examination, concre- tions such as laterites were not detected at all of the sites although their presence is an important criterion which distinguishes Prensa and Buenavista Series from other lowland soil series. Pebbles of various sediment~ ary. rocks, probably deposited by running water, were observed in the subsoil of some profiles. such gravelly Layer was used to define Prensa Series developed on the terrace area. ¢) Structure Development The present survey revealed that except for deep- ly deposited sandy soils such as obando Fine Sandy Loam, the subsoil showed more or less good structire development, especially in Candaba and Biga Clay Loain (70 and 3) giving moderate to strong fine granular or blocky structure. The soils have appeared to become matured under. long tillage with repeated: irrigation and drainage practices. A.5~15a) pH and Base Status pH values are often lower than 7 in the top lay- er but increase to the alkaline side in the subsoil. From the results of laboratory analysis by the Bureau of Soils (1980) all soils seem to be fairy well satu~ rated with base elements with more thah 80 percent of cH sium which have been derived from the limestone , mostly consisting of calcium followed by magne materials. Soils in the Candaba Swamp area (70 and 3) appear to accumulate base elements under annual flood conditions assuming high pH values more than 8 The field test with reagent showed no visible effer— vescence of carbonates. e) Eh Status Oxido-redox potential (Eh) was measured with fresh soil samples of 10 profiles. Data in Table A.5.3-3 indicate that profiles of P9, P14 and 820 which are classified into Bigaa Series (3) are rather reduced than other profiles. This may suggest more or less a problem on how to differentiate it from candaba Series (70) with almost the same structure sequence and poor drainage. of the subsoils is, however, mostly more than + 500 mv that assume oxidized condition, in spite of the presence of some glei colored clay mottles. £) New Soil Series and types Based on the texture sequence of the profiles, some of them were found not to conform with the existing characteristics of the classified series and types; these are located in lowland area along the rivers and have the shallow or deep top layer of silty clay loam which is underlaid with coarse textured sub- soil, A.5~16This grotp of soils was tentatively named Calum- pit Soriecs from its first identified locality with two Soil Types, Detailed descriptions are presented in the next paragraph. (3) Calumpit Soil Series and Types whe Soils of the Calumpit Series differ from the other Jowland alluvial soils in their texture sequence, of the profile, that is, having fine surface horizon underlaid by coarse subsoil. ‘he surface relief is nearly level to undulating; the elevation ranges from 3 to 7 meters along the river levee or somewhat inside of the alluvial plain. Both the external and internal drainage are not ideal as compared with coarse Types of the Quinga series. Some lands of this Series are under water to a depth of 1 meter or so during wet season. A greater portion of the area is cultivated to rice which is irrigated by the system or by pumping water from the Pampanga*River. calumpit Sandy Loam and Calumpit Silty Clay Loam were mapped. Calumpit Sandy Loam (17) This type prevails in Calumpit Municipality and is developed inside natural levees along the Pampanga, Angat (near the confluence) and Bagbag Rivers. The areas are mostly situated at an elevation of two to four meters It is frequently submerged during the wet season resulting in a low yield of rice. The surface horizon is. rather shallow, around 15 cm thick, and comprised of finer particles of silty clay loam or silt loam. ‘the subsoil has a coarse texture of sandy loam or loamy sand, sometimes followed by a fine-textured horizon at a depth of more than one meter. Soil color is brown to dark brown with some reddish brown iron streaks A.5-17throughout the profile. No apparent development in struc= ture is observed except for the surface horizon. In many cases the groundwater level is found within 50 em. he profiles of B9, B11, B27 and B28 belong to this ‘Type. he following i the profile characteristics of the soil; Depth of horizon Characteristics ° 6 om Top soil, dark brown silt loam with gray clay mottles and some reddish brown streaks; clear, smooth boundary; pH 6.9. 17 em Surface soil, dark brown silty clay loam with many brown streaks, moderately coarse blocky; clear, smooth boundary; pH 7.3. 17 - 41 em Subsoil, brown sandy loam with no streak, structureless; groundwater level at the depth of 32 cm; pi 8.2. a1 100 em + Substratum, brown loamy sand, loose and friable, no gravel; pH 8.1. Lowland rice is grown generally once in the ary. season or twice a year although the yield is poor because of low fertility of the soil; water melon is often planted in the Calumpit area in place of rice in the dry season. Calumpit Silty Clay Loam (8) This type of soil is found among the areas of Bigaa and Quingua Series, being situated at an elevation of from three to seven meters. It has a brown to yellowish brown, silty clay loam surface soil and a brown to dark yellowish brown, silt loam subsoil with frequent brown streaks; sandy loam substratum continues beneath the sub-soil. Medium A.5-18to fine blocky or granular ‘structure develops throughout the profile and consistency is genorally hard in’ moist condition, Groundwater is. sometimes shallow; appean~ ing within 50 cm depth. he profile of P10, P11, P13, B13, B18, B21, B24. and B25 give the chaacteristics of this Type. .These are briefly described.as’ follows; [Soil Profile No. 13): ba Parisima, Concepcion, san Tais, Pampanga of horizon Characteristics 0 - 20 cm Top soil, dark brown silty clay loam with some reddish brown streaks, weak coarse blocky; clear, smooth boundary; pH 7.6. 20 - 39 cm bark gray silt loam with gray clay mottles, moderate meditim blocky; ‘clear, smooth boundary; pH 7.8; Groundwater level at the depth of 51 cm. 39 - 67 cm Lower surface soil, brown silty clay loam, wéak medium blocky, very hard; pH 8.4. 67 - 102 cm + Subsoil, dark yellowish brown silt loam with Erequent brown streaks, weak medium gramilar, compact; pi 8.8. Lowland rice is the principal crop in this Type, most- jy grown twice ‘a year served’by the river irrigation system. medium level although it will whe production of rice increase easily under proper soi) management and fertiliza~ tion. Most of the crops grown in the locality can be pro- fitably’ produced on this soil: A,S=19.(4) Revised Classification in the Proj 1) Revised Series and types The recent data and information mentioned above nece- ssitate a revised classification of the soils in the Project Area for the following reasons; a) Extent of each soil unit is mainly based on the texture sequence of the profile. b) Adoption of new soil unit. As a result, Prensa Clay Loam (6) was abolished be- cause of its uncertain distribution, and a new Calumpit Series was adopted. The Area finally composed of seven Soil Series and 13 Soil Types as follows; Type Soil Series ___ Soil Type No. (Soil Unit/PAo_) 1, Soils of the Lowlands 1. Obando Fine Sandy Loam 2 (Dystric Cambisols) 2. Bigaa Clay Loam 3 (futric .cCambisols) Silty Clay Loam 546 ( * " ) 3. Quingua Fine Sandy Loam 4 (Dystric Cambisols) Silt Loam 5 (Butric Cambisols) Silty Clay Loam = 285° (" " ) Silty Clay 899 ( " i ) 4. Calumpit* Sandy Loam* 17 (bystric Cambisols) Silty Clay Loam* 18 (" "| ) 5. Candaba Silt, Loam 69 (Butric Gleysols) Clay Loam 7m ( ™ riety II. Soils of the Upalnds and Hills 6. Prensa Silty Clay Loam 66 (Chromic Vertisols) 7. Buenavista . Silt Loam 9 (Pellic vertisols) * Newly established. A520Pigure A.5.3-4 gives a genetic diagram of these Series and ‘types estimated from the relationships between texture sequence and geological feature. Table A.5.3-7 summarizes the characteristics of each Soil Type. Bxcluding Calumpit Series and its Types, detailed information of the other soils is referred to the soil survey reports of Bulacan and Pampanga Provinces (Bureau of soils. 1939 and 1956). 2) Mapping and Area of Distribution The soil map presented in Figure A.5.3-2 has been revised by changing the boundaries among the soil units with reference to the topography of the Area. As a result, Soil Types with silt loam surface layer such as Soil ‘type No. 5, 69 decreased in their hectarage as compared with ‘Type No. 70, Candaba Clay Loam, which’stretched down to the Angat River side. ‘Two Types of Calumpit Series were dis- tributed in the lowland area, respectively. A revised soil map of Figure A,5.3-5 has been made including the outside expansion areas. Although \the map is tentative bacausé of the survey intensity, areas of distribution. of the Soil Types were measured by a plani~ meter. Table A.5.3-8 shows the areas in both north and south sides of the Angat River. The largest area belongs to Quingua Series where Silt Loam ‘type (5) predominates. The second area is Bigaa Series of which Silty Clay Loam Type (3) has the highest distribution, having an area of 12,000 ha or 28 percent of the total.42,700 ha of the gross area, Calumpit and Candaba Series occupy about 9-and 11 percent of the total area, respectively. A.5-215.3.3 Salinity of Soil and water In the course of the present soil survey, special concern has been paid to the salinity values of the soil and water in relation to. soil management and irrigation method ‘adopted for the Project Area. For this purpose, most of the soil samples and all of the water samples collected by way of the soil survey were analyzed for their reaction (pH) and electrical conductivity (BC). The data are presented in Table A.5.3-4 and A.5.3-5, where 121 soil samples and 63 water samplos were dealt with. (2) Soil Salinity Generally soil salinity values do not reach any detrimental level of more than 4 millimhos as BCe as esti: mated from EC, value. Only two soil profiles, BS (type No. 3) and P& (Type No.70) that are located in the Candaba Swamp area showed high EC values exceeding the critical level in the subsoil. All of the adjacent profiles exami- ned in the same area more or less assumed lower, salinity values but still higher than those of the other areas. con lering the similarly higher salinity of water samples (No. 7, 8, 56 and 57) taken at the same time, soils in this submerged area might have been enriched with bases under annual flood and drought condition. In the southern most part of the Project Area, two profiles, Pl and P14 (both Type No. 3) also revealed a higher salinity but lower than the criterion. Probably in the coastal areas further south of the Project Area, ex- tremely high salinity will be observed, where a fluvio- marine soil formation has dominated. (2) Water Salinity vhe status of water salinity as determined .for EC value of the samples can be simply summarized with the 5-22average value in each of the water groups; Number. of ____ Water Group Samples genes. Bo 1. River Pampanga 2 0.240 Angat, 1 0.154 Nassim 2 0.261 2. Canal and Lateral Angat RIS 25 0.168 Massim RIS 5 0.283 3. Creek 10 0.280 4. Drain (Angat RTS) 3 0.269 5, Fish Pond 2 0.642 6. Ground Water (Pit and Bore) 13 1.551 7. Well, for Drinking* 3 0.419 * Sampled at San Rafael Office and private houses. The others were calculated from Table A.5.3-5. Although there were limited samples collected, a clear trend in EC value differences is shown in the, following order; 1) River: Massim > Pampanga > angat 2) Canal and Lateral: Massim RIS > Angat RIS 3) Angat RIS: River < Canal and Lateral « Drain 4) Pish Pond » Creek > Drain ‘he increase in salinity which is traced from river towards drain is illustrated in Figure A.5.3-6. So far as the irrigation water is concerned,, no problem exists as to its quality in terms of salt content including the creek water which has been often, used for. irrigation source. Water.of less than 0.3 mmhos has been regared as an excel- lent irrigation source. ‘The slightly higher EC values observed in Massim RIS may be caused by the geological river water source. A523As for the groundwater taken from the pits and bores, most of the samples gave EC values ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 mihos. A few samples from Pl, P4 and P14, soils of which have a higher salinity, too, show high EC values more than 2 mmhos, the hiahest being 7.6 mmhos from P14. Even this high value may not be detrimental to plant growth provided the drainage condition is maintained. Reaction of various water sources is mostly alkaline and ranges from pH 7.0 to 8.5, and is not problem when used for irrigation. 5.3.4 Soil Fertility and Productivity (1) Fertility In general except for some sandy ones, soils of the Project Area can be recarded to be moderately fertile con~ sidering that most soils have high cation exchange capacity. Fertility of the soil is usually evaluated from the content of available nutrients. The followings aré’thé average values of these elements in the heavier soils of the AMRIS Area. These were summarized from the existing results of chemical afialysis ‘and are evaluated from the viewpoint of edaphélegy: Average Values and Evaluations of Chemical Components of the AMRTS Soils (Silty to Clayey Groups) __Item_ __Value Rating Item _ Value __Rating pil 6.2 opt imam K 95 ppm: sufficient Humis 15 8 low Ca 6,000 pom “sufficient Total N 0.26 8 low Mg 640 ppm sufficient NH,-N 8 ppin low Mn 50 ppm sufficient NO2-N 14 ppm low-medium Fe 65 ppm sufficient P 9-12 ppm low cEC 45 me. high A.S-24Most of the elements analysed are suf cient for plant nutrition except for nitrogen ana phosphorus which clearly necessitate their supply to the field for profitable pro~ duction of the crops. Among the minor elements all of which have not yet been determined, a suspicion of zinc deficiency could be surmised fields of Candaba Clay Loam (70) and Bigaa Clay Loam (3). ‘This is because these soils are liable to assume a high pi value after submergence and this in lowland rice grown in the may be accompanied by a substantial decrease in zinc con- centration in the soil solution. ‘The deficiency can be easily corrected by applying various kinds of ziné-containing materials such as ZnO and ZnS0,. Response of rice to fertilizer application and its optimum dose will be @iscugsed later in the chapter on agriculture. (2) Productivity Rice production in the service area has been recorded to be very high (4 tons/ha); the unit yield is twice that in Central Luzon and four times that of the national palay average. Records of the last seven years show an annal increasing rate of four percent despite frequent flood damage caused by typhoons almost every wet season Yields as high as four tons per ha in recent years have been due not only to high productivity of the soils but also to the improved irrigation facilities and technically high level of field managements by trained farmers Soil productivity is basically composed of soil fer- tility and its physical properties mainly ‘represented. by texture, structure development, compactness, water holdingcapacity and drainability. ‘These physical conditions regulating the tilth workability are not always ideal in the AREA, particularly soil hardness and moisture regime The problems have been in fact dealt with by the improved cultural methods such as land soaking before plowing ana water managements. he land class is decided by combining soil producti- vity with surrounding land conditions as wil be explained in the next paragraph. AL5-26rteqep Aeaans 9u3 30 Zepx0 ut peherze exom ozoq pue atd jo szequan 830K voze pabzeuqns peyeos ‘Apped etfuts stnq “us ‘uTisnby weg la vere Apped opbuts petsp ‘puet ssezp StNT weg ‘eoTuom eas ze veze pebadugns poyeos ‘Apped eT6uts © stn T ueg.SeTooTN ues 9a weze pebreugns Assei6 ‘kpped etiurs uetqina’ *puz. Todireq te pegces3e-poors petap ‘puey ssex9 3TdumTeo ‘uede Suedeg sa vere. pebzemgns Assexb ‘Kpped etSurs pitedy/ereatsued ote zeze pebzeugns Assez5 ‘Kpped epSuts attedy ‘yoinger 6a wexe pebzeugng Assezb /kpped et6urs aTtedy./ereursueg ra s3nupunozp setqeseea sox pueTan >ptar 2a uotaiod Assez9 seqqeieea sox pueda yeesed wes) utSureo ea ues 2%3 zeeN setqeqebea roy puetda anesoa' ‘ Suequred za sopoTen Apped ou zee setqezebea 303 pueTén Jorrtuy (uebueqtded ia eu/eo OT ((}22T dund) Apped ersuts soToTeN ‘UeUTTN te wexe peSzemqng (puod ysts) Apped etéurs eqepuep ‘eretoued oe vexe pebzomqng Assezb ‘Koped ot6uts eqepueg ‘exeriueg se PIets umtpey 3seaxey ezozeq ‘Apped etonod wetting ‘Seqre ve PIsTA.untpex 38sarey ezozeq ‘Apped etonog uettine ‘ast Toduea ce A8ATE wyseeK SuOTY (ooqueg ‘oSuey). pzeyoz0 eqepueg ‘6012 SuoTha ze poos /aéeas Axttw (2e BI) Apped etonog Bentteg ‘uereqSeutd ta SyaeSE 350 pueT WOTIBOOT TON 2208 20 3T2 SNOILIGNOO GNWI WISHL CNY GISSL SMIOE GNY SLT JO NOILYOOT EUW STUWY NI Tre*s' aTaw A.5-27uosees Azp = -s-p x regep Aeamns 9y3 30 zepr0 ut peberze ezem ezoq pue ytd 3o szequnn “: eaon eeze peSzeuqns 4°S'D UT peTap ‘puet ssezo eqepuea ‘ues TMeTeD oa wetting Press umtpen peaseazey ‘Apped etqnca ‘uogeten ‘Buotnd sze PTeTs untpew paqsaazey ‘Apped etqnog eqepueo ‘Sueten ea stn weg ‘uoto PIeTA aol AdoTs AT3uStTs ‘Apped etanog -deouo ‘eurstang eT eta PISTA MoT pagseazey ATwou ‘Apped etqnod eqepueg ‘TesTA eva qeereu PIOTA untps - Sutpees 3oerTp ‘Apped etqnog ues ‘seqefegsuetng zta (eu/eo 08) PIeTA untpen peqseazey Atmou ‘Apped etqnog eneoog ‘Sueqiueg ta PIetA untps , peqseazey Stmeu ‘Apped stqnog ypueg ‘sogsna ze (9€ BI) (eN/eo 09) mot SuTpees aoeaTp ‘Apped etqnod werytng ‘euezStrta ‘eas ee AssezS ‘pteTs mot peqseazey Atmau ‘Apped atqnoc sopoTen ‘AexTE oze PTeTA untpen perseazey Atmou /Apped etqnoa Teptzeta ‘Surges, ota Zh BI ‘pTeTA.uSTH peaseamey Atmeu ‘Apped etqnod sojsng ‘zouew ebune 6a PIOTs MoT pezsearey Aqweu ‘Apped etqnog seqbeteg ‘wersng eta PIeTAanIpen peqseazey ATmeu ‘Apped etqnog seqbetea ‘seqnp Suotna ate PTeTs umtTpey peaseazey Atmeu ‘Apped etanog soasng ‘Soequed ta PIeTA unTpew persearey Atmeu ‘Apped etqnoa soqsng ‘seduntes, ote ATTeaexS ‘pTeTA mol pezseazey Atmou ‘Apped etqnog soqeng ‘ueyrTTyoeueD sta vexe pebzeuqns (puod ystz) pueT ssezD egepueo ‘onétred Pra were paSzouqns Assex5 ‘puod usta eqepuep ‘anstree ea voze Apped et6uTs peTsp ‘puey ssez9 6 STMT ‘ug ‘uTasniny ‘ng eta S3aSuse esn puet WOTTEDOT TON S308 xO 31d (p,3099) AL5-28paddors etanop = “07a eqep Asaans 943 Jo repro uT peberze exem exoq pue atd zo szequnN + 930" pTeté 207 peaseazey ‘Apped atqnog 3rdunteo ‘eq ea preté amtpen peqsearey “Apped stqnoq aidumte ‘sobuoy wa PIeTAé untpoy ,eere ‘o'p Aqzeou /pueT ssezD ueoetne ‘Boquen eta Syseuee S80 preT TOPIESOT “ON 8208 z0 37a (B.3u0D) A829ie eaTsseu +HOd (0/S* IN) T/PAS Vw OFS 40S - OT z to0g ASTON “Tam - T/PA0S, T/PaKOT ors or- 0 T 9 a eaqssee +08 U9» US n DS tu os + 7 eaTsseu | VskS*L WS ors 6S - SE € . “Ta oc ur. +HOd Veo Ut OFS se - OT z FOOE aston “Tarot HOE (5/€8RS) T/P ROS W/S" PaROT ors oT- 0 Tv sé rs saTssew On T/PR0S°L 0/9 wv ‘DIS. oz - OT zc cog ISTO “Tro os (T/POSS)FALMAOT — /SHAOT Drs oT - 0 T Pe + eqssex a Wee E/S w DIS o-ot z OOS STON “Tqom | €/PEROT — 3/9UAOT ‘DIS otT-0 v eg » ab-Tqea ut cn sew WS iw as +09 - ST € Tre " srgrar - en Sn mS ost-9 ¢ ereTepON ASTOR *3B'5'S Ho zemot e/sesoT TS 9-0 TT za Sem TS — * Tour's: 40H 4407 CE o/s dD +08 - SE o “Tas Hod E/EMKOT O/T 1s s€ - 9T € TISa ” 7 T/PROS /P ow ‘DIS gt - 8 z syerepon «ASTON TOES «HHO (T/PROS)E/EBROT B/SHROT «= DIS 8-0 OT ta BREESE TENS STAs SaTTG 3a aE ae, TON TON SCR FOTO THOS WGUY STUWY NI GENINWXE SaTIGOHE TIOS e-e°S*Y atau zeker 70 91a A.5-300 aatssan - feu a ST 400T- 46 " “14s = /P wo WS 1s kop ” tae 7 Pa /8 oe yeopedt = aston. 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"405 e/ow £/9 -w Dis ov - ST z SIETOPON «= SSTON —TETOTM HOE /H441D. (T/PADS"L)E/PMAOT 1/PRADT ors st -0 t cee * “Tarot 405 fu Ww wz 400T~e9 ob (pexoeto-eezms) sxbrurw HD Hod Wen es Ts 9-7 Tre “ “Igo HD OR /S 0 /9 uw Ts tw ~ Tt z eqerepn ASTON Tm ID ‘HOE €/vENOT €/SUROT ‘Dis mr - 0 T ota wen cabEs uN HOE eu a Ds 408 - 0s. > ” “ab 3s HN HOE eeu Wea D OS. 2 € Tres . “Terurs HOE eu W/O w ws wet SaEsOp ASTON “TOTUT +HOd’+H4TD (1/S"EADS) ¥/PHAOT F/SUKOT Is et ~ 0 T 6a ” “Tqorm ca Ves V9 « OFS +00T - 6L a fy “Tas - VSKS'L €/S os eke Tres * Tas 408 Wrst 2/9 w os ee OTe SReIePG STON. TQTOM HOE HID €/PEKOT — ¥/9EKOT DIs ot -0 t oe @) TSTTiqEsnSd ‘SsemeN Samos BEET TSOH 3StOH ker saraxey Uadsd. TON” TON S308 yee] 70 37a A.5-35. sb - V/SEROT Ts +86-s9 ¢ 408 e/E Ts 9-2 408 €/PEROT wis w&-0 T vee 408 Won Sw Ts +0T- 19 oF 405 feu Sw Dis w-6 € 49D (T/PRDS°L)T/EEKOT 2/9 Ts 6€-02 40d E/EMROT —-2/SEAOT DIS o-0 T eta 404 W/E 0 Ts 6-409 6 408 ew st e9-0r € HOE w/e w Jt Ov- BT FHTD“HHO" (T/SRDS* L) €/ PEROT Ts Bt 0 T ea Or S/O 6/9 SIS +00T - 9s o 40m fn Pu Ds 9s-i 40a Wen 9 w os oe 9 z Oa E/EMROT —-£/SEROT D 9-0 T eta HOE £/t aw ofS wu TS +00T - 19 e 405 teu Sw ws w-w € “ 408 ou Bw jms w-8 z eqerepN ASTON HOE $/PaROT — 9/SEAOT DIs 8-0 1 wa +09! HUN 40a WP a mis ooT- es € Trem +0 (40 £/0 Ds -9 z ‘sqeTepoH HD HHOE ¥/ESROT Ts 9-0 Tv ze (3p) Taireemeg Teme Samos SturaGd STOW 2G Saaxer taded “ON, “ON Sz0E HOTOO TOS zefet 70 Ya (p.38c0) A.5-36+ (wetnuex6) 26 poe (etd). 1d * (Spotq) ta ~ edeus f(@smeoo) © puR (UNTPU) wu /(euty) ¥- e2Ts 4 (fuars) 8 pue (e9R7epaN) uw.‘ (fram) Mm — apezD 3 (edeys ‘ezts.‘apexm) smaonns (z squepunge o9.se3 WAT +++ ~ + Se pessoadk st oper *sqeaeab - 29 (seTz30N Aeyo AeTS - 15 'tsetqzou Aeto Aezb - 39 isGayTaq0u osoueSued PEZTDMO - u /Syeex]s UCIT UNO YStpOET - OF iSBuTTIIOM (T + SION aatsset - ww DIS 46-9 PF ” erbuts > e/b w ST £9 - Sy € upg¢-aeqBUpMON FSM BATSSEM HID 40R © (T/SE9S) €/P ws Sho st 2 poegredt ASTON «TED HHID/HH400(L/SKOOT)E/PAOT. DS st-o t sea “ erhuts = eh w B/S ST +€8 - Th v ubze-seReHETOID «eM MATSSEUT - ou Su 1s Writ oe TI . sTqroru Hor teu Sw mS -LE- 8 z SRE «ASTON. “TATU HD “40d (V/SAS"L)E/EBAOT €/S€AOT ms 8-0 T wea 3M Tas HOE (D/PAS"Z)T/SAOT £/9 w ws 4a-e € WgE-TSFEMPUNOID ASTON = TIO" 408 VPROT 2/S D 8% - ET z nospredr = 38TOW “TqroA"M +HTD. .- (T/EA05) E/ESKOT2/PUROT os eT - 0 t wa SATSSEU HN HHOT (9/PEROTIZ/S uw /S w a as . “Tams How ‘Hor eu feu os este qoegredy = STON TOES +HOd (9/PHRS) Z/ESAOT €/ SEIT os st 0 1 see enqssew 408 Pe. 0 st #0T-€8 mpgT-seyeNpTOT] saBrorw HOE WWE Te eR 6 Tree, 5K Tourer 419 Wh a os ET e eqerepoy = ASTON "TgTO" +HOE — (T/SKOOT)E/ PEROT TIS st -0 T see 0) STIRS, SSE SRESNGS ShIPTAGH 35H, ac Sree, waded «= "oN TON Sag ZOLSD THOS gekey © 70 3Ta (P.31400) A.5-37TABLE A. 563-3 RESULTS OF REDOX POTENTIAL DETERMINATION ON ‘THE SOTL SAMPLES COLLECTED IN AMRTS AREA Pit or Layer pil Bh7_(mv/25°C) Bore No. No. Mottlings Wetness (1:1) Ii0® Iil® ~1r2¥ BIS 1 cl++ moist 5.20 ~- +221 +161 2 (Gre) wet 6.50 #94 a9 41.24 3 (Gren) 7 5.60 +75 460 +100 4 (Grt44) ” 6.08 4344 4314 4324 5 (Gre), Fore 7.05 +482 +4482 +402 B19 1 Gl+, Fort moist 5.50 +534 2 Fot 7 7.26 +535 3 - ® 7.62 +481 4 - " 8.12 +601 Po 1 Gl++4,Pott+ moist 7:50 +259 2 Pott ‘ 8.35 4425 3 Fott, Mn+ . 8.25 +539 4 Fot+, Mnt wet 8.40 4583 Plo 1 Fott, Gl+ moist 7.20 +554 2 Fot, Gl+ ” 8.23 +565 3 Fot, Gli+ " 8.45 1584 4 Fot » 8.75 +609 B20 a Glit++, Fort moist 7.10 #175 2 Fot, Gl+ ie 7.70 +446 3 Fot, (Grt) wet 7.95 4555 4 Pot, (Grt) 7.65 +483 pul l Fotr moist 5.90 4473 2 Fot : 6.80 +532 3 Fot . 6.85 +530 4 Fot ” 7.00 +524 A.5-38(Cont! 4) Pit or Layer pH Bh? (mv/25 Bore No.. No. -Mottlings Wetness (1:1), T.0* 1:1 P12 L For moist 5.98 +518 2 Fot : 7.60 +513 3 Fot ” 7.75 +524 4 Fot+ " 7.80 4547 P13 1 Pot moist 6.50 +437 2 lt » 7.24 4473 3 Pot sl. wet 7.83 +509 4 Fot wet 7,42 +494 B26 1 Fottt moist 7.95 +436 2 Pott, Mntt 7.05 +402 3 Fotht,Mintt © 7.45 +461 Pla L GLH moist 7.70 +116 Fot ” 8.00 +159 Fot+ wet 8.05 +272 Note : Millivolts read by the meter were adjusted at pH 7.0 and at 25°C to get values of Eh7. *Soi water ratio at the preparation of soil mixture. A.5=39TABLE A.5.3~4 FIELD ANALYSIS OF THR SOTL SAMPLES COLLECTED IN AMRIS AREA Pit or Layer pH (22) Bore No. _No. Compactness (4:2) mmho/25°C BL 1 Soft 5.20 0.100 2 Soft 6.00 0.110 3 Sl. hard 6.90 0.110 4 very hard 7.40 0.100 B2 1 Hard 7.40 0.380 vara 7.90 0.300 3 very hara 7.80 0.110 83 1 Sl. hard 6.05 0.073 2 Hard 6.85 0.086 Ba 1 Sl. hard 6.30 0.113 2 ward 7.00 0.063 BS i Hard 6.00 1.430 2 Soft 7.00 1.140 3 soft 7.60 1.040 4 Soft 6.80 1.880 B6 1 si. Hard 6.62 0.876 2 soft 8.00 0.793 PL 1 5 7.35 0.390 2 16 7.78 0.405, 3 18 7.80 0.670 4 20 7.90 0.795 A.5-40Pit or Bore No- B? 2 P3 BB Pa Bg Layer No. BONE RON SYN URone Compactness Hard Hard SL. hard sl. hara Sl. soft a7 18 14 14 26 25 23 20 Soft Sl. ‘soft Sl. hard sl. hard 10 18 16 13 Hara Hara Sl. hara Sl. soft $1. soft A.S-a1 7.40 8.20 7.80 7.30 7.20 7.40 7.80 7.90 7.40 1678 7.60 7.60 7.90 8.10 8.60 8.75 8.29 1.96 7.98 8.20 8.00 {Cont 'a) Be.(1:2) immho/25°C 0.088 0.116 0.166 0.045 0.170 0.048 0.176 0.037 0.038 0.040 0.038 0.055 0.040 0.060 0.067 0.050 0.045 0.823 0.508 0.345 0.380 0.046 0.061 o:082 0.047 0.058Pit or Bore No. B10 BLL P6 B12 P? Layer No. BUN ARUN ONE BYR BORE Compactness Hard very hard Hard very hard 18 20 14 12 Sl. soft Hard Soft 25 27 26 22 16 very hata Very hard Very hard Sl. soft 20 22 4 1s ALS~42 8.05 8.40 8.45 8.60 7.30 7.60 8.45 8.80 7.81 8.04 6.32 6.20 7.36 7.75 7.80 7.95 7.35 7.96 8.08 8.00 8.38 7.98 8.22 8.35 8.51 (Cont'd) He (1:2) mmho/25°C 0.067 0.054 0.073 0.063 0.235 0.240 0.132 0.153 0.245 0.094 0,118 0.048 0.054 050 0.043 0.046 0.057 0.041 0.037 0.044 0.084 0.032 0.063 0.046 0.039(Cont'd) bayer pit BC (1:2) LNO. Compactness — (1:2) mmho/ 25°C B13 a Very hard 8.10 0.066 2 very hard 8.40 0.047 3 Hara 8.26 0,049 4 Hara 8.24 0.045 PB 1 22 6.98 0.400 2 4 6.65 0.735 3 15 6.54 1.300 4 17 7.46 1.780 B14 1 Sl. hard 8.61 0.255 2 Sl. soft 8.50 0.197 3 Sl. soft 8.37 0.258 bls 1 Soft 5.82 0.108 2 Soft 6.80 0.047 3 Hard 6.90 0.071 4 Hara 7.70 0.036 5 Soft 8.25 0.048 B19 1 sl. hara 6.40 0.087 2 nara 7.20. 0.083 3 Sl. hard 1655 0.063 4 Sl. hard 8.60 0.182 Po 1 12 5.93 0.086 2 15 7.10 0.134 3 18 7.25 0.096 4 al 7.37 0.096 A,5-43(cont ta) pH BC (1:2) Compactness (132) 13 6.05 0.130 19 7.20 0.060 22 7.48 9.073 a7 7.45 0.057 B20 1 Sl. soft 7.63 0.096 2 Hard 7.73 0.087 3 Hard 7.75 0.062 4 S81. loose 7.80 0.079 PLL 1 15 5.95 0.134 2 20 6.90 0.137 3 20 7.05 0.222 4 20 7.90 0,125 p12 1 10 7.20 0.269 2 20 7.80 0.080 3 22 8.40 0.073 4 19 8.58 0.069 P13 1 15 7.55 0.117 2 20 7.80 0.081 3 22 8.43 0.115 4 18 8.80 0.136 ALS-44Pit or Bore No- B26 p14 B27 bayer BONE Compact very hard Hard 81. hard 10 a7 18 Sl. hard sl. hard soft Friable A545 5.80 6.55 6.80 6.60 8.05 8.00 6.90 7.25 8.20 8.13 (Cont'd) Be (1:2) mmho/25°C 0.096 0.083 0.317 0.461 1.200 1.440 0.105 0.085 0.134 0.180TABLE A.5.3-5 pil AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ‘THR WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED IN ANRIS AREA Sample. Sampling Site No. Water (Pit or Bore No.) _pli 1 T ANMC: D-o (BD 7.02 0.157 2 Tr Imsmc: (B2) 7.07 0.166 3 I ANMC: J (Ba) 7.10 0.157 4 T aNMc: 3 (Ba) 7.10 0.162 5 ZT ASNC: J-5, Bangcal 7.10 0.157 6 TASC: J-2, Ticay 7.15 0.157 7 F Pangelara, Candaba (B6) 8.40 0.943 8 C Pamigatigan creek. (B6) 7.60 0.269 9 © Malanggam creek el) 6.40 0.466 10 G PI, Bulihan, Malolos 7.10 4.224 4 © Anilao creek (B27) 7.15 0.328 12 T ASMC: D (Wakas) (P2) 7.60 0.158 13 I ANNC (3a) 7.80 0.154 4 R Angat river (pa) 7.92 0.152 is G P4, Cansinala, Apalit 7.30 2.050 16 I ANMC: D+1-A, Ext-1 | (PA) 7.35 0.270 uv D — Tabuyoc drain (B9) 7.25 0.390 18 © Cansinala creek 7.20 0.390 19 I Balite Canal-#2 (Bll) 7.35 0.340 20 G B11, Dampol 2nd, Pulilan 7.80 0.780 al Cc Kanyukan Greek (B12) 7.30 0.297 22 D Sta Monica'drain (B12). «7.60 0.236 23 R Pampanga river (6) 7.65 0.258 24 © Matigue creek (P6) 7.60 0.231 25 I MMSMc: C=1 (P7) 7.70 0.166 26 T ANNE (Ulingao) (R.1E1) 8,02 o.a4 20 I ANMC -(‘Tangos) 8.18 0.156 28 I ANMC: C-9 (Pulong Plazan) 7.98 0.163 29 I LMSMe (Bahay Pare) 8.10 0.173 A.5-46(Cont'd) Sample Saiipling Site BC No. Water (pit or Bore No.) pH mmho/25°c 30 R Maasim river (Tilapatio) 8.22 0.282 a1 © Cruz Nadaan creek 9,08 0.174 32 R Maasii river (Bahay Pare) 8.29 0.240 33 ¢ Sapang Pagkasinta. creek 7.94 0.314 34 rT ASMC: B 7.42 9.165 35 G . BIS, Camachilihan, Bustos 6.60 0.682 36 I ASMC: C-Bxtra (B16) 7.52 0.333 37 I ASNC: C-2 (B17) 74.25 0.235 38 T ase (B17) 7459 0.144 39 G B18, Pulong Gubat, Balagtas 8.30 0,629 40 c Sanfol creek, Busuran,,Bal, 7-90 0.176 an I ASNC: D+2, Busuran, Bal. 8.25 0.168 42 G PS, Bunga Menor, Bustos 7.80 0.336 43 I ASC: B Yalampas, Bus. 8.05 0.146 44 C Talampas creek, Bustos 8.25 0.152 45 TASMC: J-Extra (P10) 7.98 0.158 46 G "B20, Pikay, Malolos (47 cm) 7:65 0.563 47 TASC: J-3 (B20) 8.10 0.145 48 G B21, Sta Piligrena, Pulilan 7.85 0.603 49 T > ANNC: B (B21) 790 0.202 50 I L-IMC-PPIP: D, Bustos-Pandi 7.70 0.288 SL G P13, La Purisima, Conc., 7425 2,152 S. Luis 52 T.ANNC: D-2-Ext. 3. (P13) = 7.50 0.173 53 I ANNC: C-2-H (B24) 7.22 0.269 54 6 B25, Dulong, Malabon, 6,80 0.355 Pulilan 55 LT aNMc: K (B25) 7.20 0.171 56 F Calawitan, Candaba (B26) 8.20 0.340 87 T | MNMC: D-5, stagnant (B26) 8.50 0.620 58 R . Mambog River (pla) 8.38 0.222 59 G P14, Mambog, Bulacan 7.66 7.591 A.5=47(Cont'd) Sample Sampling Site No. Water ~_( pa 60 G B27, Longos, Calumpit 7.50 6 T ASMC: M (p27) 8.18 62 G B28, Tha, Calumpit 7.40 63 D -Tha-Clumpit drain (B28) 8.00 Note : Water samples were classified as follows according to their sources: 1 Irrigation canal and lateral D Drain R- River Cc Creek F Rish Pond G Ground water taken from pit or bore T Well and tap water ANMC — Angat river-north main canal ASMC Angat river-south main canal IMSMC Lower Maasim river-south main canal TPIP Tibagan pump irrigation project A.5=48~ sueder mroTuRd * woBoo, eoTrputTazl eqeredur (Aeketo 03 ATS) ayqeTes. uneueguods wnzeyoors seaoeuTuiezg STITH ‘puetda 2 gnxetgut ” _snuquesjoeTa evierdqed a seproziuos wngexeby, pea ysoduog (atts) (ssez5 epnuteg) uoTsqoRD uopoukD eesoeupmer9 peor Azqzuno3 pAtoexeN vorpnd esouTA seosoutumbez ‘aaaaT: 29TH (eétx) sueotanayz edi seuteg (TTea3eO) eTLOsTaeT eudar, eecovudsy ~ esorzenbs ST Aaspaquya seeovsedsS (Reset) Buoy Huey votqenbe eaoucdy eeaceTnaTauog (uguToedy z03e 4m) sedtssezo eTuroyota sesoetzepequog 4“ aareng [oeen USTTEUa) Seq08ds enusp RT TWweE Tazna XSL) euen 5oTebeq seta Waa STUWY NT SNOTLWLEDA SMONDTaSNOD aWOS gers aay A,5-49942 9pTSsuT spueT +Kiepunog yoaCora qeangTnopzbe-tou 93 Jo TTe Burpntour sesae eotazes zuesera ua ‘sqUesezdez pue Teate qebuy 30 opts -uqnos pue -usz0u oqUT DeptATP sem very + 220N o"00T SELTZY S06 702. oe" Tz (et) Te30r ars sen'e 0 seni 6 weot 311s eastaeuena “et sg oe‘ ote‘T ous‘t 99 uot Keto Aris suerte *2T (o*Tt) (se9’b) (0) (s89/4) '2203-ans) ore govte 0 son's o£ weot eT> eqePUED “TT ore 082’T 0 oge*T 69 weet atts. eqepues “ot (e6) (s96’€) (gs9°T). Core ‘zy (Te203-a2s) 6° oes’z ssh sLo'e et weot feqTo AaTTs atdumpeo! -¢ re sen'T ooe‘t sez at ueot Apues adunteo “8 (6"¥e) (sze’et) > (oe8‘6) (60's) (tes03-ans) Le ost‘t ost't 0 668 eyo Ay tts enbuTnd. z6 os6‘é os6‘e 0 see weot feTo A3Tts enbuTRO "9 Ute st0"6 06o'y ste'y s weoT 3178 enburnd: -¢ 6 ote or ove + weot Apues auty ensuTnO “pF (s"8z) (OLT‘2T) (s8h'9) (s89'S) (Te303-an38) ro set sit - oes ueot Sets Aatts eebta "€ 1782 S$66°1T ote‘9 $89" € weot .AeqTo eebta “2% oF StL'T SeL't 0 z weot Apues surg opuego °T zy Teor STS WAS SPTS GIFON TON TOquAS sedky TIS SSt7eS THOS (ew) WRIV LOUPONd SIMWY NI SHaAL CNY SAIWES TIOS gO WHUY GNY NOILOgINISIG s-e'S*Y aiaeL A551LINGAYEN Scale 1:1,600,000 0123 4 50km Leceno order Suhord Great Group Soil Unies, FAovtnesco (Soil Map SF the Moria) Units Tropudal fe utrie Mitosols Bla BNTISOLS —Aquents —Fluvaquenes Futric Fluvisets ae " ” Teopaquents ” " Fa " Psannents Twopopsanments —Eutrie Regosols Ta WCEPTISOLS Andepts— Eutrandepes Mamie Andosots a “ Aquepts ~ Tropaquepes Butric Gleysols, ie " Tropepes_ Eutropepts conbisols is ULTIS0IS watts Tropudutes Dyserte Nitosors Via YERTISOLS Usteres _Chromusterts. Chronic Vereisois va " ” Bellusteres Pellic X Mountain: Solis with £1, U and A soils FIGURE A.5.3-1 SOIL MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES AROUND THE PROJECT AREA (1972) A.5-52A.5-54Wauv Laroud STUY NI ONNOd SAdAL ONY SAIWAS T10S. dO SAINANDIS TVENLXSL YOd WYOVIG OTLWWIHOS PES" TIAA SuoTqerou0d uoIy as Ole reas [E5E)o8-7018 Ys so sa Pe 9-19 sts FE o-ors. wan annnnn prsaeeneas ae Bese fe HE . nL) eda Raoul abt iyi a L (oot ef 98 i= ‘BPP te whe ft uno rs feme et 80 cn ia Ve ee ag Se AES ans {PHS ASTIS woot HT ery 6s eon vet opuego eB Satay —— weot ————— kaya APT te Apues outs GUT! TIS cay 75 AGTTS / pa Tendugap aay aris esuexa ‘aisyACIENG A.5-55OL 23 4 IN ANRIS PROJECT AREA FIGURE A-5-3-5 MAP OF SOTL TYPES Scale A,5-56BC, mmho/25°C os4-@ 7 x River 3 045 Angat North Main Canal and laterals ‘Angat South Main Canal ‘and Laterals Naasin Nain Canal and Laterats Drain oof 19°07 Creek and Fish Pond 56 035- 8. ox- Maasim River R 30%, 0.25}. Pampanga nae Riveri x 1 4 _ ae Angat. River Mambog 7, os Dan i cole Bast River 1 018 Distance from Diversion’ Dam ‘on0) FIGURE A.5.3~6 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE WATER SAMPLES TAKEN IN AMRIS PROJECT AREA5.4 Land Classification 5.4.1 Classification Method Land classification requires examination and appraisal of the physical and chemical characteristics of the land, which include soil properties and qualities of the topo- graphic and drainage features. the classification method practised in the Philippines has been patterned after the field and laboratory procedures employed at the Bureau of Reclamation, USDA, with some modifications to meet the local conditions. Results of the land evaluation are mapped with special mapping symbols as follows: soit Tomrephié Drainage ott Sass bafcdency Deficionyy) —Boficisoy suitability for N ee irrigated rice) Flooding Hazard a 23 (moderate seasonal Ss te a Fam Vater dana, ‘Cae i thoderate)” Develognent Requirement Drainability paddy rice Pe aean nineties (poor subsurface irrigated) Grainage) 5.4.2 Land Classes of the Project Area The area was originally surveyed and mapped for land cla From 1977 to 1978 upgrading investigation was conducted in es before 1973 by the staff of the Bureau of soils. the Angat-Magat Integrated Agricultural Development Project to identify and delineate lands capable of sustained high Yields of suitable crops when provided with adequate water supply. ‘the results are summarized in Table a.S.4-1. the area distribution is given in Figure A.5.4-1.Irrigated ricelands occupy 85 percent of the total irrigated areas, of which 66 percent is classified into the highest class (IR). Lands witha potential for produc- tion of both paddy and diversified crops under irrigation are classified as 1-2R (2d). ‘These account for 15 percent of the total. This suggests that about 4,200 ha can be subjected to upland crops production in dry season. Although many survey data were used in this investiga- tion, consideration was not fully made to associate them with the soil classification, Land ‘classes which will be correlated with Soil Series and Types are summarized in vable A.5.4-2. ‘Each Soil Type thus belongs to two or three classes and/or subclasses according to its varying topography. Hence, it will be necessary in the future to delineate the land class areas based on the soil classification system, Detailed information for land specifications and procedures may be referred to in the report of AMIADP, NIA (1978). A.5-59TABLE A,5.4-1 HECTARAGE OF LAND CLASSES (UPGRADING) IN AMRTS AREA. (1978) hand Class Area thay irrigated 1 - 230 0.8 Diversified 2 ae 378 Ld cropland 3 ae 4 0.2 otal (1-3) 24 1.8 ar - 65.9 2R ty 3.0 Irrigated 2B ae Le Sub-total (2) 14.8 Ricelana 3R 4 0.7 3R ae 12 3R st ol Sub-total (3R) 1.9 otal (1R-3R) 82.6 64.4 Irrigated IR (2) @o, A/a) 3.8 Dual Class Land 2R (2) (aE, at) 1.2 ‘Total. Total Irrigated Lands Non-Arable 6 ae, sta 5.2 Lands* % 11.0 ROW 5.8 ‘Total 22.0 Grand Tota) 200.0 Source: AMIADP Land Classification Upgrading, ADD-UPRP, NIA (1978) Note : Subclass Symbols: § - Soil Deficiency, A - Low Irrigation Water Requirement % ~ Topography Deficiency (j - Irregular topography) d- Drainage Deficiency (0 - Subsurface Drainage Construction Required; f - Subject to flooding) *: 6 - Undulating lands with shallow soils, stream channels, swamps, etc. M+ Towns, villages, residential or industrial areas. ROW - Right of way, including public roads, canals, drains and farm roads. A.5-60rstoquis sseTo pueT x03 T-7'S'¥ STGP UT 930% 9y3. 99 Z0F0u ts20N oroot | Sed7zb TET) TROL paz, UT, ers ser'z 6 wer ATTS easTAeuonE "eT faee ‘Cquz ‘aT s°9 ogL'z 99 weot AeTD AQTTS esuezd *ZT BRaE 'SDaT one son’e OL weol AeT> eqepued -1T sUE-Z 1 (OVZ) ET /AT ore oge’T 69 weot 3TTS eqePUED * OT (pz) aT aT 6's oes’ st weot Seto Aatts atdumteo “6 Suz, /EPue UT pe sen't “t wieot Spues ataunteo “9 3Due UT Le ost'T 668 Aer AqTts enBurnd oe (8/22) 8T ET 6 0s6'e 582 uvot Aeto AQ TTs endured -9 (4/OC) BT aT sto'6 s weot 317s eAbured +s spe ‘38ue ‘38uz ote ’ weot Apues uta. enéutnd +5 sue ‘ (OPZ) ET ¥°0 get ors weot keto A3TTS eebte “ec FOU {(OBZ)ET 7AT T8z $66/TT, £ weot Seto webta +z sue ‘paz ory szu'T z weot Apues eura opueqo “T (a) (ea 3esseIO PEST Baay TON Sodhy Paw SSTISS TTOS joquds waay pompowa Sram NI SH4As GNY STESS TIOS gO SSVIO GNVI GNY WRYY @-p°S'W aTEWE A561Scale 1:100,000 FIGURE A.5.4-1 MAP OP LAND CLASSES IN AMRIS AREA (Upgrading, 1978) (Glass IR includes non-agricultural Jands) A.5~625.5 Soils of New Expansion Area 5.5.1 Soil Series and types The exploitable areas which are scheduled’ to be. expanded are located at the lowest elevation of less than five meters above sea level. An éxception is the Caingin area in San Rafael (WS6 Ex-1) where coarse particles are deposited, resulting in an alluvial terrace gently sloping from 18m to 14 m in elevation. Location of these areas and their hectarage of classified soil types are shown in Table A.5,5-1 and Figures A.5.5-1.to A.5.5-5, To draw these figures, the following maps were used as well as in the soil survey work: Area No. Gtunicipality) Map Scale Producer. WS6 Bx-1 (San Rafael) 1:10,000 Aurota-Penaranda Pro- : ject, NIA, 1973 WS6 Ex-2 (San Rafael) 1:50,000, Authority of the Board of Technical’ Survey and ‘Mapping, 1952-1970 WS6 Bx-3 (Candaba) 1:50,000 -rbia. WS Bx (Candaba} 1:50,000 Ibid. WS8 Ex-1,. . (San Lids) 1:25,000 NIA~JICA Cooperation Project, 1981 WS8 Bx-2 (San Luis) 1:25,000 Tbid. WS9 Bx (palit) 1:25,000 Tbid. We12 Bx (apalit) 1:25,000 Tbid. WSS Ex (walolos) 1:50, 000 Same as WS6 Ex-2 WS2 Bx (Bocaue) 1:50,000 Ibid. Four Soil Series and eight Soil Types are distributed in the expansion areas, and one to three types are observed in one area, he most extensive is Candaba Clay Loam (70) followed by Bigaa Clay Loam (3). Quingua silt Loam (5) appears frequently over four areas in a small size. Two A.5-63Soil Types (17 and 18) of the newly established Calumpit Series where silt clay loam surface soil is underlaid by coarse textural subsoil are shown in WS9 Bx, 12 Bx and ws? Bx area, respectively. 5.5.2 Land Classes Most of the areas proposed to be expanded have been used mainly as paddy fields by fatmers; WS6 Ex-1 area has been cultivated for upland crops such as vegetables and beans. ‘hese areas divert irrigation water from the nearby rivers and crecks since the farmers are not yet served by AMRIS. Grasslands, marshes and fish ponds, however, are located in a greater portion in WS6 Fx-3, and around WS5 Ex and 2 Ex areas because these areas are submerged frequently in wet season. Land classes for irrigation suitability are evaluated following the same method as described in paragraph 5.4 and are presented in Table A.5.5-2. The soils are classified mostly into second classes with drainage deficiency, flood- ing hazard and/or topography déficiency. Only Soil Type (4) belongs to third class because of its lower productivity. Digits in the denominator illustrate lands use, productivity rating (1-2), irrigation water requirement and land drain- ability, referring to soil characteristics which are sum- marized in the same Table. Non-arable lands such as marshes and fish ponds in each area belong to sixth class (6) although their extent has not et been fully surveyed, It is necessary during the planning stage of the Project to decide to what extent these lands can be reclaimed for cultivation or should be left as they are now. a.5-64Conversely, some portion of the 2R class lands can be upgraded to 1R class, when irrigation and drainage facil~ ities are provided through the Project implementation, 5.5.3 Soil Characteristics Soil characteristics examined in the present survey are summarized’ in Table A.5.5-2. Whe figures represent averages from the results of the profile observation and soil analysis. Soil fertility is, in general, moderately high; the soils are rich in exchangeable bases with a slight accumula- tion of organic matter throughout the profile. Despite submergence of the lands in wet season, structural develop- ment ig moderately good enough to allow internal drainage during the irrigation period of rice crop. Common soil deficiencies are compactness and a high pH of the subsoil. Higher salinity values are found’in the soils of Candaba area, WS6 Ex-3 andi7 Bx (3, 70) and Malolos area, WS5 Bx (3), where évapotranspiration seems to dominate during the dry season, In those areas more intense drainage facilities ave needed to keep saline soil water from upward hovement. Frequent deep plowing and increased nitrogen application are also recommended for most of the expansion areas. Precaution against zinc deficiency of rice plants must be taken especially in the alkaline soil areas as will be pointed out in the next paragraph. A565TE eek tres A.5-6600d peiopsasex i poco X sAestrqeuresp peer “» peaestaxt Jsdez> poysrszonta. 3 ‘poresyaxT 2OR burpoors terue des =OTpeR Barpoots. Teuosess MOT. W iaueuezpnbex ceren mes *¢ ‘Buspoord. Teuoseas au6;T6 13 1. pzezey. Surpocts’ “1 Fenotqos se peatisenyty ore Stoqets ‘ous. og dexbexee cq Zoya /uoTaRstEteSeT9. puRT Jog 19308 2 ean per guasoze “r A.5-67 os shacl remorse aerate MORSE crete at ar as ue sabexas sms aecenza/t“tppe2 puod.ustz Se Stes ina is a sabena cosaoss seerasa/ttaeee FET oe ore wae asipagt mre seeezsa/tsrse fret te at ws wea ee ee ee ee ee — fos dees aeeezsa/ts9e ce-se $e eae sus aeibeaat ten peetaastnets getty O'S OL aaa gs eas shah wievtesweeezsa/t70ree west + ooere oetee | uu sasusht meats eraya/tromt fopee © FOF 88 a és ee a sees peceia/ 39st ress e ero ee ease owe Hose orem pecisa/isrt gioe were ory ore oe Pee Beets Sut Ptogt.ee-eo wea seatpsec8 1s pet/tree feeea sty reg. ead as FOr TO 6e = ste want 3GhtH 2g ‘oTs-29. ante Isa AO gPaz Appea e-8 € eka 9 as, aercrsa/et resre ee-ge gis saieessh aes MEET Sem ga a a20/2352 ogee) ‘ $=) oe ee arate seas mam ape Geese a Corey Tene sare Sentient motes 3k tres Stave norsivacs wan 20 SOTESTUGIOWNMD TOS aMY saseeTD aweT e-s"s"e TENE200 400 600 800 1,000" 5 Genie’ 174,000 Scale: 1/50,000 WS 6 Bx-2 (San Rafael) FIGURE A,5.5-1 SOIL MAP OF EXPANSION AREA - 1 (WS GEx-1 and WS 6Ex-2) A.5-68(vavaNvo) (xaz SM Pue ¢-x39 SH) Z - VauY NOISNVAXE 4O AVN 1108 2-S*s*¥ gunoTd5 AUNT CIP ALT (te Seale: 1/36,000 FIGURE A.5.5-3 SOIL MAP OF EXPANSION AREA- 3 (WS 8Ex-1 and WS 8Ex-2) (San Luis and San Simon) A,3-701736 ,000 FIGURE A.5.5-4 SOIL MAP OF EXPANSION AREA- 4 (WS 9Ex and WS 12Ex) (Apalit and Calumpit) Seale: A.S-71Scale: 1/43,000 (Anilao-Malolos) (Bocaue) FIGURE A.5.5-S. SOIL MAP OF EXPANSION AREA - 5 (WS SEx and WS 2Ex) A.5-725.6 Problems and Recommendation No serious problem has been noted as requiring special attention in the soils of Project Area except in the low- land areas where poor drainage conditions cause frequent flood damage in the wet season. Because of the clayey texture under alluvial sedimentation, the soils are, in general, rich in nutrient bases derived from the geologi~ cally calcareous and lateritic origins. Meanwhile, nitrogen and phosphorus are the fertilizer elements needed in the Project Area. 5.6.1 Soil Classification In previous soil maps (1939, 1956 and 1964), areas occupied by silt loam types of Quingua and Candaba Soil Series (5 and 69).are fairly large. In the present soi survey, however, many of the soil profiles examined have shown the finer-textured surface layer (SiCL or Sic). Moreover, some areas with coarse-textured subsoil (SL or Sib) are found to be overlaid by the Sich Surface soil. These are distributed along river levees and poorly drained lowlands. Since these profiles have been described for the first time, they are classified into a new Soil Series named Calumpit which is further divided into two Soil Types of sandy loam (17) and silty clay loam (18) ‘Their extent is not broad, being about 4,000 ha or nine. (9) percent of the total gross area. (Refer to Table A.5.3-8) Based on ‘these results and combined with the existing soil maps, a new AMRTS soil map has been developed: It is composed of seven Soil Series and thirteen (13) Soil Types. Because of the fairly low density of the survey sites, each boundary of the Types should be rechecked by a more detailed can Province that has been survey. Re-survey of thé Bula\initiated recently by the Bureau of Soils is expected to establish a new soil classification map which includes the AMRIS Area. 5.6.2 Land Classification As already pointed out, land classification must be conducted for lands which have been classified into the lowest order such as soil type or soil phase. According to the land classification mapping system used by NIA soils are evaluated to include distinct soil phases which are identified within one soil type. However, the existing two land class maps of the AMRIS Area (1973 and 1978) do not present any correlation between soil unit and land class. To make full use of the results of the soil survey, it is necessary to establish this re~ lationship not only for proper land use but also for pro- gressive agricultural management. 5.6.3 Soil Characteristics As far as the physical and chemical properties of the soils analysed are concerned, no weak point has been identified for their use as arable lands. Soil pH and Eh values measured present no special hazard in growing rice crop. (1) Soil compactness Soil of clayey texture is generally very compact Subsoils are sometimes too hard for the crop roots to pen- etrate into the solum although this is favored by the moderately well developed structure. Accordingly, the field must be deep plowed once every three years to allow vigorous growth of the root system. A.5-74(2) Soil Salinity As described in the foregoing chapter, a high subsoil salinity has been observed in two areas, the Canadaba Swamp and the southernmost part near the sea. Most of them belong to the proposed expansion area; The salinity is not so severe, slightly exceeding 4 mmhos. Hence; if sufficient irrigation water is supplied and later drained without any upward movement of soil water into the rhizosphere, the crops ean grow normally. ‘To convert these lands into the crop fields, however, more detailéd soil salinity aetermina- tion should be made. Salt-tolerant varieties of local or newly bred lines will grow well on these saline soils, Since younger seedlings are more susceptible, it is best to transplant’ .4 to 6-week-old seedlings instead of the ordinary practise of using 3-week-old seedlings. Direct sowing is not recommended because of the susceptibleness of young seedlings and also because of the occurrence of frequent floods in the fields (3) tine peficiency of the minor elements that affect plant growth, no other element has received as much attention as the problem of zinc deficiency in the wetland rice areas in this country. It was first diagnosed in calcareous. soils with alkaline reaction. Regardless of pH it is now known to occur in several kinds of soils. For example, soils high in magne- sium carbonates or those with organic acid evolution after submerging the field tend to make zine less available to rice. No apparent observation has been recorded on zinc deficiency in soilg of the Project. Area. This may not deny the possibility of its existence considering the extensive areas of alkaline soils in the Candaba Swamp and other low- land areas. ALS-75These soils are rich in exchangeable calcium and magnesium and have been left undrained for a long time. An intensive monitoring is thus essential in the expansion areas. Once the deficiency symptom has been diagnosed, the method of fertilization, including organic manure agplication, must be changed in forms of quality and quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer elements. 5.6.4. Trrigation Water Quality In the present study, the quality of water samples taken from many sources has been satisfactory in terms of their reaction (pH) and electrical conductivity (KC values) All river, canal and creek water analyzed given EC values less than 0.3 mmhos on the average, denoting that they are safe for irrigation purposes. Even the drain water which shows a very slight increase in EC as compared with its original irrigation water does not exceed 0.4 mmhos. ‘This suggests a high possibility in reuse of the water during times when irrigation water is arce 5.6.5 Recommendations From the viewpoint of pedology and soil conservation, the following is recommended for agricultural development in the Project Area: (1) conduct a more detailed soil survey in the area to establish the boundaries between Soil Series and types; (2) conduct a correlation study between classified soil units and their land classes to include soil manage- ment aspects; (3) plow soils deep during land preparation with increased dose of nitrogen fertilizer to attain higher product~ ivit A.S-16(4) conduct an intensive survey on soil salinity in the proposed expansion areas, and monitor observation on the zine deficiency problem, and (5) conduct a study on irrigation water use or its repeated use. Items (1) and (2) should be conducted by the staff of the Bureau of Soils. Literature Cited Bureau of Soils, Department of Agricultural and Natural 1 Resources: Soil Survey of Bulacan Province, 1939. Ibid: Soil Survey of Pampanga Province (Revised Fd.) , 1956. 3. Bureau of Public Works, ibid: Soil Map for Angat and Maasim River Irrigation Project, 1964. FAO/UNBSCO: Soil Map of the World, Ix, 1978, 5. Kawaguchi, D.: Pedology, Kyoto Univ., Yokendo, Japan, 1977. Mariano, J.A, and A,, Valmidiano: Classification of Philippine Soils in the Higher Categories, Bureau of Soils, Dept. of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Philippines, 1972. 7. NIA-Angat-Magat Integrated Agricultural Development Project: AMIADP Land Classification Upgrading, 1978. 8. NIA-NSDB Water Management Improvement. Project: Trial/ Demonstration of Different Rates of Fertilizers, 1979. 9. PCARR (Bureau of Soils, UPLB): The Philippines recommenés for Soil Fertility Management, 1978. 10. Ponnamperuma, F.N.: Physicochemical Propertios of Sub- merged Soils in Relation to Fertility, IRRI Research Paper, No.5, 1977, Ll. Takijima, ¥. and 1. Sakuma: Soil Strength and Sand~Gravel Content as Deciding Factors of Paddy Soil Productivity Classification, Proc. Intern. Seminar, IS$$, Tokyo, 1977. : Pundamentals of Rice Crop Science, TRRI, 12. Yoshida, 198i. A.5-77