2264 Design of Bridge Souerves (@) Sots per (@) Treste per (@) Hammemeae — A (@) Framedpier (@) Comulartype 125 ‘Typical shapes of pie.> Wind forces > Wave forces > Longitudinal force owing to braking of vehicles > Seismic effects > Forces owing to collision, for piers in navigable waterways 122.2 Analysis of After deciding the dimensions such as top width, side batter and base width, the pier should be analysed for adequacy of its dimensions, This ean be done by checking the maximum and ‘minimum base pressures developed by the pier. While calculating these base pressures, all the forces enumerated above are considered ers EXAMPLE 12.1 Verify the stability of the abutment shown in Fig. 12.6. The other salient dewils are given below: ‘Material of the abutment: Concrete Density of the soil: 18 kNén* Coefficient of friction: 0.6 Angle of repose af the soil: ¢ = 30° Live load on the bridge: IRC Class AA (Tra 98m.08m 042.78 aN 109.20. 206 kN? Fig. 12.6 Section of the abutment Example 121).2284 Design of Bridge Souetuves Span of the bridge: 15 m Angle of friction between the soil and conerete: 5 = 18° ‘The bridge deck consists of three longitudinal girders of 1.4 m depth with a deck slab of 200 mm depth, Analysis ‘The stability of the abutment is verified at bed level Self-weight of the abutment 24 [0.0 x 5) + (08 x 3.2) + (0.5 x 12 x 32) + 0.5 x 12x 5)] 251.52 kN Dead load from superstructure 3 x 14 x 0.3 x 15 x 24) + [24 x 02) + 22 x 0.08)] x 8.7 x 15 = 453.60 4 856.08 = 1309.68 kN Dead load per abutment = 1309.68/2 = = 75.26 KN {where 87 m is the width of 4.84 KN Dead load per metre run of abutment = 654.848. the deck} Reaction due to live load Live load reaction is maximum when the wheel is nearer to the support such that the tip of the wheel touches the support, letting the fall portion of the wheel within the span, Live load reaction = 700[15 ~ (3.6/2)|/15 = 616 kN Total load Total load = 251.52 + 75.26 + 616 = 942.78 kN Earth pressure Earth pressure is calculated using Coulomb's formula 6 = 30", tan = 1.2/5, therefore, @ = 13.50" ‘Total earth pressure = 0.5 x 18 x 5? x cos 13.50° &, where k, is given by [active eatth pressure coefficient) Le cos'(@-8) (A+ o)sind os + $0089 on? Bos (d+ 8) + ‘Upon substitution, k, = 0.853Subsowerures 229 ‘Therefore, Earth pressure = 0.5 18 x 5? x cos 13.50° x 0.853 = I81.46 KN Horizontal component of earth pressure = 181.46 cos (8 + 6) = 181.46 cos (18 + 13.50) 54,72. kN Vertical component of earth pressure = 181.46 sin 31.50 = 94.81 KN EV = 94.81 + 942.78 = 1037.59 kN EH = 154.72 kN Resultant = (103759) 727 = 1049.06 kN Check against overturning ‘The earth pressure is assumed to act at a height of 0.42h = 0.42 x 5 = 2. m Moments having overturning effect = 2.1 x 154.72 = 324.91 kNam Restoring moments = 06x 5X23 x2) + OS x 12x 32x 24 x 08) + OB x 3.2 24 x 1.6) 4 (0.5 x 1.2 x 5 x 24 x 3) 4 (942.78 x 1.6) = 2025.20 kN-m Factor of safety against overtuming = 2025.20/324.91 = 6.23 > 2. Therefore, the abutment is safe against overturning. Check against sliding Factor of safety = (0.6 x 942.78)/154.72 = 3.65 > 2. Therefore, the abutment is safe against sliding, Maximum and mi 1um base pressures Distance of the resultant from the toe = 202520—32491 _ 4 69 oy Tai Ecsite en! he cent the Bs Thee, stax peste pag = 22278 (14 5*2019) 924 a aa Saar 9278(,_gx0018) = oyo37 ui? 327 gay) BOS7 KN Stresses are within limits as the compressive stress for concrete is 2000 kNimé ‘The abutment cross-section and the pressure distribution atthe base are shown in Fig. 12.6. Minimum pressure Pain2304 Design of Bridge Souetves EXAMPLE 122 Verify the adequacy of the dimensions for the pier shown in Fig. 12.7. The following details are available ‘Top width of the pier: 6m Height of the pier up to springing level: 10 m ce of bearings on either side: 1.00 m Side batter: 1 in 12 High flood level: 1 m below the bearing level Span of the bridge: 16 m Loading on span: IRC Class AA. Road: Two-lane road with 1 m wide footpath on either side. Superstrueture: Consists of three longitudinal girders of 1.4 m depth wit a deck slab of 200 mm depth. Rib width of girders = 300 mm Material of the pier: Concrete M15 41306 um Fig, 127 Section of te pier and pressures a the base (Example 122),Subsorwetwes 234 Analysis Base width at hed level = 1.6 + (1/12) x (10 x 2 Pier length required = 7.5 + @ x 1) = 9.50 m 3.27 m Self-weight of the pier X 1.6) + (2 x mx 0.8/2) = 17.21 m? 3.27 95) + 2 x wx 1.6/2) = 39.11 m? Self-weight = (1/2) x (17.21 + 39.11) x 10 x 24 = 6578.40 KN ‘Moment of inertia with respect to X-X axis 958x327 | 2#x3.274 2 128 Area at top = (9 Area at bottom 33.29 m* Dead toad from the superstructure ‘This is due to longitudinal girders and deck slab of the superstructure. Roughly, itis given by = (3X 14x 16 x 0.3) 24 + G4 x 0.2 + 0.08 x 22) x (9.5 x 16) 1480.96 kN ‘Therefore, Load per metre length of pier = 1480.9619.5 = 155.89 kN Design dead load = 6758.40 + 155.89 = 6914.29 kN Stresses at bottom owing to dead load = 6914,29/38.11 = 176.79 kNim? Stresses owing to buoyancy ‘Owing to buoyancy, the pier gets lifted, due (0 buoyancy are always negative Width of the pier at HFL = 16 + @ x0.) = 1.8 m ‘Area of the pier at HEL = (1.8 x 9.8) + (x 0.9%2) = 18.37 m? Submerged volume of the piet = [(I8.37 + 39.11)/2] x 9 = 25866 m* Reduction in weight of the pier owing to buoyancy = Weight ofthe displaced water = 258.66 x 10 = 2586.6 KN «. there isa relief in stress value, Therefore, stresses Stress at base = 2586,6/39.11 = ~ 66.13 Nims Stress owing to live load Reaction owing to live load (Class AA) including impact = 1.1 x 700 = 770 kN Maximum bending moment at base = 770 % 0.5 = 385 kN/m Maximum stress at base = (70/39.11) + (B85 > 3.27)((33.29 x 2) = 38.59 kNim? ‘Minimum stress at base = (770/39.11) ~ (385 x 3.27)/(8329 x 2) = 0.779 = 08 KNStresses owing to longitudinal force Longitudinal force may be taken as 20% of IRC Class AA loading that is 0.2 700 = 140 kN Moment owing to this force at base = 140 10 = 1400 kNm Stresses at base = = (1400 x 3.27)/(33.29 x 2) = + 68.75 kN/ Stresses owing to water current Velocity of water may be taken as 3 m/s Water pressure = 5.2 kv? (& is a constant = 0.66 for semicircular cut and ease water). 5.2 x 0.66 3° = 30.88 KNim? Area of the wetted surface of pier = 9(1.8 4+ 3.27)2 = 22.81 n Fore owing to water current = 30,88 x 22.81 = 704.37 KN For the worst effect, the current direetion is taken as 20° Fotce perpendicular to pier = 704.37 cos 20° = 661.89 kN ‘Moment at the base owing to this fore 661.89 x (2/3) x 9 = 3971.34 kN. Stresses at the base owing to this force = = (3971.34/33.29] x (3.27/2) = 2195.04 kNim? Summation of all the stresses Maximum stress = 176.79 + 38.59 — 66.13 + 68.75 + 195,04 = 413.04 kNim? Minimum stress = 176,19 — 0.8 ~ 66.13 — 68.75 — 195.04 = -183.93 kN/m? ‘The stresses developed at the base are within lis Negative pressure indicates development of tension at the bottom. This is undesirable, To abate this, the bottom and top widths of the pier may be slighty altered. ‘The pier cross-section and pressure distribution at the base are shown in Fig. 12.7 DESIGN PROBLEM Verify the stability of the abutment of a bridge with the following details: Top width: 1.5 m Height: 4m Back batter: 1 ia 6 Front face of the abutment is vertical Material: Stone masonry Unit weight of soil: 18 kN/m? ‘Angle of repose: 30° Supersiructure: T-beam bridge of span 15m Loading: IRC Class AA Assume suitable dimensions for the components of the superstructure.Chapter 13 1 Bridge Foundations - ft TTT ‘As the loads of the superstructure and substructures of the bridge get finally transferred to ground, the substructures need to be founded properly. The foundations of the bridge should have no differential settlements, because differential settlements generate moments in the superstructure which may be of very high magnitude. The depth of foundations should be placed below the depth of maximum scour, so that the foundations are not undermined 13.1 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS ‘There are two categories, ie. shallow foundations and deep foundations. Whether deep or shallow, the foundation to a bridge is location-specific. If stable foundation stratums are available at lower depths, a shallow foundation is the right option (such us raft foundation, stepped foundation, etc.) If a good stritum is available at greater depths only, it is the deep Foundation that would be required. Deep foundations are dealt with in this chapter. Deep Foundations used for bridges are of two types: 1. Well foundations 2. Pile foundations 13.1.4 Well Foundations Well foundations are predominantly used as bridge foundations. They are identified under three categories, Box eaission ‘This is a vessel, which is open at its top and closed at its hottom, The box could be of timber, ste! or concrete. The box is constructed on shore and towed to the location where itis required I is then sunk at the site tom where it starts to function as a foundation. It is suitable for shallow depths. 233Open caisson ‘This is called well foundation in Indian context. It is essentially a cylindrical (sometimes square ‘or rectangular) structure made of RCC or bricks. It has its top andl bottom ends open. The central space is filled with sand. The top is then closed by a concrete cap. On this cap, either the abutment or the pier is constructed, Pneumatic caisson ‘When it is required to go to very great depths for want of suitable founding strata, pneumatic ceaissons are used. Pneumatic eaissons are wells with open bottoms and closed tops. In between the closed top and the open bottom, pressure is regulated so that labourers can work. These lypes are found to be exorbitantly expensive, 13.1.2 Open Well Foundations In India, well foundations are very popular. Wells can be of various shapes such as ciscular, rectangular, double-D, dumb-bell. These are shown in plan in Fig. 13.1. The selection of shape is left to the engineer-in-charge. However, it is governed by the following factors: > Size und shape of the base of the pier or the abutment > Difficulty in sinking (possi > Stability requirement O CO« ly of tilt) (@) Cautar (b) Twincreutar (6) Dumbo (@) Doubled (©) Twinhoxagora! {t) Twinectagonal Fig, 13.1 Types of wells, I has heen found that a circular well is always advantageous because of the rela sinking effort involved. rely lowBrulge Foundatons 235 13.1.3 Components of Well Foundations ‘The various components of a well foundation are shown in Fig. 13.2. The functions of the ‘components illustrated ia Fig. 132 are enumerated below: Steining. Its generally made of concrete. It provides dead load during sinking. When placed ‘on had strata, the steining will take care of load transfer. It provides a firm grip below the scour level Wall cap. It is a concrete slab covering the top of the well. Over this eap, an abutment or a pier is constructed. Bedievel wel eap op plug lel — stomnng ‘sane ting |—Borom pu Louw Z® scam seat Fig, 182 Components of « well foundation ‘Top plug. I is the covering provided over the sand filling. I also serves as a shuttering for laying the well cap. Bottom plug. The bottom plug is a via media for transferring the load from steining to the soil.‘Sand fill. It is used to fill the void created between the walls of the well. It increases the Weight of the well, and thus adds to stability of the well. Curb. This is the bottom most part of « well. Itis shaped in the form of a wedge to facilitate easy sinking. It is provided with a mild steel angle all round, 13.2. DESIGN OF WELLS Steining. The minimum thickness of steining shall not be less than 500 mm an satisy the following relationship: ha kdle (13.4) where +h = minimum thickness of steining in m d = external diameter of the circular well ia m L = depth of the well ia m Kk = constant 0,030 for sandy strata, 0.033 for clayey strata ‘The values of & for wells of different shapes are listed in IRC 78. Reinforcement in well steining, Vertical reinforcement in the stcining shall not be less than 0.12% of the gross-sectional area. This shall be equally distributed on both faces oF steining. ‘The vertical reinforcements are tied up with hoop steel not less than 0.04% of the volume per unit length of steining. Cutting edge. The mild steel cutting edge shall be strong enough and not less than 40 kg/m, to facilitate sinking of the well through the types of strata expected. Wall curb, It is made of M20 concrete having minimum reinforcement of 72 kg/cu.m. Bottom plug. Bottom plug shall be located at a depth of 300 mm from the top of the kes ‘The thickness of the bottom plug is given by 24 19? £ 3, he (132) rearing pressure at the base in KNim? dius of the well in m fe = flexural strength of concrete in kN/m? Check for stresses ‘The stresses developed in the steining of the well can be verified at the location of maximum bending moment, The point where the bending moment is maximum is located below the scour level. I is given by A 133)