NUCLEI

RADNCHCMISTRY
•

Essentials
of
Nuclear
chemistry by HJ Amilcar
302uy2
Nuclides : Atom =
electrons t neutrons t
protons
-

÷ NUCLEUS

NUCLIDES
I
=

STABLE NUCLIDES UNSTABLE NUCLIDES

of
NO
NO & remains
of
→
protons
→
neutrons neutrons 4 protons not constant
- -

(stable for long Neutron

times
keeps happening
constant -
.

proton .

① Number & ③
of neutron &
of Binding Energyof
ratio neutrons
proton protons
nuclides

Statistically ( protons neutrons)

→
nucleus is stable
if
mum or are even more
, , .

of
→
No

very high
when
nuclides the protons Inventions
-

is
of
are nun . even .

N →
Number
of Z → Number
of
neutrons
protons .

}
"

O →
8 8E Number
of electrons
8N t
p t

To be cheered

% I If I :L I.ge .

150 ( ) of protons/
including
→
nuclei & isobars are stable because
isotopes
no -

neutrons are even .

}
→ Stable odd
nuclei with
protons
: 56 almost
↳ rd of both even

→ Stable nuclei with odd SO

neutrons :

→ Stable nuclei with both odd :

4
→

Instability leads [ Fission

fusion punishing
to nuclear reactions .

, ,
a emission ,

hardly
It the nuclide
charged (proton)
→
matters
if is
uncharged
even or

( neutron) [50-56]

→
The Nlt
stability
the
ratio is also
significant in
determining .

for
tighter the ratio enceeds I
→
=L
of
nuclei ratio neutrons Heavier nuclei : -

, .

protons (N > Z
)
↳ This That's
leads to
instability why

①
.

J t O fission reactions occur in heavier nuclei .

Heavier Nuclei
Daughter nuclei .

If a nuclei has N =
6 Z 4 it converts In to attain Nz =/
-

into
p
-

,
.

In order to the is emitted & is

counteract tire
charge developed , an e-

termed as
p -

emission .

3lJuly2
born

Isomers &
Co
They metastable
→ : →
mist in when
coming
eg
:
state down to

V
Kat
(m : metastable state ) lower unit radiation
energy
.

( isomeric Transition)

→
Pitchblend Studied Marie Slllodowslle
is the name
of 's
Uranium ore .

by .

Marie Curie
→ observed that
pithblead (theory contained much more
reactivity
than
pure
U
.

This led Polonium Radium

discovery of
to 2
-

new elements :
4 .

TYPES V
OF RADIATION : A
, f , , positron Most
of
nuclei with 2-282
d d l d
-

Heat C-
energy
et are
susceptible to

I
- -

emission

④ I. Ra -
ja title

EX -

EY t C ) t
( )
 q-iistftian.mn#
⑧
n -

p t -

to
p
This converted into & is emitted to
nucleus
gets p particle
a
proton
-

balance the
charge .

(
" "
"
Na V
P → Net
Ptt
to
+
pot
-

p n

Ys
e- Fet e- - Mn to

t v
capture P t
-

e - n

Half lives
from
-

of nuclides microseconds to 109

range years
even .

Ah radioactive
follow 1st order kinetics
-

decays
.

1600J K 'D 4
222pm
we
Ra -
t He
88 86 2

tyz
06932
=

decay constant
- .

TOPICS
Radioactivity
70 BE COVERED BY TIWARI SIR
-

-
o

Measurement
Detection
of Radioactivity
°

&

Chemistry
°
Radiation

Radiochemistry
°

Some
of
the
equipment
to be studied :
→
Geiger Mittler counter (Gas filled detector
)
→ Scintillation counter
(Na I
( Tl) )
detector

-
Semiconductor Detector .
Decay
- -
scheme

226 ✓
This emits 2
diff types of
-
a
particles (94×2)
Ra
-

"' " seas

÷÷ig÷ :c.no . .
.

This emission
directly gives
zu

Rn
fr I
MeV
product in
ground state .

energy = O 187
-

4 4.676 MeV
Energy =

42 4 863 MeV
Energy
-

"
"

(H ) P

I
-

Ld emits 1007 .

p radiation .

B- ( 1.71 MeV )

32g

( Right arrow shows

formation of new element

to the
right in the periodic table
)

60M

Co ( lo -

4 min
)
-

{,zT= isomeric trans V 059 MeV

=
O -

"

↳
co

}
(5-253) 2.go Mev 4 (t ) HIGHER ENERGY STATE

I -33 Mev "Ywzµ ,

42,0 are
spin slates

0 Mev
§ 1=133 MeV
GROUND STATE
-
O (t ) .

"
Ni

STUDY NUCLEAR SPIN & PARITY

 Stg 5August2o

w/€
'

,µN omg.onmai.i.wm.uamtmmwiam.in
nenana

Z
-

Theoretical ( 0=45 )
Actual
-

23

Nap,q
°
Consider dotted line radioactive nuclei
formed
→

" .

, 23

B CASE I Ne
emission P - n
B
-
to

23

Na
II 12

Caste n -

p 7mg ,

emission

↳
Na
k 12
zy
-

B- 24

Na
12mF
-
the
CASE3_ " b he

immediately a
p particle
's emitted .

Iva I ? Naw
23

"
Nan CASTEL
-

n
,

Read all different definitions Isotope :

,
bar de -
 °

Binding
Nuclear
Energy of
nucleus
6Ayust2
potential Model
°

Exchange forces
°

fission is caused neutrons

by slow
moving
-

:
÷

o e

-
It has been observed that the combined mass
of
the
①
mmmg.TW#ynassiscommed
to
energy
.

fequascwelltodel ( Reine Descartes )

-
inertial does not
energy
•
-

enlist above

the F- R - l

30 G e ✓
Vo
-
-

=
 Heisenberg ,
uncertainty Principle
" n -
p

p
- n

we outcomes
n -
n

p p
-

find
Assignment : the dist .
travelled
by the
particle inside the nucleus
if it is
given

velocity of light -

a- =
I
C

Andy Bartlet Principle

Position
Wcigner of
meteor

Read About Nuclear Models :

Nuclear ↳
Reactions Fermi Model

↳ liquid drop model

:X t
y
"
-

Itt ;D ) Bethe 's Model .

i t
t t
Target Projectile Product
Cjedik
Nuclide
Nuclide

IUPAC Nomenclature : x ( Y
, F) Y
,
eiectile
-

" "

g
:
Na ( d, p) Na

projectile

"
cu (p ,
n
sp 6-5*8
 Nuclear Reactions :
-

① when
projectile bombards the
Etching the target nuclei
→

,
the

of
PE nuclei
target will not
change .

(including PE )

②
Ehrig Total
energy of target nuclei will increase
-

"' " '

Agh 8) Ag
-
:

g ,

③ p
V
/
leading
-
x when passed to
rays nuclear reaction .

'

Nafi p)
"

, Na

V
⑨ Radiativefeectionsi X
Raysf
-

rays come out

→
Reverse photonuclear
of Mxn

}
Evaporation
fpellation ?
Special types of nuclear reactions

fission
Fusion
+

2 more

Evaporation In
reaction evaporation spellation fission reaction there is
chipping off
-

.
a
, , ,

of some
fragment .
 -
Nuclear fission Reaction l9August2
2351
'
t
on Ba Kr
Energy
-
t t 3N t

Isotopes of uranium :
235W I 233W ) 238W

Urainum .

.
9801 .
→
238W

}
0.7g
235
U still this is
,
→ used in the reaction as it is the
fissionable
"
(
Ready for
U or
fissile material Nuclear reactions )

In ) maeen.ae/NEanramdYauetoriemp-sYfTmbu- moagiaeiom
)
certain

Ty
"

fertile
↳ "

U can be converted to
fufu which has 600 X
higher potentiality

for
Sterile Materials : Can Never be used nuclear reactions -

"

Tarapore reactor uses U .

Rest use Pu .

Two
factors involved
for :( 1) Critical mass

the Neutrons thermal Neutron (slow moving) ( 10 kph)

propagation of nuclear
-

( fast Neutron ( so
reaction .

,
Wo kph)

Moderators slow down

fast neutrons & convert them to thermal neutrons .

"
V is unable to bombardment its
produce energy as
after of nuclei ,
energy
is unable to cross the critical barrier
energy
.

Sj }
" 238
233
239 232
U
v pu 7h Materials which can
be
utilized in

fission reaction .
"s

y -
Nuclear reactors
"

V Medicinal & research

agricultural
→
purposes
"
Pu Fast Breeder Test / atomic bombs
(Hiroshima Nagasaki 1945J
→

reactor, Nuclear warheads &

a.

""

Plutonium Pu can
carry out the reaction even with the
fastest neutrons .
Thus it is used

in a
fast Breeder Test Reactor

Reactor
-

Technology -

Zircalo -
Zirconium t Aluminium Material used
for preparing the tribe in

which Uranium is inside the

placed reactor .

① for each neutron

bombarding ,
3 neutrons a re
produced .

① These controlled moderators &

using
neutrons are

reflectors .

When no

of neutrons
coming
out is equal to that
enpececd,
it is called CRITICAL condition
-

When than
of that it is called SUPERCRITICAL
coming
neutrons condition
greater enpectcd,
no -

out is

When lesser than

no

of neutrons
coming
out is that
expected,
it is called SUBCRITICAL condition
-

420
isotopes of
30 elements are
formed during this reaction .

Used
fuel separation & reuse is called
Spent fuel
Reprocessing
Enriched Uranium
Any Uranium in which the concentration is increased
by 07 o 9%
-
-
:

"

the U
naturally occurring
or the
concentration exceeds that
y of
ore .

Zircalbo It is to
difficult Hf from Zr
very separate
: o
.

In this Zr should be
completely free from Hf
.

alloy
-

Hf
's neutron
absorption seen This leads to
absorption
°

is
-

cross . man .

of an excess no .

of neutrons ,
leading to a subcritical condition .

Moderator : ordinary,HW , Heavy water

,
Be rods .

Coolant
ordinary H2O liquid
:

,
Na
 FAST BREEDER TEST REACTOR (f- BTR )
-

→
fast Neutrons be to the reaction instead the
used
requirement
propagate of
can ,

thermal
of neutrons .

In this
Breeding type of reactor
burning 1kg of fuel 41kg of bed again
- :
,
gives energy .

"

mm -
Tzu -

Tzu up aim

indnmy-239pwsnlsrdnwunn@t23jo7hETuT.o
94

F- "

43,3Pa Eu
.
The

conversion
of fertile into
fissile
239
233
pm ✓

Radiation
-

Chemistry -
continued

I V
×
B- , Pt capture from kinds
-

e G
metastable
of emission
:
, , , ,
.

These & irreversible

are
spontaneous -

p I 325
S2
t
-

T loss
p t some mass
occurs

31 -

973908 V -
31 .
972074 u Om

Om =
0001834 loss Omx 931 MeV
l 705
-

MeV
Energy
=
: =
u .

major portion of this 1705 MeV

goes
in
increasing energy of B panicle .

Any radioactive this which makes it

by
loss
decay
it is
is
accompanied a net mass &

& irreversible
spontaneous
.
 I
•
-
-
P ,
Range of -
penetration in air Rp Rp > Ra

Ionizing Ponce Ia > Irs Is

Decay kinetics All radioactive nuclides

decay following the same kinetics

( 1st order ) but

obey different mechanisms .

did ×
N
dt

dnt UN
-

dt

N=Np
A=A,oe This is measured
by Geiger Mugler
Instrument -

±=
i

is:
÷ ;
. . . .
. .
.

"
-
esse e s -

equidistant lime -

"
Na
"
-
y =
O .

0461 h t =
15-03 he
ya

Mean
life ( D
T Z=t443
:

"" " '

) Th ( )
"

( 10
"
At '

Tye from
-

- so so
y
s
varies s
-
 "'

Units ofy Ig
Ra - the
activity
shown
by lgramg Radium

is the Ci (buried
of Radioactivity
unit

"

It contains 2-27×10 atoms

It has
half life of
1600
years
a

- "

l 38 XD
'

X= 0-691 0-691 see

-

=
=

tyz 1600×316×107 Is)

"
I Ci X N
"
-

-
-
=
I 38×10
-

X 2-27×10

"

3-7×10
disintegration per second
=

"

3-7×10 (
Bg
=
I
Becquerel is 1
disintegration per
radioactivity)
minute It is the S1 unit
of
.

: .

lCi=37GB① Curie most

popularly used unit .

1Rd=DbB Rutherford -

Uncommon unit

life periods
Determination
of Half
Ra -

Be neutron source
" "
'
t
Ra emits be
B -
C c
on
It strikes
-
a
particle .
.

This
gives
~
6.1×105 Man -
Is

However
" -
b
in a nuclear reactor
,
n
6.1×10 hkonys a re

obtained -

'"
I
'
→
' 28
z*
128
I + 8
UI + on -

"5
"

In - 62N

" →
Nau - Na t
u

t s
L
the 32
=
z
t 15034 min
-

,y=
 Creating artificial radioactivity in a stable

f Paraffin
e

sample .

#
O O
p

Ra -

Be Neutron source

o r o

↳ uz sample kept in a Boron free test tube (Boron itself may

become radioactive

The
kept for time ( 73-4
ty) for imparting
long
is times
sample a

radioactivity m "
a
na
^
Zoomed in :

q longernative
a

" mane.

tyz shorter lived nuclide

) time slope gives of
.

→ Ca - b vs .

>
time -

EDuyhiezaydrwmhip-p.cn ,

P -
D time

(
"

[ may
"

I:*)
be a
stable nuclide co

maybe radioman

E. Es Ergaster)
)
"

( 90g Y

4 ⑨
Types of chain
of Disintegration
:

)
① Un (Thorium Series

)
t O series
) STABLE

206 '" 208

② 4h NATURAL
RADIOACTIVITY Pb Pb Pb
( Uranium fries )
→
t 2 series
, ,

③ 473 series (Actinium Series

)
① Unt 1 series ( Neptunium Series) ) ARTIFICIALLY PRODUCED RADIOACTIVITY
 Vertical arrow : L

?? The
4
2
Horizontal :p
f
"

t 41×10 y
-

All mass numbers

are divisible

228>4
→

88
Ru -

22,8g Ac →
go
by 4
,
ran =
0 .

5-
75g
6- 13h
f
224
Ru
88
I
220
Rn
86 i

÷
=

208

•<
Pb

238

ad

! " "

23g! pa
234g
- -

2307L
'

286ps
'
.

.
.
. .

82

235W
I
231Pa
231
Th -

I
227
Ac
!
-
-

→
-
-

→
-
-

t 207
- pb (stable)

④ 237

93
Np
I

24,3Pa
233
→ U

I
209
229 Bi
7h .
- - .
.

83
 "T '"
' 37

ye
B- BT
z -
137
Xe → Cs - Ba (stable)

Sr -
Y -
Zr (stable )

Y Z 282 , most
of the nuclides are radionuclides .

P -
D B
60 Go
↳ Co Ni
-

-
stable

[
:

lived
[ tyz ]
Parent is shorter 's
than
daughter a
th
Radioactive :[ Parent is
longer lived than
daughter [ the
>
the]
\ Parent 2
Daughter
have
comparable half lines .

P D stable
①
-
CASE :

In while the
of daughter grows
this
decays continuously
case
, parent amount atsame

It
till
half lives The time which the
rate the & takes 6-8
parent
decay is at
complete
.

daughter amount reaches a constant maccimeun

,

- - - - -

DN,
- - - -
-
- - -
. .

" "
-

Faia:
'

a.

dit
Nio
-

N, =

Na =
N, -

N,
time - .

[I
at
]
-

=
N, -
e
o
.

Nz=N,o[l-e-dE⑦
 I 2

P -
D
radioactive

Case@t General expression for activity of daughter nuclide

for
at
Ni Ni
-

e
parent
=
-
o
,

of its formation
The rate
of growth of daughter rate rate
of its
=
own
-

decay
dad =
ANI -

dank
dt

t 't
DNL t da Nz = X , N, =
2
,
N, .
.
e-
at

't # EH HE
-

a , Ni
dats No
e t be = .

"" " t
(
't
)
da am
ke e
=
=
.

'"
elk Ht I
-

N< e =

a no -
+

(K -

ti )
I O @ t o

by assuming
be Nao
-

calculated
=

can
-

i O =
X, N, .
o f I → I =
-
(d ,
Ni -
o
)
-
-

b - x
,
Ga -

a )

.oe""
" '
: .

Nae =
a, Ni -
d
,N
K -

d, he X , -

"" "

÷n÷Le 1)
N.

÷
-

.
.

)
*

;Y (
d ht
-

M
-

-
-
e -

N-=÷,mo[e-ht-e→E
 (X
Activity of ÷g )
[ et
)
Az Az
dank
't
M dat
daughter
- - = -

o
-

e
-

-
,

Al .
o

Az-ihz.y.A.io/e-Ht-e-t