JOAN CARMENCITA E.

ASTOVEZA
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Consumer math is a branch of math that uses basic math skills in real life
situations like shopping, calculating taxes, estimating monthly budget,
calculating interest rate for a loan, etc. Teaching kids about spending, saving
and other aspects of "money math" will prepare them to make better financial
decisions.

Saving is income not spent, or deferred consumption. Methods of saving include

putting money aside in, for example, a deposit account, a pension account,
an investment fund, or as cash.[1] Saving also involves reducing expenditures,
such as recurring costs. In terms of personal finance, saving generally specifies
low-risk preservation of money, as in a deposit account, versus investment,
wherein risk is a lot higher; in economics more broadly, it refers to any income
not used for immediate consumption.
Saving differs from savings. The former refers to the act of increasing one's assets,
whereas the latter refers to one part of one's assets, usually deposits in savings
accounts, or to all of one's assets. Saving refers to an activity occurring over
time, a flow variable, whereas savings refers to something that exists at any one
time, a stock variable. This distinction is often misunderstood, and even
professional economists and investment professionals will often refer to "saving"
as "savings" (for example, Investopedia confuses the two terms in its page on the
"savings rate")

The stock (also capital stock) of a corporation is all of the shares into which
ownership of the corporation is divided.[1] In American English, the shares are
commonly known as "stocks".[1] A single share of the stock represents fractional
ownership of the corporation in proportion to the total number of shares. This
typically entitles the stockholder to that fraction of the company's earnings,
proceeds from liquidation of assets (after discharge of all senior claims such as
secured and unsecured debt),[2] or voting power, often dividing these up in
proportion to the amount of money each stockholder has invested. Not all stock
is necessarily equal, as certain classes of stock may be issued for example
without voting rights, with enhanced voting rights, or with a certain priority to
receive profits or liquidation proceeds before or after other classes of
shareholders.
Stock can be bought and sold privately or on stock exchanges, and such
transactions are typically heavily regulated by governments to prevent fraud,
protect investors, and benefit the larger economy. As new shares are issued by
a company, the ownership and rights of existing shareholders are diluted in
return for cash to sustain or grow the business. Companies can also buy back
stock, which often lets investors recoup the initial investment plus capital
gains from subsequent rises in stock price. Stock options, issued by many
companies as part of employee compensation, do not represent ownership, but
represent the right to buy ownership at a future time at a specified price. This
would represent a windfall to the employees if the option is exercised when the
market price is higher than the promised price, since if they immediately sold the
stock they would keep the difference (minus taxes).

SHARE
A person who owns a percentage of the share has the ownership of the
corporation proportional to his share. The shares form stock. The stock of a
corporation is partitioned into shares, the total of which are stated at the time of
business formation. Additional shares may subsequently be authorized by the
existing shareholders and issued by the company. In some jurisdictions, each
share of stock has a certain declared par value, which is a nominal accounting
value used to represent the equity on the balance sheet of the corporation. In
other jurisdictions, however, shares of stock may be issued without associated
par value.
Shares represent a fraction of ownership in a business. A business may declare
different types (or classes) of shares, each having distinctive ownership rules,
privileges, or share values. Ownership of shares may be documented by
issuance of a stock certificate. A stock certificate is a legal document that
specifies the number of shares owned by the shareholder, and other specifics of
the shares, such as the par value, if any, or the class of the shares.[citation needed]
In the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, South Africa,
and Australia, stock can also refer to completely different financial
instruments such as government bonds or, less commonly, to all kinds
of marketable securities.

TYPES OF STOCKS
Stock typically takes the form of shares of either common stock or preferred
stock. As a unit of ownership, common stock typically carries voting rights that
can be exercised in corporate decisions. Preferred stock differs from common
stock in that it typically does not carry voting rights but is legally entitled to
receive a certain level of dividend payments before any dividends can be
issued to other shareholders.[4][5][page needed] Convertible preferred stock is
preferred stock that includes an optionfor the holder to convert the preferred
shares into a fixed number of common shares, usually any time after a
predetermined date. Shares of such stock are called "convertible preferred
shares" (or "convertible preference shares" in the UK).

BORROWING
Receiving something of value in exchange for an obligation to pay back
something of usually greater value at a particular time in the future.

A borrowing base is the amount of money that a lender is willing to loan

a company, based on the value of the collateral the company pledges. ... The
resulting numerical figure represents the amount of money a lender will loan out
to the company.
BORROWER
An individual, organization or company that is using funds, materials or services
on credit. See also borrow, lender, loan.

Types of Interest, definitions, formulas

Interest is the price of using money over time. It is considered an expense to the
borrower and income for the lender. Interest is stated as a percentage for a
time period (such as 1.5% per month on a credit card or 6% per year on a home
mortgage).
 Simple interest is calculated on the original amount borrowed (called
the principal). Simple interest is better suited for short-term borrowing and
single payment loans than for long-term installment loans.
Simple Interest = Principal x Rate x Time

 Compound interest is similar to simple interest, except that interest is earned

both on the fixed principal amount and the interest as it accumulates. Saving
accounts and mortgages use compound interest, for example.
Compound Interest = (Principal x (1 + Rate)Periods) – Principal
An alternate way to calculate compound interest is to use the simple interest
formula for each period, adding the interest from the previous period to the
principal amount for the next period.

 Rule of 78 is a method of computing interest that was popular in pre-

computer days. It has since been outlawed in the United States for loans
exceeding five years.
 Exact interest treats a year as 365 days.
 Ordinary interest treats a year as 360 days
 Influences on Interest Rates

Why are some rates higher than others? Why do rates change over time?
Interest rates are influenced by:

 Time value of money – This is the ability to get a return on investment, which is
in turn influenced by both supply and demand of/for funds and investments.
 Credit risk of the borrower – Some borrowers will default on payments; those
with a perceived higher risk are charged a higher rate.
 Inflation risk to the lender – any return to the investor is affected by inflation
during the time the funds are loaned; the lender will want to charge a rate
that will return the desired rate after inflation, so interest rates should be
higher when inflation is expected to be higher or for longer loans that have
more risk of inflation than for shorter loans when inflation may be more
predictable.

credit card is a payment card issued to users (cardholders) to enable the

cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services based on the
cardholder's promise to the card issuer to pay them for the amounts plus the
other agreed charges.[1] The card issuer (usually a bank) creates a revolving
account and grants a line of credit to the cardholder, from which the
cardholder can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash
advance.
 A credit card is different from a charge card, which requires the balance
to be repaid in full each month.[2] In contrast, credit cards allow the
consumers to build a continuing balance of debt, subject to interest being
charged. A credit card also differs from a cash card, which can be used
like currency by the owner of the card. A credit card differs from a charge
card also in that a credit card typically involves a third-party entity that
pays the seller and is reimbursed by the buyer, whereas a charge card
simply defers payment by the buyer until a later date.

Key Principles
There are seven key principles that form the foundation of an environmental
data management system.
 A clearly defined data management plan
 Implementation of data lifecycle control
 Identification of data ownership and stewardship
Ensuring data security
 Maximizing data usefulness to avoid re-collecting or re-processing data
 Establishing data quality standards
 Ensuring proper documentation and tracking of data
Principle #1 – A data management plan
A data management plan defines the types of data that exist and how they are
stored and secured. It also outlines the best practice workflows and quality
assurance procedures, including data verification and data validation. Finally, a
data management plan describes the generalized outputs or data uses and
how the documentation associated with the entire system is managed. It is a
blueprint that specs out how the foundation gets laid as well as how each floor
is added on top of the foundation.
Principle #2 – Data lifecycle control
From the time data is collected or acquired until the end of a project and even
beyond, we need to have a clear understanding of how the data is being
managed in order to maintain the data quality and usefulness. Thinking about
the lifecycle of our data allows us to store, validate, and manage the
appropriate data and also gives us guidance on when to archive or delete
data.
Principle #3 – Data Ownership and Stewardship
Identifying data owners and data stewards allows us to ensure that the right
people are assigned to the right roles within our data management system. We
integrate our data management team with our subject matter experts to ensure
that data integrity and quality is maintained while also making smart decisions
about what information needs to be captured. A data management system is
not a black box and ensuring that all team members recognize their role in the
data management system enables a collaborative data management
approach that avoids silos of knowledge.
Principle #4 – Ensuring data security
In this digital age, data security is vital for every business, regardless of industry.
We must ensure appropriate, industry standard security protocols are in place
for all systems, including our data management system. This includes both
infrastructure security measures as well as adhering to best management
practices regarding user access and authority to access various types of data
within the system.
Principle #5 – Maximizing data usefulness
We also know it is essential to take the time to collect our data properly the first
time to avoid re-collecting data. It is always more costly to do a job a second
time. In addition, reviewing our workflows to ensure that we avoid re-processing
data as much as possible increases our efficiency. Electronic data deliverables
(EDDs) from labs enable smooth upload of data into our database and
automated reporting drastically reduces data manipulation – increasing
efficiency and decreasing the possibility of errors being introduced into the data
set. These are just some of the ways we maximize our data usefulness.
Principle #6 – Establishing data quality standards
Whether working within a formal Data Quality Management framework or
establishing internal company-specific data quality standards, it is vital to
establish the level of data quality required for various decision-making scenarios.
By establishing data quality standards both on a project level and on a
corporate level, we can ensure the data used to make decisions maintains the
appropriate level of data quality.
Principle #7 – Ensuring proper documentation and tracking
Without the ability to review and examine how data has been collected,
verified, reported, and analyzed we cannot effectively troubleshoot areas of
concern. Sound environmental data management includes documenting
workflows and tracking anomalies. The documentation and tracking serves as
“as-builts” describing how the whole system actually works and providing key
insights to improvements moving forward.
A data management system is not simply a database, as oftentimes is assumed,
rather it is the integration of software, hardware, workflows, and the culture that
is created around data management in an organization.

Displaying Data
It is often easier for people to interpret relative sizes of data when that data is
displayed graphically. Note that a categorical variable is a variable that can
take on one of a limited number of values and a quantitative variable is a
variable that takes on numerical values that represent a measurable
quantity. Examples of categorical variables are tv stations, the state someone
lives in, and eye color while examples of quantitative variables are the height of
students or the population of a city.There are a few common ways of displaying
data graphically that you should be familiar with.
Pie Chart
A pie chart shows the relative proportions of data in different categories. Pie
charts are excellent ways of displaying categorical data with easily separable
groups. The following pie chart shows six categories labeled A−F. The size of
each pie slice is determined by the central angle. Since there are 360∘ in a
circle, the size of the central angle θA of category A can be found by:
θA360=# data points in category ATotal number of data points
[Figure1]
Bar Chart
A bar chart displays frequencies of categories of data. The bar chart below has
5 categories, and shows the TV channel preferences for 53 adults. The horizontal
axis could have also been labeled News, Sports, Local News, Comedy, Action
Movies. The reason why the bars are separated by spaces is to emphasize the
fact that they are categories and not continuous numbers. For example, just
because you split your time between channel 8 and channel 44 does not mean
on average you watch channel 26. Categories can be numbers so you need to
be very careful.

[Figure2]
Histogram
A histogram displays frequencies of quantitative data that has been sorted into
intervals. The following is a histogram that shows the heights of a class of 53
students. Notice the largest category is 56-60 inches with 18 people.

[Figure3]

Boxplot
A boxplot (also known as a box and whiskers plot) is another way to display
quantitative data. It displays the five 5 number summary
(minimum, Q1, median, Q3, maximum). The box can either be vertically or
horizontally displayed depending on the labeling of the axis. The box does not
need to be perfectly symmetrical because it represents data that might not be
perfectly symmetrical.

PRODUCT
A good, idea, method, information, object or service created as a result of a
process and serves a need or satisfies a want. It has a combination of tangible
and intangible attributes (benefits, features, functions, uses) that a seller offers a
buyer for purchase. For example a seller of a toothbrush not only offers the
physical product but also the idea that the consumer will be improving the
health of their teeth.
2. Law: A commercially distributed good that is (1) tangible personal property,
(2) output or result of a fabrication, manufacturing, or production process, and
(3) passes through a distribution channel before being consumed or used.
3. Marketing: A good or service that most closely meets the requirements of a
particular market and yields enough profit to justify its continued existence.

TAGGING

1. the action of attaching a label to someone or something.

2. the attaching of electronic markers to people or goods for monitoring
purposes.

PRODUCT TAGGING
Product tags are descriptors assigned to specific products to organize,
document and track their progress. The product tag contains keywords or key
phrases for each respective product, which are stored in a computer. A store
administrator usually has to approve a product tag the first time it is used, but
any logged-in user can add other keywords to a product tag, rename it or
delete it. Once a tag has been approved by a store owner, it is free for use on
a product and will not have to be re-approved. Many products have hang
tags as well as required UPC bar codes.