FLOW OF THE REPORT

(INTRODUCE THE FLAGS)

 ARGENTINA (BUENOS AIRES) , BOLIVIA (SUCRE) , BRAZIL (BRASILIA) ,
CHILE (SANTIAGO), COLOMBIA (BOGOTA) , ECUADOR (QUITO) , GUYUNA
(GEORGE TOWN) , PARANGUAY (ASUNCION), PERU (LIMA) , SURINAME
(PARAMARIBO) , URUGUAY(MONTEVIDEO) AND VENEZUELA (CARACAS).
(EXPLAIN WHY SOUTH AMERICAN ALSO CALLED LATIN AMERICA)
 MOST OF THESE CONTRIES ARE HAVING OR USED SPANISH, PORTUGUESE,
AND FRENCH AS THEIR LANGUAGES WHICH ARE THE LATIN.
(1980-1990)
 DEBT CRISIS (1980’s).
NATIONS SUCH AS ARGENTINA, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, CHILE, COLOMBIA,
ECUADOR, GUYUNA, PARANGUAY, PERU, URUGUAY AND VENEZULA
EXPERIENCED ECONOMIC DISTRESS WITH HIGH LEVELS OF INFLATION
( HYPERINFLATION) AND DEBT CRISIS LEVEL BECAUSE OF THE MONEY
THEY LENT OR LEND AND LOANS FROM US ( AND IT IS WORSENED
BECAUSE OF THE HIKE RATE/INTEREST RATE TO CURB INFLATION
INCREASED BY 20 %). ALSO THE LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS HAD LESSER
DEMAND ON TRADING THAT LED SLOWER GROWTH OF ECONOMY.

 1986-1987: President García pulls Peru out of recession with broad reforms including
price and exchange controls to stem inflation. He promotes agricultural growth and
decentralization of economic activity. With renewed emphasis on exports and off of
import substitution, Peru enjoys two years of economic revival. Agricultural production
and manufacturing output increase. The GDP reaches 7.7 percent in 1987.

(1990-2013)
 Embracing the Export Led Model.
During the phase of commodity-export-led growth, Latin America was one of the regions
on the periphery of the world economy that was most successful in joining in the wave of
economic growth, which enabled it to become part of a sort of global “middle class”. As a
result, between 1870 and 1929, Latin America’s share in global GDP rose from 2.6% to
5.2% and the region’s per capita growth rate topped the world average.3 During the
period of State-led industrialization, the Latin American economy continued to grow at
above-average rates and to expand its share of world production, which rose to 9.5% by
1980.

 ECUADORIAN HAVE POLITICAL INSTABILITY (1985)

 Ecuador’s chronic political instability was far from over. Faced with economic setbacks
in the 1980’s due to a slump in international oil prices and the eruption of the foreign
debt crisis, many Ecuadorians remained unconvinced that democracy was the best way
forward.
 Argentina had great depression and led to economy shrunk (1990).
The depression, which began after the Russian and Brazilian financial crises, caused
widespread unemployment, riots, the fall of the government, a default on the
country's foreign debt, the rise of alternative currencies and the end of the peso's
fixed exchange rate to the US dollar. The economy shrank by 28 percent from 1998
to 2002. In terms of income, over 50 percent of Argentines were poor and 25 percent,
indigent; seven out of ten Argentine children were poor at the depth of the crisis in 2002.

 Brazil Hyperinflation (1990)

The source of this inflation was the expansion of the money supply. The government
financed its operation and its development projects not out of taxes or borrowing funds
but by simply creating money.
 COLOMBIA FACED AN ECONOMIC DEPRESSION (1999)
The economy slowed, and by 1998 GDP growth was only 0.6%. In 1999, the country fell
into its first recession since the Great Depression. The economy shrank by 4.5% with
unemployment at more than 20%. While unemployment remained at 20% in 2000, GDP
growth recovered to 2.8%.

One of the most serious problems of the Colombian economy in the 1990s was the
growing fiscal disequilibrium, with fiscal balance in 1991 turning into fiscal deficit of
-3.4 percent in 1998. In 1999, contrary to expectations, the sheer scale of economic
recession further aggravated the situation, with public revenue below projections and a
public sector deficit of about -6.0 percent. The deficit was reduced to -3.6 percent of GDP
in 2000, which met the objective that had been set with the International Monetary Fund.

 COLOMBIA RECOVERS FROM ECONOMIC DEPRESSION(2000)

The economic recovery of the year 2000, which resulted in growth of about 3 percent
over the previous year, encompassed virtually all economic sectors. With the exception of
negative-growth mining and construction, the nine major sectors performed well,
especially manufacturing industry which accounted for about half of the growth.
Agricultural commodities, except coffee, and trade also did well, with increases of more
than 5 percent. The recent revival of Colombia's economy can be largely attributed to the
strong performance of industrial activity and the lead role of industrial exports.
 ARGENTINA RIOTS DUE TO ECONOMIC CRISIS LED TO CHAOS (2001)
Sixteen people have died in Argentina in the last 24 hours in violent protests against the
government's austerity measures, and most of the cabinet has resigned. Attempts to deal
with the economic meltdown appear to have rendered the government untenable, and
investors fear the international repercussions of the country's apparent inability to meet
its debt burden.

 VENEZUELA AND CHINA BECAME ‘STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT

PARTNERSHIP’ (2001)
“strategic development partnership” with China, a relationship that was elevated to
“comprehensive strategic partnership” in 2014, and which now totals at least 790
investment projects in Venezuelan territory. They range from infrastructure, oil,
and mining to light industry and assembly.
Loans from China to Venezuela reached at least $50 billion by 2017,
Sino-Venezuelan relations have witnessed remarkable strengthening. This approach
reflects China's commitment to enhance unity and cooperation with developing
countries, to ensure national oil security and to expand markets. The fundamental
feature of modern Sino-Venezuelan relations is China's growing economic influence on
the Bolivarian Republic.
 G3 MERGED BRAZIL, INDIA AND SOUTH AFRICA (2003).
The objective of G3 is to strengthen this trilateral cooperation, to encourage the
exchange of business and to unify the countries' positions in international forums.

 LATIN AMERICA BECAME THE MAJOR EXPORTER AND LED TO BIGGEST

ECONOMIC GROWTH (2004)
The main exports from Latin America are agricultural products and natural resources
such as copper, iron, and petroleum. In 2016, the Latin American economy contracted
0.8% after a stagnant 2015.

 USA SIGNS AND APPROVED CHILE AND PERU FREETRADE TREATY (2005)
A bilateral free trade agreement, whose objectives are eliminating obstacles to trade,
consolidating access to goods and services and fostering private investment in and
between the United States and Peru. Besides commercial issues, it incorporates
economic, institutional, intellectual property, labor and environmental policies, among
others.
Free trade agreements helps create an open and competitive international marketplace.

 CUBA AND BOLIVIA SIGNS A ‘PEOPLE TRADE AGREEMENT’ AND

LAUNCHES NATIONALIZATION PLAN (2006).

This dialogue included the analysis of the current international situation and,
particularly, the challenges facing the peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean
 in the present political, economic and social circumstances marked by an increase of
the popular struggles against the failed neo-liberal policy and the search for new
ways and means toward development with social justice in the framework of
genuine fraternal Latin American and Caribbean integration.

THE first laws approved by the revolutionary government had little impact on private
industrial interests, and measures adopted to provide social benefits contributed to
the prosperity of their businesses, since elevating the standard of living of all
Cubans created more domestic demand. Despite this reality, the Cuban industrial
bourgeoisie did not support the revolutionary measures which actually favored their
interests.

There was discussion of the initiative proposed by President Evo Morales regarding the
TCP (Peoples' Trade Agreements) which shall be an instrument for cooperative and
complementary exchanges between the nations whose goal it is to benefit their
peoples, in direct contrast to the Free Trade Agreements which continue to increase
the power and dominance of the trans-nationals.

 CHINA AND ARGENTINA SIGN 10.2 BILLION US DOLLARS CURRENCY

SWAP DEAL TO HELP STABILIZE THE PESO OF ARGENTINA (2009)

 RAUL CASTRO ENACTS FREE-MARKER REFORM IN CUBA (2010)

Reforms focused heavily on the macroeconomic stabilization of the Cuban economy.

This was to achieved through a reduction in fiscal deficit, and through structural changes
such as the enactment of the Free Farmer's Market agreement, the legalization of self-
employment, and the decriminalization of the United States dollar. The economic reforms
resulted in a decrease in inflation, appreciation of the Peso, increase in output and
productivity, and in an improvement in the fiscal deficit

 BRAZIL BECAME THE 7TH LARGEST ECONOMY IUN THE WORLDFAND

BECAME PARTNER OF CHINA FOR TRADING AND THEIR ECONOMY
GROWS 27 % IN 2011

(2013-2019)
 Conservative Wave or Blue Tide (2010)
The pink tide was followed by the conservative wave, a political phenomenon that emerged in
the mid-2010s in South America as a direct reaction to the pink tide.
 Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) (2014).

Is an example of a decade-long push for deeper integration within Latin America.
CELAC was created to deepen Latin American integration and by some to reduce the
significant influence of the United States on the politics and economics of Latin America.
 Subsequent Economic Crisis 2015
Investigation of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue
ideas from economic liberalism and conservatism in opposition to left-wing policies.
 Many are killed in Mexico’s war on drugs, making it the second deadliest war in the
world after the Syrian civil war. 2016
 Latin America has the highest murder rate of any continent, accounting for 38% of
all criminal killings in the world. 2017
 Argentina’s currency falls 53 % to the dollar in one year and inflation has reached
30%. 2018
 52 convicts are killed in a riot at Brazil’s Altamira jail started by rival gangs. 2019