You are on page 1of 487

www.powerjam.

ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

.ir
m
ja
er
o w
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

 

.ir
m
ja
er

  
ow
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

 






 %& '&( )  .# LTI" 



         !
'*+ ,-  .  /01.  /23  45 ! .    


 .     8 



)  
# '3 9:. ;   .3/ /72 '22 6
=
'!: > @. ?# 8;  ;< =
 )    / >. 72
-> .3 8;
#3;. C D E<   #   ?LTI " 

 8 
. %AAB

.ir
  ';. F;8 '&( G . " = " .  '26 / '26 .  &  =
JK8 8 
 3 =
# G&L -> .&/ 23I  H6 .  = "   

m
/5  . D %2: . . E<  8  -
. ;. /M6 "   JK8
N /5  '*+   /6;. ( 2*! /@ 8 "' + & /6;. ;
#7= I
 -
";-= ' ,L1 .  '*+ ,L1 /6;.  # "; !: 8  -
. ;

ja
.# e jωt ,Q . /;8 " >O P ;. E.
D J. ; !:    P . !/
/1.
.# '3 /3 = ! &  R2   

 8 
#!
er
 E.
  . /M6  S+ ;  2 E.
& /!7. H6 C e jωt ,Q .
H6 . H6   . I #. %
/ %I H6    /!7 ,:TU 3. 3
. I #.    H6 ;  %
/ 7I "  & 2 G F;8 '&(  
ow
D V2W . "  .X K< E.
   . /M6  S+  2 =
# Y>=
.2 LTI \  '] E.
e jωt ,A. [1.
;  ,-1. .# JB #.Z Y ;5
" H6 % I #.  E ; I . D 8 
 3/ 'X  ;.2.
R2  

.  6 =
A8    .#7I ;@!: 

/M6
.p

 " >-  /;. . G7^ A8   / M1 %& + "
\_; \ R2  ";.  %
"_; ` ;1
# G&L \ I #7= 2   . &;+/ %&
w

.2a ;b
  3 N R  A8  a %

. # ;.;. ` ;1
c-U v(t ) R2  "_;
w

T
2
(gfe)

2
E v = lim v ( t ) dt
T→∞
−T
w

[  (kfi) ,Q .  (jfi) M. .# 'I #. ( # K D ";. "_; ` ;1
& 
.#3 %

+∞
(kfi)
∫ ν (t )
2
Ev = dt
−∞
www.powerjam.ir

e %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.#l 'l3 l3m JlB "R2  ";. /KK( #-W "_; 3 ";. cM < #T:
.# ; & ,Q . v (t ) R2  (,<) %
` ;1
c-U 2*!
1 ∞
(efe)

2
Pv = lim v (t ) dt
T →∞ T −∞

 !" # " $! "    '&%

.ir
& #Q6 ; . =
. 3. ;. ;A 2 "2.K
D 
/! R2  "2.K
->
"_; % o > & "2.K
&  n2 2   .; N "2.K
C D %
/ R2 
.3/ K
  . R2  ,Q    .# R2   =

m
"_; R2  f`>
.3.    %I "_;  # />2  "_; R2 

ja
%
R2  f
.3.    %I %
 # />2  %
R2 
er
K
& %
%^ ?# ;Q %
#-W    E "_; "R2    3/ ' 
v

%
%^ 2*! .3/ ;Q P 3.    E ; ? I/ #. %& RU G!
. "_;
v v
ow
RU G!
 %
;0Q( & "_; %^ ?3/ # 72. E #    %
"R2  
v

R =  ."_; R2   2 %


R2   R2  & /01. -> . I/ #. %&
.'3 QT6 %
"_; "R2  H6 (gfe)
.p
w
w

%
"_; "R2  H6 (gfe)R =
.'3 ' I (fe) R =  "_; %
"R2  & ! 2^
w
www.powerjam.ir

 

r

.ir
m
ja
er
"_; %
"R2  & ! 2^ (fe) R =
ow
.  I #. (fe) R = "R2  ";.  %
"_; :(gfe) RW
:(
+∞ t t ∞
−2 τ −2 τ Ev (`>
∫A e
2 2
Ev = τ
u (t ) dt = − A e τ
= A 2 , Pv = =0
.p

−∞
2 0
2 T
+∞
Ev (
∫ A [u (t ) − u (t − τ )]dt = A τ
2 2
Ev = , Pv = =0
T
w

−∞
+∞
(s
Ev = ∫−∞
A 2 Cos 2 (ω t + θ )dt = ∞
w

1 2
A2 T A2
Pv = lim
T →∞ T ∫
T
A 2 Cos 2 (ω t + θ )dt = lim
T →∞ T 2
=
2
w


2
T
+∞ 1 2
A2T (
Ev = ∫ A dt = ∞ ;2
Pv = lim ∫ A dt = lim
2
= A2
−∞ T T
T →∞ T
T →∞ −
2
www.powerjam.ir

t %& + q 8  -


:G A8

+∞ ∞
Ev = ∫ A 2 t 2 u 2 (t )dt = ∫ A2 t 2 dt = ∞ (l
−∞ 0

( 2)
T 3
1 2 A2 T
∫A t u (t )dt = lim
2 2 2
Pv = lim =∞
T T
T →∞ 3T
T →∞ −
2

.2 %
"R2  V=  2 "R2  G!
# ;m. G&L
.2  2 ;u R2  "_; "R2  [a #>(  a ;a =
 . 2*!

.ir
.# %
R2   2 (gfe) @3 R2  T
v W
+∞ 1 T0 A 2 T0 A 2
Eν = ∫ ν 2 (t )dt → ∞ ‫و‬ Pν = lim ∫ ν 2 (t )dt = lim =

m
−∞ 2T0 0 T0 → ∞ 2T0 2
T →∞

& "_; "R2  ";. 8 "; & %


"R2    F;8 w&( x ! #7=
.2/ ' 8  -

ja
er
%
R2  ! y :(gfe) @3
. δ (t ) R2  "_; #.M :(fe) RW 
ow
"  ";Z ^ ∆ → 0 2./ 1.   I/ #.  δ (t ) R2  "_; . @2  ";. :(

.#3 6 "_;


+∞ 2 ∆ 2
1
∫− ∞ v(t ) dt = lim∆ →0 ∫0  ∆  dt → ∞
Ev =
.p

D 
/! R2    m> ?2/  ∞ #!. "_; (  2./ ∆ → 0 ;  ;.2.
.3. "_; R2 
w
w

.2/  δ (t ) #!. ∆ → 0 /< (   δ (t ) R2  :(fe) @3



w

/ G δ (t ) ";.  @2  v . &;+/ δ (t ) R2  ";. P %


-  . %2
∆ v
∆ 2
1 1 1
T →∞ T ∫ ∆
Pv = lim   dt = Tlim
0  → ∞ ∆T
www.powerjam.ir

 

z

#!. T ;Q #!. ∆ %;  -


; @2  . =
. ? ∆ → 0 ;  2./  ;.2.
y .;5 R2  F+ .# "   #.Z : 7I ;0Q( ?# -
; D & # 7/.
.# %
R2 
'
   * )&(
R2  "   ,!: & /01. R2  "08   # R2  "08 & "0: R2  ;
R2  "08  R2  % " & "#-3 .("1.  "08 ` ;1
2!) 2 !/ ` ;1

.ir
   .R2  "08  # ";. R2  ; #KK(  . = "1.  "08  ;.
. &;+/ '3 ` ;1
R2  "08   7 ",!: /6;. . #!<

m
  #0 +-./"0 1 , '&+&%
;.;. ` ;1
c-U R2   /6 ;5 23. ( 2 ;u) "_; R2   w(t ) v(t ) ;
. #

ja
T
({fi)
< v ( t ), w ( t ) > lim
T→∞ ∫

2
T
2
v ( t ) w * ( t ) dt

0
er
;5 ,AI  23. T |;X  2
'  . ( 2) %
R2   w(t ) v(t ) ;
.3/ ` ;1
,A2 . /6
T0
ow
1 2
(}fi)
∫ v (t ) w
*
< v ( t ), w ( t ) > lim ( t ) dt
T0 →∞ T
0 T0

2

2 1 w(t ) v(t )  ;.2. .# ;Q "  /6 ;0Q( 1 "R2  ";.
;
.p

< v (t ), w (t ) >= 0 (~fi)


2 [N7>2  ?("1.  "08) ;. "08  1 ";. ` ;1
2 v K<
w

/6 ;5 .# ;Q 7I /6 ;0Q( !:  ;. w(t) = sinω t v(t) = cosωt
/6 ;5 23. ;
-3  . R2   ^ ; . . R2   #-3 % & # "1
w

"_; ; . /6 ;0Q( ,AI  3. w(t) = v(t )  />(  .3/ ;X. 7I
7.  #-3 <( R2   %I 3. ;Q R2   [6 ;5 ; F@:;. .# R2 
v #-3 & # ;X. w1 . v #-3  ;.2. .2 e1  R2  ,A2   ?
w

; # w2 .

1
Signal Space
2
Inner Product
3
Orthogonal
www.powerjam.ir

 %& + q 8  -


:G A8

( < v (t ), w1 (t ) > )〉 (< v (t ), w2 (t ) > )


.23. "  w2 (t) w1(t) "_; @2  €;3 .
.(efe) @3 "R2  /6 ;0Q( #.M :(efe) RW
F+  = R2   % %& o > & /8  "  %^ :(

< x (t ) , v (t ) >= ∫ −∞
x (t ) v (t ) = 0

.ir
 ;.  /8  "  /& o > &  / R2    #8;  %
/  ;.2.
.!:

m
(efe) RW "R2  :(efe )@3

ja
v3(t) v2 (t) ? v1(t) "R2  & D . (efe) RW x(t) R2  #-3 :({fi) RW
er # ;X.
ow

(rfe) RW . €.; v3 (t) v2 (t) ? v (t) "R2  :(rfe) @3


1

v2 (t) v1(t) '3 ' "R2   "_;  2/ =


. ?#-3 /;. ";. :(
.p

R2  & D ; . x(t) R2  /6 ;0Q( -  . %2 .# %@ v3 (t)
. &;+/
w

3
< x ( t ), v 1 ( t ) >= ∫ x ( t ) v 1 ( t ) dt =
3
1
w

1 1 2
< x ( t ), v 2 ( t ) >= ∫
0
x ( t ) v 2 ( t ) dt = ∫0
2
( 2 t )( 4 t ) dt + ∫1 8 (1 − t )(1 − t )dt =
2 3
0 .5 0 .75
1 4 4 7
< x ( t ), v 3 ( t ) >= ∫ x ( t ) v 3 ( t ) dt = ∫ ( 2t ) dt + ∫ 2 (1 − t ) 3 =
w

0
0
3 0 .5
12
F+ # ;X. /6 ";0Q( K. & v (t) . x(t) /6 ;0Q( 3/ 'X
2
.# ;X. v2 (t) . x(t) #-3
www.powerjam.ir

 

‚

; & R2  ("_;) %


,AI  3. < x1(t),x2(t) >=0 ;   %X :(gfe) ;!

.# R2  & y ; (""_;) \%


C! " 
y (t ) = x1 (t ) + x2 (t )
("0  2 "!"  4
)   2 "!" +&+&%
.3./ "1.  "08  ;. w& ` ;1
.X R2  "08  R2  '& ` ;1

 %
"R2  ";. R2  %
m= "_; "R2  ";. R2  "_; m= #KK( 

.ir
.2/ R2  w&
v (t ) = < v (t ), v (t ) > (‚fe)

m
.3/ ` ;1
; & ,A. "1.  "08  Vr ;. w&    I ;U6 .
V = V .V

ja
...  v2 (t) = Acosω0t v1 (t) = e−αt u(t) R2  w& :(}fi) RW
.  # "_; R2  D %^ v1(t) R2    :(

v1 (t ) = ∫−∞
∞ 2
v1 (t ) dt = ∫
0

e − 2αt dt =
er 1

.  # %
R2  D %^ v2 (t) R2   
ow
T0
1 A

2
v 2 (t ) = T0 A 2 cos 2 ω 0 t dt =
T0 2 2
...  x(t) = Aejω0t R2  w& :(zfe) RW
F+ .# JB %
R2  D R2    :(
.p

T0 T0
1 1
∫ ∫
2
x (t ) = T x(t ) x * (t )dt = T0
2
A 2 dt = A
T0 − 0 T0 −
2 2

Y(;.  C! R2  w& ,AI  ?23. 1 x2 (t) x1(t) 2 ƒ;8 :(fe)  ;!

.  I #. R2  & D ; '&


.2 !:  ;. (0,T0 ) qQ8  sinω0t cosω0t "R2   %X :(fe) RW
w

 2π 
 T0 = 
 ω 0 
w

:(
1 T0
< sin ω 0 t , cos ω 0 t >=
T0 ∫0
sin ω 0 t cos ω 0 tdt = 0
www.powerjam.ir

„ %& + q 8  -


:G A8

( 6 "0   4
) 7 6   %&+&%
w& ; .# ;. "08  @ ;. ` ;1
.X R2  "08  @ R2  ` ;1

D v(t) R2  F+ .# @ R2  D v(t) ,AI  3. ( "  v(t)R2 
; # @ R2 
v (t ) = 1 (g…fe)
( 6 
8
:  ;
) 9 6 
8
   7&+&%

.ir
"08  @ 1 ";. ` ;1
.X v K< R2  "08  @ 1 "R2  ` ;1

.# ;.

m
7I q! ; 2  @ 1 "R2  q:!  .... Φ2(t) ? Φ1(t) "R2  q:!
.23. ( "  7I q! w& ( j ≠ i, < Φi , Φj >=0) 23. 1  . 

ja
0 i ≠ j (ggfe)
< Φ i (t ), Φ j (t ) >= 
1 i = j
%
/  R2  ; / 1 @ ";. . ?;. ; 
   *I .X v K<
er
"R2  "  %
/  M ,!: ; Y
;
 . .; 
@ 1 "R2  .
= . ;1 ; '. ;
' @ 1 "R2  "  ,!: %^ -> . G @ 1
.# †  . @ 1 "R2  . R2  
/
ow
;. R2  ;   ? @ 1 "R2  q:!  #3 =
 . R2  "08  
J. .< @3  2^ . R2  D # @! 2 @ ?23./ 
.< 7I Y(
#>7 ?#8; ;n  @ 1 "R2  q:! B   .  /!7 >  ;.2. .3.
.p

#. /.  .  J. Y ;5 !5  '. :!   "  /5  `B ,!: G
‡8 ˆ5
&  ;.2. .3/ > %3 ;
#B 9:. ‡8 J ;3 & D ; = G: .2 I
. > C . / . @ 1 "R2  :! B  3/ ‰BX
w

.2 @ 1 :! D ; & "R2    %X :(‚fe) RW


w
w

@ 1 "R2  :! (tfe) @3


.# ; & ,A. :!   /5  M. :(

4
Normal Signal
5
Orthonormal Signals Set
www.powerjam.ir

 


1
Φk (t ) = [u ( t − kt ) − u ( t − ( k + 1)T )]
T
.# ( "  7I w& /21 2 @ R2  :!   2/ cK
.
1 ( k +1)T
T ∫kT
Φ k (t ) = < Φ k (t ), Φ k (t ) > = dt = 1

. /8"  Φ (t ) "R2  /& o > & %^ # ˆ5 > 1
o > &
k

.ir
 ;.2.
1 k = j
< Φ k (t ), Φ j (t ) >= 
0 k ≠ j

m
. J.; & C! ,A.  "  %. ;     /M6 "  
x (t ) = ∑ a k Φ k (t )
k

ja
. # ;.;. "    .  S+ ,AI 
y (t ) = ∑ a k T[Φ k (t )]
k
er
J. .     G  A8  .# Φk (t ) "  .  S+ T [Φ k (t )] %I  
'   ;@!: 
" & ( 
%
/ δ (t −τ ) ,A. .;5 E.
Y( ;. R2 
; .  S+ %
/ hτ (t) 8 RK .;5 . S+ 3 . JK8  ^     .;
ow
 .2 B + E.
%21.  " = E.
6/ #!<    .#8  ;  " 
 3. ' + E.
  . S+ 8  . .;5 S+ .X  2/ #< B   w 
.2 JB /N! E.
 = + E.
  .3. ; m+%@ /. J. Y ;5 8 !5
.23./ ; & ,A. Y2 @ 1 "R2  :! 3.  2 x(t) ;
.p

Φ k ( t ) = e jk ω 0 t k = 0 , ± 1, ± 2 , ... (gfe)
%^ .2 b 1 E.
:!   .23./ 2 π  2
'  .  2 G ; 
w

kω 0
1 T0
1 l=m (gefe)
< Φ l ( t ), Φ m ( t ) >=< e jl ω 0t , e jm ω 0t >= ∫ e jl ω 0t e − jm ω 0t dt = 
2
w

T0
T0 −
2 0 l≠m
. ; .# 7I . LTI S+ @3 ;UB. ?2 e jkω t ,A.  / R2  #  0

 S+ ,AI  . (JB # ": s ) est ,A. / ! "  D LTI 
w

" '] E.


e st E.
;  ,-1. .# ,  " & 2 . 72 ?@3 %! .
.2 %& + LTI
www.powerjam.ir

gg %& + q 8  -


:G A8

2 %& + LTI " '] E.


JB "/ ! :(zfe) @3
.# ; m+%@ /. 3> R;  & ' . YM   ,-Z
+∞ +∞
y(t ) = est * h(t ) = ∫ es( t-τ )h(τ )dτ = est ∫ e−sτ h(τ )dτ (j{fi)
−∞ −∞

.# ; & ,A. 9 .  #.Z Y ;5  3/ ‰BX 2  &



(gtfe)
k = H (s) = ∫ −∞
h (τ ) e − sτ d τ

.ir
/21 . 2. e st ,A. / R2  & " :! ,A.  "  . ; R(
x(t ) = a e s t + a e s t + ...
1 2 (gzfe)
1 2

.# ; & ,A. /. S+ ,Q %I 

m
y (t ) = a1 H ( s1 )e s1t + a 2 H ( s 2 )e s2t + ... (gfe)
/ R2  Y( ;.  "  2 /1 '3 9:.  # est R2  #Q6 ! ;U6 .

ja
.2  %& + LTI  z '] E.
e st R2  . . J. e jkω t ,A. 0

JK8 '3   & 2 .# ,  & 2 . 72 "  ,Q %! . S+ %^
estu(t) ,A. / R2   2 =
.(2 =
(gtfe) M. .)   . / .
er
.2 %& + LTI " '] E.

.2 LTI " ";. '] E.


e u(t) ,A. / R2   %X :(„fe) RW
st
ow
3> R;  & 3. estu(t) ,A. %& +LTI  D "  2/ ƒ;8 :(
.2/ ' /= ;6 -  ";.
∞ t
y (t ) = ∫ −∞
e s ( t − τ ) u ( t − τ ) h (τ ) d τ = e st ∫
−∞
e − s τ h (τ ) d τ

est ,A. JK8 t & /= ;6 #1.


@3  ;.2. .# t & /1.
6 R;   3/ ' 
.p

.3. ; & ,A.  .;5 S+ ; RW %21. .#
−t
h(t ) = e u (t )
w

. 
t
y ( t ) = e st ( ∫ e − ( s + 1 )τ d τ ) u ( t )
0
w

1
=e [1 − e − ( s +1) t ]u (t )
st

s +1
.2 %& +LTI " '] E.
; & "R2  & D :(g…fe) RW
w

x (t ) = e − t + e −2 t (`>
g (t ) = e t (

6
Eigen Function
www.powerjam.ir

 

g

w(t ) = e − st + e − t u (t ) (s
.# %& + LTI " ";. '] E.
D x(t) R2  (`> :(
%^
∞ ∞
y (t ) = ∫ −∞
x ( t − τ ) h (τ ) d τ = ∫ −∞
[ e − ( t − τ ) + e − 2 ( t − τ ) ]h (τ ) d τ
∞ ∞
∞ ∞
= ∫ e − ( t − τ ) h (τ ) d τ + ∫ e − 2 ( t − τ ) h (τ ) d τ = e − t ∫ e τ h (τ ) d τ + e − 2 t ∫ e 2τ h (τ ) d τ

.ir
−∞ −∞
−∞ −∞

.# y(t) = H(s)x(t) ,A. /= ;6  ;.2.


.# e st ,A. %^ # '] E.
D g(t) (

m
.# '] E.
D w(t) (s
.3. H (s) = 1 2 ƒ;8 ...  y(t) ; &  ";. :(ggfe) RW

ja
s +1

H ( jω ) =
1
er
LTI  D :(fe) @3

jω + 1
ow
  (gfe) . =
.
1 1
x (t ) = e jω 0 t + e − j ω 0 t
2 2
1 1 1 e jω 0 t e − jω 0 t
y (t ) = H ( jω 0 )e jω0t + H ( − jω 0 )e − jω0t = ( + )
2 2 2 jω 0 + 1 − jω 0 + 1
.p

1 (1 − j ω 0 ) e jω 0 t (1 + j ω 0 ) e − jω 0 t
y (t ) = [ + ]
2 1 + ω 02 1 + ω 02
1
w

= 2
[( e jω 0 t + e − jω 0 t ) + jω 0 ( e − jω 0 t − e jω 0 t )]
2 (1 + ω 0 )
1
→ y(t ) = [2 cosω0t + jω0 (− j 2 sin ω0t )]
w

2(1 + ω02 )
1
= [cosω0t + ω0 sin ω0t ]
1 + ω02
w

   (&(
@ 1 "R2  & " :! ,A.  x(t )  2 'B> R2    'I %2
Y ;5 8  -
J.  .# J. Y ;5 -   #K8  . 2. Φ ( t ) = e jkω 0t
k

.2 ; & ,A. 8 ";


www.powerjam.ir

ge %& + q 8  -


:G A8

+∞
( 8  -
M.) (g‚fe)
x (t ) = ∑a
k = −∞
k e jk ω o t

1 ( -
Y ;5 M.) (g„fe)
∫ x (t ) e
− jk ω o t
ak = dt
To To

% I #. K ;U .3/ ' 8  -


G k Y ;5  e jkω t "  x(t ) >O ak  0

.3./ e jkω t e jmω t ,A. / R2  1


#Q6 D! . x(t ) "  & ak Y ;5
0 0

.ir
m ≠ k V& . e 0 e 0 ,A. /1.
a 2a [ =
. (g„fe) M. ,-Z \;.
jmω t jkω t

.2 1
 ;/ R;   2
'  D "  '; ;5 e − jmω t   (g‚fe) M. 8;U %2

m
0

x (t ) e − jm ω0t dt = ∑ a k ∫ e j ( k − m )ω0 t dt
(…fe)
∫T0
k T0

F+ .# ;Q R;  Q(  k ;  V& . %^ # amT0 ;.;. G  ;U  2/ 'X

ja
(gfe)
∫ x ( t ) e − jm ω t dt = a T
T0
0
m 0
er .3./ (g„fe) M. %!  
... (‚fe) @3 x(t) R2  ";.  ak Y ;5 :(gfe) RW
ow
1

(gfe) RW R2  :(‚fe) @3


.p

:(
1 T1 1 − j 2 sin( kω 0T1 )
ak =
T0 ∫−T1
1 × e − jkω 0t dt = −
jk ω 0T0
[ e − jkω0T1 − e jkω0T1 ] =

− jk ω 0
w

ω0
 ;.2.
sin( kω 0T1 )
w

ak =

.3/ ` ;1
; & ,A. D2 E.

Sinπθ
Sin c(θ )∆
πθ
.# ; & ,Q . E.
  @3
www.powerjam.ir

 

gr

D2 E.
 :(„fe) @3
.# ;Q "  Sinc(x) E.
x ˆ Q ; K V& .

.ir
2T1
sin kπ
sin kω 0T1 T0 2T1 k 2T1 2T kω T
ak = = = Sinc( ) = 1 Sinc( 0 1 )
kπ kπ T0 T0 T0 π

m
: a 
k

# %
/ m> . 6 ;! "1. >O . >O D & ,;Š
3. ;. T0 #- ^ ;
T1

ja
.I 6 #. /2 2 )+ "  & kω V&. 2 ? 
0

/& "7>+ `  D ,AI   T1 →0 #.Z T0 /@ / /21  T1 → 0 M.


er T0
&  #3 6 ;2 F>+ D ,AI   T → ∞ #.Z T @2  ;  #3 6
0 1

3. #.Z T ; .# '3  T v -<  ?2 Sinc @3 "  ; F;8 `U o >
ow
0

;@   . /> 3 [ ;


 T  2 ;Š
# K " kω €K  JK8 `U %^
0

6 ‹B
  . D  ; K kω0 ,AI  ω0 →0/
-1. T0 → ∞ ; /> .3/!
. ; [ ;n   ' #>(  RW %2: . .3 6 + `U ;
.p

; (I (`>
T0 1 k
T1 = → a k = Sinc
4 2 2
w
w

-3 k
w

1 1

kω 0 Y(;. ak 2  :(g…fe) @3


T1 =
T0 1
→ a k = Sinc
k ; (II (
8 4 4
www.powerjam.ir

gt %& + q 8  -


:G A8

-2 -1 0 2 3 k
-3 1
T0 `B ; K & . 2  :(ggfe) @3
ak
T1

.ir
 %3 + #! . `U # #.Z T0  />(  3 '  T → 0 ^; 2./
1

.3/ ;
 T x
;Š
/> 2/!
. J. 8 "; ,Q .  x(t) :(gefe) RW

m
1 2
x (t ) = 1 + Cos 2π t + Cos 4π t + Cos 6π t
2 3
  ;>  M. & ' . :(

ja
1 j 2π t 1 1
x (t ) = 1 +
4
(
e ) ( ) (
+ e − j 2π t + e j 4π t + e − j 4π t + e j 6π t + e − j 6π t
2 3
)

a0 = 1 , a1 = a −1 =
1
er
2 I/ #. ; & ,A. 8 "; Y ;5  ;.2.
, a2 = a −2 =
1
, a3 = a−3 =
1
4 2 3
ow
.# '3 ' x ! (gfe) @3  @ 1 "R2  "  & x(t ) @X
(;
  8 #7= #8 x(t) ";. /2 /2 E.
Y(;. ";  x ! %
/ /.
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

 

gz

.ir
m
ja
er
ow

@ 1 "R2  & /M6 Y;


D ,A. (gefe) RW x (t ) #6 (; :(gfe) @3

. ak = a−*k ,Q %I  3. /KK( x(t) ;  2 =


# G&L x !
.p

. ak = a−*k ,Q %I  3. /KK( x(t) ; 2 #.Z :(efe)  ;!

  ?3. ak = a−*k a [


Q 
w


x (t ) = a 0 + ∑ [ a k e jkω0t + a − k e − jkω0t ]
k =1 (fe)
w

∞ ∞
= a 0 + ∑ [ a k e jkω0 t + a k* e − jkω0t ] = a 0 + 2∑ Re [ a k e jkω0t ]
k =1 k =1

%I  3. ak = Ak e jθ k 2 ƒ;8 ; .# R2  [KK( #!< \21 . Re[.] %I  a
w

:(2 /KK( θ , A )   ,Q


k k

x (t ) = a0 + 2∑ Ak Cos (kω0t + θ k ) (efe)
k =1
www.powerjam.ir

g %& + q 8  -


:G A8

#.   ";  x ! )  %


/  .3./ x(t) x ! ";. )  D (efe) >1
.# @! (rfe) M. ,A. ak 3 D! .    . I

a k = bk + jc k (rfe)
.  ,Q %I 

.ir

x (t ) = a 0 + 2 ∑ [b k cos kω 0 t − c k sin kω 0 t ] (tfe)
k =1

.  I #.  (tfe) M. :(rfe)  ;!

m
   # "   =  '&%&%
    %I C!  ( ;  ?# /KK
M. D 8 "; J. M. /5  o > &

ja
. I/ #. x(t) & Y ;K
D ,Q %I  2
.#3 6  = R2  D ,Q     ; . ;n   8 "; & != 2N +1 ;
er
.# ,  x(t) /Q R2  . 
N
(zfe)
xˆ (t ) = ∑a
k=−N
k e jk ω 0 t
ow
.;/ -  (fe) M. & " n > "M6 K ,A2  
ε (t ) = x(t ) − xˆ (t ) (fe)
.# 7 %! ;. %I  = "_; @. # 7 %! ;.  & M6 ": K '  D &
.;/ ` ;1
; & ,A. M6 "_;
.p

+∞
(‚fe)
∫ ε (t ) dt
2
E =
−∞

/2!0
#-3 C   -> . x(t) . ";X. #-3 x)(t) 3. ;@^ M6 "_; ^;
w

A2 ,n >  # @! #KK(  .2/!   R2   " n > ; K #-3  
3.    "K 5
E.; /2 2 ; & ˆM  3 Œ. R2   5
K ?  
w

. !  ;Q #-  K   3 ;. N ^;   n
   0># ?" @ +&%&%
w

# '3 ;n ;Q (;   ,-Z & ;/ QT6 ; & ,A. J ;3  

(/8 €;3) .3.     2


'  D  R2  "_;fg

2
x (t ) dt < ∞
T0

.23. ;<;.  . @ ;  J ;3f


www.powerjam.ir

 


(`>
∫T0
x (t )dt < ∞

.3.     2
'  D  !2 !  1
(
.3.     2
'  D  / + 1
(s
‡8 J ;3 8;36 "R2  ";.  ?23./ /8 €;3 JK8 ‡8 J ;3 / #>(
/@ 8 ,A.  2 / R2  8;36 "R2  .3 26 /8 G&L €;3 ,A.

.ir
.2 #6 .<

m
ja
er
ow
.p

.22/ ŽK  @ ;  J ;3 & s  ?`> "7U;3 Y


;.  / R2  ! :(gefe) @3
A
  7&%
w

   " -BB8 "8   '&7&%


!5  .N!/ N 8 "; & /KM2 !1
D %21.  8  -
` ;1
#!<  
w

` ;1
.< 8 "; & K M. /5  M. D %21. 8  -
 2/ =

"; Y ;5 M. & 


 !/ "   8 "; & /!!1
%21. 8  -
` ;1
.#
w

.2 ' 8  -


P@1 M. 8 ";. ?3 #.Z 6 "=   ? 8
. ;/ ;n   #    /& o > &  x1(t) R2  .

7
Fourier Transform
www.powerjam.ir

g„ %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.'B>    '  R2  D :(grfe) @3

.ir
.3/ ƒ;8 ; & ,A. 'B> T
v  R2    /5  M.
 x (t ) t < T1 („fe)
x1 (t ) = 
0

m
t > T1
 2
'  ;    &/ "  .  xp (t)  2 R2  ?‡8 R2  & ' . %2
.3. x1(t) ;.;. xp (t) R2 

ja
er
ow
.# x1(t) "   2
'  D   xp(t)  2 R2  :(gtfe) @3
. / xp (t) R2  ";.  8 "; %2

(e…fe)
x p (t ) = ∑a k e jk ω 0 t
.p

k = −∞

%I  
T0
1 1 (egfe)
ak = ∫ x p (t ) e − jk ω 0 t dt = ∫ 2
T x p (t ) e − jk ω 0t dt
w

T0 T0 T0 − 0
2

/ ;< F+ # x(t) "  (− T0 , T0 ) Q8  %^


2 2
w

T0
1 (efe)
∫ x (t ) e − jk ω 0 t
ak = 2
T dt
T0 − 0
2

# 72. #!.  x(t) . €.; T0  2


'  ?  I #. x(t) 2 /1 @2  ";. R(
w

  ./ 


T0 →∞ ⇒ xp (t) = x(t)
www.powerjam.ir

 


m> .3/    ": T0ak ;0Q( /> 2/  ;Q #!. ak 6 T → ∞ ;
0

  I/ #.  T a
0 k
T0 T0
T0 ak = ∫ (eefe)
2
T
− 0
2
x (t ) e − jkω0t dt ⇒ lim
T0 →∞
T0 a k = lim ∫
2
T
T0 →∞ − 0
2
x (t ) e − jkω0t dt

6  +   . D  . ; K kω0 /21 ω0 →0 ,AI  T0 →∞ ;


X(ω)  T0ak ( G 2  ω + K & kω0 ".  '&= F+ .2/

.ir
. # ;.;. x(t ) R2  8  -
 ;.2. .N . x(t) R2  8  -
%I . 'm

(erfe)
X (ω ) = F [ x (t )] = ∫ x (t ) e − jωt dt

m
−∞

 C68
 +&7&%
 /  %@    . 8 "; & !1
D %21. 8  -
` ;1
   !

ja
;m. G&L 2   .  I #.  8 P@1  -
M. ? 8 "; Y ;5 M. & ' .
.# s;B .< 8  -
` ;1
& ' . v !K 8 P@1  -
qM.  #

x (t ) =
p

∑a e jkω t = k
1 ∞
a T e − jkω t
0

T0
∑ k 0
er
.#3 %
/ 8 "; M. . =
.
0 (etfe)
k = −∞ k = −∞
ow
  T0 →∞  /< ( 
lim xp (t) = x(t)
T0→ ∞

/<  / R;  ;  (   /


K ,1 . =
. /8;U &
/ @2  . =
. 2/  R;  #!. C! ( ? T → ∞
.p

X (ω ) = lim a k T 0
T0 → ∞

2*!
w

1 ω0
=
T0 2π
(2/  dω #!. ω0 ( )   ;/  F+
w

1 ∞
X (ω ) e jkω0t dω = F −1 [X (ω )] (ezfe)
x(t ) =
2π ∫
−∞
w

./ x ! F −1[.] ,A.  8 P@1  -


M. 1. .   &
1# 
D     # " 1# 
     =" ,  E
9&%
 x(t) 2 'B>  2 ;u R2  D 8  -
;  / %X #!<   
;@
&  xp (t) ;2  2 R2  8 "; Y ;5 %
/ ,A2   3. 3
www.powerjam.ir

g %& + q 8  -


:G A8

?# x(t) R2  8  -


X (ω)  2 ƒ;8  I #.  3/ Q( x(t)
Y ;5 ; .# x (t ) "   2
w  ;   #  2 R2  D xp (t) 2*!
p

 ; #.Z %


/ /. ?2. ak  xp (t) 8 ";

ak =
1
X ( kω 0 ) (efe)
T0
.2 #.Z  (efe) M. :(tfe)  ;!

.ir
.  I #.  (gzfe) @3 R2  8  -
:(grfe) RW

m
ja
(gzfe) @3

X (ω ) = ∫
−∞
x (t ) e − jω t dt

X (ω ) = ∫
T1

− T1
1 − jω t T1

e ∫
1 × e − jω t dt = −
− T1
dt =
1

er
( e jω T1 − e − jω T1 )

ωT
sin π ( 1 )
j 2 sin ω T1 2 sin ω T1 sin ω T1 π
ow
= = 2T1 = 2T1
jω ω ω T1 ω T1
π( )
π
.# ; & ,A.  D2 E.
` ;1
. =
.
Sin π x (e‚fe)
Sinc ( x ) =
πx
.p

.#3 ; & ,A.  X (ω ) M. %


/
ω T1
X (ω ) = 2T1 Sinc ( )
w

π
.3 ; & ,A.  a Y ;5 2T ƒ;1. /M F>+  2 R2  ";. T
v -<
k 1

2 T1  k ω 0 T1  (e„fe)
w

ak = Sinc  
T0  π 
  I #.   ! 
/  X (ω ) "  &  ;.2.
w

1 2T kω T
ak = X ( k ω 0 ) = 1 Sinc ( 0 1 )
T0 T0 π
. . ;U6 .  %I  -
# ;7. /M F>+ #! >.
.# ; & ,A. A C
 2T ƒ;: . %K F>+ D 8  -
/ M.
1
www.powerjam.ir

 



ω (r…fe)
X (ω ) = 2 AT 1 Sinc ( T)
π 1

.ir
F;8 w&(  %I `U  %& w&(  x (t ) R2  x ! :(gfe) @3

m
.# ; & ,Q . 8  -
M. (g‚fe) @3 ";. RW %2: .

ja
er
(g‚fe) @3
3 ω 3 3ω
X (ω ) = 2 × 2 × Sinc ( × ) = 3 Sinc
ow
4 π 4) 4π
...  ; & R2  8  -
:(gtfe) RW
x (t ) = e − at u (t ) (rgfe)
a > 0 ; /> . = X (ω )  ;.2. # ; m+R;  cM M. x(t) 3. a < 0 ;
.p

. I/ #. ; & ,A. X (ω ) 3.


∞ −1 ∞
X (ω ) = ∫0
e − at e − jω t dt =
a + jω
e − ( a + jω ) t
0
w

 ;.2.
X (ω ) =
1
, a>0 (rfe)
w

a + jω
.2 I/ #. ; & ,A.  X(ω) &8 & 2
1 ω (refe)
w

X (ω ) = , ∠X (ω ) = − tan −1
a + ω2
2 a
.'3 ;
(g„fe) @3  
www.powerjam.ir

e %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.ir
m
ja
.# 9 .  (‚fe) RW   x(t) = e−atu(t) a>0R2  8  -
:(g„fe) @3
  ;<  + "F;8  X (ω ) " >O ";. 2X. 2  #+ @3   &
er
.# m + R2    # %
/ ;  ,-1.
"08 D "   = M. %I / /KK( ; K  X (ω )  ";. ;  ) 
.3./ "1. 
ow
x(t ) = e
−a t R2  8  -
#.M :(gzfe) RW
.# ; & ,A. 3. a > 0 ; x(t) = e−a t 8  -

∞ 0 ∞
X (ω ) = ∫ e e − jωt dt = ∫ e at e − jω t dt + ∫ e −at e − jω t dt
−a t
.p

−∞ −∞ 0

1
+
1
= 2
2a (rrfe)
2
a + jω a − jω a +ω
    2 =
.2/ %X ;I 8  -
x(t ) R2  (gfe) (…fe) "@3
w

.# &8 `U  . "&  ;.2. .# /KK( 8  -


H6 RW
w
w

(„fe) RW  9 .  x(t) R2  x ! :(…fe) @3


www.powerjam.ir

 

r

(„fe) RW  9 .  x(t) R2  8  -


:(gfe) @3
2
.# ; & ,A. x(t ) = e−π t /  F>+ 8  -
2 #.Z :(gfe) RW

.ir
2
 ω  −ω 2
−π  
X (ω ) = e  2π 
=e 4π (rtfe)
 -
H6 1>M & F+ .2/ ' R;  K ( )  & >   ( ";. :(

m
.; 6 N /  F>+ 8  -
% I #. ";. ;
' )  D 8
jω 2 ω 2
∞ ∞ −π ( t + ) −
∫ ∫
−πt 2 − jω t
X (ω ) = e e dt = e 2π 4π
dt =

ja
−∞ −∞
2
ω jω 2
− ∞ −π ( t + )
e 4π

−∞
e 2π
dt
er
.  t + jω = y % ;< y G2.  = ;Š D B .

ω2
− ∞

2
X (ω ) = e 4π
e − π y dy
ow
−∞

D '7 I y  R;    G . .# ; m+%@ ; & ,A. # #!  R;  - 
  / @X
 R;     ;0Q( 2/ ` ;1
I x ,A. ;2 R; 
.# xy Q  "    R;  D ; . ;5Q(
.p



2
+ y2 )
IxIy = e −π ( x dxdy
−∞

.2/ -  /-M< ,AB   R;    %2


w

( y = r sin θ , x = r cosθ )
∞ 2π
∫ ∫
2
IxI y = e −π r r d θdr
0 0
w

 ;.2.
IxI y = 1⇒ Ix = I y = 1
w

F+
ω2

X (ω ) = e 4π

.  X (ω ) ` ;1
& ' . 2*!

(rzfe)
X (0 ) = 1 = ∫
2
e −πr dt
−∞
www.powerjam.ir

t %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.# -  .< ;


@X /! ": )  . R;    
.2 -  ": ) ;.  ‡8 R;  :(zfe)  ;!

. x(t) M. #.M 3. ; & ,A. />2  8  -


; :(g‚fe) RW
1 ω <W (rfe)
X (ω ) = 
0 ω >W
. I #.  x(t) %
/ /. 8 P@1  -
qM. & ' . :(

.ir
1 W jω t Sin Wt (r‚fe)
x (t ) =
2π∫−W e d ω = πt

m
x(t) = δ (t) :  I #.  .;5 R2  8  -
:(efg„) RW
:  .;5 R2  H6 . =
. 8  -
qM.  δ (t) % ;< . :(

(r„fe)
X (ω ) = ∫ δ (t ) e jωt dt = 1

ja
−∞

+ ∞ 
− ∞ &  /;8 " >O G!
.;5 R2   #   ; . ‡8 qM.   E< 
 ;X. R2  .   & . .;5 R2  /& ,;Š
,3 ;  ,-1. .# 
er .#
...  x(t) = e−t cosω0tu(t) R2  8  -
:(…fe) RW
ow
.p
w

(g‚fe) RW 8  -


s & :(fe) @3

.#3 ; & ,A. %


/  x(t)  ;.2. cosω t = 1 e jω0t + 1 e− jω0t  / :(
w

0
2 2
1 j ω0 t 1 1
x (t ) = e −t [e + e − jω0t ]u (t ) = [ e ( jω0 −1)t + e −( jω0 +1) t ]u (t )
2 2 2
w

. I #. /.  8  -


%
/ %2
www.powerjam.ir

 

z

∞ 1 ( jω0 −1)t − jωt


∞ ∞1
X (ω) = ∫ x(t )e− jωt dt = ∫e e dt + ∫ e−( jω0 +1)t e− jωt dt
−∞ 2 0 0 2
1 1 1 1 (t…fe)
= +
2 j(ω − ω0 ) + 1 2 j (ω + ω0 ) + 1
1 j 2ω + 2  jω + 1
=  =
2  − (ω − ω0 ) + 1 + j 2ω  1 − (ω 2 − ω02 ) + j 2ω
2 2

...  ; & R2  8  -


:(efg) RW

.ir

(tgfe)
x(t ) = ∑a
k = −∞
k δ (t − kT )

.  (tgfe) M. & 8  -


8; . :(

m
∞ ∞

∫ ∑ a δ (t − kT ) e
− jω t
X (ω ) = k dt
−∞
k = −∞ (tfe)

ja
∞ ∞ ∞
= ∑
k = −∞
a k ∫ δ ( t − kT ) e − jω t dt =
−∞
∑a e
k = −∞
k
− jk ω T

(∑) C! ,!: %. /M6 >.  2 =


>   ";. S+ 8 (; /U 
er .2 / .= .< R; 
...  ; & R2  8  -
:(fe) RW
x (t ) = [u (t ) − u (t − T )]A (tefe)
ow
0

.#3 %
/   I #. T-<  F>+ E.
8  -
. =
. :(
T
T0  ω T0  − jω 20 (trfe)
X (ω ) = ∫ Ae − jωt dt , X (ω ) =  AT0 Sinc e
0
 2π 
  -" B F&%
.p

 ! /> # 'I #. x(t) R2  %.    '  ƒ;8 . 8  -
M. ^ ;
=  2 "   '  "  /NR2  & /1 `U ";. 8  -
   
w

4;M  8  -


  v2: 8 "; =   '3  J ;3 #KK(  .
.23./ ; & ,A. 8  -
%3 ; ! J ;3   ; m+/ ,-Z % . #
w

x ( t ) dt < ∞ fg


2
−∞

:23. ;<;.  . b ;  €;3 f


w


.3. ; m+R;  cM M. x(t) :`>
∫−∞
x ( t ) dt < ∞
.3.    Q8 ;  2! 2X. €K )!3 .< 1
" x(t) :
   . %I ;. ' T: ‘3.    qQ8 ;  / + /3!3 .< 1
" x(t) :s
.23.    / +
www.powerjam.ir

 %& + q 8  -


:G A8

"1. "#!<  ?2 I/ ( . 8  -


= #7= /8 € ;3 ‡8 J ;3 ^ ;
G  €;3 & (`>) #!< R  €;3    2 "R2   ; 6 'X A8 !
%!  . %
/ ;U6  . .23./ .;5 E.
,A. 8  -
" ?22/! ‡Q
,-1. . ;< ^7^ D   8  -
8 "; ? 8  -
 .;5 E.
` ;1

.; ` ;1
8  -
  2 "R2  ";. %
/ .;5 E.
` ;1
. ; 
  G"/ A&%

.ir
.(2 ‡Q  8 ";    I/  ‹   8  -
H6 G!
)
  0 -H/ '&A&%

m
.  ,Q    2. Xi (ω)  xi (t) 8  -
;
  (ttfe)
F  ∑ a i x i (t ) = ∑a i X i (ω )
 i 

ja
i

.2 #.Z  (ttfe) M. :(fe)  ;!

    +&A&%

X ∗ (ω ) = X (− ω )
er .  ,AI  3. /KK( x(t) ;
(tzfe)
.# ; & ,A. 8  -
qM. :,-Z
ow

X (ω ) = ∫ x(t )e − jωt
dt
−∞

.# ; & ,A. 8 JB s  F+


∞ ∞
X * (ω ) = ∫ −∞
x * (t )e jωt dt = ∫
−∞
x (t )e jωt dt = X ( −ω )
.p

.# x(t) = x*(t)  2 =


‡8 " 
#!<  ;6I  
/1.
8  -
2 ,AI  3. /KK( x(t) ;  # %
/ (tzfe) M. . =
.
w

.3./ ω . #- ;8 /1.


8  -
& ω . #- s &
.  8  -
M. & :,-Z
∞ ∞
X (ω) = ∫ x(t )e − jω t dt → X * (ω ) = ∫ x(t )e jω t dt = X (−ω)
w

−∞ −∞

.  ‡8 qM. & ;  ;U & # X (ω) = X * (ω) ;U D &
w

X ( −ω ) = X * ( −ω )
  ;/  F+
X (ω ) = X (− ω ) (tfe)
.# ω & s & /1.
8  -
2 /21
www.powerjam.ir

 


 -
/
WW qM. & ' .) ; #.Z  (tfe)  (tzfe) M. %
/ ;
' /3  .
.( 8
.#3 ; & ,A. / ! J. . %
/  X (ω) /   !
∞ ∞
(t‚fe)
X (ω ) = ∫
−∞
x (t ) Cos ω t dt-j ∫
−∞
x (t ) Sin ω t dt
.  (t‚fe) M.  − ω . ω  -
.
(t„fe)

.ir
∞ ∞
X (− ω ) = ∫ x (t ) Cos ωt dt + j ∫ x (t ) Sin ω t dt
−∞ −∞

 3/ 'X 45. ‡8 qM.   K &


X (ω ) = X (− ω )

m
,A. X (ω ) & 2 =
# /8 JK8 ?; #.Z  0< G  #!< %
/  2! &
3/ ` ;1
; &

ja

< X (ω ) = −tg −1 ∫ x(t ) Sin ωt dt


−∞ (z…fe)

∫ x(t ) Cos ωt dt
−∞ er   − ω . ω  -
.

< X (− ω ) = tg −1
∫ x(t ) Sin ωt dt
−∞ (zgfe)

ow
∫ x(t ) Cos ωt dt
−∞

2 ƒ;8 %2 .# ω & ;8 /1.


X (ω ) & /21 ∠X (ω ) = −∠X (−ω )  2./ F+
.# # ; & q!= ,A2   .3.  t & s & /1.
?%. /KK( ;. ' T: x (t )
.# s & ‰>6 /KK( 8  -
?3. s & /KK( x(t) ;
.p

.3 T
v -< 3. /KK( x(t) ; :,-Z
∞ ∞
X (ω ) = ∫ x (t ) Cos ω t dt − j ∫ x (t ) Sin ω t dt (zfe)
w

−∞ −∞

6 ;8 E.


D  s & E.
D ;5Q( %^ ?3/ ;Q G  R;  3. s & x(t) ;
.3/ ;Q )K  ;/ ;Q R( %K qQ8   x>;  /<  # ;8 /1.

.# s & ‰>6 /KK(  / /<. R  R;  JK8  ;.2.

X (ω ) = ∫ x ( t ) Cos ω tdt = X ( − ω )
w

−∞

.   ; & ,-: ,A2   3.  t & ;8 /1.


%. /KK( ;. ' T: x(t ) ; 
.# ;8 ‰>6 / 8  -
?3. ;8 /KK( x (t ) ;
./ /<. G  R;  JK8  ;.2. .3/ ;Q R  R;  /-< 0< .X /K ;M. :,-Z

(zefe)

X (ω ) = − j x (t ) Sin ω t dt
−∞
www.powerjam.ir

„ %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.  X (−ω) @X


.  # X (ω ) %. ‰>6 / ; .   

X (−ω ) = j ∫ x ( t ) Sin ω tdt
−∞

.3./ ω & ;8 E.


D X(ω)  ;.2.
L
-! I#0 JK / %&A&%
.3. ;<;. g f E.
 . ; & M. 2 ƒ;8

.ir

(zrfe)
f (u ) = ∫ −∞
g (v ) e − juv dv
 3 6 g (t ) 8  -
f (ω ) ,AI  ? v = t u = ω  ;< ;

m
f (ω ) = F [g (t )] (ztfe)
 ;/ 1 f (t ) 8  -
g ( −ω ) ,AI  ? ;< v = ω u = t ;

ja
2 π g (− ω ) = F [ f (t )] (zzfe)
.3. g (t ) 8  -
f (ω ) ;  ;.2.
F
g (t ) ↔ f (ω )
er
.. 6 2π g(−ω) "  f (t) 8  -
 # %
/
(zfe)

F
(z‚fe)
ow
f (t ) ↔ 2π g (− ω )
.  x(t) = F[X (ω)] M. & ;  ,-1.
1 ∞
(z„fe)
x (t ) =
2π ∫
−∞
X (ω )e j ω t d ω

.  ;Š %; .= . 8  -


Q &
.p


(…fe)
X (ω ) = ∫ x (t )e
− jω t
dt
−∞

.#3 %
/ (…fe) (z„fe) M.   K .  ;.2.
w


X (t ) = ∫ x(ω ) e − jut dω (gfe)
−∞

; & qM. W (gfe) qM. 2 ;5 1   ;U   ;Š
− ω .  ω ; %2
w


.3/
1 1
w

X (t ) = ∫ x (− ω ) e
jω t

2π 2π
.   ;.2.

8
Duality
www.powerjam.ir

 


1
X ( t ) ↔ x ( −ω ) (fe)

.#8; / ;8 D! 8 P@1  -
8  -
-   %
/ /  #Q6 &
2 ;
x(t ) = 2 x(t) R2  8 1
#.M :(efe) RW
t +1
 > /  #Q6 & ' . /> # @X . >   ( />!1 ")  & :(
F+ ?3./ 2 "  − t 8  -
 / .2/ (

.ir
e
1+ ω2
e
−t F
←→
2 (efe)
1+ω2

m
.#3 %
/ /  #Q6 & ' .  ;.2.
2
←F → 2 π e
− −ω
= 2π e
− ω (rfe)
2
1+ t

ja
. X(ω) #.M 3. (#.Z :τ ) x (t ) = Aτ Sinc t τ ; :(rfe) RW

.# ; & ,A. /1.; F>+ 8  -
 / :(
er
[(
Au t +τ
2
) − u (t − τ 2 )] ↔ AτSinc 2ωπ τ
# ; & ,A. x(t) = Aτ Sinc 1 τ 8  -
/  #Q6 . =
. %2
ow

A τSinc
1

[( ) (
τ ↔ 2πA u ω + τ 2 − u ω − τ 2 )]
@3 .# ';@   S+  ";Z’
"& 2 ;< ,!: F>+ %. %K #: .  2 =

.# ‡8 (; ; . /.B. (efe)


.p

M
"  H" 7&A&%
  3./ R+ M. ? I #. %
/ 8  -
H6 . =
.  /!7 M.
w

%. ,Q  . M.   .2 "  F;8 %& '&(  "_;  #   ; . #KK(
.;/
w
w

9
Parsval's Equation
www.powerjam.ir

eg %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.ir
m
/  & ' . (rfe) RW  x(t ) 8  -
8 (; :(efe) @3
∞ 1 ∞ (tfe)
∫ ∫
2 2
x (t ) dt = X (ω ) dω
−∞ 2π −∞

ja
@2  . =
. :,-Z
2
x (t ) = x (t )x (t ) ∗



x(t ) x * (t )dt = ∫
∞  1
x(t ) 

∫ω
er 
X * (ω )e − jωt dω  dt
.  (z„fe) M. & ' .
(zfe)
t = −∞ t = −∞
 2π = −∞

ow
.  R;  ;6’
GK
;Š
.
1
X * (ω ) dω  ∫ x(t )e − jωt dt 
∞ ∞∞

t = −∞
x(t ) x* (t ) dt =
2π ∫ω
 t =−∞
= −∞  (fe)
1 ∞ 1 ∞
2π ∫ω =−∞ 2π ∫ω = −∞
2
= X * (ω ) X (ω )dω = X (ω ) dω
.p

.# %. .< ; & ,A.  2 "R2  ";. R+ M.
1 ∞
x (t ) dt = ∑ a k
(‚fe)

2 2

T0 T0
w

−∞
2
;n  Gx (ω) = x(ω) ,A.  "_;  %
/U /> ^ %
/ R+ q0< & ' .
.#8;
w

' .  2 "R2  ";. 8  -


` ;1
& ' .  (‚fe) qM. :(‚fe)  ;!

.  I # . v!K (tfe) M. &


w


N O 0   !" 9&A&%
8 RK R2  8  -
,AI  2. X(ω)  x(t) R2  8  -
;
.3./ X(ω) e− jωt0 ;.;. x(tt −t0 )
.  I/ #.  y(t) 8  -
y(t) = x(t − t0 ) / ;< :,-Z
www.powerjam.ir

 

e


Y (ω ) = ∫ x(t − t 0 )e − jω t dt
−∞

.  t − t0 = τ ;Š ;Š


.

Y (ω ) = ∫ x(τ )e − jω (τ +t0 ) dτ = e
− jω t0
X (ω ) („fe)
−∞

 -
?%K /  F>+ 8  -
%& w&(  RK #Q6 & ' . :(tfe) RW
.2 (  ; & 8 RK /  F>+ 8

.ir
x (t ) = e − π (t − t 0 )
2

F>+ 8  -
 ;.2. .# '3 ' (rtfe) M.  %K /  F>+ 8  -
:(
.# ; & ,A. 8 RK / 

m
ω2

X (ω ) = e − jω t0 e 4π

...  ; & R2  8  -


:(zfe) RW

ja
er
(zfe) RW . €.; R2  :(rfe) @3
ow
; & ,A. ? 8 RK F>+  %K F>+ D C! ,A. %
/  R2    :(
.#3
x (t ) = −[u (t + 3) − u (t + 1)] + [u (t + 1) − u (t − 1)] − [u (t − 1) − u (t − 4)]
.p

 8  -
%
/ %& '&(  RK #Q6 /1.; F>+ 8  -
. =
.  ;.2.
. I #. /.
5
 ω ω  3ω  − j 2 ω
X (ω ) =  − 2 Sinc e j 2ω + 2 Sinc −  3Sinc
w

e
 π π  2π 
w


N O 0  IP 4
F&A&%
n
:# ; & ,A. d x(t )  G n -
; cX 8  -
?2. X(ω)  x(t) 8 R-
;
n
w

dt
 d n x (t )  n (‚…fe)
F n  = ( j ω ) X (ω )
 dt 
.2/ ' 8 P@1  -
qM. & :,-Z
1 ∞
x (t ) =
2π ∫
−∞
X (ω ) e jωt dω
www.powerjam.ir

ee %& + q 8  -


:G A8

. I #. (‚…fe) M. /. 


 ;/ cX . n ? t . #- ‡8 M. 8;U & %2
/ 3 ' %
/ 8 P@1 K  -
q-  ";. %& w&(  cX #Q6 &
.;.

N O 0  I"  !" A&A&%
,!: F@: ";R;  ,!: @2  . =
. %& w&(  ";cX #Q6 . =
.
D #KK(   .3. X (ω ) ,A. R;  8  -
  / n ?# ";cX

.ir

 F+ .# R2  DC  ;Q F;8  >O ; .  3 8; ;n   .  ;  q!=
.  / #>(

m
F  x(τ )dτ  =
t X (ω ) (‚gfe)
 ∫−∞
+ πX (0 )δ (ω )
 jω
 # /21  .   .. 6 G7 R  q!= 3. ;Q ;u X(0) K ;  2 =

ja
%^ ?# ;Q ;u [2 2 ; & ˆM " %& w&(  x(t) R2 

(‚fe)
X (0 ) = ∫ −∞
x (t )dt er
;Q F;8  .;5 D R1 a y(t) R2  DC >O . # Y2 #KK(  !=  
M. [5  ,-Z a 3. 3 =
.# '3 n2 (‚gfe) M. G  !=   . 6
ow
  I/ x+ R    .# s6 a   Q( & a  [>: ,5  . & (‚gfe)
; ;^ ";R;  ,!: F@: %21. ";cX ,!:   /85 !=   =
jω  ;2 8  -
# G&L ";cX ,!: /U  #   ;   > .3/!
 ;.2. ?# ;Q ;.;.   I/  jωX (0)δ (ω ) ,A. G  != ,A2   3 ;5
.p

./ #&  6 ;Z’

!= = G:  = ?";R;  ,!: P@1 %21. ";cX o > & #7= ! .
w

πX (0) H6 Y ;5 ;^  I/ x+ RO   %2  . /



(‚gfe) qM. G 
% X '71.  ;!
%21. R   S+ # '3 B;Q F;8  .;5 q2 %21.
w

.# '3 3m


(‚gfe) M.  ;Q F;8  .;5 2 ";. πX (0) Y ;5 = #: :(„fe)  ;!

#^
w

.  I #.  ( + E.


8  -
:(fe) RW
)  .  ;.2. 2/! ‡Q 8  -
= J ;3  ( + E.
/  M! :(
  &  . @. . I #.  ( + E.
8  -
%
/! 8 R;  K - 
.# .;5 E.
R;  ? + E.
 ; ' #Q6
www.powerjam.ir

 

er

t
(‚efe)
u (t ) = ∫
−∞
δ (τ ) d τ
  x(t) = δ (t) B . (‚gfe) & ' . # ( 8  -
" .;5 E.
%^
.# ; & ,A. u(t ) 8  -
X (ω) = 1

F [u (t )] =
1
+ π δ (ω ) (“{fi)

-!
C 
L&A&%

.ir
.  #.Z ": a ƒ;8 . ,A2   2. X(ω)  x(t) 8  -
;
1 ω  (‚tfe)
F [x (at )] = X 

m
a a
F+ y(t) = x(at) / ;< :,-Z

Y (ω ) = ∫ x(at )e − jω t dt

ja
−∞

.(3. a > 0 ;)   at=u B .


ω
∞ −j u du 1  ω 
Y (ω ) = ∫ x(u )e
−∞
a
= X 
a a a
er .3. a ≤ 0 ;
ω
−∞ −j u du − 1  ω 
Y (ω ) = ∫ x(u )e
ow
a
= X 
∞ a a a
.3/ #.Z (‚tfe) M. Y
;
 .
/ . F;8 w&( ";. /  #Q6 c-U ? %& w&(  %2
 /Q6 ;
.# %. .<  , 

.p

Q! R  N O 0   !" M&A&%
.# x(t) e jω 0 t R2  8  -
X (ω − ω ) ,AI  3. x(t) 8  -
X(ω) ;
0

[ ]
w

X (ω − ω0 ) = F e x(t )
jω0t (‚zfe)
.  8 P@1  -
M. & ' . :,-Z
w

1
∫ X (ω − ω 0 )e jωt dω = F −1 [ X (ω − ω 0 )]

ω −ω0 = λ B .
w

1
F −1 [X (ω − ω0 )] =
2π ∫
X (λ)e j (ω0 +λ )t dλ = e jω0t x(t )

s;B .<  %& '&(  RK #Q6 "  & /  #Q6 . =
. ‡8 #Q6
.#
www.powerjam.ir

et %& + q 8  -


:G A8

Q! R  2 O 0  IP 4
'S&A&%
.# − jtx(t ) R2  8  -
dX (ω ) ?3. x(t) 8  -
X(ω) ;

dX (ω ) (‚fe)
= F [− jtx(t )]

:,-Z

X (ω ) = ∫ x(t )e − jωt
dt

.ir
−∞

 ;/ cX ω . #- ‡8 qM. 8;U &


dX (ω ) ∞
= ∫ x (t )[ − jt ]e − jω t dt

m
dω −∞

.# dX (ω ) "  − jtx(t) R2  8  -


 ;.2.

. '  . 8 P@1  -
-  ";. ‡8 #Q6

ja
:; ..  8 P@1  -
:(‚fe) RW
1
X (ω ) = er
( jω + a ) 2
 cX #Q6 & ' . /> # @X >   ( ";R;  )  & ' . :(
,Q . Y(ω) cX X(ω)  2/ =
. .# ( .< /. > F;8 w&(
ow
.# ; &
j
Y (ω ) =
jω + a
;  ,-1.
.p

dY (ω )
X (ω ) =

@2  . =
. F+
w

y (t ) = je − at
u (t )
 I #. ; & ,A.  x(t) %
/
w

x(t ) = − jty (t ) = te − at u (t )
Q! R  N O 0  I"  !" ''&A&%
w

.# %. .< ; & ,A. (‚gfe) M. /  & ' . #Q6  
ω  x(t )  (‚‚fe)
∫−∞
X (λ )dλ = F 
 − jt
+ π x (0 )δ (t )

.# F;8 w&(  X(ω) [2 2; & ˆM 2π x ( 0 )  2 =

2π x(0 ) = ∫

X (ω ) dω (‚„fe)
−∞
www.powerjam.ir

 

ez

1# 
     '+&A&%
.#3 ; & ,A. ;I 8 "; %
/ ,AI  3.  2 R2  D x(t) ;

(„…fe)
x (t ) = ∑a
k = −∞
k e jk ω 0 t

8 "; %


/ ?# 2πδ (ω − kω0 ) "  e jkω0t R2  8  -
@2  . =
.
.; N ; & ,A.   2 R2 

.ir

(„gfe)
X (ω ) = 2π ∑ a δ (ω − kω )
k = −∞
k 0

F;8 w&(   2 "R2  ";. Y2 x ! D %


/ .;5 E.
` ;1
D! .

m
:! D #
 2 ;u  2 "R2  ,Q    .; N 8  -
,A.
.23./ 8  -
"

ja
'S
T#
'%&A&%
.3./  8  -
3> ?R2   ;0Q( 8  -
?%L  #Q6 c-U
; /21.
er
r (t ) = s(t ) p(t ) („fe)
. # ;.;. r(t ) 8  -

ow
R(ω ) =
1
[S (ω ) ∗ P(ω )] („efe)

.2/ (  S(ω) * P(ω) 3> Q( . ,-Z ";. :,-Z
S (ω ) ∗ P (ω ) = ∫

S (λ )P (ω − λ )dλ („rfe)
λ = −∞
.p

./ ;<  8 P@1  -


R1 M. P(ω − λ) ". %2

S (ω ) ∗ P (ω ) = ∫

S (λ )  ∫ p (t ) e − j (ω −λ )t dt  dλ

(„tfe)
λ = −∞  t =−∞   
w

./ ;Š
 ";R;  Y
;
%2
∞ ∞
∫ p (t )[ ∫ − j (ω −λ ) t
S (ω ) * P (ω ) = S (λ )e d λ ]dt
w

t = −∞ λ = −∞
∞ ∞

− jω t
dt [ ∫ S ( λ ) e
jλ t
= p (t ) e dλ ]
−∞ −∞

.  G  R;  ". 2π s ( t ) % ;< .  ;.2.


w


S (ω ) ∗ P(ω ) = 2π ∫ s (t ) p(t) e − jωt dt („zfe)
−∞

.#8;  ; &  %


/ 8  -
` ;1
. =
.

10
Modulation
www.powerjam.ir

e %& + q 8  -


:G A8

F [s (t ) p(t )] =
1
[S (ω ) ∗ P(ω )] („fe)

.# %L  C ";. /5  + #Q6  
R2  & n2) x(t) m + R2  B. 2 ƒ;8 %L  !: '  ˆ5
";.
" Q8 .  (# ;! (;Q) N+ \ F;8 ;U  %I `U  # />2  m +
D .3/ 'X ';&  ,;.B  ً;W #>(   .2 R m% R D %  &  

.ir
R  RK /Q "R ;  ;U & .3./ #- Q R2  m + "R2  & !
& F;8 `U  ";Š
”/.  #- Q R2   ;.2. .2 m% L!1 ,;.B 
R & -: . w     R2  `U   -  ;.2. . -: %
[! R  

m
R2  `U ';   R2  `U  /;8 (RK) D  - ;  ,-1. . ;<
%L  ;n  %L  C & /@ D! .    . RK -: . w   . 

ja
.2 =
; & RW . .# ; m+%@ 2
. ; . ;n  ; & `U .  x(t ) m + R2  :(„fe) RW
er
ow
m + R2  `U :(tfe) @3
. -: ; & R &  R2    6/
.p
w

(& -: . '  ) m% R `U :(zfe) @3


-> .2/ ' 
L   & -: . w   . R2  `U RK ";. ,A2  
w

    3 ';&. /Q . . R2  `U '.  # G&L R & R2  -: & F+
.;/ G '; #!<  
L   J

w
www.powerjam.ir

 


/Q '    `U %; '+ F R2  & -: . '   . R2  `U RK #7= /! :(fe) @3
;5 ( R2  G . /2 R2  D  m + R2  %L  ,!: /U
. ;< m% R .   Q( R2  F;8 .3/
r (t ) = x(t ) cos ω t („‚fe)
c

.3/ ω c F;8 R( x(t ) R2  `U RK 9:. %& '&(  ;5 ,!:  
R (ω ) =
1
[ X (ω )] * [πδ (ω − ω c ) + πδ (ω + ω c )] („„fe)

.ir

=
1
[ X (ω − ω c ) + X (ω + ω c )] (g……fe)
2

m
.2/ -: R & /(;. ;/ ;< -: . '    R(ω) `U  2./

ja
RK & F+ R2  `U :(‚fe) @3
er
;. @3  '3 ' %X ,A.  %L  !:  &. R(ω) & X(ω) "&&. ";. %2
. I/ #. ; & M. & y(t) `U ,Q    ./ G /8  R2  " 
1 1 (g…gfe)
ow
y(t ) = r (t ) Cos ω0t = x(t ) Cos 2ωc t =
x(t ) Cos 2ωc t + x(t )
2 2
1 1 1 1  (g…fe)
Y (ω ) = X (ω ) +  X (ω − 2ωc ) + X (ω + 2ω c )
2 2 2 2 
   1 x(t ) /= ;6  ,AI   ; . ;n  ω0 "   ;8 . "27+ ;  ;.2.
.p

2
.; B -: ;8 & ;  " >O
T#
" -U V
"8 "0  !B! '7&A&%
w

 /> ?;/ ;< 9 .  A. /


I RA8     . "R2  & /& ";. !
.;. G ";. ! & %L  q0< & RW D %21. # G&L 2 
w

J
R2    & .3. ω0 . "27+ .    . R2  x(t ) 2 ƒ;8 :(„fe) RW
& n2 .3/ ";. !  ;<  & T qQ. %& '&(   .;5 M< D
w

.3./ p(t ) .;5 F>+ M< D  R2  %I %; ;5 ?R2  D & %; ";. !
7I "`U y(t ) = p(t ) x(t ) p (t ) ? x(t ) "R2  ;. !  („fe) @3 
.'3 ' x ! F;8 '&( 
www.powerjam.ir

e„ %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.ir
m
ja
F;8 w&(  y (t ) R2  x ! F;8 %& w&(  .;5 M<
x(t ) "R2  x ! :(„fe) @3

0
T
er
R2  & %
[ ,Q    .3. 2π > 2ω  #     7U 6
G: €;3

. 1. ;    ?; "&&. ggm + ;8 D D! .  x(t ) R2  '.  y(t )
ow
.#8; 6 ;< 9 .  A

W@U! R JK / '9&A&%


? 1
LTI " 
  %I ;. %
/  8  -
H6  ;!7 & /@
.p

;5 !: . %& w&(  3> !: ‡8 #Q6 D! . %^ ?# 3> #Q6
. "  x(t ) 2 ƒ;8 YM %3 3  ";. .3/  -
F;8 w&(  />!1
.;/ %. ; & M. . y(t ) ,A2   .# h (t ) .;5 S+ . LTI 
w


y (t ) = ∫ x (τ ) h (t − τ )d τ (g…efe)
−∞
w

Y (ω ) = F [ y (t )] = ∫
∞ ∞
(g…rfe)
∫ [x(τ )h(t − τ )dτ ] e
− j ωt
dt
t = −∞ τ = −∞

.  "; R;  Y


;
;Š
.
w

Y (ω ) = ∫

x(τ ) ∫ h (t − τ ) e − jωt dt  dτ

(g…tfe)
τ = −∞  t =−∞ 
 ;.2. e − jωτ H (ω ) . # "  G  R;   !78/ /& RK #Q6 & ' .
. 

11
Low Pass Filter
www.powerjam.ir

 


∞ ∞
Y (ω ) = ∫ x (τ ) e − jωτ H (ω ) = H (ω )∫ x (τ ) e − jωτ dτ (j•~fi)
−∞ −∞

 ;.2.
Y (ω ) = H (ω )X (ω ) (g…fe)
w&(  ;5 ,!: . %& w&(  3> ,!: 3> #Q6 c-U QT6 M. F+
.3/  -
F;8
(g…‚fe)

.ir
y (t ) = h(t ) ∗ x (t ) ←→
F
Y (ω ) = H (ω )X (ω )
E.
.2 LTI " '] E.
/ ! E.
 # #1<   K  ‡8 #Q6
‡8 #Q6 & ' . .#  ;1  /;8 S+  @-3 E.
G2. Yu H (ω )

m
' %X (e…fe) @3   ; %.  D ,A.    /> Y;
%
/
/.  LTI /> " / .= #Q6 3>a #Q6 & ' . .# '3

ja
.3/ #.Z

er
ow

.2 ;@!: D   D ;  !   =    ?R1   :(e…fe) @3


.p

  ;cX  ";. :(„fe) RW


y (t ) =
dx (t ) (g…„fe)
dt
w

.# 2^ F;8 '&(  S+


Y (ω ) = jω X (ω ) (gg…fe)
w

. I/ #. ,A2 . @-3 E.


 ;.2.
H (ω ) = jω (gggfe)
w

/;8 S+ . ; . ;n   h(t) = δ (t − t0 ) .;5 S+ . LTI  D :(e…fe) RW
... ;I /= ;6 "  €-
 
.3./  S+ %! h(t ) 8  -
:(
H (ω ) = e − jωt0
www.powerjam.ir

rg %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.# ; & ,A. F;8 '&(  /= ;6  ;.2.


− jω t0
Y (ω ) = X (ω ) H (ω ) = e X (ω )
%& '&( 
y (t ) = x (t − t 0 )
. ; . ;n   ; & .;5 S+ . LTI  :(egfe) RW
h(t ) = e −t u (t )

.ir
3
...  x(t ) = ∑a e "  .  S+
jk 2π t
k
k = −3

.  / . :(

m
1
H (ω ) =
jω + 1

ja
3
 /= ;6 %
/ ?3./ X (ω ) =
∑ 2π a δ (ω − k 2π )
k = −3
k
 "  8  -
. =
.

er .#3 ,Q  .
Y (ω ) = X (ω ) H (ω )
 3  1 3
2πak
 ∑ 2πak δ (ω − 2kπ )  1 + jω = ∑ jk 2π + 1 δ (ω − 2kπ )
 k =−3  k = −3
ow
.  I/ #. y (t ) ";. %& '&( 
3
ak
y (t ) = ∑ jk 2π + 1 e
k = −3
j 2π k t

0  L&%


.p

C   ;/ ;


/!  > PK   /;8 S+ & 2 ?. 
;@!: 1
  C   L!1 %^ . #  ;
;  ")  ;. / >. 
w

)   . '  . ;U6 !7. 2/ !: c8 . F;8 w&(  
:& 2
-: ;/ ;< '     .  R 
w

Decade)  :`>
Octave )  :
  3/  20 log H (ω ) Y( ;. "!:    ;.  ;X.  R  )  
w

 G  )   /> .2 / /K8   "  ;.   ω 6 L!1  ? log ω Y( ;. /K8
 R  )  RW D . 2   .3/  log ω Y( ;. /K8   3/! 9 . 2  
2
./ ˆ5

; ..  H (ω ) .  :(efe) RW


www.powerjam.ir

 

r

1 + jω (ggfe)
H (ω ) = 10
(1 + jω )(1 + jω )
100 1000
';. @.  . %2  "( ?2/ ;5 … :  F 8; log10 (.) 8;U & .
. /8 / 23I %I . % X  ? G dB ./ 3
ω ω ω 2 (ggefe)
y = 20log H(ω) = 20log 1 + ( )2 − 20log 1 + ( )2 − 20log 1 + ( )

.ir
10 100 1000
 2  R-< .< /KM2 T 7- ;K
  ->  2 ' Y ;K
"K ;
.#3 %
/ ω <10 ";. ,AI

m
y≈0
# R-< .< ; & "Y ;K
Q8 ;  ";. 2*!

ja
ω
y ≈ 20 log 10 < ω < 100
10
ω ω (ggrfe)
y ≈ 20 log − 20 log ≈ 20 log10 ≈ 20dB er 100 < ω < 1000
10 100
ω ω ω ω
y ≈ 20 log − 20 log − 20 log ≈ 20 − 20 log ω > 1000
10 100 1000 1000
RW %21. .2/  /2 ; K #! . F ;Q #!. y K ;. " ω V& .
ow
.  ω = 104 ";.
y≈0
‡8 ) ;. @3  3 #< ; .3/ ./ f… "  E.
K ω = 10 5 ";.
. I/ =. / @3 €K  M6 dB  ;W(
.p

.  ω = 10  2 ( c< M. B. ; RW %21.


10 10 10 2
20 log H (ω) = 20 log 1 + ( ) 2 − 20 log 1 + ( ) 2 − 20 log 1 + ( )
w

10 100 1000
.  R  q!= & JK8 ; ;n28;Q %
/ 6 Y ;K
. G  !=  &
y = 10 log 2~ 3 dB
w

@3 .. '3 -  dB ;Q "  y K ω = 10  '3 G ` ;1
c-U @>( 
.# '3  ;+ 
J6 ,A. ˆ Q
w

[.6 Y ;K
. ∠H (ω ) = tg −1 ω ω ω M. D! .  & S+ . 
− tg −1 − tg −1
10 100 1000
− 90 "  # 7/. F;8  & K 3 =
) 3 6 (fegfe) @3 ,A.
o

.(3./
www.powerjam.ir

re %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.ir
m
(`>) ( )
/;8 S+ q & 2 .  :(egfe) @3
#0 # #" 
   M&%

ja
.< ;
L. Y
; " ;W 2 + " %21. G  R  -
; "
? .;5 S+ ?;  q>1 /;. ;U6 !7. .23./ G  R  Y
; " . 

er .# 7 7I /;8 S+ +


.# ; & ,A. [;  >1 " R  -
;  D
τ
dy (t )
+ y (t ) = x (t ) (ggtfe)
ow
dt
S+ %
/ ;  q>1   8;U & 8  -
8; . .# [.Z : τ %I  a
. I #.   /;8
j ωτ Y (ω ) + Y (ω ) = X (ω ) (ggzfe)
.p


Y (ω ) 1 (ggfe)
H (ω ) = =
X (ω ) 1 + jωτ
w

 I #.  %I q.;5 S+ %


/ %2  /;8 S+ & ' .
1 −t
h(t ) = e τ u (t ) (gg‚fe)
w

τ
. I #. ( + . .;5 S+ 3> & %   + S+
t −t (gg„fe)

s (t ) = h ( t ) * u ( t ) = h (τ ) d τ = [1 − e τ ]u ( t )
w

0
www.powerjam.ir

 

rr
s(t )
1 h(t )
1/τ
1
1− 1
e
τe

G  R  -
;  ";. .;5 + S+  :(efe) @3
+ S+ 1Q %& 2/ €K (;
 &) .;5 S+ ?3/ ;! τ ^ ; 3/ n(T

.ir
.3/ ;!  /B> E<  3/ ;! 
#" 
   0  'S&%
'3 ;
(eefe) @3  R  q-
; " & 2 S+ cM < ";. . 

m
.#

ja
er
ow
.p

R  -
; " /;8 S+ q & 2 ";. .  :(eefe) @3
.# ; & ,A. G  q-
; " . €.; /M6 ;  q>1
2
d y (t ) dy (t ) (g…fe)
w

+ 2ζω n + ω n2 y (t ) = ω n2 x (t )
dt 2 dt
,; . RLC " 2! /@ 8 " & ".  ‡8 ,A. [;  q>1
w

,A.  G  -
;  /;8 S+ %
/ (g…fe) qM. "  & /. .3/ 'X
. I #. (ggfe) qM.
ω n2 (ggfe)
w

H (ω ) =
( jω )2 + 2ζω n ( jω ) + (ω n ) 2
.#3 ; & ,A.  H (ω ) %
/ /
2
ω (gfe)
H (ω ) = n
( jω − c1 )( jω − c2 )
www.powerjam.ir

rt %& + q 8  -


:G A8

%I  
c1 = −ζω n + ω n ζ 2 − 1 (gefe)

c 2 = −ξω n − ω n ζ 2 − 1 (grfe)
.#3 %
/ 2 ,  c c ? ζ ≠ 1 ";.
2 1

H (ω ) =
M

M (gtfe)
jω − c1 jω − c2

.ir
%I  
ωn (gzfe)
M =

m
2 ζ 2 −1
. I/ #.; & ,Q . .;5 S+ ,Q   
h (t ) = M [ e c1t − e c 2 t ]u (t ) (gfe)

ja
.#3 6 3/ c = c = −ω ,AI  3. ζ = 1 ;
1 2 n

ω n2 (g‚fe)
h(t ) = er
( jω + ω n )2
. # "  #>(    .;5 S+
h (t ) = ω n2 te −ω n t u (t ) (g„fe)
ow
Y ;5 ζ . .# '3  refe@3  `B " ζ V& . h(t ) `B "/2 2
ωn
.2 / / ; ;u /1-U F;8 ω . g/ ;
ge
n

. I/  ; & ,Q . .;5 S+ 3/ JB c c 3. 0 < ζ < 1 ;
.p

2 1

ω n e −ιω ζ  j (ω 1−ζ ) t
n
 u (t ) (ge…fe)
h (t ) =
2
1−ζ 2 ) t
e n
− e − j (ω n

2 
 
j2 1− ζ
ω n e − ιω ζ
[ ]
w

=
n

sin( ω n 1 − ζ 2 ) t u (t )
(gegfe)
1−ζ 2
;
erfe@3  ,  " ζ V&.  I/ #. h (t ) * u (t ) qM. &   + S+
w

.'3
w

12
Damping Ratio
13
Undamped Natural Frequency
www.powerjam.ir

 

rz

.ir
m
ja
. ζ /N; Y ;5 `B; K V&. G  -
;  ";. + S+(b .;5 S+(a (erfe) @3
. I/ #. ; & qM. & ' .  /;8 S+ . 
 ω 
er2
ω  (gefe)
20 log H (ω ) = −10 log 1 − ( ) 2  + 4ζ 2 ( ) 2 
 ωn  ωn 

 ω 
 2ζ ( ) 
ow
−1  ωn  (geefe)
∠H (ω ) = −tg
 ω 2
 1 − (ω ) 
 n 
.# '3  (etfe) @3  . !
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

r %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.ir
m
ja
er
. ζ / ; Y ;5 ";. `B K  2^ . G  q-
; " ";. .  :(etfe) @3
WX  ="
    T  ="
   Y6Z ''&%
ow
G  R  Y
; " . D@
.< /. ;
L. Y
; " 3   M!
.# '3 ' %X (eefe) RW J
#KK(   .23./
 ; &  . %I D@
D!@. B.  ; & ,A. H(ω)  2 ƒ;8 :(eefe) RW
.2 
R  -
;
.p

1 (gerfe)
H (ω ) =
ω
(1 + jω )(1 + j )
10
w

 /;8 S+  H (ω) H (ω) 8  ;0Q( . H(ω) 


. ,Q   
2 1
.  ?2 R  -
; 
(getfe)
w

1 1
H (ω) = × → H (ω) = H1 (ω)× H2 (ω)
(1+ jω) 1+ jω 
 10
w

%I  
H 1 (ω ) =
1 (gezfe)
1 + jω

H 2 (ω) =
1 (gefe)
1+ j ω
10
www.powerjam.ir

 


  ,Q   
20 log H (ω ) = 20 log H 1 (ω ) + 20 log H 2 (ω ) (ge‚fe)
  ! 2 E!=  . ./ Y( ;.  y ; 2  . 2 S+  #7=  ;.2.
. G  .  &8 ";.
" #  !" -Z[ -U \ '+&%
N . 23I ‹ ; .3./ D 8 /27  '3 623 23I G7 D /> ^ G7

.ir
  2/ /:
6   J  D  #! D ;!
G7 /> ^ ! %23 . /!:
‡8 ` ;1
 J  #! & n2 `B   -> .3./ /  Q /7 . T YM

m
D "08 & MK D   # ". % /@ ;@> . /> ^ RW %21. .. 6 , 
.# '3 ;! "1.   "1.  ?"1.
"F;8  ƒ ; R2  D (%
 ) "_; % ; . (%
 ) "_; /U /> ^ ,-:

ja
  %
/U /> ^ "_; "R2    "_; /U /> ^ .3./ `B
er .;/ ` ;1
%
"R2 
 ;.2. .3./ /;8 w&( G7 D (%
 ) "_; /U /> ^ # 3   M! 
 €-
   .#8 R2  ( 8 ";  ) 8  -
   . /U-
 %.  .
. I #. R+ qM. J
%
/ /.
ow
.2/ ;‹ '.  "_; "R2  ";.  R+ qM. " I #7=
1 ∞ ∞
(ge„fe)
∫ ∫
2 2
X (ω ) dω = x (t ) dt
2π −∞ −∞

 "_; /> ^ ` ;1
. =
.  ;.2. ./ #.  R2  "_;  M.   G  ;U
.p

"_; /U /> ^ %


/ 3. R2  "_;  "  F;8 w&( ;;  %I R;   .
.; ` ;1
,Q   . 
1 (gr…fe)
w

2
S (ω ) = X (ω )

.#3 %
/ ` ;1
  .
w


(grgfe)
E = ∫
−∞
S (ω ) d ω
.# R2  "_;  E %I  
w

.  %
/U /> ^ %
/ %
"R2  ";. R+ R;8 & ' . .X c ;M.
.! ` ;1
; & ,Q

S (ω ) = ∑ a k δ (ω − kω 0 ) , ω 0 =
2 2π (grfe)
k = −∞ T0
www.powerjam.ir

r„ %& + q 8  -


:G A8

. G&L 2   .# %I  2


w  T x(t )  2 R2  8 "; Y ;5 a %I  
0 k

'3 ` ;1
1 Y ;5 % . X (ω ) 2 ,A. "_; /U /> ^  /01.   # ;‹

.  ` ;1
. /2^ , 
 #
; & R2  "_; /U /> ^ E.
# M :(erfe) RW

.ir
m
(erfe) RW . €.; x(t ) R2  :(ezfe) @3

.  ‡8 @3 ,A. x(t ) ";.  / :(


ω (grefe)

ja
X (ω ) = Aτ Sinc τ

.  (gr…fe) ` ;1
c-U  ;.2.

S (ω ) =
1

2
X (ω ) =


2
( Sinc
2
ω 2

τ)
er
/KK( /2 /U /> ^ E.
23. '& P( 6  . % X # ˆ5   !
(grrfe)
ow
.#
; & R2  %
/U /> ^ E.
#.M :(etfe) RW
.p

T0 = 4T1  2
'  . %
R2  D :(efe) @3
w

.# ,Q .  2
'  D  %I ` ;1

1 t < T1
 (grtfe)
x (t ) = 
w

T
0 T1 < t < 0
 2
 gfe RW)2 ; & ,A. 8 "; Y ;5 R2    ";. /   ! :(
w

.(2-.
sin( k π ) (grzfe)
ak = 2

.  (grfe) ` ;1
c-U  ;.2.
www.powerjam.ir

 


∞ sin ( kπ
2
1 ) (grfe)
S (ω ) = δ (ω ) + ∑ 2 2
2 δ (ω − kω )
0
4 k = −∞ k π
k ≠0

. ; . ;n   ; & ,A. LTI  D :(ezfe) RW


−4t
h(t) = e u(t)

.  I #.  3. x(t) = ∑δ (t − n) ,A. "  ; ; &  /= ;6 8 ";

.ir
n=−∞
.2 ( ;.;. R2    8 \; Y ;5 2*! .# ( \   2
'  :(
ak = 1

m
.. /  "  8  -
.

X (ω ) = ∑ 2πδ (ω − 2kπ )

ja
k = −∞

. # ;.;.  /;8 S+ .  .;5 S+ 8  -

1
H (ω ) = er
1 + j 4ω
. # ;.;. /= ;6 8  -
 ;.2.
∞ ∞
1 1
Y (ω ) = X (ω ) H (ω ) = ∑ 1 + j 4ω 2πδ (ω − 2kπ ) = ∑ 1 + j8kπ 2πδ (ω − 2kπ )
ow
k = −∞ k = −∞

.# ; & ,A. /= ;6 8 ";


1
ak =
1 + j 8 kπ

3. x(t) = ∑(−1)nδ (t − n) ,A. "  ; (rfe) RW  %!  :(efe) RW
.p

n=−∞

.  I #.  /= ;6 8 ";


.; D@
; & ,A.  "  %
/ :(
w

∞ ∞
x(t ) = ∑ δ (t − 2n) − ∑ δ [t − (2n + 1)]
n = −∞ n = −∞
w

. I/  ,Q   . %I 8  -


 ;.2.
∞ ∞
X (ω ) = π ∑ δ (ω − kπ ) − π e ω ∑ δ (ω − kπ )
−j
w

k = −∞ k = −∞

 ;.2.
 ∞

X (ω ) = π ∑ δ (ω − kπ )(1 − e − jω )
 n=−∞ 
. I #.  /= ;6 8 "; %
/ /;8 S+  "  8  -
;5Q( &
www.powerjam.ir

tg %& + q 8  -


:G A8

Y (ω ) = X (ω ) H (ω ) =

1
= ∑ π (1 − e
k = −∞
− jk π
)
1 + j 4 kπ
δ (ω − kπ )

(1 − e − jkπ )
ak =
2(1 + j 4kπ )

.2 R;
 [ 0, T = 2π ] qQ8  ; & "R2  :! 2 cK
:(e‚fe) RW
ω0

.ir
1
Φ k (t ) = [cos kω 0 t − sin k ω 0 t ]
T
 #   %. R;
 €;3 :(

m
T 1 m = n
∫0
Φ m (t )Φ n (t )dt = 
0 m ≠ n

ja
2
T 1
∫0
T
[cos mω0t − sin mω0t ] × [cos nω0t − sin nω0t ]dt

1 T T er
= [ ∫ cos mω0t cos nω0tdt − ∫ cos mω0t sin nω0tdt
T 0 0

T T
− ∫ sin mω0t cos nω0tdt + ∫ sin mω0t sin nω0tdt ]
0 0

; G7^ R  R;  ";.  # ;Q n m ; K E!= V& . G G  R;  Q(
ow
.2/ ‡;8 C5 3. m= n
T T T T
∫0
cos 2 nω 0 tdt =
2
, ∫ sin 2 nω 0 tdt =
0 2
  v 
.p

T 1 T T m = n ;
∫0
Φm (t )Φn (t )dt = 
T 2
+ 0 + 0 +  =1
2
=0 m ≠ n ;
w

.2 R;
 Φ (t) "R2  :! F+
n

.!:  ;. R2  D ;8 s & "7!<  %X :(e„fe) RW


w

# ; & ,A. 1


€;3 :(

< xe (t ), x0 (t ) >= ∫ xe (t ) x0 (t )dt = 0
w

−∞

.# ;8 E.


D x0 (t) s & E.
D xe (t) %^ # ‡Q €;3  
8 "; Y ;5 #.M .2. ak  x(t) R2  8 "; Y ;5 ; :(r…fe) RW

. dx(t ) x(t − t0 )
dt
www.powerjam.ir

 

t

.  ak ` ;1
. =
. :(

x (t ) = ∑a e
k = −∞
k
jkω 0 t

.#3 6 x(t) %I ;Š


.

x (t − t 0 ) = ∑a
k = −∞
k e jk ω 0 ( t − t 0 )

.ir

= ∑a
k = −∞
k e − jk ω 0 t 0 e jk ω 0 t

.23./ ; & ,A. y(t ) 8 "; Y ;5  ;.2.

m
bk = a k e − jk ω 0 t 0
.  I/ #. x(t) & ";cX . /. dx (t ) R2   
dt

ja

dx (t )
= ∑ ak ( jkω0 )e jkω0t
dt k = −∞

. ck = ak jkω0 . ;.;. dx(t ) 8 "; Y ;5  ;.2.


er dt
...  ; & R2  8  -
:(rgfe) RW
π
x ( t ) = sin t + cos( 2 π t + )
ow
4
. I/ #. x(t) J. . ; & ,A. 8  -
:(
1  j ( 2πt + 4 ) − j ( 2 πt + ) 
π π
1 jt
x (t ) =
2j
[
e − e − jt +  e
2
+e] 4


.p

.# ; & ,A. 8  -


v 
π  j
π
−j
π

X (ω ) = [δ (ω − 1) − δ (ω + 1)] + π e 4
δ (ω − 2π ) + e 4
δ (ω + 2π ) 
j  
w

...  ; & R2  8  -


:(rfe) RW

x (t ) = ∑e −2 n t
u (t )
w

n = −∞

.# ; & ,A. 8  -


:(
 
w

∞  ∞
−2 n t 
X (ω ) = ∫ e − jωt  1 + ∑ e u (t ) dt
−∞
 n = −∞ 
 n≠0 
.  R;  C!   ;Š
.
1 ∞ ∞
1 ∞
 1 
X (ω ) = + πδ (ω ) + 2∑ ∫ e −2 nt u (t )e − jωt dt = + πδ (ω ) + 2∑  
jω n =1
− ∞ jω n =1  2 n + jω 
www.powerjam.ir

te %& + q 8  -


:G A8

...  (r…fe) @3  '3 ‰BX /;8 `U 8 P@1  -


:(refe) RW

{ifi RW . €.; 8  -


(e‚fe) @3

.ir
.3/ Q( (e„fe) @3 X (ω) & 8; cX . D . :(

m
ja
i“fi b3 `U cX (i–fi) @3
er .. /  dX (ω ) P@1  -
R   ;.2.

1 '& . /@  3./ 8 RK /M F>+  C! 3 dX (ω ) #KK( 
2 dω
. =
.  ;.2. .# '; + RK —^ #! ( 1 '& . ";  # #! (
ow
2
?(;/ ;‹ " I #7= ) /M F>+ 8  -

.p

f ω
←→ Aτ Sinc τ

w

%& '&( F>+ y 8  -


M. r…fe b3
/  #Q6 & ' .
w
w

t f
AτSinc τ ←→

Fa;8 '&( F>+ y Pb1 8  -


M. rgfe b3
; & ,A. /U P@1 8  -
 ;.2.
www.powerjam.ir

 

tr

Fa;8 '&(  8 RK F>+ (rfe) @3


. # " 

.ir
− jt τ t
A τe 2
Sinc τ

; & ,A. /U 8 P@1  -

m
ja
Fa;8 '&(  8 RK F>+ (refe) @3
er . # " 
jt τ t
− Aτ e 2
Sinc τ

ow
B . 8  -
"; m+E!= #Q6 & ' . dX (ω ) @3 .  K   ;.2.

.#8  dX (ω ) P@1  -
%
/ A = 1 τ = 1
dω 2π
dX (ω ) F 1 j t2 t 1 −j t2 t
←→ − e Sinc + e Sinc
.p

dω 2π 2π 2π 2π
.3./ − jtx(t ) 8  -
E<  dX (ω )  / 8  -
H6 . =
. 

.   ;.2.
w

1 jt −jt t
− jtx (t ) = − ( e 2 − e 2 ) Sinc
2π 2π
w


1 t t 1 t 2
x (t ) = Sin Sinc = ( Sinc )
πt 2 2π 2π 2π
w

; & ,A. `U  3> ,A.  X (ω)  # ,A2 . >   ;  ( ) 


. 2.
www.powerjam.ir

tt %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.3 [ Q( e‚fe `U b3 )6 . %;a 3>a & a [U (rrfe) @3
.  ,Q   
Y (ω ) * Y (ω ) = X (ω )

.ir
.  ?;/ %& '&(  ;5 .  -
?F;8 '&(  3> @2  . =
.
2π [ y 2 (t )] = x(t )

m
.# ,Q  . @3 />+ `U P@1  -
 y(t)  / 
1 t
y (t ) = Sinc
2π 2π

ja
. I [ #. [-< S+ %!  ;.2.
...  ; & R2  8  -
:(rrfe) RW
er
ow
rrfe RW . €.; R2  b3 (rtfe) @3
( K )  ?73    & /@ ->   = >   ( ";. /B "73  :(
& ; .3./ x(t) & ";cX ;
' )  D .#  ;n  2    # R; 
.   ; . cX .  x(t)
.p
w
w

rtfeb3  '3  s b3 cX (rzfe) @3


. # ;.;. R2    8  -

 d x (t ) 
2
F 2 
= −2 + e jω + e − jω
 dt 
F+ .3. / %I 8  -
 ( jω)2 ;0Q( "  x(t) G  cX 8  -
%^
( jω ) 2 X (ω ) = −2 + 2 cos ω
www.powerjam.ir

 

tz


ω
4 sin 2 ( )
2(1 − cosω ) 2
X (ω ) = =
ω2 ω 2

cX 2 I;8 ,Q   ;u  .3. #.Z K <8 x(t ) a # R-< .< [< )    ->
 >   ;Z
= M.  . [N7 S+  '3 R2  #.Z > m( 9:. \;
.# />+ R2   3> . x(t) 
;  )  .!  -  .;5 ,A.

.ir
m
ja
3>a 2 I;8  [WW R2  >
\;. [>+ R2  (rfe) @3
& # ,-: y (t ) 8  -

ω
ω sin 2 er
Y (ω ) = Sinc =
2π ω
2
.  x(t ) = y (t ) * y (t ) %^
ow
X (ω ) = Y 2 (ω )
.   ;.2.
sin 2 ω 4 sin 2 ω
X (ω ) = 2= 2
ω2 ω2
.p

4
...  X (ω ) P@1 8  -
:(rtfe) RW
π
X (ω ) = cos(4ω + )
w

3
:(
1  j ( 4ω + 3 )
π
− j ( 4ω + ) 
π
w

X (ω ) = e +e 3

2  
.#3 %
/ / .
w

π π
1 j3 −j
x (t ) = [ e δ ( t + 4 ) + e 3 δ ( t − 4 )]
2
# ˆ Q ; & "7
-: & D :(rzfe) RW
. 8  -
,< E.
G!
(`>
. 8  -
,< E.
& G@* (
www.powerjam.ir

t %& + q 8  -


:G A8

. 8  -
"_; E.
G!
(s
. 8  -
"_; E.
& G@* (
. 8  -
,< E.
& /01. "_; E.
& /01. (l
2/ V5  8  -
= /8 J ;3 & /@ "_; E.
%^ .# ˆ Q (s) #!< :(
/21 .# R2  "_; %.    %I
∞ 2

∫ f (t ) dt < ∞

.ir
−∞

. 8  -
"_; E.
G!
 ;.2.
∞ 2
ω 1 ω <1 2
f (t) dt F( ) K 3. X (ω) =  f (t ) = d x(t ) ; :(rfe) RW

m
0
2
−∞ 4 ω >1 dt
... 

ja
2
.  f (t ) = d x(t) M. ;U  & 8  -
8; . :(
dt2
F (ω ) = ( jω ) 2 X (ω ) er
.  R+ M. c-U . I [ #. [ . F(ω ) 2  &
4
∞ 1 ∞
∫ ∫
2 2
ow
f ( t ) dt = F (ω ) d ω
−∞ 2π −∞

1 1 1 2 1
=
2π ∫
−1
ω 4dω = ( )=
2π 5 5π
gr
 H(ω) #.M .;/ ‰BX ; & M. J
|;  J  :(r‚fe) RW
.p

. .;5 S+ 8  -

1 t + T0
y (t ) =
2T0 ∫ t −T0
x(α )dα
w

.   ;< δ (t) .;5 "  "   x(t)  "  ; :(
1 t +T0 1
h(t ) = y (t ) =
2T0 ∫
t −T0
δ (α )dα =
2T0
[u (t + T0 ) − u (t − T0 )]
w

. I/ #. /. /;8 S+


ωT0
H (ω ) = Sinc
w

π
.;/ ;
(r‚fe) @3 ,A. .;5 S+

1. Moving Average
www.powerjam.ir

 


|;  J  .;5 S+ (r‚fe) @3

.ir
.2 ˆ Q ; & "7
-: & D  2 1
:(r„fe) RW

.3./ X (ω)dω = 0 ,Q %I  ?3. ;8 x(t) ; (`>
∫ −∞

m

.3./ ω X (ω)dω = 0 ,Q %I  3. s & x(t) ; (
∫ −∞
.#  2  X(ω) ,A I  3.  2 x(t) ; (s

ja
.# /KK(  X (ω) ,Q %I  ?3. /KK( x(t) ; (
(.# Ju (s) () \2. ˆ Q () (`>) "2. :(
er
. ; . ;n   ; & @3 ,A. x(t) R2  :(t…fe) RW
ow

t…fe RW . €.; R2  (r„fe) @3


...  X (ω) & (`>
.p

.2 -   X(0) (


.  I #.  ∞
X (ω ) dω (s

−∞
w

s & /KK( %I 8  -


 ;.2. # s & R2  D x(t + t0 ) @3 . =
. (`> :(
M. . ( y (t) = x(t +t0 ) @2  ƒ;8 .) x(t +t0) 8  -
. x(t) 8  -
 .. 6
w

.# €.; ; &


Y (ω ) = e jωt 0 X (ω )
   ;.2.
w

− jωt 0
X (ω ) = Y (ω )e
.# − ω t 0 "  X (ω ) & ?# ‰>6 /KK( Y(ω) %^
∠X (ω ) = −ω t0

X (ω ) = ∫ x(t )e
− jω t
dt %^ (
−∞
www.powerjam.ir

t„ %& + q 8  -


:G A8


X (0) = ∫ x (t ) dt  
−∞

. X (0) = 7 F+ ?; (  x(t) /2 2 ; & ˆM #8 X (0) -  ";.
.  8 P@1  -
M. & ' . :s
1 ∞
x (t ) =
2π ∫
−∞
X (ω )e jωt dt

.  t = 0 % ;< .

.ir
1 ∞
x (0 ) =
2π ∫ −∞
X (ω ) dω

.   ;.2.

m

∫−∞
X (ω )dω = 2πx (0) = 4π
.# %@ ; &   /= ;6  2 #.Z :(tgfe) RW

ja
tgfe RW . €.;  (t…fe) @3
er :(
ow
.p

A= ∫ x (τ ) cos ω τ h ( t − τ ) d τ
0
w

B = ∫ x (τ ) sin ω τ h ( t − τ ) d τ
0

C = ∫ x (τ ) cos[ ω ( t − τ )] h ( t − τ ) d τ
w

D = ∫ x (τ ) sin[ ω ( t − τ ) ] h ( t − τ ) d τ
0

.  D C   sinω (t −τ ) cosω (t −τ ) J. .


w

0 0

C = ∫ x (τ ) h (t − τ )[cos ω 0 t . cos ω 0τ + sin ω 0 t . sin ω 0τ ]d τ


= cos ω 0 t ∫ x (τ ) h (t − τ ) cos ω 0τ + sin ω 0 t ∫ x (τ ) h (t − τ ) sin ω 0τ d τ
= A cos ω 0 t + B sin ω 0 t
  D ";. Y
;
!7.
www.powerjam.ir

 


D = A sin ω0t − B cos ω0t


   
2 2 2 2 2
C = A cos ω 0 t + B sin ω 0 t + 2 AB sin ω 0 t cos ω 0 t
D 2 = A 2 sin 2 ω 0 t + B 2 cos 2 ω 0 t − 2 AB sin ω 0 t cos ω 0 t
C 2 + D 2 = A 2 (cos 2 ω 0 t + sin 2 ω 0 t ) + B 2 (sin 2 ω 0 t + cos 2 ω 0 t )
⇒ C 2 + D 2 = A2 + B 2

.ir
.# %@   ; /= ;6  ;.2.
. ; . ;n   ; & /;8 S+ . ?LTI  D :(tfe) RW
1 2< ω <3

m
H (ω ) = 
0 7;8 ; 
; & @3 c.M %I . ‡8  /= ;6  #8    . x(t) "  D %
/  I

ja
;^ # ; 2 ‰BX  %I # ; 3.

er
tfe RW . €.;  [= ;6 (tgfe) @3
ow
?/8;U & .. 6    F;8 '&(  F+ #    %& '&(  /= ;6 %^ :(
. "  D %
/! ?3.    /;8 o > & 
/! H (ω )  /= ;6 T
v Q %^
.   (‡8 @3) y(t) /= ;6  #8 ‡8 
.p

. ˆ5
# ; m+ P@1 :(e‚fe) RW  '3 4;M   I :(tefe) RW
H(ω) P@1  G(ω) 2 ƒ;8 ; #    H(ω) /;8 . %^ ?;6 :(
.3. ‡Q 7;8 ! V& . ; & M.  . 3.
w

G (ω ) H (ω ) = 1
H (ω ) %^ 3 ;<;. 
/! ‡8 " 
2 < ω < 3 '   & s6   3/ n(T
w

. /;8 o > &  " G!


# %
/ / #>(  Lv Q # ;Q " 
.23./! ; m+ P@1 2   
w

; & M. & %I 2  3./ X(ω) 8  -


" x(t) /KK( R2  :(trfe) RW
2/ #1-

Ln X (ω ) = − ω
; 2 1
 x(t)
www.powerjam.ir

zg %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.3. s & R2 


x(t) (`>
.3. ;8 R2  x(t) (
/21 .3. s & ‰>6 /KK( #>(    X(ω)  . # s & R2  x(t) %^ (`> :(
 e ω ω<0
X (ω ) =  − ω
 e ω>0
 

.ir
1 ∞ 1  1 1  1
x (t ) =
2π ∫
−∞
X (ω )e jωt dω =
2π 1 − jt + 1 + jt  = π (1 + t 2 )
 

m
.3. ;8 ‰>6 / X (ω)  . # ;8 R2  x(t) %^ (
/21
 − je ω
ω <0

ja
X (ω ) =  − ω
 je ω >0
 

x (t ) =
1
2π ∫
−∞

X (ω )e jωt dω =
j  −1

er +
1 
 =
−t
2π 1 + jt 1 − jt  π (1 + t 2 )
#6 Sinc(ω ) ,A. /;8 S+ cM < . /! %
/  I :(ttfe) RW
ow
\ .;5 S+ " # Sinc(ω ) ,A. 8  -
cM < "  /! :(
.# ; & ,A.
.p
w

Sinc (ω ) ,A. [a;8 S+ cM < . [! .;5 S+ (tfe) @3
%I %. /: ?/! 2^ #6 %. /!: &L .3. /2  #-W 
/ t %I  
w

.2 ` ;1
; & ,A.   *2^ .3. t0 > 0 # G&L  ;.2. .#
H (ω ) = Sinc (ω )
w

..6; & ,A.  .;5 S+ ,Q %I 


www.powerjam.ir

 

z

Sinc (ω) ,A. [a;8 S+ . [! .;5 S+ (tefe) @3
 π '&. ;6
D ?‡8  %3 /: ";. .# /: ;u   3/ n(T
.. 6  > S+ ; &   ;.2. . 8 %I .  . ;X.
H (ω ) = Sinc ω e − jω l , l ≥ π
K]/ '%&%
/6;.  ; /8;1 LTI  

 I ". %21. 8  -
A8   

.ir
.3 N F;8 w&(  †  ` 1
/6;. 8  -
H6
' ˆ5
%I   t A8  A
.  # / ;8 ";. " ";. ! #Q6

m
.3 6
";. 3> ,!:  / =  8  -
& . A8   % +  X   / n
8 ,!:  .  . X 2*! .;-. / 3 ' ?# @X  S+ 8

ja
w&( & ,!: RK /I . ; @ . H6 /6;. Y;
. ?'*+ \  \;. S+
. G  F@1>.  F;8 . %&
er X 
'7&%
...  ; & "R2  8 "; gfe
ow
 π (t + 1)  (`>
cos  
 4 

.3./   2
'  .  2 x(t) x(t) = 
(1− t) + sin2π t 0 < t < 1 (
1+ sin2π t 1< t < 2
.p

.3./ r  2
'  .  2 x(t) x(t) = 
sinπt 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 (s
0 2≤t ≤4
w

...  ; & "R2  8 "; fe


w
w
www.powerjam.ir

ze %& + q 8  -


:G A8

.ir
m
ja
er
ow
fe ˜ . €.; \7>2  trfeb3
. ; . ;n   3/ ‰BX ; & ;  >1 J
 /! efe
d 2 x(t ) dx(t )
y(t ) = t 2 2
+t
dt dt
.# LTI    I (`>
.p

.2 ‡8  '] E.


Φk (t ) = t k ,A. /1.
  %X (
...  ; & "  . ‡8  S+ (s
w

1 4
x (t ) = 10t −10 + 3t + t +π
2
  S+ . x(t) = cost "  . ; &   & D ; /= ;6  2 #.Z rfe
w

.# ;.;. %I . ; 
1) h1 (t ) = u (t )
w

2) h2 (t ) = −2δ (t ) + 5e −2t u (t )
3) h3 (t ) = 2te −t u (t )
.3/ ` ;1
; & ,A. y(t ) x(t) E.
 / -! E.
tfe

Φ xy (t ) = ∫ x (t + τ ) y (τ ) dτ
−∞
www.powerjam.ir

 

zr

:#.M
. Y (ω ) X(ω) 8 "7 -
Y(;. / -! E.
8  -
(`>
@2  ƒ;8 . ?23. LTI D /= ;6 "  Y
;
. y(t ) x(t) ; (
t 0〈t 〈1
x(t) = 
0 t ≤ 0, t ≥ 1

.ir
h(t) = e ,α〉 0
−α t

. Φyy (ω),Φxy (ω), Φxx (ω) -  #.M

...  ; & ""  . h(t ) = sin 2πt .;5 S+ . /! /= ;6 zfe

m
πt

10k
1) x1 (t ) = ∑ δ (t + 3
)

ja
k = −∞

1
2) x2 (t ) =
1+ t2
3) x3 (t ) = cos(ωπ t ) er
. x(t) = sin(2ω t) + cos(ω t ) ; ; & \  /= ;6 #.M fe
c c
2
d sin ωc t sin 3ωc t
ow
h1 (t ) = h2 (t ) =
dt 2πt πt
− j 2π ω
ωc
h3 (t ) = e h4 (t ) = u (t )
#  + ‡8 \  & ya
,;-  -
` ;1
. =
. ‚fe
.p

1 ∞ x (τ )
π∫
xˆ (t ) = .dτ
−∞ t −τ
.  I #.  x2 (t) = e−t u (t) , x1(t) = cost "R2  ,;-  -

.  I #.  # %I "  ,;-  -


%I /= ;6  /! /;8 S+ „fe
...  ; & "R2  8  -
g…fe
w

α > 0 , [ e − α t cos ω t ]u ( t ) (`>


0

e 2+t
u ( − t + 1) (
w

1 + cos πt t ≤ 1 (s
x(t ) = 
0 t >1

(
x(t ) = ∑e
n = −∞
− t −2 n
www.powerjam.ir

zt %& + q 8  -


:G A8

δ (t ) + 2δ (3 − 2t ) (l
e −3t [u (t + 2) − u (t − 3)] (
sin 4 t (&
−3 t
e
[te −3t sin 4t ]u ((t ) (4
... ; & " X (ω) ";.  8 P@1  -
ggfe
2 sin[3(ω − 2π )] (`>

.ir
X (ω ) =
ω − 2π
.@3 c.M (s) ()

m
ja
er
g…fe ˜ . €.; b3 ttfeb3
@3  '3  "R2  8  -
#.M 3. x (t ) = e
0 
−t
0 ≤ t ≤ 1 ; gfe
0 otherwise
ow
.; &
.p
w

g fe ˜ . €.; b3 tzfe b3


gg
J
p(t) ; & @3 ,A. X (ω) ; ?..  y(t) = x(t) p(t) R2  8  -
gefe
w

.23. '3 ' ; & " M.


w

gfe ˜ . €.; b3 tfeb3


p(t ) = cos 2t − cos t (`>
www.powerjam.ir

 

zz


(
p (t ) = ∑ δ (t − n π )
n = −∞

(s
p (t ) = ∑ δ (t − 2n)
n = −∞

(
p (t ) = ∑ δ (t − 4nπ )
n = −∞

p (t ) = sin t sin 2t (l

.ir
p (t ) = cos t (
.# ƒ ; ; & /;8 S+ . /! grfe

m
a − jω
H (ω ) =
a + jω
"& .  /= ;6 #.M 3. b > 0 x(t) = e−btu(t)  "  ;

ja
a = 1 (`>

b = 1
er a = 2 (

b = 1
a = 4 (s

b = 2
ow
... ; & "  .  (gefe) >  /= ;6 ? a =1 ƒ;8 . gtfe
x(t ) = Cos t + Cost + Cos 3t
3
...  ; &  P@1 gzfe
.p

h(t ) = e u (t )
− at
(∀a > o )
.# ,Q  . /: LTI D /= ;6 "  M. gfe
dy (t ) ∞
+ 10 y (t ) = ∫ x (τ )z (t − τ )dτ − x (t )
w

dt − ∞

.3./ z(t) = e−tu(t) + 3δ (t) %I  


w

...   /;8 S+ (`>


. x ! .  J
 &8 2 S+ (
w

...   .;5 S+ (s


.# €.; "  . ; & M. J
/: LTI D /= ;6 g‚fe
dx (t )
+ 2 y (t ) = x (t )
dt
.N!  ' I #.   /;8 S+ (`>
www.powerjam.ir

z %& + q 8  -


:G A8

...  /= ;6 3. ; & ,A. "  8  -


; (
1 + jω 2 + jω 1
X 1 (ω ) = X 2 (ω ) = X 3 (ω ) =
2 + jω 1 + jω (1 + jω )( 2 + jω )
.# '3 ' ; & M. J
/: LTI D /= ;6 "  M. g„fe
2
d y (t ) dy (t )
+6 + 8 y (t ) = 2 x (t )
dt 2 dt
. !  ' I #.  /;8 S+ (`>

.ir
... x(t ) = te−2t "  ";.   /= ;6 (
; ..  X (ω) 8 P@1  -
…fe

m
jω (`>
X (ω) = 1 +
10

1+

ja
X (ω ) = 10 (
1+ ω
1+ j3ω (s
er X (ω) =
(1+ jω)(1+ j2ω)
. ˆ5
3. X (ω) = 1 %I 8  -
 #8  />2  %
/  I gfe
1 − jω
ow
. ; . ;n   ; &  '3   fe
.p

gfe ˜ . €.;  t‚feb3


:3. ; & J ;3 "   /;8 S+ 3. 6 2 ƒ;8
.3. ω > 1000 ";. − 40 dB Y3 " H (ω) 2   > (`>
w

dec
.2 % ±10dB . 2   > 0 < ω < 1000 ";. (
.2 ' I;. H (ω ) ";.  ‡8 J ;3  "'22 %;-= #.M
w

...  ; &  .;5 S+ efe


5( j ω ) + 7
H (ω ) =
w

( 4 + jω )[( jω ) 2 + jω + 1]
...  ; &  .;5 S+ rfe
1
H (ω ) =
( jω + 2) 3
www.powerjam.ir

 


6/ . ; . ;n  %@ "_; .  ;. "08  x1(t),x2 (t) 'B> R2   tfe
#.M .3. 2X. R2  "08  7I Q8  2 B "  .  ‡8 "R2 
.‡8 (;. ) R2   % M.
RU # ;. "08  ;.  Q8 .X R2  "08  R2   Q8 :/ !2
.# R2  \_; .X ;. ;
...  ; & R2  8  -
zfe

.ir
t
x (t ) = 5(0.8)
23. LTI " '] E.
2
/ ; & "R2  & D fe

m
x (t ) = e jω 0t (`>
x ( t ) = e jω 0t + e jω1t (
x ( t ) = e j ( ω + ω ) t (s

ja
0 1

...  ; &  /= ;6 x(t ) = Aτ Sinc t τ  "  "&. ‚fe


er  2π 
ow
kœfi ˜ . €.;  }–fib3
...  ; & "R2  & D ; 8  -
„fe
x(t ) = cos ω tu (t ) (`>
0
.p

2π (
x(t ) = cos ω 0t[u (t ) − u (t − T0 )] , T0 =
ω0
‰BX y (t ) = 1 t +T0
x(α )dα M. J
%I /= ;6 "  M.  /! e…fe
2T0 ∫t −T0
w

.# (DC) %& & K "K ; & "  .  /= ;6 2 #.Z .# ƒ ; ?3/
w



X (ω ) = ∑ a δ (ω − ω
k = −∞
k 0 ) ,ω0 =
t
.2 b 1 :! D ; & ,A. "R2  :! 2 #.Z egfe
w

.# ; & @3 c.M p(t) Φk (t) = p(t − kT)


www.powerjam.ir

z„ %& + q 8  -


:G A8

i•fi ˜ . €.; b3 ~•fib3


8  -
) 3.    /;8 S+ " ; & (y.8)6 F+  @2  €;3 efe

.ir
...  (3.= .;5 S+

m
ja
egfe ˜ . €.; (y.8)6 F+  y zgfeb3

.#b ˜   S+  I . H(ω) 2 = 6 3. /: ; ..  h(t) eefi
er
ω + 5ω2 + 4
4

...  ; &  /= ;6 erfe


x(t ) = u (t ) − u (t − T )
ow
h(t ) = k1δ (t ) + k 2δ (t − T )
.p
w

eefe ˜  zfeb3


.# ; m+ P@1 ; &  2 #.Z 8  -
& ' . etfe
w

h(t ) = u (t + To ) − u (t − To )
...  ; & ,A. [2a /  F>+ 8  -
ezfe
w

x(t ) = Ae
−π t 2
cos ω0t (G1 ω0 )
. 8  -
H6 & ' .; & R;  -  #.M efe


2
Sinc tdt
−∞
www.powerjam.ir

 

.ir
m
ja

   
er
ow
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 


 .(' %' " -'. % ,'() '* +' #' &  
!"
#$ % 

'    '0 %#'*  ' 1 " 2 34 !0 !"
) 5#6 7.
   8  -9

) !"
#$
#  < ! % "
4 7#;
:) .(+ LTI % 
= '> -' " +@6
 #; 5#6  8  ! %7.? %= > "#(  , #; !"
.-A60

.ir
'* +' #'  !"
)
#  < B4( ,+C  DE "
6 !0   8  
' 'K - 7@
L !"
#$ %F(G % H
#  <
- IJ  .

m
 7>' %' N'(
 < 8  " %G  5#6 ,!"
) %
E<6 M 

;#
' 'O( +'P '  ' !#'
' -' +Q( RE .- 7@
L ,- !"
) -E9
 !'"
') -'E9 % O( S#P T K ,!"
#$ -E9 S#P T K " 7>

ja
. 0 -
5#'6 " '+A ' '7  !"
#$ U"#9  S#P +P V -P(@ ,W#A> DE "
er
-'E9  F(G' 2' T'Z !# R)Y  R)8 $ W#A> FX !#(?
 .- !0 !"
)
8 '$ %'\6  +E#9  4 F(G TZ ) G  =<?
 .- +A  [ H  !"
#$
" T'Z ' !#'   ! ' ' N'( -' R')8 '$ F(G' !0 ,'@ . >]
ow
,!"
) %F(G #   .#@+ R)Y  R)! F(G ,>] +E#9 %\6 
' R)8 $ T K RE ,#@+ 3 H < 2π +6 
]  - ^ ( \6  7"#9 TZ
(2kπ ),π 1 " ^'` F#'9 F(G' T'Z ) # 8   .) F.? _*   !# R)Y
' . [(2k + 1)π ],π ' ^` F#9 F(G TZ ) - R)8 $ F(G ,@ .
.p

.- R)Y F(G ,@

';# ,
' # % N J 1C = > %
E<6 %   %C + " \$  8  
w

2' DFT N 'J RG 8   .( + . !0 S#P +


#  <
  #P SP
-'.
'
';# ' . ')+' 2. #a " 8@#E#6
<  !0 " 7 T K 
E<6
8'  " ,-<'(
' b#' '9 W.  !"
)
#$ %  %-<@ = >
w

  #'P SP !0


  +c]P -.*  0 #P !
 -<] -<@ = >
%'V#' 2'.
 LTI !"
) TC % -P %  +
  %A6
w

. "$+ +
www.powerjam.ir

& !"
) e #  < :WA: 


  LTI #$ !"   
7#'CE (M)
E<6 2 f .6 9 G  =<?
  ) !"
) -E9 
# f .6 9
.-' !k ,  W 6 !"
#$ -E9 
j60  ,(iC + .6 M# +QP N  =#]

.(' !'"
') LTI % % 7l M# ,+ .6 iC %
E<6
+ !46
.@  " %  % h[n]
J n$  LTI  2
( m FX !#(?

x[n] = z n (qpo)

.ir
. 0 - 8@#E#6 M.; " !#+   +; P .- iC ? 2 z !0 

+∞
y[ n] = h[n] * x[ n] = ∑ h[k ]x[n − k ]

m
k = −∞ (po)
+∞ +∞ +∞
= ∑ h [k ]z n − k = ∑ z nh [k ]z − k = z n ∑ h[k ]z − k
k = −∞ k = −∞ k = −∞

ja
+'; P ,@ (qpo) M X iC + .6 M 2 ( x[n] ) %  )
#@+ 7  ; 8  
^'J (-' z ' M
) -r N J 2 
# #P iC + .6 M !. @ 6
er .- 7@
y[ n ] = H ( z ) z n
(&po)
!0 

+∞
ow
H (z) = ∑ h[ k ] z
k = −∞
−k (opo)

.# #P z n 7l M


 s# 7l  H (z)  (  
LTI %' # 
r M.; -]P

;#  (upt)
EK
(+ + -E9 
 ' 6#+ iC + .6 M# N9 F(G f .6
- NQ 8  )8@  ,- b]
.p

2' %  ')
' =#'] 8  .( + .( LTI  2 n$ % +<( %=<?

') +'(K ,#'@ 7 f '.6 i'C + '.6 M'# " +QP N  =#]

) LTI 
w

:#@
@#6  " =#]
 x[n ]
x[n] = ∑ ak zk
n
(po)
k
w

)+ !  " =#]


 (&po)
Q r0 M.; -]P

;#  +; P =#] !0 
y[ n] = ∑ ak H ( z k ) z kn (vpo)
w


'  f '.6 i'C %
E<6 !. " +QP N  =#]
 !#+  +; P G  =<?


' ak N 'J ' 7 ['?
' = > 8   ,6
@ - @ (po) 5#.  =#]
 x[n] E# 

1
Eigen Function
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 o

7l' ' !#'(?


' 6  H ( z k ) N J   ,( + .6 M# N9 %  i
 s#
.
J z kn M
( z = 1 ' z n 'G  ='<?
') e jΩn =#']
' +K#'
  #P w  W#   
4
.-) #P x6   + -E9 >   .( +  
po) -.'*  -') #P x6   + ( %F(G
# f .6  %K %-.* 
(op&) f'C 
'j60
'4 H* ,
# % " +..K !#(?
  !"
)
#  < (&

.ir
W#' ' 
' -' +6'"
#$  
4 H*    . #P yQ ,  W 6
='[P '@ +6'"
')
'#$ -E9 ! @ 7@ [ H <*

6#G6. .- 7@ w

m
.-P$ #P 2  +
 >

# #P +.A =A4
+, #$ &'( )*' %
678 #$0*' 012 3!45 /.-

ja
'? z"' ') -' + '( x[n] !"
)
E<6 2 ,@ 7 IJ#   

6#G6.
er .@
@ N -<X -r
x[n] = x[n + N ] ({po)

j[ ]n
+ '( e N =#']
 iC + .6 M ,   (&pop) -.* 

6#)!. FX !#(?

ow

' ,(' + '( N 7  


iC + .6 %
E<6 e?#.  7 [K .@+ N ^ ( 7  
.( f .6 *  " =#]

jk ( )n
φk [ n ] = e N
, k = 0,m1,m2,... (|po)
8' 
'. 8 '( .-' 2π +'] %
' " \6} " +` 
E<6 8  e. %
" \6}
.p

N
. + %
" \6} 8  TC %~(0  !#(?
 !#+  F(G

' -' 8'  !'"


')
'#$ -E9  ~(0  %F(G
?#.  ! A [P
w

7 (qp&)
'EK 
' !'"
#$ -E9  ,F(G
?#.   #;# %F(G +.
po) !'"
) %
E<6
?#.   +E ,( #P
 S#C \6} %   ,67@
w

!#': -' I'J 6  8  E .#@+ 7  #P


 S#C \6}   
E<6 N A( ({
+(K .(
4 ,6 = >   2π " +` A60 %
" \6}
+ 
E<6 +.
w

j ( Ω + 2π r ) n j 2 π rn
e = e jΩ n e = e jΩ n (€po)
+ -E9  φ1[n] = φ N +1[n], φ0 [n] = φ N [n]
- 8  w< 8  
6
φ k [ n ] = φ k + rN [ n ] (qpo)

2
Harmonics
www.powerjam.ir

 !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.@ #P E# +<*


E<6 !. 7  ,( ‚ N " +] N J  k
+G( +(K
. #( φk [n] %
E<6 " +?#.  =#]
  7#CE + (
E<6 2 #P+ !#( 

jk n
x[ n ] = ∑ a k φ k [n ] = ∑ a k e N (qqpo)
k k

(qqpo) 5#'.  ,'( +   %


E<6 E# k " +E#  N z"
 i φk [n]
3L 60 "
+(K , +E# =<? N
 19 i

.ir

jk ( )n
x[ n] = ∑ a φ [ n] = ∑ a e N (qpo)
k k k
k = 〈N〉 k = 〈N〉

m
. m ‚ k = 3,4,..., N + 2  k = 0,1,2,..., N 7    k !#+ FX !#(?

8 '( , i (qpo) 5#.  =#]
  x[n] !#
- 7@ m  ( 
#@
;#
w' , x[n]
' (qpo) %' +' G. s'@ 'G  =<?
 
# % #; i @ # 

ja
%' #'; i @ " 7>   !"
)
# % #; i @ #P %;  . #C6
-'E9  !'"
'#$
# %
- Vƒ
 W"Y 8(j. .( +
L !"
#$
#
er
2' !'"
')
' # %
3E9  ,(+(6 =[.; K ) - +(6 % 2 +
'7' ' &!'"
')
' # % % + G. s@ _ 8 ( .- +( %
.-
ow

' # %' N 'J !#'(?
  a k N J +6"
)
# % !#(?
  (qpo)
EK

' 6
' -'  ' 5#'.  8'  +6'"
') -'E9  @ 7@

6#G6. .((@+
.- (qpo)
Q 
+, #$ &'(  #5" 9!!: ..-
.p

' 0 '(< #'P+' .'@


@ N ^ ( 7   x[n] W6

E<6 2
( m !#( 
 ak #'P+' ,^#'; !#' -'<X =#]  .-@#6 (qpo) 5#.  =#]
  x[n] !#+
w

y'Q +QP =YK


?#.  2 % ^#; ! $ =#]
 !#+  F# 8  .( 8K
.
.  ,(
< n +E#   %  (qpo)
EK )
w
w

3
Discrete Fourier Series
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 v

x[0] = ∑a
k =< N >
k


j k
x[1] = ∑ ak e
k =< N >
N
(q&po)
M
x[ N − 1] = ∑a e
k =< N >
k
j 2πk ( N −1) / N

'#P x[0]
'4 x[N ]
'Q ,(' ^ ( , N ^ ( 7  
EK Z  
 60 "

.ir
.'@+' ak F#'A  N
'EK N "
'?#.  2 U( f .6 (q&po)
EK 8 ( .@
-'A; 8 '( (' ' +'QP =#']
' %
EK N e?#.  8 
 !46 !#+

m
8'K -'A; %'7'
Q  .(@+ 9 * x[n] W#K   N9  ak ! 0 -
.- >  "
EK " 7>
Q 8  ! 0 - % . #; 6 ak

N k = 0,m N ,...

ja
N −1 jk ( )n
∑e N
=
=#(  „ 
(qopo)
n=0 0
er .-  " !"
#$ -E9
4 b#
Q

T jk ( )t T k =0
(qpo)
∫ 0
e T
dt = 
0 =#(  „ 
.  7>  " 5#.  " (opqo)
Q ! 0 - %
ow
N α =1
N −1

∑ n
α = 1 − α N
α ≠1
(qvpo)
n =0 
 1−α

j k
 α ') .-' '9 % ' '@ N " +< 'J k
+) i e N
M 6+ 8(j.
.p


j k
.  , G e N % 
N k = 0,m N ,m2 N ,...
w

N −1 2π  2π
∑e
jk (
N
)n
= 1 − e N
jk N (q{po)
n =0  2π
=0 =#(  „ 
 1 − e N
j k
w

y'Q %  ,(@+ N ^ ( 7   ^ ( (qopo) 5#.   iC %+ .6
+  60 "
.- b] ,#@
) N
] 
+?#.   % (qopo)
EK  7@
w


r + N −1 jk ( )n N k = 0,m N ,...
∑ e N
=
=#(  „ 
(q|po)
n= r 0
www.powerjam.ir

{ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

(T'C %' k z"


) - 7@ 7 N = 6 % (qpo) 3@  (q|po)
EK % # f .6
'9 'A60
. F#Z
67@ 7 iC
>]  +  =#]
 iC ? 3@ 8  
. n = 0,1,2,..,5
@+ 2π n A60
" -
6

.ir
m
ja
er
ow
.p


jk ( )n
. k TC   z" ^ ( 7  2  φk [n] = e 6
iC + .6 %
E<6 :(qpo) 3@
w

k = 6( f ) k = 5(e) k = 4(d ) k = 3(c) k = 2(b) k = 1(a)



jk n

' - >] ^ ( 7  2  e 6 5#. 
  !#+ 3@ 8  " 2  ! -E9 "
w

' %'? #Z


 (+  %  
. P -E9 
- k = 0,6,12
+G( ;
.6#@+ M.; 
w


− jr ( )n
2'  7' ^J e N   Z   ,
) x6   (qpo)
EK
# % !#( 
!#: # #P Nak ]9
6 (q|po)  (qopo) i  _<Z .6"+ M.; N ^ ( 7 
2π 2π 2π
− jr ( )n jk ( )n − jr ( )n

n =< N >
x[ n ]e N
= ∑ ∑a e
n =< N > k =< N >
k
N
e N (q€po)

.  - -.  M.;


< … #K 
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 |

2π 2π
− jr ( )n j( ) n( k − r )
∑ x[ n]e N = ∑ ak ∑e N (po)
n =< N > k =< N > n =< N >
k −r
' +K*#'  'G -' >'] % ' - Z W  5#.  (q|po)
EK

;#
,'@
'@ #; k =‚ 7  r ) 8 ( .@ N " +] ^`  >] % 
-.' \'$ . k ≠ r ') -' >] %  k = r ) - N %  (op)
EK =#60 
. 0+ - ar N 8 
 #@+ Nar %  -

.ir

1 − jr ( )n
ar = ∑ x[n]e N (qpo)
N
n =< N >

m
#'P  N  =YK !#(?
 N
  (&po) (po)
# % 1 "  8 (
.-@

ja
jk ( )n
x[n] = ∑ ak e N (po)
k =< N >
2π er
1 − jk ( ) n
ak = ∑ x[n]e
N n =< N >
N (&po)

=#']
  x[n] ,N J 8  .(6+ x[n ] +>Z N J !#(?
 N„  a k
# % N J
ow
' 0 U '  k )
(+ (qpo)
EK

;#  .(+ f .6 ~(.
E<6 N
.-@#6  " =#]
  x[n] !#+ ,( ‚ N − 1
x[ n] = a0 φ0 [ n] + a1 φ1[ n] + ... + a N −1 φ N −1[ n] (opo)
. !46  " =#]
  x[n] !#+ ,( ‚ N  1 7   k )
.p

x[ n ] = a1φ1[ n ] + a 2φ 2 [ n ] + ... + a N φ N [ n ]
8 ( .#@ a0 = a N   \$ @+ a 0 = a N , Φ 0 [ N ] = Φ N [n] !#: 
ak = ak + N (po)
w

'Z#
'E<6 ^ '( 7  !'. '6 'A60 ^ ( 7  7# ^ ( 6
# % N J 8 (
.@+
w

x [ n ] = Sin Ω 0 n )   x[n]


E<6
# % :(qpo) FX
.((' I'] '?  ' N , m ) @ Ω 0 = 2π m
- ^ ( +#] 
E<6 8  :9
w

N
\$
2π 2π
1 j ( m)n 1 − j ( m)n
x[n] = e N
− e N
j2 j2
.  (po)
Q 
  "
www.powerjam.ir

€ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

1 1
am = , a− m = −
j2 j2

. N = 5, m = 1 -E9  x[n]
# % N J f .6 :(po) 3@

.ir
N ^ '( 7  ' N 'J 8'  '>)
#Q6. .( >] %( M.;
]  N J

a1 = a 6 , a −1 = a 4 :(@ m = 1, N = 5 ) [
H X .6#@+ 3
.-@ #P  " =#]
  x[n] @ N = 5, m = 3 )

m
2π 2π
1 j( )3n 1 − j( )3n
x[n] = e 5
− e 5
j2 j2
 
6 

ja
1 1
a3 = , a− 3 = −
j2 j2
.  + ( -]P " 7> 
a− 3+ 5 = a 2 = −
1
j2
,
er
a3−5 = a− 2 =
1
j2
ow

.@ m = 1, N = 5
+E9  x[n]
# % N J f .6 :(&po) 3@
.p

.   "
E<6
# % :(po) FX
2π 2π 4π π
x[ n] = 1 + Sin( )n + 3Cos( ) n + Cos( n + )
w

N N N 2
.  x[n] i .- N ^ ( 7   + ( b# F(G :9
1   3  j ( 2Nπ ) n − j ( 2Nπ )n 
2π 2π
j ( )n − j ( )n
w

x[n] = 1 + e
N
−e N
 + e +e +
j2   2 
  2π  π   2π  π
1 j  N  2n+ 2  − j  N  2n+ 2 
e 
w

+e
2 

2π 2π 2π
 3 1  j ( ) n  3 1  − j ( ) n 1 jπ j ( ) 2 n
= 1 +  + e N +  − e N + e 2 e N +
 2 j2   2 j2  2

1 − jπ 2 − j ( N )2n
e e
2
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 v

.( 0+ -


# % N J 8 (
3 1 3 1
a0 = 1 , a1 = + , a−1 = −
2 j2 2 j2
1 jπ 2 j 1 − jπ 2 j
a2 = e = , a− 2 = e =−
2 2 2 2
. f .6  !0 !#+  " %=#]


  ]

.ir
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
... ...

m
k
-N-1 -N - -2 -1 0 1 2 N-1 N N+
N+1 1

1
  ]
1

ja
2 1
2 2
-N-2 -N+1 ... -2 1 ... N-2 N+
k
1
-N-1 -N -N+2 -1 0 2 N-1 N N+
er -12
2
-12 -12

 ]





ow

1 1
1


... ...
-N-2 -N-1 -N -N+1 N+ N+2
k
- -2 -1 0 1 2 N-2 N-1 N
N+2 1


 
tan
3 2 tan
3 2
.p

-N-2 - ... -2 1 ... N-2 N+


N+1 -N+2 -1 0 2 N 1 k
-N-1 -N N-1 N+
2
w

- tan
3  tan
3
 2  2
w

N J !. e((b (po) FX


# % N J +## +9 %-.* (a :(opo) 3@
b'] +'G( %  8 
<E .- b] k   W. % a −k = a k* ,FX 
(
;#
w

.@ +9 x[n ]


-
.
# % N J 8K -#Q (po) 3@ =#]
 +K eE<6 % :(&po) FX
  (po)
Q " 7>  :9
N1 2π
1 − jk ( )n
ak =
N
∑e
n = − N1
N
www.powerjam.ir

vq !"
) e #  < :WA: 

+K eE<6 :(po) 3@


. * n + N1 %   m ) . 
.; 2 N1 + 1 i !#:
2 N1 2π
1 − jk ( )( m − N 1 )
ak = ∑ e N

.ir
N m=0
2π 2 N1 2π
1 jk ( ) N1 − jk m
=
N
e N

m =0
e N

m

2π − jk ( 2 N 1 +1)
1 jk ( )N1 1− e N
= e N

N − jk
1− e N

ja
2π 2π
jk N1 − jk ( N 1 +1)
1 e N
−e N
= 2π
N − jk
1− e N.
er
− jk

jk

[
N1 + 1
2
] − jk

[
N1 + 1
2
]
1 e 2N e N
−e N
=
N − jk 22 πN jk

− jk

e e 2N
−e 2N
ow
.-@#6  " =#]
  +K
E<6 2
# % N J !#+ 8 (
 2π 
Sin  k ( )( N 1 + 1 ) 
ak =
1  N 2 
k ≠ 0 , ± N ,...
(apvpo)
N  2π 
Sin  k ( )
 2 N 
.p

1 (bpvpo)
ak = (2 N1 + 1) k = 0,± N ,...
N
M' #$ %
6#.6 " +< J =#]
 6#+   0 -
# % N J %
 +<?
w

.( m  "

Na k =
[
Sin ( 2 N 1 + 1) Ω
2
] ({po)

w

Ω Ω= k
Sin ( ) N
2
.67@  N = 10,20 ‫ و‬2 N1 + 1 = 5 % Na k N J (vpo) 3@ 
w

N 'J
<' %
+ 
6#.6 e]  6+ -r Nak #$ N 1 !# -r N f   
-' #'$ !'"
'#$ -'E9 
#@
;# .#@+ . ,6#@+ 7 

# %
+ '( 'E
' +K
E<6 #   (   +E # Sinc M 2 +K \E$ 2 % 70
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 v

' Sinc M' 2' !'"


) FK 8 ( . 0+.6 - Sinc 2
# % N J !#
.# #P Sin [ β n ] =#]
Sin [ n ]
!'"
'#$ -'E9 
' - 8   !"
#$
)
# % %= > " G  +3
∞ -.'

# % 5#.  =<? K
: 
   ! +K 1# F(G 2 %
74 q\<) U $ +G#$6 s6  +E  +  +K 1# -.
 5#.  , + 

.ir
7'4 \<) U $ 8(j.  
# % =[.; K !"
) -E9   .@+
.#@+.6

m




ja


(k=3) (k=7)


0   



 2

10 10 10 10
er 10 10
(k=1) (k=2) (k=4) (k=5) (k=6) (k=8) (k=9)


ow




 

0   2
.p

20

z" +K
E<6
 s#
# % N J :(vpo) 3@
N = 40(c) N = 20(b) N = 10( a ),2 N1 + 1 = 5
w

# % N J TZ ,^ ( 7   N f   


#@+ 7  (vpo) 3@

;#  8 (

: ,@+ +( f$ * +Q( [
H  8  ( + 
#$ TZ 2 -.

w
w

1-Gibbs phenomena
www.powerjam.ir

v& !"
) e #  < :WA: 

 '
'E<6 2'
 x[n] ,
E<6 †  +P   -.
 !0 !  ^ ( 7  f  
.(@+
#$ TZ % ,  7  %
E<6
  #P K @ #P  <

' -' -'9 8'  " +'@6
')
'#$ % 8 =A4 8 .A " G  +3
'( m' .('@+' !"
)
#$ LTI % % 7l M# ,iC %+ .6
^ '(
'E<6 2 x[n] ) .@ h[n]
J n$  !"
) LTI  2 %  x[n]
( y[n] ) ' n$
  x6  !# +QP -]P

;#  ,@ N ^ ( 7  

.ir

' # %' N 'J N'9 +'; P
' # % N J %
Q
L , .@ ^ ( 6
. #6+
# % N J N9  x[n]
E<6 i  .- % 

m

jk ( )n
x[ n ] = ∑a e
k =< N >
k
N (|po)

.-@#6 +; P %   "


Q (vpo) " 7>  !#+ ,@ h[n] 
J n$ )

ja

2π k jk ( N ) n
y[ n] = ∑
k =< N >
ak H (
N
)e (€po)

2πk
!0 
( ak H ( er ) =#]
 +; P
# % N J 8 (
N

H (z) = ∑z
k = −∞
−k
h[ n ] (&po)
ow
8 (
+∞ 2π
2π k − jk ( )n
H(
N
)= ∑ h[ n ]e
n = −∞
N (&qpo)

.(
;#  " FX
 4 IJ# 
.p

!0 
' '@ h[ n ] = α n u[ n ] =#']
' LTI '
'J n'$ '( m' :(po) FX
+'; P -'#Q ,'@ x[n] = Cos( 2π )n =#']
'  8  %  ) .- − 1 < α < 1
N
w

.!0
# % 
.+ i
# % =#]
  %   :9
2π 2π
w

1 − j( N )n 1 j( N )n
x[ n] = e + e
2 2
.  (&qpo)
Q 
J n$

;# 
w

+∞ 2π
2π − jk ( )n
H( k) = ∑α e n N
N n =0
n
+∞  2π
)
− jk ( 1
= ∑ α e N  = 2π
n=0   1 − α e − jk N
.-@#6
# % =#]
  +; P !#+ 8 (
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 vo

2π 2π
1 2π j n 1 − 2π − j N n
y[n] = H ( )e N + H ( )e
2 N 2 N
2π 2π
1 1 j n 1 1 −j n
= ( 2π
)e N + ( 2π
)e N
2 −j 2 j
1 − αe N 1 − αe N
.( m )
1
= re jθ

.ir

−j
1 − αe N

.  =#] !0 
2π 2π
1 jθ j n 1 − jθ −j n 2π

m
y[ n] = re e N
+ re e N
= rCos ( n +θ)
2 2 N
(DTFT) 
   +, 5!< #$ &'( ;
'. ' " '
'6#.6 8' 
'] ^ '( 7  f   
   (vpo) 3@  (&po) FX 

ja
-.
 ^ ( 7  f    6# !"
#$ %F(G # 
4 =4  .#@+
 =.? !. H *  8   .(
L ^ („ F(G 2 % 
#  < f .6 ∞
er
% ' ^ '( 7  2 
( + T K %
6#)
  ^ ( ~x[n] M   )+ f$
.@ ^ („ F(G
,#'@+' '4 N ^ '( 7 
': .@ >] %  n > N1
]  x[n ] ( + m
ow
'( ' ∞ -' A( -.'
 N ) -) %  ~x[n]   x[n] !#+ %) 
96
.)+ ~x[n] = x[n] 7G60
. G x6   ~x[n]
# % !#( 
.p


jk ( )n
~
x [n] = ∑a e
k =< N >
k
N (&po)

1 − jk ( ) n
ak = ∑ ~x[n]e N (&&po)
w

N n =< N >

' -' N'( ,-' ~x[n] %  x[n] ,- n ≤ N1 @


^ ( 7  2 
 60 "
m#'? x[n] '  ~x[n] %; !#+ =#] 8   . G x6  # R e]   5#.   9
w

.-@#6 
N1 2π +∞ 2π
1 − jk ( )n 1 − jk ( )n
w

ak =
N
∑ ~x [n]e
n = − N1
N
=
N
∑ x[n]e
n = −∞
N (&opo)

4
Discrete Time Fourier Transform
www.powerjam.ir

v !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.ir
x[n]   7   F(G(a :({po) 3@
- %  x[n]  ^ ( 7  2 
~x [n] + ( F(G (b
π

m
'( + ƒC 
#$   k 2 =#] !0  ,(  - A( -.
 N ^ ( 7  )
N
.( + ƒC  >] „     Na k +E ( +  >] -.
 a k
: )
. #6 ‡ (&po)
Q =#]
  Na k
 s# X (Ω) #$ !#( 

ja

X ( Ω) = ∑ x[n]e
n =−∞
− jΩn (&po)
er
7'6 
#  < b#
Q .( + ƒC 
#$   Ω = k 2π ,(&po)
Q 
N
'9 N ^ ( 7   x[n] W  3 "
) ~x [ n ]
E<6
# N J !#+ 8 ( .#@+
ow
. 0 - (&po)
Q "  ( 0+ -

Na k = X (Ω ) 2π
(&vpo)
Ω= k
N

1 (&{po)
ak = X ( kΩ 0 )
.p

N
.@+ Ω0 = 2π !0 

N
=Y'K N'  " .('@'+ #$ M "
]>E%  %
6#.6  N( a k N J 8 (
w

.  (&{po) (&po)


1
~
x [n] = ∑ X ( k Ω 0 ) e jk Ω 0 n (&|po)
w

k =< N > N
.-@#6  " =#]
 !#+  (&|po)
EK ,- 1 = N  Ω 0 = 2π
3L 60 "
Ω0 2π N
w

1
~
x [n] = ∑ X (kΩ 0 )e jkΩ0 nΩ 0
2π k =< N >
(&€po)

' %' ~x[n] 8 '( .( + ƒC 


#$   kΩ 0 Ω 0 → 0 7G60 N → ∞
3G(
!"
)
# ˆ#3K  <
Q !#+  (  " @ #P x[n] %  n   
 '< F'G6
' ^ '( 7  2'
']  (&€po)
EK ,# R %9 -E9  . 0 - 
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 vv

po) 3'@  7'@ 7 f .6 =#]


 X (Ω) e jΩn ( m NQ !@ IJ % .#@+
.@ (|
!Ω# $Ω%

&

.ir

2  0  2

m
'Ω

(&€po)
EK f .6 :(|po) 3@
6 e jΩn 8(j. .- 2π !0 ^ ( 7  ^ ( X (Ω )
 + +$ (&po)
EK "

ja
.- 2π ^ ( 7   + ( 6 X (Ω)e jΩn ^J ]9 8 ( .- 2π ^ ( 7   ^ (
5>
 +9 G6 .6 (&€po) 5#.   =<?  ,-$ 3@ "

6#G6.
er .- Ω 0 %(A$ X (kΩ0 )e jkΩ n 0

(&€po)
'Q 8 ( .#@+ x[n] = ~x [n] 7@ FG6
  < 5#.  Ω 0 → 0
+G(
.#@+  <  " =#]

ow
1 (opo)
∫π X (Ω)e
jΩn
x[n] = dΩ
2π 2

.- 2π !0 F#Z +E 7#CE %)FG6 7 


.  0 -   "
#  < 1 " 8 (
.p

1 (oqpo)
∫ X (Ω )e
jΩn
x[n] = dΩ
2π 2π

∑ x[n]e
w

X ( Ω) = − jΩn (opo)
n = −∞

%'= > " +3 8  @+ 2π ^ ( 7   ^ ( (6+ x[n] TZ YH #.K  X (Ω)
w

 -' ^ '(„ !"


#$ F(G
#  < .@+ !"
#$
)
#  <
" ' \6'} 7"#'9  !0 ^ '( 7  - ^ ( !"
) F<6
#  <
3E9
w

%')F'G6  '9 !#    G  = > .- 2π %  ,!"


)
E<6 3@ 5#6
Ω = 2π , Ω = 0 !#: 8 ( .@+ X (Ω ) !# + ( " +@6 "
- (oqpo)
EK 
 π " +'; " ^'` ' '  ' 8' 
' 2  6 %A6} ,(( + ‰C4  \6} 2
.( #) Y %A6}  (@ π  ^` 2  6
+ A6} 8(j. .( #) 8 $ \6}
www.powerjam.ir

v{ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

% '(3 '‚ x2 [n] " '


'0 ' (€po) 3'@  7'@ ' x1[ n]
E<6 8 (
.- 7@ ‰C4 3@ 
@+ 8 $ +6} %
>EŠ

!
Ω

.ir

-2π -π 0 π 2π
(b)
! Ω

m

-3π -2π -π 0 π 2π 3π

ja
(d)

.- . Ω = ±π ,±3π +E#9 


X 2 (Ω)
#  <(b x1[ n] !"
)
E<6 (a :(€po) 3@

x[ n] = a u[n] n
a <1
er .   "
E<6
#  < :(po) FX

.  (opo)
Q " 7>  :9
ow
∞ ∞
1
X ( Ω) = ∑ x[n] e
n =−∞
− jΩn
= ∑ [ae − jΩ ]n =
n =0 1 − ae − jΩ
7 !'46 a < 0 %' (bpqpo) 3'@  a > 0 %' (apqpo) 3@  X (Ω ) "
(
,
' " T'Z 1 "
'( T'Z - 2π ^ ( 7  -E9   
( +
;# .- 7@
.p


('4 8 '$ %A'6}  b#'
'E<6 ,'@ a > 0 )
( +
;# 8.J .@+ 
' 
'<E .-@ #P 
(
(4 Y %A6}  @ a < 0 ) -@ #P 
(
.@+ a < 1 s@ ,
#  < !@ G.
"Y -E9 
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 v|

.ir
m
ja
er
a < 0 (b a > 0 (a % (po) FX
#  <
"
( :(qpo) 3@
.   "
E<6
#  < :(vpo) FX
ow
n
x[n] = α
.- 7@  (apqqpo) 3@  0 < α < 1 z"
 F(G 3@ :9
.p
w
w
w

0 < α < 1 !0
#  < (b) (vpo) FX x[n] F(G (a) :(qqpo) 3@
www.powerjam.ir

v€ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

 -  F(G 8 


#  <

−1 +∞
X (Ω ) = ∑α
n = −∞
− n − j Ωn
e + ∑ α n e − j Ωn
n =0
+∞ +∞
= ∑ α m e j Ω m + ∑ α n e − j Ωn
m =1 n =0

1−α 2

.ir
1 1
= −1 + − jΩ
=
1 − αe jΩ
1 − αe 1 − 2αCos Ω + α 2
.- 7@  (bpqqpo) 3@  0 < α < 1 % +9 X (Ω ) -E9 8  
.  0 -  +K \E$
#  < :({po) FX

m
1 n ≤ N1
x[n] =  :+K \E$
0 n > N1

ja
:9
+N1 2N 1
X ( Ω) = ∑ e − jΩn = ∑ e − jΩ( m − N 1)
er
n=−N1 m =0
ow
.p
w
w
w


#  <
  (c) N1 = 2  !0
#  <(b) N1 = 2 % ({po) FX +K \E$(a) :(qpo) 3@
N1 = 2,4,6 TC 
  ‡K \E$
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 {

.- 70 - F  5#.  "  "  < 2.


 W  5#. 
m = n + N1
.-@#6 !#+ 8 (
.- 7@  (qpo) 3@   < 8 
1 − e − jΩ ( 2 N1 +1) e jΩN1 − e − jΩ ( N1 +1)
X (Ω) = e jΩN1 =
1 − e − jΩ 1 − e − jΩ

.ir
1 1
− jΩ jΩ ( N1 + ) − jΩ ( N1 + )
e 2
e 2
−e 2
= − jΩ jΩ − jΩ
e 2
e 2
−e 2

m
SinΩ( N1 + )
X (Ω ) = 2

Sin
2

ja
\E'$ 8'  T'Z N 1 f   z"
 F(G 8  TZ ‡K \E$ F#Z f   r 74 -A;
N 1 f   
} #@ ‡ 7  .- 7@  6 qpo k@  N1 = 2,4,6 TC 
 
.- Y A6} 
( f} W#A>

} #@ ‡ 
 \6} 7"#9  F(G TZ
er
0'     +, #$ &'( 

' #  '< ^ '( %'


'E<6
# % f .6 8 +.A i  ,!"
#$ -E9 (6.
ow

'E<6 2
# % N J ! 0 - U#6  fC 8   . #; ^ („ %
E<6
 #'P !'46 \a .( + I 4 
E<6 !0 " ^ ( 7  2
#  < %  " ^ (
=#']
' ^ '(
E<6  < f .6 2.
 !#+  ^ ( %
E<6
# %
6#G:

. %;
#  < ^#: A:  ,
J Q*
.p

+, ( ? (   #$ '*'


,=   #5" 35> /--
2'  x[n] '( m 8(j. @ N ^ ( 7   ^ (
E<6 2 ~x [ n ]
( m
@  " =#]
 ^ ( 7 
w

~x [n] M ≤ n ≤ M + N −1
(o&po)
x[ n] =  =#(  „ 
0
w

.- 7#CE ? 2 M !0 


  !46 [
H <*
w

2π (oopo)
Na k = X ( k )
N
F'K Nak 8 '( .'@+ x[n]
#  < X (Ω) ~
x [ n]
# % N J a k !0 

' -' 8  
;# !0
  
%G 
36 .^ ( 7  2 
#  < %
6#.6  -
www.powerjam.ir

{q !"
) e #  < :WA: 


'6#.6 %A'6}  X (Ω)  ' +'E -'
 M ^C6
 X (Ω) x[n] 3@
:)
.6 +G M 
 2πk %
N
.) T K  " =#]
 + (
E<6 ( m :(|po) FX
+∞
~
x [ n] = ∑ δ [n − kN ]
k = −∞

.b#
E<6
# % N J
< -#Q .- 7@  (apq&po) 3@ 
E<6 8 

.ir
:9

1 − jk n
ak = ∑ ~x [n]e N

m
N n =< N >

.-@ #P , G x6  0 ≤ n ≤ N − 1  5#.  e] )


1
ak =

ja
N
.  ,( T K M = 0  (o&po) eQ =#]
  x1[n] ) !#( 
x1[n] = δ [n] er .- 7@  (bpq&po) 3@ 

.-
< *
#  < T K " +)

E<6 8 
#  <
+∞
ow
X (Ω ) = ∑ δ [n]e
n =−∞
− jΩ n
=1

'9 % ' ( X (Ω) 1


'Q
' (+  (  
2π ) ' (   !#': .-' '* ak =
Ω =k
N
N
.- k  " 
.p
w
w
w

+ („
E<6  (b,c) +6"
) + (
J Q*(a) :(q&po) 3@
.(
E<6 ^ ( 7  2  ~x [n] %  W 

www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 {

.( T K  " =#]


  x2[n] F(G ( P 0 < M < N ) !#( 
x2 [n] = δ [ n − N ] (opo)

.# #P = > 6 !0


#  <

− jΩ N (ovpo)
X ( Ω) = e
=#(   .- 9 %  6 e− jΩN  , k 2π %
6#.6 %A6}  F9 
 +E
N

.ir
.- * k 2π %A6}  (oopo)
Q 6
N
+, #$ &'( #5   .--

m
'x6   ' "
'E<6 ' ,5 '@ %' .'  ^ ( %
E<6
#  < #P+ !#( 
. G

ja
x[ n ] = e jΩ n 0
(o{po)
'x6 8 '( .'@+ ω = ω0 
J 2 e jω t
#  <
   ,!"
#$ -E9 
0

^ '( 7   !"
) -E9 
#  <  .#@ 8(: 6 !"
) -E9 
 
er !#: ,- ^ ( 2π
j ( Ω 0 + 2π r ) n
e jΩ 0 n = e (o|po)
ow
 '< 8 ( .@<6 ^ ( n N9  ) +9 ,- ^ ( Ω N9 M 8 
#@
;#
.-@#6 (o€po) =#]
    (o|po)
#
+∞
X ( Ω) = ∑ 2πδ (Ω − Ω
l =−∞
0 − 2π l ) (o€po)

.- 7@ 7 !46 (qopo) 3@ 

.p

!Ω


w


... ...


w

Ω -4 Ω -2 Ω +2

x[ n ] = e jΩ 0 n
#  < :(qopo) 3@
.  (o€po)
Q ˆ#3K
#  < #P+
Q -] " !(.Z -A;
w

+∞
1 1 (po)
∫π ∑ 2πδ (Ω − Ω
jΩn
x[ n ] =
2π 2
∫π X (Ω)e dΩ =
2π 2 l = −∞
0 − 2π l ) e jΩn dΩ

 i' 
'J ') 8 '( .-'
J 2 @ H* 2π F#Z
 +>Z
]
(
;#
.# #P  " =#]
 (po) e 6 , G x6 Ω 0
x[ n ] = e jΩ n 0
(qpo)
www.powerjam.ir

{& !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.@ iC %+ .6 " +?#.  @ x[n] ) + -E9 
x[ n ] = b1e jΩ10 n
+ ... + bM e jΩ n M
(po)
(&po)  -  (po)
#  < (o€po) _<Z
+∞ +∞
X (Ω) = b1 ∑ 2πδ (Ω − Ω1 − 2π l ) +b2 ∑ 2πδ (Ω − Ω 2 − 2π l ) +
l = −∞ l =−∞ (&po)
+∞
... + bM ∑ 2πδ (Ω − Ω − 2π l )

.ir
M
l =−∞

%'\6'   !0 %'
'J
' -' ^ '(
'JQ* 2' X (Ω )  #)+ 

Q 8 
"
'J 2' H * 2π e]  8 ( .6 * 2π " +] ^`
]  Ω1 ,..., ΩM

m
.# #P   (&po)  - Z %
?#.  " 2 
8' 
': ,-' (o{po)
'Q i# 7@ ‰C4 eE<6
#  < (o€po)
EK
(
;#

: -@#6 2π " +  #)  =#]
 !#  Ω 0
: +(K ,@ ^(„
: ^ (
E<6

ja
=#']
'  !0 % Ω 0 W.
- + ( +G( i (po) eQ
E<6
4 #Z
 .!#6
.-@#6 !# 2π " +  #) 
er
%' =#]
  x[n] !#+ =#(   ,@ N ^ ( 7   + ( x[n] ( m !#( 
.-@#6
#

ow
jk ( )n
x[n] = ∑a e
k =≤ N >
k
N (opo)

.  , #(


.;

.; =#]
  b#
Q )
2π 2π 2π
j( )n j 2( )n j ( N −1) n
x[ n] = a0 + a1e N
+ a2 e N (po)
+ ... + a N −1 e N
.p

.   (opo)  #;# %A6}  Ω i !   " O( !#+ (po) 


  
2π 2π 2π (vpo)
Ω 1 = 0, Ω 2 = , Ω 3 = 2( ),..., Ω N = ( N − 1)
N N N
w

.  (&po)
EK " 8 (
+∞ +∞

X (Ω) = a0 ∑ 2πδ (Ω − 2π l ) +a1 ∑ 2πδ (Ω − − 2π l ) +... +
N ({po)
w

l =−∞ l =−∞
+∞

a N ∑ 2πδ (Ω − ( N − 1) − 2π l )
l =−∞ N
w

.- 7@ 7 f .6 (qpo) 3@ 

www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 {o

.ir
m
ja
er
ow
.p

!"
) + ( F(G
#  < :(qpo) 3@
+ '( -]P "  7   ({qpo)
EK - -.  5#.  8E  (apqpo) 3@ 
w

.@#6   7>
a0 = a N = a− N (|po)
w

po) 3'@ .' 7' '  5#.  8 P0 (cpqpo) 3@  5#.  8E  (apqpo) 3@ 
.+ f .6 X (Ω) %  + 5#.  (dpq
+∞

w

X (Ω) = ∑ ak ∑ 2πδ (Ω − k N
− 2π l )
k =< N > l = −∞ (€po)
+∞
k − lN
= ∑
k =< N >
ak ∑ 2πδ (Ω −
l = −∞ N
2π )

.-@#6 !#+ +(K -P  5#.  =[.; W. !#+ k ‚  i  ( 
www.powerjam.ir

{ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

+∞
2π k
X (Ω ) = ∑
k = −∞
2π a k δ ( Ω −
N
) (vpo)

' N 8  .@+ a k


# % N J  x[n] ^ (
E<6
#  < (vpo) 8 (
8' 
'. .6#@+
#  < i# ! * NE* 2  ^ („ ^ ( %
E<6 5#6 
.(@+
J + ; M T K !# 9
 " ^ (
E<6
#  < -#Q :(€po)FX

.ir
1 jΩ0n 1 − jΩ0n
x[ n] = CosΩ 0 n = e + e
2 2
. 
][ (&po) eEK " :9

m
+∞
X ( Ω) = ∑ π {δ (Ω − Ω
l =−∞
0 − 2π l ) + δ (Ω − Ω 0 + 2π l )}

.- 7@  (qvpo) 3@ 

ja
!Ω

...
-2π- Ω -2π+ Ω - Ω
er Ω 2π- Ω 2π+ Ω
... Ω
ow
x[ n ] = Cos Ω 0 n +6"
)
#  < :(qvpo) 3@
 "
E<6
#  < -#Q :(qpo) FX
+∞
x[ n] = ∑ δ [n − kN ]
k =−∞

.- N ^ ( 7   + ( F(G !#: :9


.p

+∞ +∞
2π 2π
X (Ω) = 2π ∑ a δ (Ω −
k =−∞
k
N
k ) = 2π ∑ δ (Ω −
k =−∞ N
k)
w

!'"  '
J 8
]
: 
#@+ 74  (   .- 7@  (q{po) 3@ 

\6'}) ')+' . \6} U"#9  


J
] ,(#@+ 4 ^ ( 7 ) #@+ 4
!0 #  f  6 !"
#$ 7"#9 
@+ (@0 %
6 8  (#@+ . +]
w

 Y \6} %


>EŠ #; G6 !" 7"#9  (
E<6) F(G =‚ =@ M*  .@ w
!#'+' 2:# ^ ( 7   ^ (
E<6 2 % 8 ( .@+ (
E<6) F(G \6} 7"#9
w

!#'+ ,@ †  ^ ( 7  ) \3? -@  \6} 7"#9  Y \6} %
>EŠ x6
-'?
'
' -' ' ƒ
' W"Y 7'   (   .6#@ . Y \6} %
>EŠ
-@ x6
1 " N 'J @ 8 $ %A6} T K ,!"
) %
E<6 % \6} 7"#9 !# ^ (
.- π "  N J @ Y %A6}
3( . @+ π
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 {v

!"
)
J Q*
#  < :(q{po) 3@

    A2 @

.ir

'6#G6. . "'$+ !"


)
#  < S#P " A -]P (: +
 -.* 8  
!'"
#$ %F(G #  O( -]P
4  S#P 8  " +P @ 7@ [ H <*

m
!'"
'#$ -]P

;#  !#+
- %9
 -<@ 8  !  # +P  .(
. 1C  !"
) -]P H . ,O(
% !'"
')
' #  '< S#'P +'P +) -6 =#] 8  MJ #
.  

ja
 '< !#' + '(  = > 8  +] E YH #] .( !"
#$ 5#6  + %= >
er .-
>A6 !"
)
#
" -E#A' %'
'Q 8'  f '.6 -'A; .( X (Ω)  x[n] !"
)
#  < )
.( + 7>  " %-[?
X (Ω) = F{x[n]}
ow
x[ n] = F −1{ X (Ω)} (vqpo)
F
x[ n] ⇔ X (Ω)
.(6+  W#A> 2 7# G 3 FK b# L[?
.

   
( 0, /B-
.p

7 
' '@+ Ω " ^ (
#$ M 2 !"
)
#  < >) [ H <*
#Q6.
.- 2π !0 ^ (
w

X (Ω) = X (Ω + 2π r ) (vpo)
%' \6'} 7"#'9  +#.? -]P 2 6 !" 7"#9 
E<6 5#6
 +Z< -]P 8 
w

.- !"
) %
E<6


( 012 .B-
w

) [
H X ,( X i (Ω)  xi [n] !"
)
E<6
#  < )
F
x1[ n ] ⇔ X 1 ( Ω ) (v&po)
F
x2 [ n ] ⇔ X 2 (Ω ) (vopo)
=#] !0 
www.powerjam.ir

{{ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

F
a1 x1[ n ] + bx2 [ n ] ⇔ a1 X 1 (Ω) + bX 2 (Ω) (vpo)
 @ !# +QP -]P ,  ! !"
#$ 7"#9  O( -]P # 

6#G6.
) .- ! *  " =#]
 !# 8G. -]P .- !# 8G. r0 M.; -]P
X i (Ω) = F{xi [n]} (vvpo)
 -  axi [n]
#  < =#60 
aX i (Ω) = F {axi [n]} (v{po)

.ir

+ ! r0 M.; -]P 8(j.
F{∑ xi [n]} = ∑ F { xi [n]} = ∑ X i (Ω) (v|po)

m
+ -E9  8 (
F{∑ ai xi [n]} = ∑ F{ai xi [n]} = ∑ ai F{xi [n]}
(v€po)
= ∑ ai X i (Ω)

ja
.- !0 !# 7#CE W#A>
 5#.  9 ! ‰C4 W?
er
 CB-
.@ +9 x[n] )
 -r !# +)
 !"
)
#  <
Q

;# 
X (Ω ) = X ∗ ( − Ω ) ({po)
. 
#  < T K _<Z :=<r
ow
+∞
X ( Ω) = ∑ x[n]e
n = −∞
− jΩ n ({qpo)

8 (
+∞

∑ x [n]e ({po)
.p

X ∗ ( −Ω ) = ∗ − j Ωn

n = −∞

.# #P X (Ω ) %  b#


Q @ +9 x[n] )

.  , #( ˆ#( ˆ#( M# N9 E 


Q _<Z 
#  < )
w

+∞ +∞
X (Ω ) = ∑ x[n]CosΩn − j ∑ x[n]SinΩn
n = −∞ n = −∞
w

.( 0+ -  " =#


"
(
Q 8 (
2 2
 +∞   +∞ 
X (Ω) =  ∑ x[n]CosΩn +  ∑ x[n]SinΩn  ({&po)
w

n =−∞  n=−∞ 
+∞

∑ x[n]SinΩn ({opo)
X (Ω) = − tan −1 n = −∞
+∞

∑ x[n]CosΩn
n = −∞
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 {|

+#'# -.'* Ω " 1 " +K' X (Ω)


'( +'9 -.'*
'  )+
6  (  "

' x[n] ' 1 " %'-.'*


' #  < 8 ( .@+ Ω " % M !0
" 8(j.
.# (#P X (Ω) +## +9 %-.* %  N
F
εv{ x[ n]} ⇔ ℜe{ X (Ω)} ({po)
F
Od { x[ n]} ⇔ − jℑm { X (Ω)} ({vpo)

.ir
+#'# +'9 %'-.'*
' X (Ω) i "  1 " %-.*
 x[n] i " :=<r
. 

m
+∞ +∞
X (Ω ) = ∑ x[n]e
n = −∞
− jΩn
= ∑ [εv{x[n]} + Od{x[n]}]e
n = −∞
− jΩn

ja
+∞ +∞
= ∑ εv{x[n]}CosΩn − j ∑ Od{x[n]}SinΩn
n = −∞ n = −∞
+∞ +∞
− j ∑ εv{x[ n]}SinΩn + ∑
n = −∞
+∞
n = −∞
+∞
er
Od {x[ n]}Cos Ωn

({{po)
= ∑ εv{x[n]}CosΩn − j ∑ Od {x[n]}SinΩn
ow
n = −∞ n = −∞

= ℜe{ X [Ω ]} + jℑm { X (Ω )}
.(@+  %?  Š
-@ #P   " i  8 (
+∞
ℜe{ X [Ω]} = ∑ εv{x[n]}CosΩn
n= −∞
({|po)
.p

+∞
ℑm{ X [Ω]} = − ∑ Od{x[ n]}SinΩn ({€po)
n = −∞
w

D'E5 
  F ( G' -B-
 7'@ 7 F'6 e'E<6
#  < +)
 !#+ !"
)
#  <
Q

;# 
w

. 0 -  !" 7"#9


F
− jΩ n0
x[n − n0 ] ↔ e X (Ω ) (|po)
w

. 0 - X (Ω) " +E6 =#]


   < !#+ 8(j.
F
e jΩ0n x[n] ↔ X (Ω − Ω0 ) (|qpo)
.( -r  (|qpo) (|po) i  :(qpo) 8 .
I*J  >H BB-
www.powerjam.ir

{€ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

F'K ,!0 ' O'( .'@+' 5#'.  ,!'"


') 7"#'9  %')FG6 FK -9 

' #  '< % x[n]
'E<6 '( m' .'@+' J> ,!"
) 7"#9  %)_4
,!'" 7"#'9  F'6
' #  '< !#' +QP S#P " 7>  =#] !0  ,@ X (Ω)

'  x[n] − x[n − 1] (%')_'4 !'"
') F'K !#'(?
) J>
#  < !#+
.
L  " =#]
F
x[ n ] − x[ n − 1] ↔ (1 − e − jΩ ) X (Ω) (|po)

.ir
 G x6    " 5#.  
n
y[ n] = ∑ x[ m ] (|&po)

m
m = −∞

!#:
y[n] − y[ n − 1] = x[n] (|opo)

ja
8'  ' .#'4 (1 − e )   x[n]
#  <   y[ n ]
#  <
( #  @
− jΩ

\$ .#4  F(G DC
>E# @   + ^#; - ^#; " +.* i


n

m = −∞
x[ m] ↔
F 1
1 − e − jΩ
X ( Ω ) + πX ( 0
er
) ∑
+∞

k = −∞
δ (Ω − 2πk )

.@+ F(G  DC
>EŠ 2 W  e.;

(|po)

 (|po)
'Q !'"
') !'"
'#$ -E9 ! O(    (} ‡K :(po) 8 .
ow
.( 1C
. u[n]
E<6
#  < -#Q :(qpo) FX
!#: , 0 - δ [n] 5#.  !#(?
  u[n]
#  < !#+ (|po)

;#  :9
.p

n
u[n] = ∑ δ [k ]
k = −∞

.  ,- 9  δ [n]


#  < !#:
w

+∞
1
F {u[ n ]} = + π ∑ δ (Ω − k 2π )
1 − e − jΩ k = −∞

D'45 
  F ( #,L! KB-
w

%'(ˆ' -]P !"


) %
E<6 #  , ‚  
) - ZP

 ,'@ y[n ] = x[− n] '( m' ' .#'@ T K 
E<6 5#6 8  % G  %
6#)
  
w

.  =#( 
+∞
Y ( Ω) = ∑ x[−n]e
n = −∞
− jΩn (|vpo)

.  m = −n ‚ ‚ 


www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 |

+∞
Y (Ω) = ∑ x[m]e
n = −∞
jΩn
= X ( −Ω ) (|{po)

'O +'G( +'] %'= '> ' ,-' !0 !"


#$ O(
Q
4 b#
Q
: )
!'46 [ H <'*
'
'6#G6. .'( T K  !"
) %
E<6 %(ˆ #C
6#@+
-'6 ‡']
'E<6
4 H  E %(ˆ =.?
6 !"
) %
E<6 #   

'E<6 ‹
#  < ! + -E9 
-@ x6  <6 8 ( .- = >  +)

.ir

'#$ -'E9  .'@
'@ #'; ‰C'4
Q 2 ,7@ %(ˆ
E<6
#  <
#' %  !0 ='‚ i
- x (t )
4 F(G
6#.6 2 @ a < 1 ) x(at ) -9
"#'( ,'@ a > 1 ') F(G' 8. .- (7@ " F(G !" 7"#9 ) 7@ 
0 !"

m
F(G' !'" 7"#'9 ) 7@ K  !" # %  !0 =‚ i - x (t ) F(G
4
.- (7@ 


ja
G6' + -E9  6#+.6 x[an] G  =<?
 .-6 +) 8 
 x[n] x[an ] s< 
'  x[n]
'E<6 +6'" U"#'9 ='‚ 6#+.6 8 ( .@ x[n]
4 +‚ 
E<6 2

'E<6 M*  ( a = 2 [H X)  G I] ?  a > 1 )


3(   .( 
0 a < 1 ^C6
er
x[2n]
'E<6 8 '( .'(3 'P  I'] ? i n !#: , 736 " !" 7"#9  
'
<'@ 7'@ %'(ˆ'
'E<6 
3(  % .# #P x[n] 1 " %
6#.6 @ i
ow
.( + T K  " =#]
  xk [n]
E<6 ,@ +]
E<6
 x[ n ] @ k " +` n )
x( k ) [ n ] =  k (||po)
0 @<6 k " +` n )
- 7@ 7 f .6 x( 3) [ n] x[n] (q€po) 3@ FX !#(?

.p
w
w
w

.- 70 - +]


E<6 +E#   8 >]  ! *  x[n] "
x(3) [n] eE<6 :(q|po) 3@
www.powerjam.ir

|q !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.ir
m
ja
er
ow
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 |

8 '( .' 0+' -' +']


'E<6 T'C   8 >] k − 1 ! *  x[n] " x( k ) [n]

' #  < ! %


Q !#+ =#] 8   . m x[n] 
0 k@  x( k ) [n] !#+
  8 ( . 0 -
E<6  8 
+∞ +∞
X ( k ) (Ω ) = ∑x
n = −∞
(k ) [ n]e − jΩn = ∑x
r = −∞
(k ) [kr ]e − jΩkr

.ir
+∞
= ∑ x[r ]e
r = −∞
− j ( kΩ ) r
= X ( kΩ) (|€po)

 -  x( k ) [n]


#  < 8 (

m
F
x ( k ) [ n ] ↔ X ( kΩ ) (€po)
='<?
' .-'
';# '* [
H ' \6} !" %7"#9 +6)  -]P

;# 
6 8 

ja
74 3@ !0
#  <
  x6 ,- x[n] " 3@ -9  x( k ) [n] !#: G 
.@ +]
E<6
#  <
er D'E5  F ( #5!NO M@
.  !"
)
#  <
Q " %)_4 
ow
+∞
dX (Ω)
= − ∑ jnx[ n ]e − jΩ (€qpo)
dΩ n = −∞

 @+ − jnx[n ]
#  < dX (Ω) 8 (
dΩ
F dX (Ω)
(€po)
.p

− jnx[n] ↔
dΩ
G"Q !RS P@
%' \6} !" 7"#9  #;# %Œ6 %  G6 F#$
Q , ) ! [
H <*

6#G6.
w

.@+
E<6 2
+∞
1 (€&po)
∑ x[n] ∫π X (Ω)
2 2
w

= dΩ
n = −∞ 2π 2

7"#'9 
' # ˆ#'3K  '<
'Q
'
';# ' x[n] 2 = x[n] x ∗[n]
3( 

;#  :=<r
w

.-@#6 !#+ ,!"


)
+∞ +∞
1 +∞
∑ x[n] ∑ x[n]∫ X ∗ (Ω)e − jΩn dΩ (€opo)
2
=
n =−∞ n =−∞ 2π −∞

.  5#.  FG6 N ‚ 


www.powerjam.ir

|& !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.ir
m
ja
.#@+ 74 !0
#  < +E #@+ " x( k ) [ n] , k f    ;\6} !" %7"#9 8 s< :(q€po) 3@
+∞ +∞
1 +∞
∑ x[n] ∫ X ∗ (Ω)dΩ ∑ x[n]e − jΩn
2
= er
n =−∞ 2π −∞
n =−∞ (€po)
1 +∞

2
= X (Ω) dΩ
2π −∞


'Q -' -' A( ^ '(
'E<6  %Œ'6 .#@+
>) 6 %Œ6 +EG: TZ X (Ω ) 2

ow

'`* ^ '( %'
'E<6 %' .#' '#C6 '> 
E<6 8  #  (€po) k@
 F#$
.#@+ !  " =#]
 F#$
1 (€vpo)
∑ x[n] ∑a
2 2
= k
N
.p

n =< N > k =< N >

.( -r ^ ( %


E<6 #  !# T K

;#   b#
Q :(&po) 8 .
w

9U&'4 V!W2 T@


') .' 7' -<] ^J .?
 8@#E#6 .?  < 
#  < A -]P
 M; [ H <*
8'@#E#6
Q " +; P =#] 8   ,- h[n] !0
J n$
@ +. %  x[n]
w

.#@ ‡ 3 7  ,% 0  -A;


 0+ -
y[ n] = x[n] ∗ h[ n] (€{po)
w

=#']
' 
'J n$ +; P ,%  %
E<6
#  < 8 s< !#+ =#] !0 
.-@#6  "
Y ( Ω) = X ( Ω) H ( Ω) (€|po)
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 |o

#'  [
H <'* (€|po)
'Q .( #)+
)  F6 M  \6} 7"#9 n$  H (Ω)
-'r !'"
') -'E9 %' 
'Q 8'  !#'(  -' 7@ -r !"
#$ %F(G
.( +
.#@+ !  " =#]
 8@#E#6 M.; 6+
#Q6. :='<r
+∞
y[ n ] = ∑ x [ n − k ]h [ k ] (€€po)
k = −∞

.ir
.  ,6  M.; + ∞  − ∞ " n %  7 ^J e − jΩn   (€€po)
Q 8Z )
+∞ +∞ +∞

∑ y[n] e − jΩn
= ∑ ∑ h [n − k ] x[k ] e − jΩn (qpo)

m
n = −∞ n = −∞ k =−∞

-@#6 (qqpo) =#]


  (qpo)
Q W  Z !#+ 5#. 
< ‚ "
+∞ +∞

∑ x [ k ] ∑ h[ n − k ] e − jΩ n (qqpo)

ja
k = −∞ n = −∞

.#@+  < (qpo)


Q
 (qqpo)
Q n − k = m ‚ ‚ 
+∞ +∞

∑ x[k ] ∑ h[m] e − jΩ ( m + k ) er
k = −∞ m = −∞ (qpo)
+∞ +∞
= ∑ x[k ] e
k = −∞
− j Ωk
∑ h[m] e
m = −∞
− j Ωm
ow
.)+  =<r #@+ ]9 (€|po)
Q 8 (
 G x6    " =#]
 %
J n$  LTI  2 :(q&po) FX
h[ n] = δ [n − n0 ]
.# R  +; P % 
Q 8K -#Q
.p

.-  " =#]


 # R  +6  n$ :9
H (Ω) = e − jΩ n0
 -  +; P
#  < , X (Ω)
#  <  x[n] %   % 8 (
w

Y ( Ω ) = e − j Ω n0 X ( Ω )
.-@#6 =#] 8 
   +; P % 
Q !#+ 8 (
w

y[n] = x[n − n0 ]
.@  " =#]
  2
J n$ ( m :(qopo) FX
w

n
h[n] = α u[n]
. +; P 8K -#Q ,#@
) x6   " =#]
  8  %  )
x[n] = β n u[n]
www.powerjam.ir

| !"
) e #  < :WA: 

+'6  F'6 M  . 0 - \6} !" 7"#9   n$ !#+  " 9 +Z :9
. 0+ - % 
#  < \a )+
< 
1
H (Ω ) =
1 − αe − j Ω
1
X (Ω) =
1 − βe − jΩ
.#@+
< % 
#  <  F6 M ^J ]9 - A6 

.ir
1
Y (Ω ) =
(1 − αe − jΩ )(1 − βe − jΩ )
.-@#6  " =#]
  Y (Ω) !#+ ,@ α ≠ β )

m
A B
Y (Ω ) = +
1 − α e − jΩ 1 − β e − jΩ
!0 

ja
α β
A= , B=−
α −β α −β

n
y[n] = Aα u[n] + Bβ u[n] n
er  -  y[ n ] 8 (

1
= [
α n+1u[n] − β n+1u[n] ]
ow
α −β
.@ α = β ) 
1
Y (Ω) = ( )2
1 − αe − jΩ
.-@#6  " =#]
  !0 !#+

.p

jΩ
e d 1
Y ( Ω) = ( )
− jα dΩ 1 − αe − jΩ
.  8 (
w

j
y[ n ] =
α
[− j ( n + 1)α n +1 u[ n + 1]]
w


n
y [ n ] = ( n + 1 )α u [ n + 1 ]
.-@#6 !#+ ,- >] %  n = −1 % n + 1 # 
3L 60 "
w

n
y[n] = (n + 1)α u[n]
%''  h (t ) '3.? (6.
) %  h[n] 3.? >) [ H <*
3 #Q6.
"  !#' 
x9 ,-?,% $ <* "  S#P e !#   8 ( .- !"
#$
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 |v

!0
'J n'$
+* -  $ ,
)  2 ,FX !#(?
 . 0 - n$ 8  % 
.( b]  "
Q 
+∞


n = −∞
h[ n ] < ∞ (q&po)

8'(: %'
' 6  .#' '#C6  $ ) h[n] = z n
J n$  +. FX !#(?

+LG.  #; % W"Y s@ + -E9  8 ( .# #P ) h[n]
#  < +.

.ir
.( b] (q&po)
Q 
- 8  x[n] !"
)
E<6 
#  <

@
0, 9U&'4 X@

m
!0  !#': .-'6 ^ '(
'E<6  % F.? * ,@ yQ [ H <*

6#G60 8@#E#6 -]P

' ~x2[n], ~x1[n]


E<6  % + ( 8@#E#6  (   .@ #C6 G. 8@#E#6 M.; -E9

ja
.( + T K  " =#]
  ( ^ ( N V4 ^ ( 7    
~y[n] = ~x1[n] ⊗ ~x 2 [ n] = ∑ ~
x1[m]~
x 2 [ n − m] (qopo)
m=< N > er
(6. ~x2[n − m], ~x1[m] %F(G .- 7@ 7 f .6 (qpo) 3@   b#
EK 
7  ' n #' % 
'E<6  !#':
' '(
;# .6#@+ ^J G 3  +E#.K 8@#E#6
.-' ^ ( N ^ ( 7   n # %  6  !0 ^`]9 8 ( ( + ( N ^ (
ow
 ' % ~y [ n] e< % .#@+
< ^ ( 7  2  5#. 
(
;# 8(j.
+ ' !'@ 1P  - !" # m
3(  m  #@+ 7 F6 ~x2[n − m], n +E#
' 8 '( .#'@+' ,7'@ ‰C'4 e']  G  ^ ( 7 , 5#.  e] " ^ ( 7  2
" #'@+' 7 F'6 ' ^ '( 7  2 7"6
 ~x2[n − m] ,9 N 7"6
 n f  
.p

.- ^ ( N ^ ( 7   6 ~y [ n] G  =<?


  ~y[n + N ] = ~y[n]
->) !#+  ( 
 ^ '( 7  2' 5#'.  '9   i 6 5#.   9  ^C6
 +G ]9  6
w

N 'J N'9 !#'+'  @ yQ [ H <*


8@#E#6 -]P ,+ ( 8@#E#6 % .#@ @
~ ~
y [ n] , x2[n] ,
' # %'% N J N
 ck , bk , ak !0 
, ! H .
# %
.(@+ ~x1[n]
w

c k = Na k bk (qpo)
~ ~
' ^ '( 7 ) '  ,('@ bk a k e # % N J % N
 x2[n] x1[n] ) :=<r
w

.(- N
E<6
y [n ] = ∑ x1 [ k ] x 2 [ n − k ]
~ ~ ~ (qvpo)
k =< N >

5
Periodic Convolution
www.powerjam.ir

|{ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.ir
m
ja
+ ( eE<6  + ( 8@#E#6 %)3@ 9 (po) 3@
2k
jm ( )n
~
x1 [n] = ∑a
m =< N >
m e N er (q{po)
2k
jr ( )n
~
x 2 [ n] = ∑b e
r =< N >
r
N
ow
.( + ^C6  " =#]
  5#.   9
0 < r < N −1
(q|po)
0 < m < N −1
.  (qvpo)  (q|po) (q{po) ! * 
2π 2π
.p

N −1 j( ) mk N −1 jr ( )( n −k )
~
y [ n] = ∑ ∑ am e N
∑b e r
N

k =< N > m =0 r =0 (q€po)


N −1 N −1 2π 2π
jr ( )n jk ( )( m −r )
= ∑ ∑ ∑ am br e N
e N
w

k =< N > m =0 r =0

.  5#.  N ‚ 


N −1 N −1 2π 2π
jr n jk (m−r )
y [ n] = ∑ ∑a ∑ (qqpo)
w

~ be N
e N
m r
m=0 r =0 k =< N >

z"
' 'G -' >] %  7#. ,( + .? k % 
+?#.  +(K P0 5#.  (+
w

.-' 7'@ 7'4 ' !#(  NQ 8 


)+ N %  !0  -E9 8   m = r
.-@#6   < 5#.  2
  r, m %  5#.  !#+ 8 (
N −1 2π
jm n
y [ n ] = ∑ ambm e N N
~ (qqqpo)
m =0

.-  " =#]


 ~y [n]
# % 
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 ||

N −1 2π
jm n
y [ n ] = ∑ cm e N
~ (qqpo)
m =0

. )+
6  (qq&po)
Q (qqpo)  (qqqpo)
  "
ck = Na k bk (qq&po)

Y
DFT    //B-

.ir
N( %  #; !"
#$  !"
) %  7.? %-  " >)

6#G6.
! '"  '
'
';#  .@+ !"
) % 
E<6 
  M 
'
'E<6 %   +#'CE =.?
6#) ^#Q -* -?  !#+ +(A W#? 
6 

m
,' T'C %'  !'  . W 6  7„ 8@#E#6 <* " !"
) %
 
' !0 _'
'  #'; DFT W'( F'  %'
6   7> -A; N( +@ 

ja
7  %'
'E<6 %'
' #  '< +?#'6 DFT .-' 7  6 % W6  % -C
%'\6   DTFT  !"
)
#  < %
6#.6 -9 
  .@
  
.)+ * + # >
 N ^C6 U#6 #P %;  @+ k 2π
er DFT Z5:
N


- +.*
 !#+  N1 ? 2 8 ( ,@   7   %
E<6 x[n] ( m
ow
x[n] = 0 n > N1 − 1 ‫ و‬n < 0 (qqopo)
~
.'@ x[n] %  ^ ( 7  2 
 T K +.*
  x[n] + (
E<6 !#+ !#( 
.  ,@ ^ ( N ^ ( 7   ~x [n] @ N ≥ N1 )
~ (qqpo)
.p

x [n] = x[n] 0 ≤ n ≤ N −1
~
.6#@+ 7  "
Q  x [ n ] %
# % N J

1 − jk [ ]n
ak = ∑ ~x[n] e N
w

N n =< N > (qqvpo)


N −1 2π
1 − jk ( )n
=
N
∑ x[n] e N
w

n =0

x[n]
' s#' DFT  ,6#@+ 7 f .6 (qqvpo)
#
N J 5#.  " F 
.; N
~
.(+ f .6 X [k ]   !0
(6+
w

N −1 2π
~ 1 − jk ( )n
X [k ] = ak =
N

n =0
x[n]e N
k = 0,..., N − 1 (qq{po)

6
Discrete Fourier Transform
www.powerjam.ir

|€ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

" .' %"'"   ' 7  +]


E<6 !#+ !0 %  "
- 8   DFT +.? -.
. 0 -' a k %  "  ~x[n] !#'+' ,'@#6 ~x[n] ^ '(
'E<6 %'
(po) eEK
 0 -  (qq|po)
Q !#+ (qq{po) (qqpo) =YK " 8 (
N −1 2π
~ jk ( )n
(qq|po)
x[n] = ∑ X [k ]e N n = 0,1,..., N − 1
k =0

  ' 7 
'E<6 2' 8 '( .'(6+' (IDFT)  DFT ˆ#3K eQ  (qq|po)
Q

.ir
~
 X [k ] "  ' %
'?#.  !#'(?
  >]„   "   %
?#.  !#(?
 !#+
.- 2
2 O( 8  G  =<?
 , # DFT
!#'+ . #; !0 e< % FFT !#: +K  % #GE
- 8  DFT WŽ  -.

m
~

' ,' 0+' -' X (Ω) " \6'} U"#9  %
6#.6 2  M*  X [k ]
 !46
+(K .6#@+
@ 2πk +E# %A6}

ja
N
~ 1 2πk 2π ^ ( 7  2  (qq€po)
X [k ] = X ( )
N N

−∞
N
er
.+ *  k 2π 
#  <
Q  Ω %;
  8  %

X (Ω ) = ∑ x[n]e − jΩn (qpo)


ow
n = −∞
+∞ 2π
2πk − jk n
(qqpo)
X( ) = ∑ x[n]e N
N n = −∞

. x6 #


6
 !# ‡ "
Q 
Q 8 
  
N −1 2π
~ 1 − jk n
X (k ) = ( )∑ x[n]e N (qpo)
.p

N n =0
po)
'Q !#'+'  >]„  ,- N1 < N
0 ≤ n ≤ N1 7   i x[n] !#: 
.-@#6 (q&po) =#]
  (q
w

+∞ 2π
~ 1 − jk ( )n
X (k ) =
N

n = −∞
x[n]e N (q&po)
w

.- (qq€po)
Q !. 8 

 .#'@ N > N1
' '@ %
'6#G \6'} 7"#'9  %'
6#.6 ^ ( 7 
 -*  
~
.@ #P 7<@ : X (k )  X ( 2πk ) " x[n] %""  =#( „
w

N
. G x6   x2 [n], x1[n]
E<6  NQ !@ 8@  %
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 €

(
[n] ( [n] 2 2
2
1
1
-2 -1 0 5
1 2 n
0 3 4 1 2 3 4 6 7
-1 -1
-1
!" 7"#9 x2 [n], x1[n] %
E<6 f .6 :(qpo) 3@

.ir
.(@+
< * +)
 X 2 (Ω) X1 (Ω)
#  <
X 1 (Ω) = 1 − e − jΩ + 2e − j 3Ω
X 2 ( Ω ) = − e j 2 Ω − e jΩ − 1 + e − j 2 Ω + e − j 3 Ω

m
(qopo)
+ 2e − j 4 Ω − e − j 5 Ω + 2e − j 7 Ω
.    "
Q k   M.; z"
  G x6  N = 4  %
6#.6 ^ ( 7  )

ja
2π 2π
X1( k) = X 2( k) (qpo)
4 4
er !#:
πk 3πk
2π −j −j
(qvpo)
X1( k ) = 1 − e 2 + 2e 2
4
πk π
2π j − j 3k
X 2 ( k ) = −e jkπ − e 2 − 1 + e − jkπ + e 2
ow
4 (q{po)
5 kπ 7 kπ kπ 3kπ
−j −j −j −j
+ 2e − j 2 kπ − e 2
+ 2e 2
=1− e 2
+ 2e 2

'
'6#.6 8'  "
': ') 8 ( .( !3
E<6   TZ " 70 - %
6#.6 8 (
 %""  x2[n] !#+.6 +E ,- o !0 ^ ( 7  !#:  %""  x1[n] 7  !#+
.p

'3 #'Z
' X 2 (Ω) " 7@
@ %
6#.6 #C ) 8 ( .- q !0 ^ ( 7  !#:
.#@ N ≥ 10 *9 - W"Y .( %""  x2 [n]
 -' 7'@ 7 f '.6 (&po) 3'@ 
' x[n]
E<6
 s# DFT N J :(qpo) FX
w

.
x [n]
w

n
0 1 2 3 4 5
w

x[n] +K
E<6 (po) 3@
(opo) 3'@
'E<6  "' N = 5 ^ '( 7  ' x[n] %  "  ~x [n] ^ (
E<6 ) :9
-' (qpo) =#']
' ~x [n] ^ '(
'E<6
# % N J =#] 8   .#@+ ]9
.( 0+
www.powerjam.ir

€q !"
) e #  < :WA: 

()[n]
1
... ...
n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

.- 7@
P N = 5 ^ ( 7   x[n] %  "
^ (
E<6 :(&po) 3@

.ir

1 4 − jk ( k )n 1 k = 0, ±5,±10,... (q|po)
ak = ∑e 5
=
5 n=0 0 =#( „ 

' Ω = k 2π %\6   F ( x[ n]) = X (Ω) %
6#.6 =#]
  N J 8  !#+
<E

m
5
=#']
 x[n] +6"
)
#  < _Q *
}    [<* .  0 - k = 1,2,3,... z"
.-  "

ja
er
X (Ω)
( TZ :(opo) 3@
ow
. 0 -  a k +)
 !#+

a
1
.p

k
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

~
x [n]
# % N J :(po) 3@
w

.(@+ ^ ( 7  2  a k N J %  DFT N J


X(k)
w

k
w

-11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x[n]
 s# DFT N J :(vpo) 3@
8 (
1 k =0
X [k ] = 
0 k = 1,2,3, 4
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 €

. " N = 10 ^ ( 7   x[n] %  "  ~x [ n ] ( m !#( 

.- 7@
P N = 10 ^ ( 7   x[n] %  "
~
x [n] ^ (
E<6 :({po) 3@

.ir
X (Ω) T'Z " '  !#'(   , 0+ - x[n] %  " !#: - F  -E9 X X (Ω) TZ
.( %
6#.6 2π %\6  
Ω=k
10

m
ja
9
k N9 ~
x [n]
 s#
# % N J :(|po) 3@

| X(k) |
er
ow
k
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

x[n]

Z# DFT N J :(€po) 3@
a k " ^ ( 7  ‹ 
} ,- 7@ 7 f .6 b# 3@  X (k )
( =‚ 7 
.p

.-
DFT ?*4  0&*: 9U&'4 ["\

' s# =< !#+ DFT


EK 8  2.

- 8  (qpo)
EK  8 .A
w

.( m FX !#(?


 . 7    7 
E<6  +E#.K 8@#E#6
x1[n] = 0 0 ≤ n ≤ N1 − 1
96 1P  (q€po)
w

x2 [n] = 0 0 ≤ n ≤ N 2 − 1
96 1P  (q&po)
e96 1P  8 ( ,@ b#
E<6  +E#.K 8@#E#6 G6 .6 y[n ] ( m 8(j.
w

0 ≤ n ≤ N1 + N 2 − 2 (q&qpo)
.- >]  y[n ]
y[n] = x1[n] ∗ x2 [n] = 0 (q&po)

( + ^C6 %
6#)
  N ^ ( 7  !#( 
N ≥ N1 + N 2 − 1 (q&&po)
www.powerjam.ir

€& !"
) e #  < :WA: 

‡' x2 [n] x1[n] O'( AE(G   " N ^ ( 7    ~x2 [n] ~x1[n] %
E<6 @
. "
~x1[n] = x1[n] 0 ≤ n ≤ N −1 (q&opo)
~x2 [n] = x2[n] 0 ≤ n ≤ N −1 (q&po)
~ ~
.  ,@ x2 [n] x1[n] ^ ( 8@#E#6 G6 .6 y[n] )
y[n] = ∑ ~
~ x1 [m] ~x 2 [ n − m] (q&vpo)

.ir
m =< N >

.- !k ‡E#.K ‡ ( 8@#E#6} ]9 ^ ( 7  ‹  =#] !0 


~
y [ n] = y[ n] 0 ≤ n ≤ N −1 (q&{po)

m
N1 = 5
'} - 7@ m k@ 8   .#@+ 7  y#J# (&po) 3@  b#
EK IJ#
']9 '6 7@   ~x2 [n] ~x1[n] ^ ( AE(G N = 12〉11 ^C6  8  ( . N2 = 7
']9 ' ']9 8' 
'} #'@ ‡ 7  .- 7@
) ^ ( 7  ‹  A60 ‡ ( 8@#E#6}

ja
.-  ^ ( 7  ‹  ‡E#.K 8@#E#6}
^ '( F(G' ^ '( 7  ' '
J >] + 7"6
 x2 [n] x1[n]
    8 (
er
1'P  y[ n ] ‡E#'.K 8'@#E#6 n'$ .(-' N ≥ N1 + N 2 −1
%
6#)
) #@ N O(
x2 [n] x1[n] (+ („) +E#.K 8@#E#6 "
y[ n ] 8 ( ,- >] 0 ≤ n ≤ N − 1 e96

' 6
3(  s@

<E . 0 - ~x2 [n] ~x1[n] + ( 8@#E#6 " !#+   0+ -
ow
%  " !#+  ~y2 [n]
# %
6+ +Z " . G x6  N ^ ( 7  2  i
y[ n ] ' O'( ~x2 [n] ~x1[n] ~y[n] !#':  0 -' ~x 2 [ n] ~x1[n]
' # %%
N 'J
' (+ (qq{po)
EK " 8 ( ,(@+ 0 ≤ n ≤ N − 1
]  x2 [n] x1[n]
.p

.('@+' ^ '(„ F(G'


' %'DFT % ' ^ ( %F(G %
# %%
.
L x2[n] x1[n] ^ („ 8@#E#6 ! $ % !#+   "  #GE 8 (
.( +
<  ( X 2 (k ) X 1 (k ) ) x2 [n] x1[n]
 s# %
Q6 N , DFT  pq
w

. 0 - y[n ]
 s# DFT  ( + ^J    DFT  p
Y (k ) = X1 (k ) X 2 (k ) (q&|po)
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 €o

.ir
m
ja
(

*+,

-12
-11 -8
... 0
er
1 2 3 4
... 12
m
ow
(
*+,

... ...
-12 0 12
m
.p

-6 6

(c )
x1[n] +E#.K 8@#E#6 (b) +]
E<6(a)   %7  
E<6  +E#.K 8@#E#6
< :(&po) 3@
w

~
x2 [ n ] ~x1[ n] + ( 8@#E#6 (c) x2 [ n]
b# =.? -   A( ((qq|po)
EK)   0+ -  y[n ] 7 ^9  IDFT p&
w

' .'@ N ≥ N1 + N2 − 1
' %
6#)
  ^9  %
Q6 N ,DFT H .9  
- 8 
'   7'@
'>) =.?
 5#.  DFT M  e< % FFT  #GE #;

;#
.(3
L ,  7 
E<6  + („ 8@#E#6 e< -A;  +K  7
w


!"] V!W2 %@
^'J ']9
#  < !#Y  -]P _<Z =#] 8   y[n] = x1[n]x2 [n] ( m
.6#@+  < \6} 7"#9 
# % < 8@#E#6
 !" 7"#9  
E<6
www.powerjam.ir

€ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

1 (q&€po)
x1[n]x2 [n] ↔
2π < 2π >
∫ X (θ ) X
1 2 (Ω − θ )dθ

.#@+
@#6  " =#]

#  <
Q :=<r
+∞ +∞
Y (Ω ) = ∑ y[ n ] e
n = −∞
− jΩn
= ∑ x [n ]x [n ] e
n = −∞
1 2
− jΩ n (qopo)

.-@#6   x1[n] %;


 !#+ +Z "
1

.ir
(qoqpo)
∫π X (θ ) e
jθ n
x1[n] = 1 dθ
2π 2

  (qopo)  %RG ; 

m
+∞
1  
Y (Ω) = ∑ x [n] 2π  ∫ X (θ ) e θ
2 dθ e − jΩn1
j n

n = −∞  2π 
+∞ +∞
1 1
= ∑ 2 1
2π 2∫π n=−∞
θ jθ n
θ − j Ωn
=
2π 2∫π
θ θ ∑ x2 [n] e − jn ( −θ +Ω )

ja
x [ n ] X ( ) e d e X 1 ( ) d
n = −∞

7PY
1 er (qopo)
Y (Ω ) =
2π ∫X

1 (θ ) X 2 (Ω − θ )dθ

. (−1)n
E<6
#  < -#Q :(qvpo) FX
ow
x1[ n] = e jπ n = ( −1) n
.  ,- ^ ( x1[n]
E<6 !#: :9


X 1 (Ω) = 2π ∑ a δ (Ω −
k = −∞
k
N
k)

.@+ N = 2 ^ ( 7  x1[n] %


#@+
;#
.p

2π 2π
1 − jk ( )n 1 −j k 1
ak =
N
∑ x[n] e
n =< N >
N
=
2
[1 − e 2
]=
2
[1 − e − jkπ ]

.( 0+ -  " =#]



# % N J 8 (
w

a0 = 0 , a1 = 1
-  x1[n]
E<6
#  < !#+ ^ ( %
E<6 %
#  < T K " 7> 
w

. 0
+∞
X 1 (Ω) = 2π ∑ a δ ( Ω − kπ )
w

k
k = −∞

.-@#6 6  " =#]


  b#
Q !#+ \$ ,   % k z"
 i b# 5#. 

+∞
X 1 (Ω) = 2π ∑δ (Ω − (2k + 1)π )
k = −∞

.- 7@ 7 !46 X 2 (Ω) 7#CE


#  < 2 X 1 (Ω) 8@#E#6 9 (&qpo) 3@ 
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 €v

%')FG6 e96 ^C6  =#] !0  , G x6   (bp&qpo) 3@ (6.  X 2 (Ω) )
.  2π 0 8
2π 2π
∫ X 1 (θ ) X 2 (Ω − θ )dθ = ∫ X 2 (Ω − θ )δ (θ − π )dθ = X 2 (Ω − π ) (qo&po)
0 0

' 6 8 
<E .- 7@  (dp&qpo) 3@  x2[n] x1[n] ^J ]9 " ]9 TZ

S#P _<Z ( −1) n = e jπn !#: .  0 - 6#+ 6 \6} 7"#9


 F6 -]P " 
'#P m '>
E<6 TZ F6 N;# + .6
E<6 2  m >
E<6 2 ^J ,
#  <

.ir
.@
F
e jπn x 2 [ n ] ↔ X 2 ( Ω − π ) (qoopo)

m
TZ  8 $ Y %A6}
#@+ w? (− 1) 
E<6 2 ^J
(+  (  
n

.- +.A  -]P 8 


6#@ ;
;
E<6

ja
X1 (Ω)

er
X 2 (Ω)
ow

X 1 (θ )
.p
w

X 2 (Ω − θ )
w
w

-Ω

-3π -π 0 π 3π

x1 [ n ] = ( −1) n  x2 [n] 7#CE F(G ‹ !"


) !#Y  TC 9 :(&qpo) 3@
www.powerjam.ir

€{ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

0'( A2 ;@


. "$+ NE;  ; +6)  5#6 (: ‡
  (  
+,  #5" 35>
7' 
' #  < ˆ#3K 
EK  8 +6)   ! -]P ,!"
#$ -E9 
 !' 5#'6 2' ' ,'6 #; +]P 8(: !"
)
#  < -E9  +E @+
 N ^ ( 7   ^ (
E<6  NQ !@ 8@  % .#@+ 7  !"
)
# %

.ir
.6#@+ s# 
  "
Q
#
 G x6 

1 − jr ( )m
(qopo)
f [m ] = ∑ g [ r ]e N

m
N r =< N >

.  , G x6  r = n, m = k )



1 − jk ( )n
f [k ] = ∑ g [ n ]e N (qovpo)

ja
N n =< N >

.# #P y[n]


E<6
# % N J  O( f [k ] 8 (
F
g[ n] ↔ f [ k ]
er (qo{po)
.@+
E<6  8
# % s< 8< F G.? b# f .6 
#@
;#
.  , G x6  r = −k , m = n )
ow
2π 2π
1 jk ( )n 1 jk ( )n
(qo|po)
f [n] =
N
∑ y[−k ] e
k =< N >
N
= ∑
k =< N > N
g[ − k ]e N

.# #P f [n]


E<6
# % N J  O( 1 g [ − k ]
6 
N
1 F
(qo€po)
f [n] ↔ g[−k ]
.p

N
' N'( , a k ,^ (
E<6
# % N J
- -9 8  G6 b# =.? M* 
%' N 'J ak
' -' %
'E<6 x[n] ) @ 7@ ˆ#3K !" 
- x[n] +]
E<6
w

F'X !#'(?
' ! # '46 .#@+ 74
# % S#P W.  +6)  8  .(- !0
#
.(( _   " # (6#+
w

 jm ( 2Nπ ) n F
e x[n] ↔ ak −m (qpo)
 2π
 x[n − n ] ↔ F − jk ( ) n0
w

 0 a k e
 F

 ∑ x[ r ] y[ n − r ] ↔ Nak bk

r =< N > (qqpo)
F
 x[n] y[ n] ↔ ∑ al bk −l
 l =< N >

.(  B  b# i  -] :(opo) 8 .


www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 €|

.- 7@ 7 !46  " FX  +6)  -]P  .- +6)  ->; 2 G6 .6 7G 
. G x6   " ^ (
E<6 :(q{po) FX
 2π n 
Sin( )( N1 + 1 )
1  N 2 
x[n] =
N Sin( 2π n )
2N
.  0 - +6)  -]P " 7>  
E<6 8 
# % N J

.ir
F F

' # %' N 'J 8 '( . x[n] ↔ 1 g[−k ] =#'] !0  , g [n ] ↔ x[ k ] )


}    :9
N

' )-' 7'@ ˆ#3K 6 !"  7@ ^J 1  


(
- +K
E<6 !. , x[n]

m
N
.((
;# (&po) 3@

ja
.- 7@  ƒ (q{po) FX 
x[n]
E<6
# % N J :(&po) 3@
er

 "!Q  #5" 
   
"
'  #'; !'"
'#$
' # %' N J !"
)
#  < 8 +6)  +?#6
ow
.( + 3 7   F# A
  -A; .#@+ 74 y#J#
Z# =YK
 
1 (qpo)
∫π X (Ω)e
jΩn
x[n] = dΩ
2π 2
+∞
X (Ω) = ∑ x[n] e − jΩn (q&po)
.p

n = −∞
+∞
x(t ) = ∑a e
k = −∞
k
jkω0t
(qopo)
1 (qpo)
∫ x(t )e
− jkω0t
w

ak = dt
T0 T0

-' 2π !0 ^ '( 7 
' '@ !'"
#$ ^ ( M 2 G6 .6 f (u )
( m
w

.@ s#  " =#]


 f (u) 
@
)
E<6 2 g[m] ( m 8(j.
+∞
f (u ) = ∑ g[m]e − jum (qvpo)
w

m = −∞

g[m] !#+ 8(j. ,- g[n]


#  < f (Ω )
(+ m = n u = Ω ! * 
. %"" f (u ) " 
g [ n ] ↔ f (Ω ) (q{po)
www.powerjam.ir

!"
) e #  < :WA: 

1 (q|po)
∫ f (u ) e
jum
g[ m] = du
2π 2π

. 0 #P -   "


Q , * m = −k , u = t (qpo)
Q  )
+∞
f (t ) = ∑ g[−k ]e
k = −∞
jkt (q€po)

.(@+ f (t )
# % N J g[−k ] 8 (
F

.ir
f (t ) ↔ g [ − k ] (qvpo)
( m )
- 8  b# =<? +(K .@ !"
#$ -E9
 s# b#
# %

+K' ^ '( X (Ω)


'3L 60 " ,'@ X (Ω)
' #  '<  !"
)
E<6 2 x[n]

m
" t %';
' ω0 = 1
'3 #Z
  0 -  !0
# % N J !#+ ,- Ω "
#$
N 'J
' ' +' +6')  -']P " . #P 7>
#$ ‚ !#(?
 Ω ‚

ja
.@ 7@ ˆ#3K !" 
( x[n] +]
E<6 !. X (Ω)
# %
m . G x6   - ^ ( 2π ^ ( 7  
x(t ) !"
#$ F(G :(q|po) FX
.@  " =#]

# % N J % x(t ) (
er
1 k ≤ N1
ak = 
0 =#( „
ow

x(t ) +6"
#$ F(G
# % N J f .6 :(&&po) 3@
. x(t ) F(G ! $ -#Q
.p

. 0 -  x(t ) +)


 !#+ ,#@ 7> +6)  -]P " ) :9
1
Sin( N1 + )t
2
w

x(t ) =
t
Sin
2
7'@ T K − π < Ω < π ^ ( 7  2 
X (Ω) !"
)
#  <
4 _ Z

w

. )+ x6   -


1 Ω ≤w
(qvqpo)
w

X (Ω ) = 
0 w< Ω ≤π
.-) x6   "
# %  ^ ( +K F(G 2 !#(?
  X (Ω) !#+
Sinwn w wn (qvpo)
x[ n ] = = Sinc ( )
πn π π
.(#@
K; & 
) @+ ω 0 = 1 , T1 = w +E(G 8(: % !#:
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &

.67@ 7 f .6 !"


)
#$ 7"#9  +6)  S#P (qpo) F ; 

!"
#$ !"
)
!" 7"#9 \6} 7"#9 !" 7"#9 \6} 7"#9

.ir
2π 1 − jk ( ) n
1

jk ( )n ak = ∑x[n]e N
ak = ∫ x(t ) e − jkω0 t x[n] =
N
+∞ ak e N n=<N>
%''''' x (t ) = ∑a e k
jkω0 t
T0 T0 n=<N >

# k = −∞  ^ („
@R) \6}  ^ '( \6'} 
)

m
!" ^ ( !"
#$ !"  ^ ( !"
)
\6} \6}

ja
+∞

∑ x[n]e
1 ∞ 1 − jΩ n

∫ ∫π X (Ω )e
jΩ n
x(t ) = X (ω) e − jω t dω ∞ x[ n ] = dΩ X (Ω ) =
2π −∞ X (ω ) = ∫ x(t ) e − jω t
dt 2π 2
 ''''< −∞ n = −∞


#
^ („ !"
#$
er
^ („ \6} 
#$
\6} 
 ^ ''(„ !''"
'')
!"
^ '''( \6'''} 
''#$
\6}
ow
(qpo) F ;
01S ^W  DTFT 0'    )*' Y
'6+'
' #Q6'. ,'@ X (Ω)
' #  '< ' +6"
)
E<6 2 x[n] ( m
. f .6 +<Q* =#]
  !0 !#+ 8 ( ,@+ iC M 2 X (Ω)
.p

X (Ω ) = X (Ω ) e j∠X ( Ω ) (qv&po)
2π ^ ( 7   6 X (Ω)
"
( - W"Y ,- ^ ( 2π ^ ( 7   X (Ω) !#:
w

#'; x[n] 
' -' +QC %+ .6
(
 s# =?[Z @ X (Ω) .(@ ^ (

' " _'Q '* ?   86 8 ( .( + 8K  + .6
" 6 ∠X ( Ω ) 6
w


' -'  = '>
'E<6 8 (: !#+ F9 
 .- + W"Y X (Ω) %3 8K %
.(@ !3
#  <
( %
.(
;#  " FX
 NQ !@ 8@  %
w

.   "
E<6 
 s# DTFT !"
)
#  < :(q€po) FX
www.powerjam.ir

&q !"
) e #  < :WA: 

( !3
#  < _Q * %
= >
E<6  :(&opo) 3@
  x1[n]` %  :9
2
X 1 ( Ω ) = ∑ e − j Ωn = 1 + e − j Ω + e − j 2 Ω
n =0

.  6 x1[n] %


1
X 2 (Ω ) = ∑e − jΩn
= e jΩ + 1 + e − jΩ

.ir
n = −1

+(K , 0+ - W 


Q , G #   e − jΩ =<? F 
Q " )
X1 (Ω) = e− jΩ[ X 2 (Ω)]

m
.- !3
#  <  
( 8 (
X 1 (Ω) = X 2 (Ω)

ja

'Q 'A60 
' LTI % #  [X .- >  +<Q* =#]
 DTFT f .6
.-  " =#]

3<@ M %  ,+; P 8
Y (Ω) = H (Ω) X (Ω) er (qvopo)
.-@#6  " =#]
  
" 
( 8 s< !#+
Y (Ω) = H (Ω) X (Ω) (qvpo)
ow
∠Y (Ω ) = ∠H (Ω ) + ∠X (Ω ) (qvvpo)
' +K' X (Ω)
' " -' Ω " ^ ( 1 " +K X (Ω)
(
#@
;# - W"Y
#'@+ 3@0 [ H  +<Q* =#]

#  < f .6

;#  NQ 8  .@+ Ω " ^ (
!#': ,- Ω " ^ ( 1 " M 2 X (Ω) \$ .((
K; ({opo) +E ({qpo) i 
)
.p

2' ∠X (Ω) 8'(j. -' 7'@ 34 !3 ^ ( 7   ^ ( 1 " M  5#.  "
^ '( 7  2' '  
 1 " M   ]9 " !#: ,- Ω " ^ (  M
(&po) 3'@
' ∠X (Ω ) X (Ω) " +E'X !#(?
 .- 7@ 34 ,( ^ ( !3
w

.(
;#
8'(j. .-' + π F#Z

]   i !0 86 ,
#  <
( !# 1 " E

w


' X (Ω) !' ‰C'4 -'A; π F#Z

]   !0 86 ,
#  <
" !# 
.@+ + 3 #Z
w
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &

20log10 H (Ω)

.ir
∠H (Ω)

m

ja
.
#  <
" _Q * %.6 :(&po) 3@
er
'(50 Z!W V_ 35>  07>H &(: [7!" 4 0$ !" G'  M
G'   5> `"Q "\ M
ow
2'
'
' !#'+  !"
) LTI % @ 7 IJ# W   

6#G6.

'EK 2 + -E9  .#.6 T]#


E  -9 i @ m  -r N J  +J>
EK
.#@+
@#6  " =#]
 W M e< " +J>
N M

∑a y[n − k ] = ∑ bk x[n − k ] (qv{po)


.p

k
k =0 k =0

x[n] y[n] , h[n]


' #  '<
' '( m - W"Y
J n$
< -A; W* 8E  
-')
' #  '< (qv{po)
'Q 8Z " !#+ =#] 8   .( G. 6 #;
w

. 0 -  (qv€po) \a (qv|po)


Q
N M

∑a e − jkΩ
Y (Ω ) = ∑ bk e − jkΩ X (Ω ) (qv|po)
w

k
k =0 k =0
M

Y (Ω) ∑b e
k =0
k
− jkΩ

(qv€po)
H (Ω) = =
w

N
X (Ω)
∑a e
k =0
k
− jkΩ

. 0 -   F6 M !#+ +9


 +J>
EK 8@  8 (
'  ')+' T']#  " +J>
EK i#
LTI  2 +6  n$ :(qpo) FX
.  0 -
E  -9 i @ m
www.powerjam.ir

&& !"
) e #  < :WA: 

y[n] − αy[ n − 1] = x[ n] (q{po)


(q{qpo)
Q
 (q{po)
Q Z  "
#  < 8)  @ α < 1 ( m ) :9
.+
Y ( Ω) − α e − jΩ
Y (Ω) = X (Ω) (q{qpo)
 0+ -  "
Q "  F6 M 8 (
Y (Ω ) 1 (q{po)
H (Ω) = =

.ir
X (Ω) 1 − α e − jΩ
.@+  "
E<6 e #  < -9  ! # 46 % (@0
Q 2 (q{po)
Q
h[n] = α n u[n] (q{&po)

m
-'#Q ,'@+' +'c? LTI  2 8<
 " +J>
EK

;#  :(po) FX
. F6 M

ja
2 (q{opo)
y[n] − y[n − 1] + y[n − 2] = x[n]
9
(q{po)
'Q
' (q{opo)
' #  '< " x[n], y[n], h [n]
' #  '< #'; m  :9
er .+
2 (q{po)
Y (Ω) − e − jΩY (Ω) + e − j 2ΩY (Ω) = X (Ω)
9
ow

Y (Ω ) 1 (q{vpo)
H (Ω ) = =
X (Ω ) − jΩ 2
1− e + e − j 2Ω
9
.  +L ; #
 (q{vpo) 23> 
.p

−1 2 (q{{po)
H (Ω ) = +
1 − jΩ 2 − jΩ
1− e 1− e
3 3
w

. 0 -  h[n] !#+ +)


 8 (
1 2 (q{|po)
h[n] = −( ) n u[n] + 2( ) n u[n]
3 3
w

.@  " =#]


 (q{{po)
Q  # R  %  ( m :(po) FX
1
x[n] = ( ) n u[n]
w

4
. n$ -#Q
 -  % 
#  < :9
1
X (Ω) =
1 − jΩ
1− e
4
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &o

. 0 -  +; P
#  < !#+ !#Y  -]P _<Z 8 (
1
Y ( Ω ) = X (Ω ) H (Ω ) =
1 1 2
(1 − e − jΩ )(1 − e − jΩ )(1 − e − jΩ )
3 4 3
.  =#] 8   , i +L ; #
  b#
Q !#+
a b c
Y (Ω) = + +
1 1 2
1 − e − jΩ 1 − e − jΩ 1 − e − jΩ

.ir
3 4 3
.(( b]  " i     a, b, c  
a +b +c =1

m
11 7
− a −b− c = 0
12 12
1 2 1
a+ b+ c =0

ja
6 9 12
. 0 -  a, b, c !#+   
 b# =YK 9 "
1
0
2
1
1 7
−5
1
1

12
er
0
9 10812
a= = = −4
ow
5
1 1 1
432
11 1 7
12 12
1 2 1
6 9 12
. 0 -  b, c   !#+ N 8.

.p

b = 1.8, c = 3.2
w

0"" #$b7 ?*4 


  LTI !" )*' .a-
 ,-' 7'@ 7 -'r N 'J ' +J>
EK 2 =#]

!"
) LTI  
,PB' V#' +' %'V# "  #x(  (   . f .6 + %V# 2.
 !#+
w

') %' %"


<@  +6   f .6 5#6 8  .@+ 7(( M.; 7(( ^J
.
6  2.
 !"
w

'  #'; + %V# 2.


 !"
) LTI % f .6 % P 5#6 
7>' #' %'V#' 'K 'O D'E "
':)) (@+ FK [
H  P 5#6  8 
M = N ,(qv{po) +'J>
'EK  '( +' m +) -A; FX !#(?
 .(( = >
.@
www.powerjam.ir

& !"
) e #  < :WA: 

']9 =#']
'  (qv€po)
'Q 1'C =#'] !#
 0+ - +G( % P
.-@#6  " =#]
  H (Ω ) !#+ =#(   .
 #? ^J
N
b0 Π (1 + µ k e − jΩ )
H (Ω) = k =1 (q{€po)
N
− jΩ
a0 Π (1 + η k e )
k =1


' (' iC

4  " K !0.( +QC ? η k , µ k + -E9 
#@
;#

.ir

' ' " W
 1   %
4  ! +3  !#+
6  ,6#@+ O 1   
  =#]
.- - H (Ω)
P N −2 P
b0 Π (1 + β1k e − jΩ + β 2 k e − j 2 Ω ) Π (1 + µ1k e − jΩ )

m
H ( Ω) = k =1 k =1 (q|po)
Q N −2 Q
− jΩ − j 2Ω − jΩ
a0 Π (1 + α 1k e + α 2k e ) Π (1 + η k e )
k =1 k =1

W'. !#'(  8 '( .('@+' 1C =#] 1   %


4  ->; K P Q b#
Q 

ja

'; M'# ^'`]9 =#']
  H (Ω) M !#+ ( +9 (q|po)
EK N J
P' 2' #@+ A(4$ (q|po)
EK i#
%P
6  -@#6 
; 2
er
.(
;#  " FX
 NQ !@ 8@  -A; .@+ W  F 
< % " %
. " + %V# i#  H (Ω) :(&po) FX
b0 (1 + β11e − jΩ + β 21e − j 2 Ω )(1 + µ1e − jΩ )
ow
H (Ω ) =
a0 (1 + α 11e − jΩ + α 21e − j 2 Ω )(1 + η1e − jΩ )
.( +   " =#]
 z ; 
  H (Ω)  :9
H (Ω) = H1 (Ω) H 2 (Ω)
!0 

.p

b0 (1 + β11e − jΩ + β 21e − j 2 Ω )
H 1 ( Ω) =
a0 (1 + α11e − jΩ + α 21e − j 2 Ω )
1 + µ1e − jΩ
w

H 2 (Ω ) =
1 + µ 2 e − jΩ

.  Y1 (Ω) =#]


 H1 (Ω) 8@#6 
w

X (Ω)
Y1 (Ω ) b0 1 + β 11e − jΩ + β 21e − j 2 Ω
=
X (Ω ) a 0 1 + α 11e − jΩ + α 21 e − j 2 Ω
w


6 
b
Y1 (Ω )[1 + α11e − jΩ + α 21e − j 2 Ω ] = 0 X (Ω )[1 + β11e − jΩ + β 21e − j 2 Ω ]
a0
.-@#6 =#] 8   +; P % 
Q !#+ !" 7"#9 
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &v

y1[ n] + α11 y1[ n − 1] + α 21 y1[ n − 2]


b0
= {x[n] + β11 x[n − 1] + β 21 x[n − 2]}
a0
b0
y1[ n] = {x[n] + β11 x[n − 1] + β 21 x[n − 2]} − α11 y1[n − 1] + α 21 y1[n − 2]
a0
(q7.@  5#6) .- K
>] 3@ =#]
 b#
Q P

.ir
m
ja
er
(&po) FX H 1 (Ω) s# q 7.@  5#6 f .6 :(&vpo) 3@
' 5#6) . f .6  " =#]
   +L ; ! ;
;   b# P !#+
<E
( 7.@
ow
.p
w

(&po)FX  H1 (Ω)
 s#  7.@  5#6 f .6 :(&{po) 3@

' H 2 (Ω) 8'@#6 '  ' 8  . " + %V# 2.


 6  H 2 (Ω) - W"Y !#( 
w

.( + "„0 Y1 (Ω)  Y (Ω )  ]9 =#]


Y (Ω ) 1 + µ 1 e − jΩ
H 2 (Ω ) = =
w

Y1 (Ω ) 1 + η1 e − jΩ
.-@#6  " =#]
 !#+  b#
Q
− jΩ − jΩ
Y (Ω)(1 + η1e ) = Y1 (Ω)(1 + µ1e )
.-@#6 !#+ !" 7"#9 
y[n] + η1 y[n − 1] = y1[n] + µ1 y1[n − 1]
www.powerjam.ir

&{ !"
) e #  < :WA: 


y[n] = y1[n] + µ1 y1[n − 1] −η1 y[n − 1]
.(q 7.@  5#6) #.6
L H 2 (Ω) F6 M %   " f .6 !#+ 8 (

.ir
(&po) FX  H 2 (Ω)
 s# q 7.@  5#6 f .6 :(&|po) 3@
. 0+ -  " =#]
  7.@  5#6 f .6

m
ja
(&po) FX  H 2 (Ω)
 s#  7.@  5#6 f .6 :(&€po) 3@
er
-'  (&po) F'X
' s# % P !#+ (&€po) (&{po) 3@  N  " !#( 
. 0
ow
.p

(&po) FX % P f .6 :(opo) 3@


w

. m#? % P   H 2 (Ω) H1 (Ω) V#  %; !#+


- IJ
P' W'( -) x6  !#+ (qv€po) +6  n$   %
%G  FK P
w

.)+ 1C (q|qpo) =#]


 (qv€po)
EK 8@#6 " P 8  .-  K %"#
N
bN Ak (q|qpo)
H (Ω ) = +∑
bN k =1 1 + η k e − jΩ
w

2'   1  ' iC %


4  1 "  ) .@+ iC ? + -E9  η k 6  (  
.#@+  < (q|po) =# (q|qpo)
Q ,( C
.;
bN Q
β 0 k + β1k e − jΩ N −2Q
Ak (q|po)
H (Ω ) = +∑ − jΩ − j 2Ω
+ ∑
bN k =1 1 + α1k e + α 2 k e k =1 1 + η k e − jΩ
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &|

-A; .-P + %V#


#  !0 !#+ ( +9 N J W. (q|qpo)
Q 
.(
;# (opo) FX
 NQ !@ 8@ 
. " + %V# i#  H (Ω) :(opo) FX
2
β 0 k + β 1 k e − jΩ 2
Ak
H (Ω ) = 1 + ∑ − jΩ − j 2Ω
+∑ − jΩ
k =1 1 + α 1k e + α 2k e k =1 1 + η ke

.-@#6  " =#]


  H (Ω) !#+ :9

.ir
H (Ω ) = 1 + H 1 (Ω ) + H 2 (Ω ) + H 3 (Ω ) + H 4 (Ω )
!0 

− jΩ
β 01 + β11e

m
H 1 (Ω) =
1 + α 11e − jΩ + α 21e − j 2 Ω
β 02 + β12 e − jΩ
H 2 (Ω ) =
1 + α 12 e − jΩ + α 22 e − j 2 Ω

ja
A1
H 3 (Ω ) =
1 + η1e − jΩ

H 4 (Ω) =
A2
1 + η 2 e − jΩ
er
H <*
+@ 
4  H1 (Ω) 
.-  " 3@ =#]
  e 6 . "+ ,  IJ# [
ow

− α11
.p
w

(opo) FX
 s# H1 (Ω) %  7.@  5#6 f .6 :(oqpo) 3@
. 0 - H 3 (Ω ) %  (opo) 3@ P !# ‡ 8(j.
w
w

(opo) FX
 s# H 3 (Ω )  P f .6 :(opo) 3@
www.powerjam.ir

&€ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

P' - A6 + W 6 6 +]  7( 34  A:  %   8.
7'A?
' 8 '. =#']
' '} 8'  .' 0 ‡' -   8  "# N} " ‡} 
.#@ ‡
@R) ! # 46
( G 5
  LTI #$ !" 7Q  5> `"Q P
 '' 8'  !#'+' Y' N' %'' -P' '  8'  -. E

.- % J W"Y A60 + 8 ( -) x6 
$ %

.ir
G 5 !" 7Q  5> `"Q P

m
.)+ ‰C4  " +J>
EK  + -E9  F 
< 
y[n] − αy[n − 1] = x[n] (q|&po)
.( α < 1 m ) -  " =#]
 !0 +6  n$

ja
1 (q|opo)
H (Ω ) =
1 − α e − jΩ
er  -  F 
< 
J n$ 8 (
h[n ] = α n u[n] (q|po)
.- 7@ 7 f .6 (o&po) 3@  α TC   z"
 
J n$ 8  "
6#.6 (:
ow
.-
< * 9
$
E<6 
J n$ 8@#E#6 "  " =#]
 6
$ n$
+∞
s[n ] = h[n ] ∗ u[n ] = ∑ h[n − k ] u[k ]
k = −∞
(q|vpo)
∞ n
1 − α − ( n +1)
s[ n ] = ∑ α n − k u[ n − k ] = α n ∑ α − k = α n (q|{po)
.p

k =0 k =0 1 − α −1

n +1
1−α (q||po)
s[ n ] = u[n]
w

1−α
(oopo) 3'@  (q|opo)
'Q %  " α = a TC   z"
 
$ n$ 8  "
6#.6 (:
.- 7@ 
w

7'@ '(t‘pt) k'@  α = a TC % z"


  8  F6 M"
( 8(j.
.-
w
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &q

h(n) for a=1/2 h(n) for a=-3/4


1 1

0.9 0.8

0.8
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.5
0
0.4
-0.2
0.3

-0.4
0.2

.ir
0.1 -0.6

0 -0.8
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20
n n

h(n) for a=0.75


1 h(n) for a=-1/2

m
1
0.9

0.8

0.7
0.5
0.6

ja
0.5

0.4

0
0.3

0.2 er
0.1

0 -0.5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
n n

a TC   z"


 (q|po) eQ =#]
 F 
< %
J n$ " + 
6#.6 :(o&po) 3@
ow
s(n) for a=-0.5 s(n) for a=0.5
1 2

0.9 1.8

0.8 1.6

0.7 1.4

0.6 1.2

0.5 1
.p

0.4 0.8

0.3 0.6

0.2 0.4

0.1 0.2
w

0 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20
n n

s(n) for a=-0.75


s(n) for a=0.75 1
4
w

0.9
3.5
0.8

3
0.7

2.5 0.6
w

0.5
2

0.4
1.5
0.3
1
0.2

0.5 0.1

0 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20
n n

a TC   z"


 (q||po)
Q =#]
 F 
< 
$ n$ "
6#.6 (: :(oopo) 3@
www.powerjam.ir

&qq !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.ir
m
ja
a TC   z"
 F 
<  +6  n$ "
( :(opo) 3@
( 5 #$ !" 7Q  5> `"Q %P

y[n] − 2rCosθ y[n − 1] + r 2 y[n − 2] = x[n]


er
. f .6  " =#]
 +J>
EK i#  W 
<  2 !#+ + -E9 
(q|€po)
 -  +6  n$ 0≤ θ ≤ π ,0< r < 1 m 
ow
1 (q€po)
H (Ω ) =
1 − 2 rCos θ e − jΩ + r 2 e − j 2 Ω
.
 ?  ^`]9
  H (Ω) 1C !#+
1 (q€qpo)
H (Ω ) =
[1 − (re )e ][1 − (re jθ )e − jΩ ]
− jθ − jΩ
.p

. f .6  " =#]


 θ ≠ 0, π m  H (Ω) !#+
A B (q€po)
H (Ω ) = +
w

jθ − jΩ − jθ
1 − ( re )e 1 − ( re )e − jΩ
!0 

jθ − jθ
e −e (q€&po)
w

A= , B=
j 2 Sin θ j 2 Sin θ
 - 
J n$ =#] 8  
w

n
r Sin[( n + 1)θ ]
[ ]
h[ n ] = A( re jθ ) n + B ( re − jθ ) n u[ n ] =
Sin θ
u[ n ] (q€opo)
.-@#6  " =#]
  H (Ω) !#+ @ θ = 0 )
1 (q€po)
H (Ω ) =
(1 − re − jΩ ) 2
 -  h[n] SP -E9 8  
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &q

h[n] = (n + 1)r nu[n + 1] = (n + 1)r n u[n] (q€vpo)


.@ θ = π )
1 (q€{po)
H (Ω ) =
(1 + re − jΩ ) 2
 - 
J n$
n
h[n] = (n + 1)(− r ) u[n + 1] = (n + 1)(− r ) u[n] n
(q€|po)

.ir
7 !'46 o{po ovpo ' 3@  W 
< %
J n$ F6 M "
6#.6 (:
.- 7@
9
 r
:  ,#@+ F( r ‚  h[n] F 6 ’6
 )+
6 3@ 8  "

m
 F#9 n$ !#6 \6} 7(( 8K θ 8(j. .#@+ . F 6 ’6 ,@ 3  6
θ = π )  ,#@+.6 74 h[n]  +6#6
6#Gj ,@ θ = 0 ) .@+ #P + A6

ja
.@ (#P M  !#6 ,@
teta=pi/4, r=0.75
1.2 teta=pi/4, r=0.5
1.2

1 er 1

0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
ow
0.4
0.2

0.2
0

-0.2 0

-0.4 -0.2
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20
n n
.p

teta=pi/8, r=-0.75
1.5 teta=pi/8, r=0.75
1.4

1.2
1

1
0.5
w

0.8

0 0.6

0.4
-0.5
w

0.2

-1
0

-1.5 -0.2
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20
w

n n
www.powerjam.ir

&q& !"
) e #  < :WA: 

teta=pi/4, r=-0.5 teta=pi/8, r=-0.5


1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4

-0.4
-0.6

.ir
-0.6 -0.8

-0.8 -1
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20
n n

teta=pi/2, r=0.9
teta=pi/8, r=0.9

m
2 1

0.8

1.5 0.6

0.4
1

ja
0.2

0.5 0

-0.2
0
-0.4

-0.5

-1
-10 0 10 20
n
30 40 50
er -0.6

-0.8

-1
-5 0 5 10 15
n
20 25 30 35 40

θ , r TC   z"


 W 
< %
J n$ "
6#.6 (: (ovpo) 3@
ow

'$ n'$ ,'@ θ ≠ 0, π ') ' 74 !#+ 6
$ n$ 1# 3@   θ r ‚ r
 - 
 1 − ( re ) jθ n +1
1 − (re ) − jθ n +1
 (q€€po)
s[ n] = u[ n] ∗ h[ n] =  A )+ B ) u[n]
 1 − re jθ 1 − re − jθ 
.p

.@ θ = 0 )
 1 r r  (po)
s[n ] =  2
− 2
rn + ( n + 1) r n  u[ n]
− − −
w

 ( r 1) ( r 1) r 1 
.@ θ = π )
 1 r r  (qpo)
w

s[ n] =  2
+ 2
(− r ) n + ( n + 1)(− r ) n u[ n]
 ( r + 1) ( r + 1) r + 1 

'
 !46 !#+ .- 7@  (o{po) 3@  θ , r TC   %
J n$ 3@
w

$Y' %
'$ n'$ #' '#P  =6#6 %
J n$ >] "„ θ   z"
'6 7'(( 8'K -'9  θ
' '(
';# -' NE; @+ + A6  F#9 !#6
 !0 % 
* !  7(( 8K r #@+ - # W 
<  i#
- +6 
.@+ #<? 6  +6  n$
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &qo

' (o|po) 3'@  θ , r TC  z"


 W 
< % +6  n$ "
6#.6 (:
.67@
teta=3pi/4, a=0.75 teta=pi/4, a=0.75
1.2 3

1
2.5

0.8
2

0.6

.ir
1.5
0.4

1
0.2

0 0.5

m
-0.2 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20
n n

teta=3pi/4, a=- 0.5 teta=3pi/4, a=0.5


2 1

ja
1.8 0.9

1.6 0.8

1.4 0.7

1.2 0.6

0.8

0.6

0.4
1
er
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.2 0.1
ow
0 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20
n n

teta=pi/2, a=0.25
1 teta=pi/4, a=0.25
1.5

0.9

0.8

0.7
.p

1
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.5
0.3
w

0.2

0.1

0 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15 20
w

n n

θ , r = a TC   z"


 W 
< 
$ n$ o{po 3@
w
www.powerjam.ir

!"
) e #  < :WA: 

20 log10 H (Ω)

.ir
∠H (Ω )

m

ja
20 log10 H (Ω)

er
ow

∠H (Ω )
.p


w

θ , r TC   z"


 W 
<  +6  n$  :(o|po) 3@
.@  " =#]
 W 
<  +J>
EK )
-  ƒ
 W"Y w 8  ! $ 
w

y[n] − (d1 + d 2 ) y[n − 1] + d1d 2 y[n − 2] = x[n] (po)


 ^'`]9
'  W 
<  !#+ =#] !0  ( +9 ? d1, d2 !0 

.-  " =#]


 23> 9 .#.6 23> F 
< 
1 A B (&po)
H (Ω ) = = +
(1 − d 1 e − jΩ )(1 − d 2 e − jΩ ) 1 − d 1 e − jΩ 1 − d 2 e − jΩ
!0 

www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &qv

d1 d2 (opo)
A= , B=
d1 − d 2 d 2 − d1
.# (#P  " =#]

$ n$
J n$ =#] 8  
n n
h[n] = [ Ad + Bd ]u[n]
1 2 (po)
  1 − d 1n +1   1 − d 2n +1 
s[n] =  A  + B  (vpo)
  1 − d u[n]
  1 − d 1   2  

.ir
 +.' 8'(: .#' #P +E 6 +9 + .6 M  @
J n$ -E9 8   (+
#P +6#6 n$ (@ +>( d1,d2 ) . 0 - F 
<   % N  " !#+
.#

m
.('6
' #  '<
+ )  # 7 #QK  $ %
  #P
;# !#( 
a > 1 z"
' #'@+ ‰C4 (q|&po) +J>
EK i#
+E 
<  + -E9 

ja
(po) +'J>
'EK ' (q|€po) +'J>
'EK i'#
W  e<  -  $6
' +'K w'< " 1'P (@+  $6 ( d 2  d1 ) ≥ 1, r ≥ 1 z"
 “O( 6#@+ ‰C4
er .6)+ *

Wc2T
ow
#'
')
' # %' ' !"
) % 
E<6 -.

;#   8  
" 7>'   .-) * w # (DTFT) !"
)
#  < \a
) * w
-P'   .-') * w # >
 DTFT S#P 8@#E#6
<  DFT N J
!#'(?
' W  F  N' %'' + + %V# 2.
 Y N %
.p

.() * w # ! $  Y N % 76" +] %V#
. #(   "
E<6 !"
)
# % :(po) FX
w

f [n] = Cos (0.1πn)


=#']
' !0 ^ '( 7  - ^ ( f [n] ,@+ Ω = 1
3(  E -E9 8   :9
2π 20
w

.#@+
<  "
2π 2π
N 0 = m( ) = m( ) = 20 m
Ω 0.1π
w

,#'@+ ]9 m = 1 z"


  .6  < I] ? 2
  20m
m I] ? 8 3:#
.-  " =#]

# % @+ N0 = 20
E<6 8  ^ ( 7  8 (
www.powerjam.ir

&q{ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

19
f [n] = ∑ ak e j 0.1πk
k =0

1 19 1 19
ak = ∑
20 n=0
f [n] e − j 0.1π kn = ∑ Cos (0.1π n) e− j 0.1π kn
20 n=0
1 19
= ∑ (e j 0.1π n + e − j 0.1π n )e − j 0.1π kn
40 n=0
1  19 j 0.1π n (1− k ) 19 − j 0.1π n (1+ k ) 

.ir
= ∑e
40  n=0
+∑ e
n =0


z"
' 5#'.  8'  8(j. . k = 1 ;
 - >] k   M.; z"
 5#. 8E  H  6

m
.  =#] 8   , k = 19 ;
 - >] k   M.;
1
a1 = a19 =
2

ja
1 j 0.1π n
f [n] = (e + e j 1 .9 π n )
2
1
= (e j 0.1π n + e − j 0.1π n ) er
2
.  f [n] = Sin 0.1π n +6"
)
# % :(vpo) FX
.+  "
6
 +<* FX 9
4 :9
ow
1 j 0.1π n
f [ n] =
j2
e [ − e − j 0.1π n ]
.   "  7@ 
E<6 +6"
)
# % :({po) FX
.p

”•pt FX
 s# F(G (o€po) 3@
w

=#']
'
' # %
6  2π π \$ - & % 
E<6 8  ^ ( 7  :9
Ω0 = =
32 16
.-  "
w

π π
jk n 1 − jk n
f [n] = ∑a e
k =< 32 >
k
16
, ak = ∑
32 n =<32 >
f [ n ] e 16
w

=#] 8   ,) ^C6 −16 ≤ n ≤ 15 W  5#.   ( + m +) %


15 π
1 − jk n
ak =
32

n = − 16
f [n] e 16

.  − 4 ≤ n ≤ 4 z"


 f [n] i # R
]  !#:
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &q|

π
1 4 − jk 16 n
ak = ∑e
32 n = −4
8 (
 −j
5π k

j
4π k
1 e −e
16

16
ak =
32  −j
πk 
 e 16 − 1 

.ir
−j
0.5π k
 − j 4.5π k j
4.5π k

e 16 e 16 − e 16 
=
1  
5π k
32 − j 0.16  − j 0.516π k j
0.5π k

e e − e 16 

m
 
4.5π k
Sin( )
1 16
=

ja
32 Sin( 0.5π k )
16
1 Sin(4.5kΩ 0 ) π
= , Ω0 = er
32 Sin(0.5kΩ 0 ) 16
=#]
 + 
E<6
 !46 :(|po) FX
ϕk [n] = δ[n − k] , k = 0,±1,±2,...,±N
ow
.(@+ (F6#)
3 K [− N , N ]
] 
.( _   " i @ - + :9
N1
1 k =m
∑ϕ k [n] ϕ k∗ [n] = 
k≠m
n = − N1 0
.p

.  b#
Q  ϕm[n],ϕk [n] ! * 
N1

∑ δ [n − k ]δ [n − m]
n = − N1
w

.'@ k = m
3(  G ,- >] %  k, m   M.; z"
 5#.  8 
(< + +E
.  =#] !0 
w

N1

∑ (δ [n − k ])
n = − N1
2
=1

.#@+  =<r


w

.   "
E<6
#  < :(€po) FX
x[n] = a nu[−(n +1)]
:9
www.powerjam.ir

&q€ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

+∞
X (Ω ) = ∑ a u[−(n + 1)]e
n = −∞
n − jΩn

−1 ∞ ∞
1 1
=
n = −∞
∑ (ae
) = ∑ ( e j Ω ) n = −1 + ∑ ( e j Ω ) n
n =1 a
− jΩ n

n =0 a

1 1 1 a > 1s@

= −1 + = =
1 jΩ ae − jΩ − 1 ( aCosΩ − 1) − jaSinΩ
1− e
a

.ir
8 (
1
X (Ω ) =
2
1 + a − 2aCosΩ

m
 aSinΩ 
∠X (Ω) = tg −1  
 aCosΩ − 1
.  X (Ω) +K \E$ TZ
# ˆ#3K  < :(op&) FX

ja

X (Ω) = rect ( )
2Ω c
er !0 

x 1 −a< x<a
rect ( )=
2a 0 x >a
ow
. 
# ˆ#3K  <
Q _<Z :9
1 π
2π ∫−π
x[n] = X (Ω)e jΩn dΩ

1 Ωc jΩn
2π ∫−Ωc
= e dΩ
.p

1 Ωc Sin(Ω c n) Ω c Ωn
= e jΩn = = Sinc( c )
j 2πn − Ωc πn π π
.  x2 [n] = δ [n − n0 ], x1[n] = δ [n] %
E<6
#  < :(&qpo) FX
w

:9
+∞ +∞

∑ x [n] e − jΩ n
∑ δ [n] e − jΩ n
w

X 1 (Ω ) = 1 =
n = −∞ n = −∞
+∞
= ∑ δ [n] e − jΩ n × 0
=1
w

n = −∞

.  6 W 
E<6 %
+∞ +∞
X 2 (Ω) = ∑ δ [n − n ] e
n = −∞
0
− jΩ n
= e − jΩn0 ∑ δ [n − n ] = e
n = −∞
0
− jΩ n0
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &


jk n
k = 0,1,..., N − 1 z"
' φ k (n ) = e =#]
 +E(G e?#. 
 !46 :(&po) FX
N

.( K N F#Z


 %
] 
.( -r  %  ( ^9   " 5#.  - :9
0 k≠m
∑ φ [n]φ k

m [n] = 
k=m
A
.- +#CE ? A

.ir
' %'G 
']  +E  )+ x6  N − 1  0 " 7#CE #Z
 
])   %RG ; 
.(+  ^#; 8. 6 F#Z 8.

m
N −1 2π 2π N −1 2π
jk n − jm n j ( k −m ) n
∑e
n= 0
N
e N
= ∑e
n =0
N

z"
' -' >'] % ' k ≠ m z"
 b# =#]
 +?#. 
- 7@ -r ˆ 8 

ja
\$ .- N %  k = m
0 k≠m
∑φ

k [ n ]φ m [n ] = 
N k=m er M
F(G'
'?#.  2' ϕi [n] !0 
' ,'@ x[n] = ∑ aiϕ i [n] ')  !46: (&&po) FX
i =1

=#] !0  ,( (N1 , N 2 )


]  K
ow
N2 M

∑ x[n] = ∑ ai Ai
2 2

n = N1 i =1

.@ 6# ‡ 6 \ 6 M


<E
} - -r ? Ai !0 
}
:9
.p

N2 N2 N2
M M 
∑ x[n] ∑ x[n]x [n] = ∑ ∑ a ϕ [n]∑ a ϕ
2 ∗ * *
= i i j j [n ]
n = N1 n = N1 n = N1  i =1 j =1 
w

M M N2
= ∑∑ a i a *j ∑ ϕ i [n ]ϕ *j [n ]
i =1 j =1 n = N1

 ' z"
' 'K F(G'
'?#.  2' 34 ϕi [n] )
@ -r (&po) FX  
w

N2
z"
' i' ∑ ϕ [n]ϕ
n = N1
i
*
j [n ] 5#'.  =#'] !0  '  ‰C'4
]  i , j " +C4
w

8 ( ,@+ Ai %  >]„ i = j  


N2 M

∑ x[n] = ∑ ai Ai
2 2

n = N1 i =1

.#@+ -r
`*
www.powerjam.ir

!"
) e #  < :WA: 

.-  " =#]


 !"
) LTI  2
J n$ :(&opo) FX
1 n
h[ n ] = ( )
2
.@  " =#]
 !0 %  )    +; P
# %
+∞
x[n] = ∑ δ [ n − 4m]
m = −∞

x[n]
' # %' N 'J
' 1'9 ' 8  % ,( + $  % 
#  <  :9

.ir
. 
2π ∞ 2π
1 3 − jk n 1 3 − jk n 1
ak = ∑e 4
∑ δ [n − 4m ] = ∑e 4
δ [n] =

m
4 n=0 m = −∞ 4 n=0 4
.-@#6 =#] 8   X (Ω) !#+ 8 (
+∞

X (Ω ) = 2π ∑ a δ (Ω − )

ja
k
k = −∞ 2
. 7 ^9 ˆ 8  [
H <*  % 
#  < 
1− 1 3
er
X (Ω ) = 4 =
1 5 − 4CosΩ
1 − CosΩ +
4
=#']
 
J n$
#  <  % 
#  < ^`]9 " +; P
#  <
ow
. 0+ -  "
+∞
3 kπ
Y (Ω ) = H (Ω ) X (Ω ) = × 2π ∑ ak δ (Ω − )
5 − 4CosΩ k = −∞ 2
+∞
3ak kπ
= 2π ∑ δ (Ω − )
.p

kπ 2
k = −∞
5 − 4Cos
2
.( 0+ -  "
Q " +; P
# % N J 8 (
w

3
bk = 4

5 − 4Cos
w

2
. IJ# DFT " 7> 2.
   "
E<6  +E#.K 8@#E#6 9 :(&po) FX
w

0 0

(&po) FX
 s# (po) 3@
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &

R'E ,@+ N2 = 3, N1 = 4 !#: .( + ^9  x2[n] x1[n] %


Q6 f@ DFT  :9
. ) ‡ x6  N = N1 + N 2 − 1 = 6   8@#E#6} ]9  ^ ( 7 
3 2π
~ 1 − jk ( )n
X 1 (k ) =
N
∑ x[n]e
n=0
N

1 
3 2π π
1 − jk ( )n − jk
= ∑
6 n=0
x1[n]e 6
= 1 − e
6
3
+ 2e − jkπ 

.ir
. k = 0.1.2,3,4,5 !0 

.+ W 6 6 x2 [n] %   8.


1 
π 2π

m
~ − jk − jk
X 2 (k ) = 2 − e 3 + e 3  , k = 0,1,2,3,4,5
6 
.@+ DFT  ^`]9
< %K
9

ja
5 π
~ ~ ~ 1 − jk n
Y (k ) = 6 X 1 (k ) X 2 (k ) = ∑ y[n]e 3
6 n =0
6 
π 2π π 2 kπ
− jk − jk − jk −j
er
= 2 − e
3
+e 3
− 2e 3
+e 3
− e − jkπ + 4e − jkπ
36 
− j4

− j5


− 2e 3
+ 2e 3

ow

6  
π 2 kπ 4 kπ 5 kπ
− jk −j −j −j
= 2 − 3e 3 + 2e 3
+ 3e − jkπ − 2e 3
+ 2e 3

36  
x2 [n] x1[n] +E#'.K 8'@#E#6 ]9 !#+ IDFT  DFT ˆ#3K
Q

;#  8 (
.p

. 0 - 
5 2π
~ jk n
y[n] = ∑ Y (k )e N
n = 0,1,2,3,4,5
k =0
w

y[0] = 2 , y[1] = −3 , y[2] = 2 , y[3] = 3 , y[4] = −2 , y[5] = 2


.@+
< * +)
 6 +E#.K 8@#E#6   " b#  
<E

' #  '< .'@ x[n] +'9„


'E<6 2'
' #  '< X (Ω) ( m :(op&v) FX
w

. X (Ω)
#  < N9   " %
E<6
ℜe{x[n]} (TE
w

x∗[−n] (^
ευ{x[ n]} (1
(TE :9
1
y[n] = ℜe{x[n]} = {x[n] + x * [n ]}
2
www.powerjam.ir

&& !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.  b#
Q 8Z "
#  < 8) 
1
{
Y (Ω) = F {x[ n]} + F {x *[ n]}
2
}
.-  " =#]
 x[n]
#  < .  x* [n]
#  < - W"Y i !#( 
+∞
X (Ω ) = ∑ x[n]e
n = −∞
− jΩn

. 
6 

.ir
+∞
X * (Ω ) = ∑ x [n]e
n = −∞
* jΩn

#@+  <  " =#]


 b#
Q − Ω
 Ω  <  7PY

m
+∞
X * ( −Ω ) = ∑ x [n]e
n = −∞
* − jΩn

ja
8 ( X * ( −Ω )  - % 
# x*[n]  < \$
1
Y (Ω ) =
2
{X (Ω) + X * (−Ω)}

+∞
er
.  − n
 n  <
#  <
Q

;#  +)
 (^
X (Ω ) = ∑ x[−n]e
n = −∞
jΩn
ow
.-@ #P
6 
+∞
X * (Ω ) = ∑ x [−n]e
n = −∞
* − jΩn

.@+ X * (Ω) %  x*[−n]


#  < 8 (
.p

1 (1
y[n ] = ευ {x[ n]} = {x[ n] + x[− n]}
2

'Q
'
;#  .-  x[−n]
#  < - + ευ{x[n]}
#  < ! 0 - %
w

.-  x[−n]
#  < +)
 !#+
#  <
+∞
X (−Ω ) = ∑ x[ − n ]e − jΩ n
w

n = −∞

 -  y[n]


#  < 8 (
1
Y (Ω) = {X (Ω) + X (−Ω)} = ευ {X (Ω)}
w

2
.(-' 7'@ ' 3'@ x[n] ) @ x[n]
E<6
#  < X ( Ω ) ( m :(op&{) FX
.-#Q X ( Ω ) 
< ! 
π π
∫ π X (Ω ) dΩ ( X (π ) ( ∫ π X ( Ω ) dΩ (1 ∠X (Ω) (^ X (0) (TE
2
− −
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &o

-4 0 8

(qpo) 3@
 
#  <
Q

;#  (TE

.ir
+∞ +∞
X (Ω ) = ∑ x[n]e
n = −∞
− j Ωn
→ X ( 0) = ∑ x[n] = 6
n = −∞

 '< 8 '( ,@+ 1 " +9


E<6 2 x[ n + 2]
E<6 (+ x[n] 3@

;#  (^

m
-  x[n]
E<6
6  (@+ +9) - >] " % y[ n] = x[n + 2]
E<6
#


ja
x[n] = y[n − 2]
.)+ !  " =#]
 y[n]
#  < N9 x[n]
#  < s<
er
e− j2Ω "'' % X (Ω) 8 ''( ,-'' >''] "'' % Y (Ω ) !#'': X (Ω) = Y (Ω)e− j 2Ω
.@+
. 
# ˆ#3K  <
Q

;#  (1
ow
1 π
∫ π X (Ω)e
jΩ n
x[ n] = dΩ
2π −
π
2πx[0] = ∫ X (Ω )dΩ = 4π 8 (
−π

(
.p

+∞ +∞
X (π ) = ∑ x[n]e
n = −∞
− jπn
= ∑ (−1)
n = −∞
n
x[ n]

= ( −1) −3 ( −1) + (−1) −1 (1) + ( −1) 0 ( 2) + ( −1)1 (1) + ( −1) 3 (1)


w

+ ( −1) 4 ( 2) + ( −1) 5 (1) + ( −1) 7 ( −1)


= 1−1 + 2 −1−1 + 2 −1+1 = 2
F#$
Q _<Z (
w

π +∞

∫π ∑ x[n]
2 2
X (Ω ) dΩ = 2π

n = −∞
w

= 2π [1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 1] = 28π
,' G 'x6   ')+ !  " +J>
EK
#
+? LTI  2 :(&|po) FX
.
J n$ -#Q
3 1
y[ n ] − y[ n − 1] + y[ n − 2] = x[ n]
8 32
www.powerjam.ir

& !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.  b# +J>


EK 8Z
#  < " 7>  :9
3 1
Y ( Ω ) − Y ( Ω ) e − j Ω + Y ( Ω )e − j 2 Ω = X ( Ω )
8 32
Y (Ω ) 1 1
= =
X (Ω) 1 − e − jΩ + e − j 2 Ω (1 − e − jΩ )(1 − 1 e − jΩ )
3 1 1
8 32 4 8
2 −1  1 n 1 n
= + ‫ و‬h [n] = 2( ) − ( ) u[n]

.ir
1 1  4 8 
1 − e − jΩ 1 − e − jΩ
4 8
. " + %V# 2.
  (&|po)FX  :(&€po) FX

m
.-@ #P po k@ =#]
   ‡)
 ‡J>
EK

;#  :9

ja
er
(u–pt) FX
 s# :(‘”pt) k@
‡J>
EK   ˆ#kK opo FX
ow
1 1
y[ n] + y[ n − 1] + y[n − 2] = x[n − 1] + x[ n − 2]
4 2
. 
8') ' .'( ˆ#'3K  !0 'K  "'  ' M 
- 8  9   2 :9
.p

.  b#
EK "
#  <
1 1
Y (Ω) + Y (Ω)e − jΩ + Y (Ω) e − j 2 Ω = X (Ω) e − jΩ + X (Ω) e − j 2 Ω
4 2
w

8 (
1
e − jΩ + e − j 2 Ω
w

H (Ω ) = 2
1
1 + e + e − j 2Ω
− jΩ

4
w

.-  " =#]



3<@ M % ˆ#3K 
6 
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &v

1
1 + e − jΩ + e − j 2Ω
1 4
H i (Ω ) = =
H (Ω) − jΩ 1 − j 2Ω
e + e
2
1 − jΩ 2 1 − jΩ
(1 + e ) 1+ e
2 2 1
= = − jΩ
= e jΩ +
− jΩ 1 − jΩ e 2
e (1 + e )
2

.ir
.@+.6 +c?  8  (+

6#G6. hi [ n] = δ [ n + 1] + 1 δ [ n] !" 7"#9 
2
.  "  %  H (Ω) TZ :(oqpo) FX

m
Y (Ω)
H (Ω) =
X (Ω)

ja
er
ow
H 0 (Ω )

H 0 (Ω)  F6 M &po k@


.p

=#''] !0  ,
'') ''x6  x[n] = δ [n]  %  -'' H (Ω) T''Z '' %'' :''9
H <* (−1)n
#  <
-  ƒ
 W"Y
<E . 0+ - y[n] = δ [n]
.- 70 - [
w

1 jπn
( −1) n = Cos πn =
2
[
e − e − jπn ]
1 +∞ +∞

w

( −1) n ↔  2π ∑
2  k = −∞
δ ( Ω − π − 2 k π ) + 2π ∑
k = −∞
δ (Ω + π − 2kπ ) 

\$ ,( +3 +6r Z
.;  
<E

+∞
(−1) n ↔ 2π ∑ δ (Ω − π − 2kπ )
k = −∞

.  !#Y  -]P _<Z 8 (


+∞
1
H (Ω ) = H 0 (Ω ) +
2π ∫ 2π ∑ δ (λ − π − 2kπ ) H
2π k = −∞
0 ( Ω − λ ) dλ = H 0 ( Ω ) + H 0 ( Ω − π ) = 1
www.powerjam.ir

&{ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.- R) W.  2  8  +(K


. Ω 0 = π 5 !!  5 !" 0h52:(P) Gd
2

.ir
.U 5 ^ x[n] Z!j !,4 k5

m
ja
.V" 5 ^ c[n] = (− 1)n &'( Z!j :F
er

[ ]
F (− 1) = C (Ω ) =
n
∑ 2πδ (Ω − (2k + 1)π )
k =−∞
ow
.p

&'(
U "  4 U0 , (
!"] &'( ? V!F ( g [n] &'( 95,
G (Ω ) Z!j 95, .V" U WF (− 1)  c[n]  F &'( # 5 x[n] ,,4 &
n

.l0 V"5 ^


w
w
w

Zn!j DnQ .(U0 WF m9!Q 57! ? 6" g [n]


(54 57!  V!F ( z[n]
.V" 5 ^ z [n]
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &|

.ir
z [n] n,,4 n& &'(
U "  0U' 4 U0 , ( U & &'( ? y[n ]
Zn!j ( π  n' n G' ?  y[n] Z!j 95, .U0 c[n] = (− 1)n  F #

m
.l0 V" z[n]

ja
er
o X
ow
.   " %F(G +6"
)
# % qpo
x[n] = 2Cos(3.2π (n − 3))
x[ n] = 2Cos ( 2.2πn)
.p
w
w

—pt FX
 s# ‘tptk@
w

.   " %


E<6 !"
)
#  < po
(TE
www.powerjam.ir

&€ !"
) e #  < :WA: 

”pt FX
 s# ‘‘ptk@
.@+ TE -.*  # R
E<6 !. x[n] !0 
y[n] = x[n − 3] (^
(1

.ir
m
”pt FX
 s# ‘˜ptk@
(- +c? 
} (} m)    " +6  n$ ˆ#3K  < &po
e jΩ + 0.32

ja
H ( Ω) =
e + e jΩ + 0.16
j 2Ω

‡J>
EK   ˆ#kK n$ opo
y[ n] + y[ n − 1] +
1
4
1
er
y[n − 2] = x[n − 1] + x[ n − 2]
2
.  " % 
 
ow
x[n] = (0.5)n u[n]
)  x[n] % 
  H (Ω)  n$ po
jΩ
e − 0/5
H (Ω ) = ‫و‬ x[ n] = 3 −( n +1) u[n ]
(e jΩ + 0 / 5)(e jΩ − 1)
.'@
'6r ‡' ‹' ^ '( 7   ^ ( 7  !"
#$ F(G 2 xc (t) ( m vpo
.p

.@+  " =#]


 # R F(G
# %
9 2πkt
j( )
x c (t ) = ∑ ak e 10 − 3
w

k = −9

!'"
')
' # %' N J -#Q .( >] %  k > 9 z"

# % N J
.- 7@ ]9 xc (t) " %
6#.6 
x[n] F(G
w

n
x[n] = xc ( × 10 −3 )
6
w

k
. x[n] =   u[n] − 2(2)2 u[−(n + 1)] % 
  H (Ω) = e
8 jΩ
 n$ {po
 10  jΩ 1
e −
2
.   " %
E<6
#  < |po
x[n] = a nCos (Ω0 n) u[n] a <1 , x[n] = a n Sin (Ω0 n) u[n] a <1
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &&

.@  " =#]


 %  )    "  +; P €po
x[n] = δ [n] + 1

.ir
m
–pt FX
 s# ‘•ptk@

ja

' #  '< -'#Q .'6+' X ( Ω )  x[n] !'"


')
'E<6 2
#  < qpo
) X (Ω) N9 xc [n], xd [n] , xs [n] %
E<6
 n
x
xc [ n] =   2 
0
n, even
er
 n, odd
 x[n ] n, even
ow
xs [ n] = 
0 n.odd
xd [n] = x[2n]

LTI +.' ' 0 '( 8K 1 "  % . G x6   y[n] x[n] %
E<6 1 " qqpo
.p

') .('( !' 'E   #P n$) ™@ y[n] !0 +; P x[n] !0 % 


#@+ -
 (LTI '„ ' LTI) ' '(: ' ™-'
'6G  8   0 , #; +. 8(:
w

.(@ [ x[n], y[n]] !0 +; P %  1 "


- %
6#G !#+
1 1
x[ n] = ( ) n , y[ n] = ( ) n (TE
w

2 4
1 n 1 n
x[ n] = ( ) u[ n] , y[ n] = ( ) u[ n] (^
2 4
w

1 n
x[ n] = ( ) u[ n] , y[ n] = 4 n u[ − n] (1
2
jn jn

x[n] = e 8 , y[n] = 2e 8 (
πn πn πn (
x[ n] = Cos ( ) , y[ n] = Cos + 3Sin
3 3 3
www.powerjam.ir

&&q !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.   " %


E<6 " 2 
#  < qpo
1 n
n( ) (TE
2
1
( ) n [u[ n + 3] − u[ n − 2]] (^
2
+∞
1
∑ ( ) nδ [ n − 3k ] (1
k = −∞ 4

.ir
 8' +G'<. M' ,('@ Y (Ω ), X (Ω )
#  <  +9
E<6  x[n] y[n] , q&po
.#@+ T K  " =#]

E<6
+∞

∑ x[k + n] y[k ]

m
φ xy [n] =
k = −∞


' #  '< s'< -'#Q .#'.6 T' K  φxx[n],φyy [n],φyx[n] !#'+' N 8.

. Y (Ω), X (Ω) N9  φxx [n],φ yy [n],φxy [n],φ yx [n]

ja
.@  " % " 2 
 %  x[n ] = Sin ( πn ) − 2Cos ( πn )
E<6 ( m qopo
er 84 4
πn
Sin( )
h[n] = 6 (TE
πn
πn πn
ow
Sin( ) Sin( )
h[n] = 6 + 2 (^
πn πn
πn πn
Sin( ) Sin( )
h[n] = 6 3 (1
π 2n2
.p

.\6  !" 7"#9  b# % " 2  +; P -#Q


- 6)+ !  " +J> =YK
#
+  " 2  % 
J n$ qpo
.(- +c?  ( m)  " + %V# 2.
   \a 7 0
w

1 1
y[ n] + y[ n − 1] = x[ n] − x[ n − 1] (TE
2 4
w

5 1
y[ n] + y[n − 1] − y[n − 2] = x[ n] (^
4 8
5 1 1 1
y[ n ] + y[ n − 1] − y[ n − 2] = x[ n] − x[ n − 1] − x[ n − 2] (1
w

4 8 4 8
. " + %V# 2.
 7 0 -  (qpo) FX % ˆ#3K qvpo
) z[n] = x[n] p[n] TZ -#Q .@  " =#]
 x[n] TZ ( m q{po
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &&

—•pt FX
 s# ‘šptk@

.ir
p[ n] = Cosπn (TE
πn (^
p[ n ] = Sin

m
2
πn (1
p[ n] = Cos
2
+∞

ja
p[ n ] = ∑ δ [n − 2k ]
k = −∞
(
+∞

er p[ n] = ∑ δ [ n − 4k ]
k = −∞
('

.  H ( Ω ) = Y ( Ω )  "   q|po


X (Ω)
−n
h1[n] = e
ow
 π
1 Ω <
4
H 2 (Ω) = 
0 π π
 < Ω <
4 4
.p

1
H 3 (Ω) =
1 1
1 + e − jΩ . e − jΩ
2 3
w
w

—špt FX
 s# ‘–ptk@
w

.-  " =#]


 +QP F#A   2 %  q€po
1 1 1
x[ n] = ( ) n u[n] − ( ) n −1 u[ n − 1]
2 4 2
.@  "   b# % 
 n$   8  +; P )
1
y[ n] = ( ) n u[ n]
3
www.powerjam.ir

&&& !"
) e #  < :WA: 

.!0
J n$  +6  n$ -#Q
. " + %V# 2.
  (q€po) FX  7@ yQ  po
)+ !  " +J>
EK 2.
 LTI  2 qpo
1
y[ n] − y[ n − 1] = x[ n]
2
. +6  n$ -#Q (TE

.ir
. " %%  z"
  +; P -#Q (^
1 x[ n] = ( − 1 ) n u[ n] x[ n] = δ [n] + ( 1 ) n u[ n]
x[n] = ( ) n u[ n]
2 2 2

m
" 2' '( 8'K 8'(j. ,'  " %=#]
 +>Z  +.
J n$ po
.- +c?  " %
1 1 − jΩ
1 − e − jΩ 1+e

ja
H (Ω) = 4 H (Ω) = 2 H (Ω) = 1 + 2e− j 3Ω
1 − jΩ 1
1+ e 1 − e − jΩ
2 4

X (Ω) = 1 + 2e − jΩ
X (Ω ) =
er
) (   X (Ω) +6  n$ "
( &po

1 − jΩ
1
3
(1 − e )(1 + e − jΩ )
ow
4 4
1 + 2e − jΩ 1
X (Ω ) = X ( Ω) =
1 + 2e − j Ω 1 − jΩ 3
(1 + e )
2
. " + %V# 2.
   " =#]
 +6  n$  +. opo
.p

e − j 4Ω
H (Ω ) =
1 1
(1 + e − jΩ − e − j 2 Ω )
6 6
w

)+ !  " +J>


EK i# LTI +c?  2 po
2 1
y[ n ] − y [ n − 1] + y [ n − 2 ] = x[ n ] − n[ n − 1]
w

2 4
.
J n$ +6  n$ -#Q
. G x6    " +J>
EK  LTI +c?  2 vpo
w

y[n] − ay[n − 1] = bx[n] + x[n − 1]


.( b]  "
EK   +6  n$
%
6#G b 
< -#Q
H (Ω) = 1  Ω
. %
.   " 
J n$ {po
www.powerjam.ir

  
 
 &&o

.ir
”•pt FX
 s# ˜›ptk@
2' i'#  8  .- m > y[n] +; P x[n] %   +c? LTI  2 |po

m
.#@+ ‰C4  " =#]
 +J>
EK 1 "
 1 1 2
y[ n] + y[ n − 1] + w[ n] + w[n − 1] = x[ n]


ja
4 2 3

 y[ n] − y[ n − 1] + 2 w[n] − 2 w[ n − 1] = − 5 x[ n]
5
 4 3
er
.(@
Q
E<6 2 w[n]
E<6
EK )    8 
J n$

. W 6   " %


 #( %#a %
6 €po
ow

jk n
' ^9   ak ,F#A  N
EK N 34 x[ n] = ∑ ak e
k =< N >
N
EK %  " :TE

.(

' H'6r ( ^9  ak , x[n] 8@  6#YH  a k = 1
− jk n
∑ x[n]e N
EK %  " :^
.p

N k =< N >

.( 
<  x[n] , ak 8@
. " + %V# 2.
  -  " =#]

J n$ %
+. &po
w

−n
h[n] = 5 × (0.8)
. " + %V# 2.
  -  " =#]

J n$ %
+. &qpo
w

h[n] = e−2nu[n]
w
www.powerjam.ir





.ir
m




ja
er
ow
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

      





') ' 3!)4 5)'%' ! ("
'
'& ) %& ' ( )* + ,- . / 0#$     !"
'A& ( '& @' ."'3 7'8" + ,- ( 9:; %& ( < =  % >&)& !" ")6) / 0#$
'D 
,'8  E'> ( %& ' ( '< = F3
. !"
  >&)& @ .7 B
C 7
 !"&)&
7'  @' ."3 ( (  >&)& ! ( ! + ,- 5)%& -" ")8 ; E> ( > &)& < =
' 7' B
'8 I0  H"" G &   >&)& )  3 !)4 ! )* + ,- . 5)% 3

.ir
M("'* /L ' ( ! ' !" .
'C ")'6) %& ( D  )*  >+ ,- 5  % 0 J K!
') 5)'%' ! >M("* Q)& @ 5)R .7N 4O&  P  B" !  %& ( D + ,-

m
M("'* 5)',3 E'> ."" U '& L ' ! '  '> 70' ')T 3( B" S  %<   >E!)-
Q)'& %'! @'X 'W= @ !" ."D % /!)< M! @> V) )W  %)<  >+ ,-
5 ' ( ')*  >&)& 
K  $  ! Y;: %& ( )*  >+ ,- ( !"&)&  8!

ja
 '>+ ,-' ! ' 5 ' ( 'D M("'* Z' &  "" E>)'  W 5 ( D  K&" 
er ."" E>) !P I "!) ! 5 ( )*
( 


) #$ %

  
    ! "

U ' 9:; %& ( <)= !" [:  >+ ,- ( !"&)& 3 78" ! A&
 K& %3 7 !"
x3 (t)  x2 (t ) H x1(t) + ,-  + F 5),O .
>
  ! A& "!)  >+ ,- !" ")6) / 0#$
ow
%,O
& E>  kT / A !" >+ ,- @  >&)& U  .
- A& !" !
x1 (kT ) = x2 (kT ) = x3 (kT )
! 9:';  '>'&)& '
\
',&)% 3
&!" ")6 ]) \8 7 &% %3 7 !" @ ,
.p

&)'8 '8" .'"& E'> ' %= '3 B(


&  >&)&
8  "

&  + ,-D  .
&!C ")6)
"!) %X ! /!)W   @ 3 "!C
>) ")6)  ! + ,- . V = 9:; &)& 
\
70' ( H+ ,-' ( !"''&)& 70 D 3 7 ^X % !)4 .7=D
>) !P %!
w

.")'
',>) + ,- /_ B)& -&  %): <  >&)& H
8  ; % + ,- /_
7' U(L 5)',3 .")'8 %' 'SD ' C 7 =) !"&)& H!"&)& Q)& @  /!)< @ !"
w

"!)' ' C7' =) !"''&)& 7 6 ! + ,- /_ 70  !"&)& 70 5  4!
! 5C %D"  7 6  7 5 \ !"&)&  >M! Q)& "!) !" 4! @ .E>" !P %!
w

.E!C% 7
 X ! 4P .3  !"&)&  +CB
 !"&)& "!) !"
www.powerjam.ir

a !"&)& A& :E,* W=

.ir
.
,> kT / A!" %& \ " !" 3 %& ( )* + ,-  :(cb) \8

m
7 ' E'&"%' '3!)4& > %' .
'8 %' %X ! / K  %D" !" +CB
 !"&)& 7
'& 5C %'K  7 ' % H7' @\ 'd
',3
*  " ∞  B
8 Q8 − ∞ ( 3 X! 4P
.
8 % @\ d "
 & B!" ")6 


ja
($1 ./0) ,- 
 % ! + )* 

(
er
.
'8 'SD # Z K'P E'> 5C " 
8 % NO & !"&)& g  U &  fX ! 4P "!) %eO !"
' ( Ts ) !"''&)& h ', B!"
'  ' C7' =) !"&)& 7 6 3"" E>) 5 ;& 5),3
'\& @' 3j' ', !" .
'8  '8" %'<  '4! "
'
&  + ,- %& 3= Si @L 
ow
' C7' =)
'&)% "

&   >+ ,- "!) !" V = !"&)& 3 7 !X B" Ok)=
' C7' =) !)'4 5)'%&
,> "
 &
&  !" %& 3= l  ( 3 % >+ ,- ( 
8 
.
8 % ( /!)W X ! 4P .3  !"&)& E ."3 !"&)&
.p
w

"

&  + ,- . ( X ! 4P .3  !"&)& E :(mb) \8
.
8 % Ts h , B!"  X ! 4P . s(t ) 5C !" 3
w

+∞
s (t ) = ∑ δ (t − nT )
n = −∞
s
(cb)
w

% ' ' !)L


%0)& @K 7  !" (mb) \8 E "" E>) ^X) Z
O 3 &)D5 >
G '& (b) \'8 !" 5C  >&)&  x(t ) + ,- \8 ( &)& . .
8 % X ! 4P /!)W
.
&B
8 B""

1
Impulse Train
www.powerjam.ir

      


n

.ir
xs (t )

m
X ! 4P  , " 5)L
:(b) \8
.E!" /!)<@ !"

ja
+∞
x s (t ) = x (t ) ∑ δ (t − nTs ) (mb)
n = −∞

x s (t ) =
+∞

∑ x(nT )δ (t − nT )
s s
er (b)
 

n = −∞
ow
%'S$ J 'K! 5)'%' 7'=D !'P I' "!)' U) W= !" 3 5)L
7<   6)  
.78)& (ob) 4! /!)W ! >+ ,-
1 (ob)
X S (ω ) = [ X (ω ) × S (ω )]

.7 ( /!)<  X ! 4P . p& 3= B() !" & ") X ! 4P !)= 
K 3 E8" #
Z KP
.p



S (ω ) =
Ts
∑ δ (ω − kω )
k = −∞
s
(b)
w

.
! E>) (b)  (ob) !" (b) 5"" !P  .
8 % ωs = 2π 5C !" 3
Ts

1
X s (ω ) = ∑ X (ω − k ω s ) (b)
w

Ts K = −∞

ω s B(
'& ' % >+ & Q)  8 3 7 % , g  . X s (ω ) 3
)D%  4! @
w

" r(  (dbob)  (cbob) \8 !" q4 @ .


8  Y p& 3= B() !" 1 , "  X (ω ) (
Ts
.7 B
8 B"" G & ωs ( / S !

www.powerjam.ir

s !"&)& A& :E,* W=

.ir
m
ja
[$ (c !"&)& + ,- [$ (b %< + ,- [$ (a >+ ,- [$  !"&)& tu :(ob) \8
er
ω s < 2ω M  [$ 5 > (d ω s > 2ω M  B
8 !"&)& + ,-
%
' '&)Dv'> /!)<@ !" ω s > 2ω M  ω M < ωs − ωM D 3 7 
* (cbob) \8 (
'< = > !" X (ω ) 3 7 @
,&  H
C
>):& ")6) B
8 B"" + & %& 3=  >[$ @
ow
.")8 !\ p& 3= B() !" ω s h , B!" 
( xs (t )  '> '&)& !)'K0 ) xs (t ) (  3 !)4 ! x(t ) 5)% H
8  ωs > 2ωM D Z &
( \R)3  ωM ( D! = g4P p& 3=
  K .")& ( (  Ts B   !jD@ * = .
.(
,3 6) (b) \8 )
8  ωs − ωM
.p

x(t ) ( '(  5 \   [(dbob) \8] .")8% "  


 /!)<@ !"
8  ωs < 2ωM D 
.
,'& .'"& E'> ' %= 3 B(
&  >&)& 3 7 U) S @
 @ ."!
& ")6 >&)& ! (
w

.7 B
8 B"" G & (b) \8 !" xs (t ) ! ( x(t ) ( (  B)&
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

      


ow

.ir
m
ja
er
ow
!jD@ * = ) 5C  >&)& ! ( + ,- xP" ( (  : (b) \8
['$ !" ")'6) %'& 3= 'Si @L '  !"&)& 70 5  h)4 J K! 5),3 @ ,
.78)& ( /!)W 5)% !  C7 =) !"&)& 7 6 "

&  + ,-
ωs ≥ 2ωM (ab)
.p

 
2π (nb)
≥ 2ω M
Ts
w

N'O "
'
'&   '>+ ,- (  C7 =) !"&)& 7 6 f7z)\ & y&  (ab) 4!
p& '3= B()' !" '3 % '>+ ,- "!) !" 3 " 7  @  %* 5)% & 6 @>( .7
w

!" 5)'R H")'& r X! ! 7z)\ & J8  (ab)   & 5)%& D>
,> "
 &
&  !"
.
 &%  7 &% 7 ωM >+ ,- &)D@ "!)
w

1
Nyquist Rate
www.powerjam.ir

oc !"&)& A& :E,* W=

9
56 78 1
!
 3 4  

2
.")'& ( '(  '>&)& V)  3!)4 ! "

&  + ,- . 5)% !"&)& A& xK$
Y{ .7 k" < P" & %0 "!) !"  H
8 % +CB
 !"&)& ( Y< & @ RD
5C !" '3 7' %' "'D%' !P B" S"!) !"&)& 7 6 0 !" 3 %z > E (
+ ,-' ( &)& .
&)8% 8" -& 
O &)& 5 (  A >!" B
8 8"  >&)& !

.")8% B"" G & (b) \8 !" 5C  >&)& 

.ir
m
Z.O.H !
.3  !"&)& :(b) \8
B'  !" !)'K0
'&  !" 3 LPF !
. ) x0 (t ) ( x(t ) ( (  !"&)& Q)& @ !"

ja
!
' %'6 ' x0 (t ) '3
,3 6) 
 Q)X) 5
8 @8!  .7 j*5 \  7 _
."3
) & ( E ) 5)% ! ZOH
er
ow

.
& B
8 B"" G & nb \8 !" 7P >   ,- Z.O.H !"&)& 7 6 +" O E :(ab) \8
.p
w
w
w

.%O p *  @8))& 3 B>  X ! 4P  !"&)& /!)W ZOH xP" [<) : (nb) \8

1
Zero Order Hold(Z.O.H)
www.powerjam.ir

      


om

( (  !
B>  ZOH !
 + W :(sb) \8
!"''&)& M! ' 
' '3 7' /!)'< @
 ZOH M!  + ,-  >&)&
)  

.ir
h0 (t ) 'X |' * ' LTI E' . ( ! xs (t ) + ,-
O  E!C% ")6) ! xs (t ) +CB

Z K'P xs (t ) ! ( x(t ) + ,-' ( '(    .")
>) x0 (t ) 5 > %6 .E>"% !)K0
#

'  (sb) \'8 ' 6)  @ , ."" !)K0 +CB


 !jD@ * = . ( ! xs (t )
  3 ESD

m
' .""'D +CB
' !j'D@ * = . +" O H 0 (ω ) H r (ω ) he< 3
8  &)- H r (ω )
5)R -" /! K0

ja

jωT Sin(ωT )
H 0 (ω ) = e 2
(2 2 ) (sb)
ω
er 3 7 U(L
jω T

H r (ω ) =
e H (ω ) 2
(cwb)
 2 Sin (ω T ) 
ow
 2 
 ω 
 
, x(t ) 5 > H r (ω ) HE %6 H
8  LPF = . W:; H (ω ) D /!)<@ !"
.")
>) , " !" %3
& _ 
.p
w

ZOH  ( (  =  J) ( =  , " :(cwb) \8


w

;/   



:
"'D%' !P B" S' "!)' ')*   ,-' ( !"'&)& 7 6 %0 !)4 3 -" M!
w

.
8 % (X ! 4P  )f p * ! 4P .3  !"&)&
.7 ( /!)W  ,- G &  !"&)& !
/!)<@ !"

1
Pulse Train
www.powerjam.ir

o !"&)& A& :E,* W=

.ir
m
ja
.
,3%  X ! 4P 7 p (t ) H ∆ → 0 3 % -,> H p * ! 4P .3  !"&)& :(ccb) \8
.7 /!)< @  p(t ) !)= 
K

∑ a δ (ω − kω )
P(ω ) = 2π
k = −∞
k 0
er
. ω 0 = 2π 
,8 % p(t ) !)=  qX ak 5C !" 3
(ccb)

T0
ow
.
,C Y 7
 ( /!)<  ak qX
(cmb)
2π 2π ∆ π π π π
∆ 1 − j T0 kt 1 −j kt
1 − j k∆ − j k∆ j k∆ − j k∆
1 π
ak = ∫ e dt = − e T0 =− [e T0 ][e T0 − e T0 ] = e T0 Sin( k∆) , k ≠ 0
0 ∆T0 2k∆π j 2k∆π k∆π T0
j T0 0
T0
.p

.78" E>) k=0  


1 (cb)
ak =
T0
w

.E!" @ ,
∞ π
2 −j k∆
π 2 kπ
P(ω ) = ∑ k∆ e T0
k∆)δ (ω − (cob)
w

Sin( )
k = −∞ T0 T0
& !" 
w

∞ π
1 −j k∆
π 2 kπ
Y (ω ) = ∑ k∆π e
k = −∞
T0
Sin(
T0
k∆) X (ω −
T0
) (cb)

.
8  cmb{8 /!)W %S$ !" x(t ) E,3 }= D
www.powerjam.ir

      


oo

x(t ) + ,- [$ :(cmb) \8


.
8
>) cb{8 /!)W Y (ω ) [$ /!)<5C !"

.ir
m
0
B
8 !"&)& + ,- [$ :(cb) \8

ja
"!)' !" ' C7' =) !"''&)& 7 6 7z)\ & J8 E,% E> (  Y (ω ) [$  6) 
D @ , .7 k" < & p * ! 4P  !"&)&
2π er (cb)
≥ 2ωm
T0
."3 ( (  ! %< + ,- B! " 5)% !jD@ * = . .3  /!)<5C !"
1= = %

,   !   9< #, 
ow
'>'&)& ! ( %'K  !)'4 R  xP" !)4 R + ,- ( (   3 7 %8! Y  5!"
( '-" %'\ .
8 % ZOH !
( B" S Y  5!"  >M! @B" ( %\ .")8% B" ! \
' 7! V . ) &)& >  >P 5C !" 3
8 % ~ %4 ( (  M! ( (   8!
.")8% W 
O &)&
.p
w

%< + ,- @R V &)& J & @ %4 ( (  :(cob) \8


' 5)% /!)<5C!" H
8  E3 %= 3 B(
&  >&)& < =  "

&  + ,- D 3 ESD #
Z KP
w

( '(  '0 B)'& ."'3 ( (  ! + ,-  3 !)4 +CB


 !jD@ * = . ( >&)& !)K0
'  5 ' ( B()' !" ! "j'*%' /!)'< +CB
' !jD@ * = V) 3 >&)& ! ( + ,-
w

7'
 '( '4! ( LPF !
' %6 .
- A& !" !(cb)\8 E ."" ^X) 5)%
.
C%

1
Interpolation
2
Linear Interpolation
www.powerjam.ir

o !"&)& A& :E,* W=

xr (t ) = xs (t ) * h(t )

+CB
 ( ( !
:(cb) \8
3 E&"% 

∑ x(t )δ (t − nT )

.ir
xs (t ) = s
n= −∞

@ ,

∑ x(nT )h(t − nT ) (cnb)

m
xr (t ) = s s
n = −∞

'X |' * Ts B'   ωc g4P p& =  LPF =   .7 ( (  +) = . k)= " O
.7 ( /!)W

ja
ωc ωt (csb)
h(t ) = Ts Sinc( c )
π π

xr (t ) =

ωc
∑ x(nT )T
ω (t − nTs )
Sinc[ c
s s ]
er
.
C% 7
 (mwb) 4! (cnb) !" (csb) 4! !j- 6 
(mwb)
n=−∞ π π
B
'8 B"" G '& (cb) \'8 !" 7' ωc = ω s '3 %P k)= +) =  + ,- ( (  0
ow
2
.7
.p
w
w

Sinc g) .3  "



&  + ,- +CB
 ( (  :(cb) \8
! x(t ) "
'
'&  + ,-' > 3 7 @ &C ( %\ .
8 % %K 6 / \&  (mwb) 4!
w

'\&C ' J'; "" G '& ((mwb) +)' =) Sinc g') 7' &% ( 0) /!)W 5)%
.
8 % + ,- !" ")6) Y& 3= S) @; ωc 5C !" 3
8  ωs ≥ 2ωc
.
,3 7 t :(cb) + F

t − nTs
Cos (ωc t ) = ∑ Sinc[
n = −∞ Ts
] (mcb)
www.powerjam.ir

      


o

. Ts = π 5C !" 3
ωc
'< = 7' %= '3 Cosωc t "

&  + ,- ( !"&)& 7 6 (mwb) 4!  6)  :
( 4!  6)   7 k" < (mwb) 4! /!)<@ !" .
8  π    3 >&)&
ωc
Cos (ωc nTs ) = Cos (nπ ) = (−1) n
(mmb)
.7 7 t ")  ") (mcb) 4!

.ir
%'
8 %& / Kt  P %D"  %)O  >M! .3  (mcb) {8  4! 3 ")8 6)
.
!% / Kt  %D"   !"&)& A& .3  E
" 3 !)4& >

m
'
'8  "
'
'&  x(t ) 'D 5)'R
, &% "

&  ( (  LZ )O ! k)= M!  ( ( 
'd +CB
' !j'D@ '* '= 7  5)R  .")& ( (  ! x(t ) Z P" 5)% k)= M! .3
7'" (5"'3 ( '(  +" O /! K0  ) 5"3 = ( B"   >M!  LZ )O H7 @\

ja
!" 5C %'& 3= |' * '3 7' h0 (t ) 'X | *  ZOH !
( B" S &C ( %\ 3
&( %
( 3 !)4& > .7 +CB
 LPF =  q  . h0 (t ) @ , .7 B
8 E! (cwb)\8
er
q'  @'> "!) ( !  !" % 7& %) q  5
,R k)= q  7 
* (cwb)\8
.7 %= 3 &
'3 7' %'4 ( '(  "'D%' !P B" S "!) qd 3 -" M! ESD 3 &)-& > 
ow
( '(  E' "!)' %'eO !" .
,'& )* G ; % )* B
8 ( (  + ,- 5C!"
B
'8 B"" G '& (cab) \'8 !" k)'= M! .7 NO f+ K B
&!
-& E  %4
.7
.p
w
w
w

.7 B
8 +)& 3 %FF X | *  3 X ! 4P !"&)& /!)W (+ K !
-&) %4 ( (  :(cab) \8

1
First Order Hold (FOH)
www.powerjam.ir

oa !"&)& A& :E,* W=

."!C 7
 ! H (ω ) 
K g  5)% %D"  
2
 ωT 
 Sin ( ) (mb)
H (ω ) =  2 
 ωT 
 
 2 
E',%  EB"3 xK4, +CB
 !jD@ * = , " !  ! H (ω ) , " (cab) \8!" 3
.
8 % LPF =  H 0 (ω ) 7> K8 ( ; LPF =  5C (7> K8 3

.ir
9
?8 @ >
%',O H7' €!' %= '3 B(
&  !"&)& p& 3= 3 ") @  }= 8jD  >7P !"

m
/!)'< 5C !"
'8  ω s < 2ωm '3 % '-,> .
>"%& y! 
 B

* & !" H7 ω s > 2ωm
.
C% ")6  
 B

* p& 3= B() !" 5)R H7  xs (t ) + ,- ! ( ! x(t ) 5)%&
' '6) 5
' -" /! K0  .7 x(t )   !"&)& J & !" xr (t ) + ,- + >  

ja
.E!" ωs !

xr (nT ) = x(nT ) n = 0,±1,±2,... (mob)
er
@' !" .7' B
'8 E'! (cnb) \8!" X (ω ) .7 x(t ) = Cos (ω0t )
,3 }= + F 5),O
 X s (ω ) .7' B
'8 E'! /!)'< " ' 9:; 7 6 %S,  7KF  >p& 3= !" X \8
p& '3=  ω0 /'_ ' ! ")' '6)  E'D%' 'A& !" ! B
'8 !"&)& + ,- [$
ow
EB"3 E! ω0 [: "  ! X s (ω ) (cnb) \8 !" .E,3% N)4O ω s !"&)&
B
'8 B"" 5 ';& @R V /!)<  & +C B
 = | * {8 .(7 7 t ω s 3 EB"3 }=)
 '>\8)
C%& ")6  %
 &)Dv> 7 ω0 < ω s / 2 3 % !"  ")8 Y B
" .7
( .' >  .7 
* (e  d)  >\8 !" 
 B

* ω0 > ω s / 2 r(  % .(c  b Hcnb
.p

.7 @,R xr (t )  LPF = %6 7 ! R


ωs  (b
ω0 = x r (t ) = cos ω 0 t = x (t )
6
w

2ω s  (c (mb)
ω0 = xr (t ) = cos ω0t = x(t )
6
4ω s
w

ω0 =  x r (t ) = cos( ω s − ω 0 )t ≠ x (t ) (d
6
5ω s  (e
ω0 = x r (t ) = cos( ω s − ω 0 )t ≠ x ( t )
w

6
~
(( ' ) %! '0 p& '3= ' ! ")'  6 ω0 %OP p& 3= 
 B

* 5
C ")6  U -,>
.
>"% ωs − ω0

1
Aliasing
2
Virtual Frequency
www.powerjam.ir

      


on

.
' %' G> '3 ωs − ω0 %'6 p& '3= ω s ' 7K'& ω0 G=  ω s < ω 0 < ω s 
2
@' .")'
'>) 7 t  dc !
. B
8 ( (  + ,- /!)W&C !" .")8 ω s = ω0 3 % -,>
 >&)& U  ")8 U & \ >!" ! K\ !"&)& 3 % -,> 3 7 7OP @ @K 7
ω0 = 0 ' "!
'& %'_ v'> '3
!% A&   ")
,>) 5 \ , " !" B
8 8"
.
&B
8 E B
8 ( (  + ,-  B
8 8" &)& %< + ,- (cnb) \8!" .7

.ir
m
ja
er
ow

(b,c  %), + ,- [$ (a .p& 3= B() !" !"&)& p& 3= ( 3  ;  >p& 3= tu G & :(cnb) \8
.p

ωs < 2ωm  B
8 !"&)& + ,- [$ (e,d ω s > 2ωm  B
8 !"&)& + ,- [$
B
8 8"  >&)& @,‚> .
& B
8 E! &!* J)4 /!)W x(t ) + ,- (csb) \8 !"
5)'%' %)' ' '>\'8 @'( .
&B
8 E! @RV  >&)& ! ( B
8 ( (  + ,- 
w

' L '  '>p& '3= ƒ '\O& I'0  '3 


t ."3 B
> ; ! Y  5!"  ( (  %-&)-R
p& 3= 7 @ !" 5)R ."3 B
> ; (c,d)  > \8 !" 5)% & ! 7@ *  >p& 3=
w

B
'8 ( '(  + ,-' @ ',  ( ω s = 6 ω0 ) 7 3 ω0 p& 3=  "( ω s !" &)&
5
.7 ( p& 3= !"
w

6 1
ωs − ω0 = ω0 − ω0 = ω0 (mb)
5 5
www.powerjam.ir

os !"&)& A& :E,* W=

.ir
m
ja
er
ow
.p
w
w
w

=D  > &)&  ω0 p& =   %), + ,-(a !" &)& p& = [: " .%), + ,- ! 
tu :(csb ) \8
+ ,- (c 3ω 0 !" &)& ƒ =  Y< + ,- ( B
8 =D  > &)& ( B
8 ( (  + ,- (b 3ω 0 p& =  B
8
ωs = ωs =
4 4
 Y< + ,- ( B
8 =D  > &)& ( B
8 ( (  + ,- ( d 3ω 0 p& =  B
8 =D  > &)&  ω p& =   %),
ωs = 0
2
ω s = 3ω 0 !" &)& ƒ =  Y< + ,- ( B
8 =D  > &)& ( B
8 ( (  + ,- (e ω s = 3ω 0 !" &)& ƒ =
2
.
>"%& y! 
 (e !" 3 % !"
>"% y! 
 B

* (d  (b !"
www.powerjam.ir

      


w

p\O,' @ '*  '>p& '3=  L   >p& 3= 3 7 B


8 I0  >C !"&)& gP !"
."3 x  5)% (mwb) \8 B"  G (C  ! 7OP @ .
&)8

.ir
m
5 R ."  5(.;R „R :(mwb) \8
! 7 B
8 E 5C ! 3 "S, %0 O8 J)4 .7 M"D + !" 9:; 70  ."

ja
5),O ! f")8% M)   @8! h , !)4  [:  >70  3 ! %dR .
- A& !"

8  ." GR 70 ( ; % M#= p& 3= 3 % -,> .


,3 }= !"&)& E
M#= 70 3 % -,> .")8% B
" %0 O8 V GR ( ^< !)4 S< GR 70
er
70
!% A&  H")8 S< GR 70  " (  3 % 6  ")8 3 3
!" > !" ! K\ M#= 70 D .(p\0 7 6  K) 7 %KP !
( 3 S< GR
ow
."!
& %;R  7 7 t S< 3
!% A,
8  S<
;
4 1 0  

A
"

&   >+ ,- "!) !" 5 ( B()  W= @ %KP  >7P !" 3 !"&)& A&
%& D" Q)& . -" /! KO .7 [O  P 5 ( B() 5 D" /!)W p& 3= B() !" H
8 …4
.p

!"''&)& 7 6 3 E
" # Z KP .""D% B
> ; !"&)& A& !" p& 3=  5 ( B() @
E'!" ! 'A& @ ', .
'8  "
'
'&  !" p& '3= B()' !" + ,-' 7 U(L  C7 =)
H
,'> "
' B!" !" 5 ' ( B() !" 3 % >+ ,-  V = p& 3= B() !" !"&)&
w

U' p& '3= B()' !"  C7 =) !"&)&  7 @> &   7  .
8   C7 =)
.
8 % 5 ( B() !" + ,- 5") "
 B!"
w

"
' & p& '3= B() !" 3 "
 5 ( + ,- . ( %& 3= !"&)& M! 7P @ !"
@' ( 5)%& !"&)& A& ƒ   3
8  8" 6) .E>"% !P %! "!) ! 7
w

''WS %'!  7 7 &% &C


&   , * 5)R "3 !"&)& 5 ( B() !" >+ ,-
")'8 '6) .
'- A& !" (mcb) \8 /!)W ! p& 3= B() !" !" &)& E Q)X) @

1
Flasher
www.powerjam.ir

c !"&)& A& :E,* W=

%& ' ( B()' +" 'O 3


8 % p& 3= B() !" B
,,3hX . 7  !" B
,,3hX E 3
.
8 % @8))& 3 5C
.E!" , !"
X (ω ) = X (ω ) P (ω ) (mab)
.E!" 5 ( B() !"
(mnb)

.ir
x (t ) = x (t ) * p (t )
5C !" 3

m
+∞
1 2π
p (t ) =
ω0
∑ δ (t − ω
k = −∞
k) (wb)
0

@ ,

ja
+∞
1 2π k
x (t ) =
ω0

k = −∞
x (t −
ω0
) (cb)
er .7 (nb) " O 5 D" (cb) " O
ow
.p
w
w

X (ω )
w

 J)  > [$ (b %< E (a p& 3= B() !" X ! 4P .3  !"&)& :(mcb) \8
X (ω )  P(ω )  X (ω )
www.powerjam.ir

      


m

%,O
8  "
 5 ( x(t ) D
x (t ) = 0 , t > Tm (mb)
h :&  7 B
8 B"" G &(mmb) \8 !" 3 &)D5 > /!)<@ !"
2π (b)
> 2T m
ω0
2π B(
'& ' 5C  '>'=  + ' & 
T0 = x (t )  8 7 B
8 B"" (cb)  O !" 3 x (t )

.ir
ω0
gK4 '  x(t ) %'< + ,-' 7 @ !" .
&!
& E>  %
 &)Dv> 5 ( B() !" 3
8 %
"'3 
'6 x (t ) + ,-' ( f%& ( !jD@ * B,* 0 U &  5)% ! X (ω ) 5C !)= 
K

m
%,O
x (t ) = x (t ) w(t ) (ob)
5C!" 3

ja
 π
ω0 t ≤ ω
 0 (b)
w(t ) =  er
0 t > π
 ω0
.
&B
8 B"" G & (mmb) \8 !" k)=    >+ ,-
ow
.p
w
w

p& 3= B() !"&)&  J) H%& ( B() ]) \8 :(mmb)\8


+ &  x(t ) 5)R "3
6 x (t ) ( ! x(t ) 5)%& /!)<5C !"
8 K& k" < (b)   & D
w

B"" …'8 # Z K'P '3 7 p& 3= B() 


 5 D" 
 Q)& @
,3% 
* 
 G >= 
.
8

1
low-time windowing
www.powerjam.ir

 !"&)& A& :E,* W=

+ ,-' ! %& ( !jD@ * B,* "\0 7SD 5)% ESD ( (  "!) !" ‚&C   !"
.E!" (ob)  O (
>"% U & p& 3= B() !" ! X (ω )  >&)& ! ( (  ! 3 x (t )
1
X (ω ) = [X (ω ) *W (ω )] (b)

5C !" 3
+∞
X (ω ) = ∑ X (kω )δ (ω − kω )
0 0
(ab)

.ir
k = −∞

%,O .7 w(t ) !)= 


K W (ω ) 
ω (nb)
W (ω ) = 2π Sinc ( )

m
ω0
.E!" (ab)  (b) /L" O q3 
+∞
ω − kω0
X (ω ) = ∑ X (kω )Sinc( ) (sb)

ja
0
k = −∞ ω0
.7 (mwb) 5 D" & " O @ 3
9

   % ! ,  
 CCD E B
er
')* + ,-' 
 7   %& ( D B() !" M("* %D"  
 >"! 3 ( !  !"
! U(L  '>M("'* / '0 U '
O  ")& 
K %& ( D +" O + ,- .  ! %& (
ow
! / '0 @' .7' j'*5 '\  !"'&)& V) ! 3 @ ."" U & %& ( D + ,- !
."3 <# ( †)  !" 5)%
.p

%& ( )*  >+ ,- ! %& ( D M("* :(mb) \8
w

7' @' (C/D)+ †) !" ! 3 ƒ  .7 U(L %& ( )* B()  7;D(  7 6 U) †)
.
8  !P xc (t ) + ,-  x[n]  >&)& 5  (owb) 4!
  3
w

x[ n] = xc ( nTs ) (owb)

'',= .'' '') ! G ''>''&)&  xc (t ) 5 '' ''4! 7'' '' 8 q''4 ''  †!" 7'' 6
(mob) \'8 ') '4! @ ."" G &  K&"  X +
K !
. 5C + K&
  !"&)&
w

.7 B
8 B"" G &

1
Discrete Time Processing of Continuoses-Time Signal
www.powerjam.ir

      


o

.ir
m
ja
er
E %3 G & (a D %& (  K&"  X +
K E  + W !" X ! 4P  !"&)& :(mob) \8
  K&" /!)W %6 (c .
>"% G & ! xc (t ) @RV M)* !"&)& 70"  xs (t ) (b
.!"&)& [: 70"
ow
.78)& 5)% p& 3= B() !"
+∞
1
X s (ω ) =
Ts
∑X
k = −∞
c (ω − kω s ) (ocb)

.E!" 5 ( B() !"  


+∞
.p

xs (t ) = ∑ x (nT )δ (t − nT )
n = −∞
c s s
(omb)

.78)& 5)% (omb) 4! @ ! ( 3


w

+∞
X s (ω ) = ∑x
n = −∞
c ( nT s ) e − jn ω T s (ob)

.E)&% ! M!)= 
K  =D A& !" ! x[n] %6 -" %=$ (
w

+∞
X (Ω ) = ∑ x[ n ] e
n = −∞
− jΩ n (oob)
w

.E!" ")8 x[n] = xc (nT ) E>): D 5),3



X (Ω ) = ∑ x (nT )e
n = −∞
c s
− jΩn (ob)

.E!" (ob)  (ob) V!  



X (Ω ) = X s ( )
Ts
www.powerjam.ir

 !"&)& A& :E,* W=

.E!" -" N$ ( 


1 (ob)
X s (ω ) = X c (ω ) , ω ≤ ω m
Ts
.E!" @ , .7 X c !" ")6) %& 3= Si @L  ω m 5C!" 3
1 Ω (oab)
X (Ω ) = X c ( ) , Ω < ωmTs
Ts Ts
 

.ir
+∞
1 Ω 2kπ
X (Ω ) =
Ts
∑X
k = −∞
c (
Ts

Ts
) (onb)

m
.7 B
8 E! (mb) \8 !" X (Ω) H X s (ω ) H X c (ω ) 5  J K!

ja
er
ow

!"&)& [: 70 "  X (Ω)  X s (ω ) H X c (ω ) @ J K! :(mb) \8
.p

."!" (  0 "  %- (mab) E 3 5") LTI 3 7 7> z \& @  6)
."!% ! \ 5 ( )* + ,- M("* 7 6 3 5 ( D E 5") LTIbc
D)'6 
' ( '3 B(
'&  !"&)& y& 5") L  "! + ,- 5") "

& bm
w

.
,3
! 7'z)\ & J8 3
,> &)- (!"&)&  >y&) T2  T1 (mb) \8 !" 3")8 6)
w

7' =) ( g& ' '< 


' /!)<@ d !" . 2π ≥ 2ωm  2π ≥ 2ωm %,O
, &% r X!
T2 T1
w

.
8% !"&)& 0
%& ' ( 'D B()' !" '>'&)& < = !" tu Ts h :& 3 E,% (mob) \8  6) 
( + ' & !" ( Ts ' 5 ' ( !)' E' ) Ts q  5) & . -&  & gP !" @  "!
&
h'X +" 'O 5 ' ( B()' !" Ts q'  5) & @ .
8 K %& ( D  )* B()
. Ω = Tsω %,O H
8 % Ts 5) & qX !" p& 3= B()
www.powerjam.ir

      




! 7' %& ' ( ')* + ,-' .  >&)& 


K M! 3 3 D/C †) 3 7 q , 5),3
' % >X  Ts !"&)& y& @&"  6)  ! > K&"
  
 †) @ !" .E,3 %!
') ."'3 ( '(  ! yc (t ) 5)'% LPF . 5""!P  pT  ")& 
K -
\ ( Ts < =
(.
,3 6) (mb) \8

.ir
D/C †) :(mb) \8
.E!" , !"

m
+∞
y s (t ) = ∑ y[n]δ (t − nT )
n =−∞
s
(osb)

ja
.E!" LPF (
O
Yc (ω ) = Ys (ω ) H r (ω ) (wb)
+∞

∑ y[n] h (t − nT )
y c (t ) =
n =−∞
r s
er (cb)

5C !" 3
π t 
ow
sin  
T
hr (t ) =  s  (mb)
πt
Ts
.78)& 5)% @ ,
.p

+∞
sin[π (t − nTs ) / Ts ]
yc (t ) = ∑ y[n]
n = −∞ π (t − nTs ) / Ts
(b)

p* m ≠ 0 r(  hr (mTs ) = 0  hr (0) = 1 5)R


w

y c ( mTs ) = y[ m] (ob)
'D M("'* . -&  3 %3 E 5),3 .
8  ω ≥ π r(  Yc (ω ) = 0 3 %$; K
w

Ts
."3 E! ( /!)W 5)% !
8 % xc (t ) %& ( )* + ,- !  H (Ω) %& (
w

.
8 % xc (t ) %& ( )* + ,- !  H (Ω) %& ( D M("* . -; & 3 %3 E :(mab) \8
www.powerjam.ir

a !"&)& A& :E,* W=

'R +" 'O (mab) \'8 E' !" H (Ω) %& ' ( 'D -8("* . 3 7, +) +
\'8 !" X c (ω )  Yc (ω ) @=D A& !"  +) @ h)6 ‡7 %& ( )* B() !" %
.E!" (mab) \8 !" .")8% B"" (mab)
+∞
1 Ω 2kπ
X ( Ω) =
Ts
∑X
k = −∞
c (
Ts

Ts
) (b)

1 Ω 2kπ
Y ( Ω) = H ( Ω ) X ( Ω ) = ∑ H (Ω ) X ( − ) (b)

.ir
c
Ts k =−∞ Ts Ts
3 "3 J K, 5)% (ob) % (wb) /L" O (
(ab)

m
Ys (ω ) = Y (Ω)
Ω = ωTs

2kπ
Ys (ω ) = ∑ H (ωT ) X s s (ω −
Ts
) (nb)

ja
k =−∞

.E!" 5"3 LPF (


O 
π (sb)
Yc (ω ) = Ts X c (ω ) H (ω Ts ) , ω < er
Ts
.
C Y 7
 ( /!)<  +" O + & g  @ ,
π
H eff (ω ) = Ts H (ω Ts ) , ω < (wb)
ow
Ts
.
8  /!)<@

  5 ( D B() !" ˆ , 4! D x; / 0 U &  @ ,
1 Ω (cb)
H (Ω) = j( ) , Ω < π
Ts Ts
H (Ω) ' !" (mab) \8 E !" ! 5C D  7 h , 2π h , B!"  
K g  @
.p

.7 ( 
K g   )* Dx; . +" O E %3 0 E,3 B" S
 π
 jω ω<
w

H eff (ω ) = 
Ts (mb)
π
0 ω>
 Ts
w

/!)'< ' 'X |' * K  .


&B
8 E! (mnb) \8 !" H (Ω )  H eff (ω ) %& 3= | *
.")8 Y 8jD 5 );&" B
0  @
w

' !" (mab) \8 !" (cb) /!)<  Y& = | *  %& ( D E . D @ ,
π ( M%'& 3= 'Si @L  3) "

&  "! > r( 
yc (t ) %6 ")8 B" S h[n]
2
.")
>) "! x; (
8  \R)3
www.powerjam.ir

      


n

(b) '4! /!)'W %& ' ( ')* B()' !" +CB


 !jD@ * = ‰ + & g  :(mb) + F
.7
 Ωc
1 ω < = ωc
H eff (ω ) = 
Ts (b)

0 ω > c = ωc
 Ts
E',3 B" S' (mab) \'8 !" %& ' ( D +" O E . ( E @   E>): D

.ir
.E ! \ ( /!)W ! %
 
 1 Ω < Ωc
H (Ω ) =  (ob)

m
0 Ωc < Ω < π
.")8% !\ 2π h , B!"  3

ja
er
ow

H eff (ω )  H (Ω) G & :(mnb) \8


.
8  ( [$ !" xc (t ) + ,-
,3 }= 5),3
.p
w

X c (ω ) [$ G & :(msb) \8


w

! '(  '>['$ Yc (ω ) 7' & !"  Ys (ω )  Y (Ω) H X (Ω) H X s (ω ) ' q'  @ ,
.E!"
w
www.powerjam.ir

s !"&)& A& :E,* W=

.ir
m
ja
er
ow
.p

Yc (ω )  Ys (ω ) H Y (Ω) H X (Ω) H X s (ω ) G & :(wb) \8


@'O Ts !"''&)& h , B!" V) 5)% ! %& ( )* B() !" = g4P p& 3= p*
+
' M! .' @' ."" '_ ! %& ' ( 'D '= g'4P p& '3=  Ωc \, 5
 H")&
w

!j'D@ '*  '>= ( H[': g'4P  '>p& '3= ' %& ( )*!jD@ *  >= @ !"
.
8 % g4P p& 3= .  %& ( D
w

!"'&)& 7 6 ( Ts ) >&)& < = @; cb \8!" B


8 B"" 5 ;& E!":(b) + F
‡
8 
 !
R C7 =)
w

b  J) E cb{8


www.powerjam.ir

      


w

.
,8 % ω2  ω1 q  x2 (t )  x1 (t )
&   , * 3
,3 6)
H x1 (t ) + ,-' " h'e< w(t ) \,  6)  .E  ! w(t )
&   , * 
 7 U(L :
.E!" H7 x2 (t )
1
W (ω ) = X 1 (ω ) * X 2 (ω )

'( J'8 !"&)& A& xK$ @ , .
8 % ω1 + ω2
&   , * !" W (ω ) [$ @ ,

.ir
.78" E>)  C7 =) !"&)& 7 6 !

≥ 2(ω1 + ω 2 )
Ts

m
 
π
Ts ≤
ω1 + ω2

ja
!
' R  C7 =) !"&)& 7 6 ( Ts ) >&)& < = @; ( \8 E !" :(ob) + F
.
8 
 
er
ow

ob + F  J) E mb{8


.
8  ω2  ω1 q x2 (t )  x1 (t )
&   , * 3
,3 6)
@ ,
8 % ω2  ω1 E3   W (ω )
&   , * \8  6)  :
.p

π
Ts ≤
Max {ω1 , ω2 }
w

'&)& " '> 7' #0 3 7 X ! 4P . !" &)& + ,- b \8 E !" :(b) + F
!)= 
K .
8  B
8 B"" G & b{8 /!)W + ,- [$ D .7 -
\ [ : ! 
.
!C 7

8  ∆ < π
w

3 %  ! y (t )  xs (t )
2ωM
w

b + F  J) x(t ) + ,- [$ {8 b{8


xs (t ) = x(t )s (t )
www.powerjam.ir

c !"&)& A& :E,* W=

1
X s (ω ) = X (ω ) * S (ω )

.78)& ( /!)W ! !"&)& + ,- 5)%
∞ ∞
s (t ) = ∑ δ (t − 2k∆) − ∑ δ (t − 2k∆ + ∆)
k =−∞ k =−∞

.78)& /!)<@
 ! s(t ) !)= 
K 5)% %D"  @ ,
∞ ∞

∑ δ (ω − kω ) − ω ∑ δ (ω − kω )e

.ir
− jω∆
S (ω ) = ω s s s s
k =−∞ k =−∞

.
8 % ω s = 2π 5C!" 3
2∆

m

π kπ
S (ω ) =

∑ δ (ω −

[
) 1 − e − jk ω s ∆ ]
k = −∞

.E!" /!)<@ !"

ja
1 π − jk ∆ 
π

kπ 1  kπ − jkπ 

X s (ω ) = .  ∑ X (ω − )(1 − e ∆ ) =  ∑ X (ω − )(1 − e )
2π ∆ k =−∞ ∆  2∆ k =−∞ ∆ 

1 ∞
π
 ∆ ∑ X (ω − k ∆ ) k , odd
er  

X s (ω ) =  k =−∞
ow

0 k , even
.
8 % ( /!)W X s (ω ) [$ @ ,
.p
w

b + F  J) X s (ω ) [$ {8 ob{8


w

%' 'R ( 5C  '>'&)& ! ( (b) + 'F !" %'< + ,-' ( (  7 6 :(b) + F
."3 B" S 5)%
w

."3 B" S b{8 E ( 5)% :

b + F  J) E {8 b{8


www.powerjam.ir

      


m

.7 b{8 /!)W !jD@ * = . H (ω ) 5C !" 3

b + F  J) H (ω ) [$ {8 b{8

.ir
‡
8 
&)% !
R x(t ) + ,- (  C7 =) !"&)& 7 6 ∆ !
E3 :(ab) + F

  !"&)& A& xK$  mb {8  6) : 

m
π π 2π
− ωm ≥ − + ωm ⇒ ≥ 2ω m
∆ ∆ ∆
 

ja
π
∆≤
ωm
7' 6 mb{'8 x '4 %'O h ', ])' .( b\8 !" &)& E !" :(nb) + F
er
Ts !"''&)& + ,-' h ', B!" .7' B
'8 B" S' x(t ) "

&  + ,- ( !"&)&
7' 6 Ts !
' E3 ' 7' h)4 ∆ = Ts }=  
8  ωm + ,-
&   , *D .
8 %
3
ow
. C7 =) !"&)&

.E!" ( /!)<  ! !" &)& + ,- :


s(t ) = r (t )
.p

.7 ( /!)W r (t ) 5C !" 3


w
w

nb + F  J) !" &)& + ,- ab{8


.E") B"!C 7
 ! r (t ) !)=  qX #
Z KP 
w

sin kω s ∆  ω s = 2π
ak =
kπ Ts
p*

sin kω s ∆
S (ω ) = 2π ∑
k =−∞ kπ
δ (ω − kω s )
www.powerjam.ir

 !"&)& A& :E,* W=

.")
>) nb{8 /!)W S (ω ) [$ @ ,

.ir
m
nb + F  J) S (ω ) [$ {8 nb {8
.
8  ( /!)W x(t ) [$ E,3 }= D

ja
er
nb + F  J) x(t ) [$ {8 sb {8
ow
.")
>) ( /!)W xs (t ) B
8 !" &)& + ,- [$ /!)<@ !"
.p
w
w

nb + F  J) x(t ) [$ {8 owb {8


.
C% 7
 U(L J8 @ ,
w

ωs − ωM ≥ ωM
 
π
ω s ≥ 2ω M ⇒ Ts ≤
ωM
www.powerjam.ir

      


o

%' $ B
8 8"  >&)& ! ( x(t ) ( (  7 6 % (nb) + F  :(sb) + F
.
,3
.
8 % 3 B   !jD@ * = . %D"  % @,R :
2

.ir
m
sb + F  J) (  (  E [$ {8 ocb {8
' !" &)& + ,-
, }= 
,3 !\ ∆ = Ts r(  ! (sb)  (nb) + F :(cwb) + F

ja
4
.
8  ( /!)<
s(t ) = r (t ) − 0.5
er
s(t ) + ,-' !" ](  '> S)   DC Si ")8% B
> ; 3 &)D5 > 7 @ !" :
.")
>) omb{8 /!)W s(t ) + ,- [$ & !"  78"
>):& ")6
ow
.p

cwb + F  J) S (ω ) [$ {8 omb {8


w

.")
>) ob{8 /!)<  B
8 !" &)& + ,- [$
w
w

cwb + F  J) X s (ω ) [$ {8 ob {8


3 7 U(L  C7 =) !"&)& 7 6 /!)<@ !"
ω s + ω M ≥ 3ω s − ω M ⇒ ω s ≥ ω M
www.powerjam.ir

 !"&)& A& :E,* W=

 

Ts ≤
ωM
.")8% " ,;* oob{8 E G >&)& ! ( %< + ,- ( (  7 6  

.ir
cwb + F  J) ( (  E oob{8
5C!" 3

m
ja
(  (  E = + & g  ob{8
er
'd  '>'&)& ! ( '\ !)4 5)% ! w
&   , *  "

&  + ,- . :(ccb) + F
@' !".
'8  ';  & t !" &)& 2w >&)& "
O \,  J; H"3 ( (  & 7),\
ob \'8 ' ."'D%' !'P %! "!) 7),\ d !"&)& Q)&( B"  \8 .  
ow
.
,3 6)
.p

ccb + F !" I "!) !" &)& E ob{8


w

.ED% A& !" ! (  >}= k)= \8 


%,O 7 "

&  + ,- . x(t ) bc
w

X (ω ) = 0 ω >w
.
8 % >X @ 7),\ d <)=  X ! 4P . s(t ) bm
w

7),{ d  > &)&  !" &)& + ,- oab{8


www.powerjam.ir

      




5C !
' t = ∆  t = 0 J & !" 3
8 % T = 2π h , B!"  h , + ,- . f (t ) b
w
.7 ( /!)W
f ( 0) = a, f ( ∆ ) = b
.
8 % B
,>" ( = _ 6!" sw E . H1 (ω ) bo
 j ω >0
H1 (ω ) = 

.ir
− j ω<0
.7 !jD@ * = . H 2 (ω ) b
K 0<ω < w

m
H 2 (ω ) =  K * −w<ω <0
0 ω >ω

.7 V: 7 t "
0 . K 5C !" 3

ja
7)4
s(t ) !)= 
K ([
er
f (t ) s(t ) he< !)= 
K (h
0 < ω < w < = !" y1 (t ) !)= 
K  %! K0 (]
0 < ω < w < = !" y2 (t ) !)= 
K  %! K0 ("
ow
0 < ω < w < = !" y3 (t ) !)= 
K  %! K0 ('>
r( ' '3 '&)- ∆ ( %O ' /!)'W K V:  ! * !
 b  a %   > ! *" (
.E8  8" 0 < ∆ < π  x(t ) "

&  + ,->
w
.p

z (t ) = x(t )
.E'')&%'' ''( /!)''W ! 5C 
'' s(t ) ''!)= 
''K 5"!C 7''
 '' (['' :''
∞ ∞
2π 2π
∑ δ (t − k ) + ∑ δ (t − k
w

s (t ) = − ∆)
k = −∞ w k = −∞ w
."3 !)W ]) " Q) /!)W 5)% ! s(t ) @ ,
w

s (t ) = g (t ) + g (t − ∆)
5C !" 3


w

g (t ) = ∑ δ (t − k
k = −∞ w
)

.EB"!C 7
 >!  #
Z KP ! g (t ) !)= 
K
∞ ∞

G (ω ) =
2π ∑ δ (ω − kw) = w ∑ δ (ω − kw)
k = −∞ k = −∞
w
www.powerjam.ir

a !"&)& A& :E,* W=

 7  s(t ) !)= 


K @ ,

S (ω ) = w(1 + e − jω∆ ) ∑ δ (ω − kw)
k = −∞

 

S (ω) = w ∑ (1 + e− jkw∆ )δ (ω − kw)
k = −∞

 7  l (t ) = f (t ) s (t ) !)= 


K (h

.ir

L (ω ) = ∫ f (t ) s (t ) e − jωt dt
−∞
∞ ∞
∞ 2π 2π
= ∫ [ ∑δ (t − k ) + ∑δ (t − k − ∆)] f (t)e− jωt dt

m
−∞
k =−∞ w k =−∞ w
"!)' t = kT + ∆  t = kT / 'A!" f (t ) " ' V' = HX g  !" f (t ) 5
8 hX 

.( T = 2π  ^< "
0 k ) 7 ( &

ja
w
∞ ∞ ∞
L(ω) = ∫[ ∑ f (kT)δ (t − kT)e− jωkT + ∑ f (kT + ∆)δ (t − kT − ∆)e− jω(kT+∆) ]dt
er
−∞ k =−∞ k =−∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
L(ω) = ∑ f (kT)e− jωkT ∫ δ(t − kT)dt + ∑ f (kt + ∆)e− jω(kT+∆) ∫ δ(t − kT − ∆)dt
−∞ −∞
k=−∞ k=−∞

@ ,
ow
∞ ∞
L (ω ) = ∑ f ( kT )e
k = −∞
− jω kT
+ ∑ f ( kT + ∆ )e
k = −∞
− j ω ( kT + ∆ )

.E!" H
8 % T = 2π h , B!"  h , g  . f (t ) 5)R 
w
.p

f ( kT ) = f (0) = a  f (kT + ∆) = f (∆) = b


@ ,
∞ ∞
L (ω ) = a ∑e − j ω kT − jω ∆
∑e − j ω kT
w

+ be
k = −∞ k = −∞

 
w


L (ω ) = ( a + be − j ω ∆ ) ∑e
k = −∞
− j ω kT

3 "3 7 t 5)% %D"  


w

∞ ∞
2π 2π
∑e
k =−∞
− jωkT
=
T
∑ δ (ω − k
k =−∞ T
)

.E!" m(t ) = ∑ δ (t − kT )
k = −∞
!)= 
K @8)&  

www.powerjam.ir

      


n

∞ ∞ ∞
M (ω ) = ∫
−∞
∑ δ (t − kT )e − jωt dt =
k = −∞
∑e
k = −∞
− jωkT

.E8" ( /!)W ! X ! 4P !)= 


K #
Z KP 

2π 2π
M (ω ) =
T
∑ δ (ω − k
k = −∞ T
)

.E!" w = 2π }=  q @


  ")8%  3 / Kt @ ,
T

.ir

L(ω ) = (a + be − jω∆
) w ∑ δ (ω − kw)
k = −∞

 

m

L(ω ) = w ∑ ( a + be − jkw∆ )δ (ω − kw)
k =−∞

y1 (t ) = f (t ) s (t ) x(t ) = l (t ) x(t ) (]

ja
1  ∞

Y1 (ω ) = (a + be
− jω∆
) w ∑ δ (ω − kw) * X (ω )
2π  k = −∞ 

=
w

∑ (a + be
k = −∞
− jkw∆
) X (ω − kw)
er
< = !" @ ,
ow
0<ω < w
w
Y1 (ω ) =

[
( a + b ) X (ω ) + ( a + be − jω∆ ) X (ω − w) ]
y2 (t ) = s(t ) x(t ) ("
@ ,
.p


1
Y2 (ω ) = w ∑ (1 + e − jkw ∆ )δ (ω − kw ) * X (ω )
2π k = −∞
w


w
=

∑ (1 + e
k = −∞
− jkw ∆
) X (ω − kw )

< = !" 
w

0<ω < w
w
Y2 (ω ) = [
2 X (ω ) + (1 + e − jw ∆ ) X (ω − w ) ]
w


.")8% < ( 4! ( y3 (t ) !)= 
K @8))& 3 eP xK$ ('>
Y3 (ω ) = H1 (ω )Y1 (ω )
0 < ω < w < = !"
H1 (ω ) = j
www.powerjam.ir

s !"&)& A& :E,* W=

Y3 (ω ) = jY1 (ω )
w
= j

[
(a + b) X (ω ) + (a + be − jw∆ ) X (ω − w) ]

 
8  x(t )   B!)> %6 \, 7 6 (
Z (ω ) = H 2 (ω )[Y2 (ω ) + Y3 (ω )] = X (ω )
( 0 < ω < w r(  4! N$ " 5"" !P   () E8  8"
  5),3

.ir
w
X (ω ) = K {[2 + j ( a + b ) ]X (ω )

[ ]
+ (1 + e − jw ∆ ) + j ( a + be − jw ∆ ) X (ω − w )}
.E!" Z &

m
w
K [ 2 + j ( a + b)] = 1

ja
(1 + e − jw∆ ) + j ( a + be jw∆ ) = 0
1 + e − jw∆ + ja + jbe − jw∆ = 0
er .E!" Z &
a = sin w∆ + cot g ( w∆ )(1 + cos w∆ )

K= w  b = − (1 + cos w∆)
ow
2 + j ( a + b) sin w∆
.
&)8%  b a " 7 ∆ = π 3   7 !" E,% 3 &)D5 >
w
.
8 % D  K&"  )* + ,- +
K !
. ( \8 :(cmb) + F
(
,! K0 5C !)=  qX .
8 % & t 0.1 h , B!"  h , "! + ,-
.p

1 k
ak = ( ) −∞ < k < ∞
2
!"''&)& h ', B!" .
'8 %' \8 !" B
8 B"" 5 ;& W:; !" H (ω ) !jD@ * =
w

.
8 % & t Ts = 2 × 10 −3
w
w

cmb + F !" I "!) E onb {8


.
  ! 5C h , B!"  7 h ,  K&" . x[n ] 3
>" 5 ;& ([
.
  ! x[n] !)=  qX (h
www.powerjam.ir

      


aw

.7 ( /!)W !)=   x(t ) V ([ : 



2π 
x (t ) = ∑a e
k = −∞
k
jkω 0 t
ω0 =
T
T = 0.1s

= ∑ ( 2)
1 k
e jkω 0 t  ω0 = 20π rad
k = −∞ sec
.7 ( /!)W X (ω ) [$

.ir
1
X (ω ) = 2π ∑ (2)
k = −∞
k
δ (ω − kω 0 )

p* .
 &% !)K0 = ( X cw  V = @ ,

m
10
1
xc (t ) = ∑ (2)
k = −10
k
e jkω0t

5)R 

ja
x[n] = xc [nTs ]
.78" E>)
10
1 er
x[ n] = ∑ ( 2)
k = −10
k
e jkω 0 nTs

@ ,
10
1
ow
x[n ] = ∑
k = − 10
(
2
)
k
e jk 0 . 04 π n

x[n] E'D%' & ,( .


8 % x[n] %& ( D !)=  @K 7  !" k)= 4!
.
C% 7
 ( 4! ( 5C h , B!"  7 h ,

.p

= 0.04π
N
 7  x[n ] h , B!" @ ,
N = 50
w

(
,! K0 h , B!" ‰ !" !)=  qX (h
1 k
ak = ( ) − 10 < k < 10
w

2
.
,> S<  !)j < = ]!  !" !)=  qzX  ")8 6)
w

!"''&)& 7'z)\ & 70 ( ; %0  xc (t ) "



&  + ,- . ( :(cb) + F
.
&)8% 
K  K&"  5C ( p* >&)& .
8 % Ts >&)& < = .7 B
8
. x[n ]  K&"  xc (t ) + ,- Š& J K! 7)4
.")8% [O ( /!)W x[n ]  K&" Š& :
www.powerjam.ir

ac !"&)& A& :E,* W=

∑ x[n]
2
Ed =
n = −∞

.7 ( /!)W xc (t ) + ,- Š& 



Ec = ∫ xc (t ) dt
2
−∞

.
8  ( /!)W x(t ) [$ E,3% }=

.ir
m
cb + F  J) x(t ) + ,- [$ osb {8
.7 ( /!)W x p (t ) [$ /!)<@ !"

ja
er
cb + F  J) x p (t ) + ,- [$ wb {8
ow
.")
>) ( /!)W x[n] 5 ( D !)= 
K [$ Z &
.p

x (t )  ˆ , 5 ( D + ,- [$ cb {8


.E!" 5 ( D B() !" +)! * 4! xK$ 
w


1
∫ π X (Ω) dΩ = ∑ x[n]
2

2π 2
n = −∞
w

.7 ( /!)W & 5 ( )* B() !" +)! * 4! 


∞ 1 ∞
∫ ∫
2
xc (t ) dt = X c (ω ) dω
−∞ 2π −∞
w

.(   >_ _ ) 78)& ! ( 4! h , B!" ‰ !" 5)% >\8  6) 
1 Ω
X (Ω ) = Xc( )
Ts Ts
@ ,
www.powerjam.ir

      


am

2
1 wTs 1 wTs Ω
∫ ∫
2
Ed = X ( Ω ) dΩ = X c ( ) dΩ
2π − wTs 2πTs2 − wTs Ts
Ω /!)W _ _  
u=
Ts
1 w

2
Ed = X c (u ) du
2πTs −w

.7 "

&  X c (ω ) 5)R 

.ir
1 ∞

2
= X c (ω ) dω
2πTs −∞

m
@ ,
1
Ed = Ec
Ts

ja
5 ';& ! 7' B
'8 + K&" ( (  = . ) 3 !"&)& E . ( \8 :(cob) + F
.
>"%
er
ow
cob + F  J) E mb{8

s (t ) = ∑ δ (t − nT )
n = −∞
s

!" ")6) %& 3= S) @L   " ( ωs = 2π D 3 E&"% !"&)& A&  6) 
.p

Ts
H/!)'< @' 'd !" ."3 ( (  G >&)& ! ( ! x (t ) \ !)4 5)% H
8  ; x (t )
/ 'A !" '  .")'
'>):& x (t )  ' xr (t ) B
'8 ( '(  + ,-'  ")8% "  

w

%,O .
8  ωc = ωs 3 @  J;
,>   xr (t )  x (t ) " !"&)&
2
xr (kTs ) = x (kTs ) k = 0, ± 1, ± 2,...
w

.
,3 7 t ! k)= 4!  7 ω c = ω s
,3 }=   @!"
2
w

:
xs (t ) = x (t ) s (t )
E!"
www.powerjam.ir

a !"&)& A& :E,* W=


= x(t ) ∑ δ (t − nTs )
n = −∞

= ∑ x(nT )δ (t − nT )
n = −∞
s s

.E!" x r (t )  Z &


+∞
x r (t ) = ( ∑ x ( nT s )δ ( t − nT s )) * h ( t )

.ir
n = −∞

= ∑ x ( nT
n = −∞
s ) h ( t − nT s )

(%& 3= | * \8  6) ) E&"% 

m
ωc ω t
h (t ) = Ts Sinc c
π π
@ ,

ja

ωc ω ( t − nT s )
x r (t ) = ∑
n = −∞
x ( nT s )T s
π
Sinc [ c
π
]

xr ( kTs ) =
+∞

∑ x ( nT ) Sinc [ π
s
ωc
er
Ts ( k − n )]Ts
ωc
& !" 

n = −∞ π
ow
p* ω c = ω s %=$ (
2
+∞
x r ( kT s ) = ∑ x ( nT
n = −∞
s ) Sinc ( k − n )

.78)& ! ( 4! 5)% sinc g  )   )  


.p

0 k≠n
Sinc(k − n) = 
1 k =n
p* .
,> ^< "
0 n  k 5C !" 3
w

x r ( kT s ) = x ( kT s )
f
!jD5   >+ ,-( !"&)&  J) B"  7 . E>)%   @!" :(cb) + F
w

%& '  '>p& 3= !" 5C Š& 3 7 "


 
&  !" + ,- @ .E>" !P %! "!) !
.(b \8
,& ) 7 B
8 3
w

1
Band-pass
www.powerjam.ir

      


ao

cb + F  J) !j-&  + ,- b{8


' C7 =) !)4 5) 
8  ωs = 2ω2
  !"&)& p& 3= P
!"&)& A& xK$

.ir
'3 E',3 7' t E>)'%'   @ !"  ."3 ( (  ! + ,- H!jD5  = . .3 
."3 !"&)&  C7 =) /!)W !jD5  + ,- ( & 3  >70  5)%

m
!"''&)& p& '3= 5)',3 .""'D% ω2 = 5w Z& ω1 = 4w  ω 2 − ω 1 = w
,3 }=
.
!C 7
 !jD5  = . .3  + ,- ( (  5 \  7 6 ! P

h ':& '&)- ! ω s 5)'% ""D ( (  !jD5  = .3  + ,- 7 !P 5)R :

ja
+ ' & 
'&D !'P ω < ω 1 B"
' '" !" Un + ' & ' + ,-  >+ & U  3 "3
v'> 5
  !jD5  = . .3  /!)< @ !" .
&D !P ω > ω 2 B"
 !" U(n+1)
er ."3 ( (  ! + ,- 5)% %

ow

!j-&  !" &)& ob {8


.p

.7 U(L @ ,


nω s − ω1 ≤ ω1
w

( n + 1)ω s − ω 2 ≥ ω 2
B" ' E'B"" U '& '3 % 'X=   H
8 %& B"  k)=   & " 5 >  %3 7 !"
.(ED% A& !" !   7 ) 7
w

n ω s = 2ω 1
( n + 1)ω s = 2 ω 2
w

@ ,
ωs = 2w
.E8" ( &  ‹,* P

&   , *  E,3 B" S !"&)& A& ( E)% D %
ω s = 2 ω 2 = 10 w
www.powerjam.ir

a !"&)& A& :E,* W=

!P %! "!) !jD5   >+ ,- ( !"&)& 7 6 M! . (cb) + F !" :(cb) + F
.7=D
!" ! !j'D5 ' + ,-' 
 M! @ !" .E)8 ,8C + F @ !" -" M!  E>)% 5),3
( H1 (ω ) !j'D@ '* '= ( 5"" !)K0 ( p*  B"3 hX e − jω t /!)W V: % & g  .
0

.
&B
8 B"" G & ( \8 !" B
8 SD   .E,3% !"&)& 5C

.ir
m
!j-&  !" &)& E b {8
.
8  ( /!)W x(t ) [$
,3 }=

ja
er
!j-&  + ,- [$ b {8
ow
7)4 H
8  1 (ω2 − ω1 ) H H1 (ω ) !jD@ * = g4P p& 3= D  ω0 = 1 (ω1 + ω2 ) D
2 2
. y (t ) [$ E! ([
.T !"&)& h , B!" E3 @O (h
. x(t ) [$ E! (]
.p

. xs (t ) ( x(t ) ( (  7 6% ("


."!C 7
 ! s(t ) [$ 5)% 5)L
eP xK$ ([ :
w

1
S (ω ) = X (ω ) * 2πδ (ω + ω 0 ) = X (ω + ω 0 )

.7 /!)< @  5C \8 3
w
w

ŒR 7  + & ( p* !j-&  + ,- [$ ab {8


."!" !P 
K +) 3
8  S (ω ) [$ ( 7P 5C  8 V = !jD@ * = %6 & !"
www.powerjam.ir

      


a

!jD @z * = ( !)K0  + & ( p* (j-&  + ,- [$ nb {8

  !"&)& A& xK$ p* 7 !jD@ * + ,- . y (t ) \,  6)  (h

.ir

ωs = ≥ 2 ( 1 (ω 2 − ω 1 )) = ω 2 − ω 1
Ts 2

m
ω − ω1
Ts ≤ 2

.")
>) ( /!)W xs (t ) [$
8  Ts = ω 2 − ω1 \, }=  (]

ja
er
ow
!" &)&  !jD @z * = ( !)K0  + & ( p* (j-&  + ,- [$ sb {8
.""D% " ,;* xs (t ) ( x(t ) ( (  7 6 ( E ("
.p
w

xs (t ) ( x(t ) ( (  7 6 ( Y wb {8


.
&B
8 E! ( \8 !"   > !" >+ ,- [$
w
w

Z (ω ) (b  L(ω ) (a > [$ G & cb {8


www.powerjam.ir

aa !"&)& A& :E,* W=

.
8
>) x(t ) [$  ; x r (t ) [$ Z &
HI   JC

',3 '6) .
!C 7
 ! x(t ) !jD5  + ,- (  C7 =) !"&)& p& 3= P
cb
."3 ( (  !jD5  = .( G >&)& !)K0  ! x(t ) 5)
  !"&)& (
O 3

.ir
m
cb Ž  J) mb {8
5 ' ( B()' !" x(t ) 'D 7'R x(t ) + ,-' ( ' C7 =) !"&)& p& 3= P
mb
.
8  ( /!)W

ja
er
ow
mb Ž  J) b {8
5 ';&! %& ' ( ')*  '>+ ,-' ! %& ' ( 'D M("* 7 E .( \8 b
 '>[$ E! 7 h)4 .
8 ( /!)W h , B!" .!" H (Ω)  X c (ω ) [$ D .
>"%
. Yc (ω )  Ys (ω )  Y (Ω)  X (Ω)  X s (ω )
.p
w
w
w

b Ž  J) ob {8


www.powerjam.ir

      


an

.7 }S ( /!)W x[n]  K&" ob

ob Ž  J) b {8

.ir
.
  !  K&" @ !)= 
K ([
!"''&)& 7' 6 '>'&)& < = P
.""D% !"&)& p& 3= B() !"  K&" @ ( (h
.
8 
  !
R  C7 =)

m
V') LTI E' @' .
'8 %' LTI E' . X | * h[n] ( \8 E !" b
.")8% [<) ( %X S " O

ja
1
y[ n] = y[ n − 1] + x[ n]
2
3 % 
8  "

&  + ,- . "! D
er
π
X c (ω ) = 0 ω >
Ts
.
  !
8 % Yc (ω ) 7K& 3 E %3 X | *
ow
X c (ω )
.p

b Ž  J) b {8


w

! %& ' ( 'D  '>' K&" ! %& ( )* M("* 7 6 E %0)& ( \8 E b
'( '&S" '" O V') '3
'8 %' LTI E' . h(t ) E @ !" .
>"% 5 ;&
w

.""D% [<)
d 2 y c (t ) dy c ( t )
+ 4 + 3 y c (t ) = x (t )
w

2
dt dt
.+" O %& ( D X | * 7)4
www.powerjam.ir

as !"&)& A& :E,* W=

b Ž  J) ab {8

.ir
.
- A& !" ! ( /!)W 5 ( )* + ,- . ab
xc (t ) = sc (t ) − asc (t − TD )
B!" ' 'X ! '4P .' ') xc (t ) D .
8  π  "
 X c (ω ) !)= 
K
,3 }= 

m
Ts
3 %  .")8 !"&)& Ts h ,
x[ n] = xc (nT )

ja
3 &)- LTI 5 ( D E . h[n] X | * 7)4
+∞
x[ n ] = ∑
k = −∞
s[ k ]h[ n − k ] er .7 TD = Ts  7 s[n] = sc (nT ) 5C !" 3
ow
‡
,3% % S | * C .
,3  TD = Ts r(  ! ab Ž nb
2
' K&" ['$ E'! 7' h)'4 .7'( /!)'W x(t ) }S !jD5  + ,- . [$ sb
. Ts = π 5C !" 3 x[n] = x(nTs )
ω2
.p
w
w

sb Ž  J) nb {8


sb  ' '&  ! . > / S  B"3  Ts = π  Ts = 2π r(  ! sb   cwb
w

2ω2 ω2
.
,3 5 
7 }S ( /!)W x(t ) "
 B!" + ,- ccb
www.powerjam.ir

      


nw

ccb Ž  J) sb {8


!j'D@ '* B',* .' .'3 ' pT 
C% O !"&)& p& 3= B() !" + ,- @ (

.ir
E' E'! 7' h)'4 .""'D% ( (  %< + ,- B! " Low time window %& (
!"''&)&
',3 }'=)
',C%' ")'6) [':   !" 3 % >[$ G &  !"&)&

m
.(
8   C7 =)

'  !
' R ' C7' =) !"&)& 7 6 %& 3=  >X < = P
ccb   !" cmb
‡
8 

ja
!
' .' V') >&)& 
C% O !"&)& 5 ( B() !" x(t ) = Sinct + ,- ( cb
.  > !" B
8 "   >+ ,- [$ E! 7 h)4 .""D% ( (  ZOH
er
7 h)4 .
&)8 B"" !)K0 %4 ( (  !
. ( cb   !" + ,-  >&)& D cob
.%4 ( (  !
%6 [$ E!
.
- A& !" ! awb\8 /!)W x [n] 5 ( D  K&" .cb
ow
.p

cb Ž  J) awb {8


w

3 &)-
C% O !"&)& m h , B!"   K&" @ (
 x[n]
x s [ n] =  n = 0,±2,±4,K
w

 0
. 5C [$  xs [n] E! 7 h)4
.' ) pT  ""D% !"&)& acb \8 E ) 5 ( D  K&" . cb
w

.")8% ( (  hr [n] ( ( !



.
!C 7
 !  C7 =) !"&)& p& 3= P
([
.E!" !"&)& p& 3=  6) 5
 3
>" 5 ;& (h
x r [ mN ] = x[ mN ]
www.powerjam.ir

nc !"&)& A& :E,* W=

.
8 % %S,  7KF ^< "
0 m 5C!" 3

cb Ž  J) !" &)& E acb{8

.ir
A  τ )
'  ! '( /!)'W 'X |' *  5 ( )* E . %& ( D +" O cab
.(
&7 t "
0
ω

m
hr (t ) = Aτ sin c ( τ)

'( \'8 E' !" 'D '3 7' %' ')* E . %& ( D +" O :% ,>!
.""D h(t ) /!)W  X | * !" %3 E ")8 B""!P

ja
er
cab + F  J) amb {8
ow
.
  ! ( /!)W % ,- ( !"&)& p& 3= P
cnb
ω
x ( t ) = A τ Sinc 4 ( τ)

.
  ! ( + ,- ( x=) & !"&)& ( %8 & (  p& 3= :csb
.p

x ( t ) = cos( 10 3 π t )
.
8  ωs = 10π !"&)& p& 3= D ([
.
8  ωs = 100π !"&)& p& 3= D (h
w

.
8  ωs = 1000π !"&)& p& 3= D (]
.
8  ωs = 1999π !"&)& p& 3= D ("
w

c 70  ." @ .


- A& !" !
&B
8 %8 & €KD ! R 5C ! 3 ." . : mwb
.
8 % B
> ;  P ." @ .!  !)& . ( .
R% & t  !"
w

7 #0 7OP) υ (t ) .
8 % > w .!  !)& ( B
8 B
> ; 7 #0 5 )& p& 3= q @

.
8  ( /!)W υ (t ) E,3% }= .
8 % B
8 B
> ;
υ ( t ) = cos( ω 0 t + ϕ ) ω 0 = 120 π
www.powerjam.ir

      


nm

! B
'
* @ 5)% .
 & B
> ; ! > w / & )&
&)%& %\=  >7"
 
 E;R
! '= @' g'4P p& '3= .7'=D 'A& !" +CB
' !jD@ * = . /!)W E;R 5"3 +

.7=D A& !" > mw 5)%
s (t ) 'D @ ', ."3 ( 
5(.;R „R . .3  5)% ! υ (t ) ( !"&)& 0
E!"
8  5( .;R „R -& 

∑ δ ( t − kT s )

.ir
s (t ) =
k = −∞

.7 > q  „R  >.;R p& 3= 1 5C!" 3


Ts

m
.
8 % r (t ) = υ (t ) s (t ) he< 5),3 B
8 !"&)& + ,-
7)4
. υ (t ) !)= 
K ([

ja
.
,3 9:; 5C !" ! Ts t . s(t ) !)= 
K (h
@'O υ (t ) ( ' C7' =) !"''&)& 7 6 ! Ts !
E3 H!"&)& A& xK$ (]
er
'= .' V') 5C  '>'&)& ! ( ! υ (t ) 5)
  !"&)& (
O 3
,3 6) .
,3

'8  k)'= !" B


'8 @'O !
( 3 %3 Ts 3 % -,> ! r (t ) [$ ."3 ( (  !jD@ *
.
,3 E!
ow
.7R B
8 B
> ; (  p& 3= H
8  ω s = ω 0 + 20 π D ("
.
,3 !\ ω s = ω 0 − 2π  ! (") 7P ('>
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir



.ir
m
 

ja
er


ow
.p
w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir


        


.
!+, #-  './ 0
     !   " #!$% & '() '"*  !
8+ 4 '+./ 9+ , : + ;+'+  67  4 0   , !2' '2) )34 ') 5

+ ) 'B!  A)! = '<) :   ) 


 #> 8 ;?  @2) = '<)
=+ =(+<) 8+ 9+ E + ;+ =<)  F%67  =/  .
 3 @  0!    CD
G+ 
+/ =+ A@+   "  =H @%E H AIJDK " =$   5 ! .@2)

.ir
.
6H (  (G M =(<) 8) LTI
 #> 8 9 E   #M%! 67  L

 

m
G +M '+<) 0!  + A
 y (t ) CD ,
! A h(t ) Q CD  LTI
 P 0
.2' 5 6? A e st
+∞ +∞
∫ e s ( t −τ ) h (τ ) d τ = e st ∫ (TSR)

ja
y (t ) = e − s τ h (τ ) d τ = H ( s ) e st
−∞ −∞

;3 ! ,
+∞
∫ e − s τ h (τ ) d τ (USR)
H (s) =
−∞
er
@+%E ! + .!+ h(t ) +  +" ;< (USR) %!$ 7 ) A! V ' s = jω B
+" +6) +, A+6)'+ h(t ) IJDK "  (USR) 7 ) @ G M !W ' s' , '<W
ow
.! ! LTI 0
  67      ! '<F X )  
.!2' Y$ 5 6? x(t ) #M%! 67  IJDK " ', @%E !
+∞
X (s) ∆ ∫ x ( t ) e − st dt (SR)
≡ −∞

!+2'+ #+- +, )7)< (SR) 7 ) .@ G M !W P ', @%E ! s = σ + jω ,
.p

.6!' X<) 5 6?  )' Z IJDK " !  !  ' l' D 'B .@ ' s' 4 '$
l
x (t ) ←
→ X (s)
w

.!2' " 4 .  (SR) %!$ 2 s = jω , '76


+∞
X ( jω ) = ∫ x (t )e − jωt dt (SR)
−∞
w

IJ+DK +" 5+6 .+2 #!! ;+-) J"+* X (ω ) :  H @ x(t )   " ;< 5
.! / x(t )   " 0  2 s = jω , ' * x(t )
w

X (s) = ℑ {x ( t )} = X (ω ) ([SR)
s = jω
: +  (SR) +%!$ +B +, ! ! !L   "  IJDK " ;  07! 9%L \" 
.!,  D  \"  5 ;' A
6 (RSR) %!$
+∞
X (σ + j ω ) = ∫ −∞
x ( t ) e − ( σ + jω ) dt (RSR)
www.powerjam.ir

[ IJDK " :


-2 


+∞
∫ (^SR)
−σ t − jω t
X (σ + j ω ) = [ x (t ) e ]e dt
−∞

4 .@+  #)4  _ ) E @ E 5 .@ )! x(t )e −σt   "  X (s ) ;' 56
 =(F%67 + ; = H aFb 5 .@   "  =<W @%E IJDK " `6 <L
. 6, L4 d   F c ! 0 .) ! IJDK "  ) )   " H @
a > 0 '+ * 67 + 5+ +  " . 7 e) !  x ( t ) = e − at u ( t ) 67  :(TSR) d

.ir
.@ " * 'B!  @
+∞ 1 (fSR)
X (ω ) = ∫ e − at e − jω t dt = a>0

m
0 jω + a
.
 ! (SR) %!$ 4 
+∞
X (s) = ∫ e − at e − st u ( t )dt (SR)

ja
−∞
+∞
= ∫ e − ( s + a ) t dt (TgSR)
0

er .
 ! s = σ + jω ;!! * 
+∞
X (σ + jω ) = ∫ e − (σ + a ) t e − jωt dt (TTSR)
0

e−(σ +a)t u(t) +  +" (SR) +%!$ +,


+'+ '+D (TTSR) %!$  (fSR) %!$    
ow
.
 ! 56 .2'
1 (TUSR)
X (σ + j ω ) = (σ + a ) > 0
(σ + a ) + j ω
!$ . 
1
.p

X (s) = ℜ e {s } > − a (TSR)


s+a
A@+ X (s) = 1 ;3 IJ+DK +" +, ! / E D 8 x(t ) A a = 0 0 d ;6W 
s
w

. ℜ e {s } > 0 \2   "%


+7! '/ 0  2 7< σ !  4 'h$ 0 @ 5Z< IJDK " , !, L 
w

! +2 @"d a B  A@ 7< ℜ e {s } = σ > − a 0 IJDK " (TSR) d ! .B
+ ) σ = 0 ! IJ+DK +" 5+6 .@+ +7<  ) 'b6 !  =/ i4 X (s ) : 6
w

.!2' "   "  IJDK " : 6 ! .2 / 7<


1 (TSR)
X ( 0 + jω ) =
jω + a
!+L +  " '% ! ! !L IJDK " ? B : j 5 ! 2 bj  'b6 a B 
.2 M) σ = 0 2 =(7<  E) ;? .! )
www.powerjam.ir


        R

. 6, k ;6, '"* d     ! :(USR) d


x (t ) = − e − at
u (−t ) (T[SR)
56
+∞ 0
X ( s ) = − ∫ e − at e − st u ( − t )dt = − ∫ e − ( s + a ) t dt (TRSR)
−∞ −∞

 
1
( )

.ir
X (s) = 1 − e − (s + a )t (T^SR)
s + a t → −∞

 A!2 ℜ e {s + a } < 0  IJDK " ;2 7< 0 d 5 !
ℜ e {s } < − a (TfSR)

m
56
1
− e−at u (−t ) l
→ ℜ e {s } < − a (TSR)

ja
s+a
+)'+ s +, 0!+  + .@ 'Z (USR)  (TSR) d !  ! IJDK " 0"L : "W
G+ s :+ l #!+  +d ! .@+ :+b  6+2 &!+j : +"W! ;3  6,  /
er
5 + $ ℜ e {s } < − a G+ s : l #! a! d !  !2' 5 $ ℜ e {s } > − a
.!2'
#!+ AIJ+DK " "L : "W  #JW  A67  IJDK " ;!  Z 0 56
ow
ROC + M @+JW  6B' n'7<  E) #! 5  .!, mM-  )  ;! 7<
+  +" F)3 0 , @ s = σ + jω 4 0!  2 ROC 56 .!2' #!! X<)
67  P 7)<) P (TSR)  (TSR) IJDK  " 9  5 .@ 7< x(t )e−σt
'+7< + E) '+% 6+2' 'Z 0"L 0: "W ? B ;? A62'   mM- J o ,
.p

.@ #2 #!! X<) (TSR) Z2 ! ROC X<) 96 p .@ :b  IJDK "
w
w
w

(USR) d  \ ROC (b (TSR) d  \ ROC (a :(TSR) Z2

1
Region of Convergence
www.powerjam.ir

^ IJDK " :


-2 

#+2 #!! X+<) n s b+j + G +M b+j A(TSR) Z2 !  @ G M !W P ' s'  l 
.!+2'+ + / 0!+<W + 0 ℑm{s}  '   0 ℜ e {s } AG M bj ! .@
(aSTSR) Z+2 ! #! / 2  E) .!2'  bB ) jω   σ A  ! 5  'B
8+* ! r+D .@+ +7< (TSR) : +"W +F)3 ! +, @+ s bj ! 'q ) W< 7)<)
'+7< + E) (bSTSR) Z+2 ! #! +/ 2  E)  @ (TSR) d '7<  E) 7)<)
.!' X<)  (USR) d

.ir
. 6, k:(SR) d
−t −2 t
x(t ) = e u (t ) + e u (t ) (UgSR)

m
.@ 5 6? IJDK " 0"L : "W
+∞
X (s) = ∫ −∞
[ e − t u ( t ) + e − 2 t u ( t )] e − st dt
+∞ +∞
∫ e −t e − st u (t )dt + ∫ e − 2 t e − st u (t ) dt (UTSR)

ja
=
−∞ −∞

.
 ' 4  )  !2  B e) ! s > −2 a! : "W !  s > −1  : "W ! B
1 1 er (UUSR)
X (s) = +
s +1 s + 2

+/ ;+-) , .)< ;?  @ ' E '<) 8 ! s< x(t ) ;? ROC 5 $ 0
'+<) 8+ 4 P+ IJ+DK +" s< X (s ) 56 A@ './ IJDK " D !!
ow
(TSR) +d 4 .@+ e −2t u (t ) IJDK " a! : "W  e −t u (t ) IJDK " A : "W .@
.! 3 @ 8 5 4 P  0  ROC ;'
1
e−t u (t ) l
→ ℜ e{s } > − 1 (USR)
s +1
.p

1
e−2t u(t) 
l
→ ℜ e {s } > − 2 (USR)
s +2
+ 4 @+ : "W @7< '<) IJDK " F)3 i4 , ℜe{s} 4 0!  s< 56
w

  Ht% & '7< 'E) c -


2s + 3
x(t ) l
→ 2
ℜ e{s } > − 1 (U[SR)
s + 3s + 2
w

# +< X (s) .!2'  bB u0 , ;3  A@2) x(t ) = N (s) :   X (s) ;  , '76
D( s )
+!
+/ 0+$ 0@< * ! .2 ' E '<) 8 4 './ 9 , x(t ) B @ 0 ,
w

8 0 !  ) )2' mM- @v 9(Q  =./  )b! :K!$   , LTI 0


1
S-Plane
2
Ratinal
www.powerjam.ir


        f

u
0+9+.*  D (s ) 0++-  nbj  N (s) 0- .6  0 , :  H (s) "

+ (SR) +d 0+ J


o d .)2' mM- ) \ ) 5 ROC
 ! Ko <$  6)' "
.@ (USR) Z2 :  ROC

.ir
m
(SR) d 0 ROC  9.*  bj !<) :(USR) Z2

ja
.)#2  B Z bj X<) @FL 'o' @JW  9.* X<) @FL '×' @JW
. 6, k :(SR) d
4 1
x(t ) = δ (t ) − e −t u (t ) + e 2t u (t )
3 3
er
.3' @ 'B!  67   IJDK "  @ E 0  δ (t ) IJDK "
(U^SR)

56
ow
4 1 1 1
X ( s) = 1 − + ℜ e {s } > 2 (UfSR)
3 s +1 3 s − 2
'7<  E) , !2 L .3' @ '7< 'E) P P c -  4 '7<  E)
.2' s bj a< AQ 8 IJDK "
.p

.@2)  ) : j5 ;'  (UfSR ).


( s − 1) 2
X (s) = ℜ e{s } > 2 (USR)
( s + 1)( s − 2)
w

.2' (SR) Z2 :  X (s) 0 ROC  9.*  bj



+2 ROC +, '+76 .@   " ;< s = jω i4 IJDK "
bB , .)<
w

!+L 67 +   " : 6 ! (2") '7<  E) L ℜ e{s } = 0 ) !-) jω 
+, )7)< .@ K " 09.*  bj !  ! !, # 2  ;3  , 07!  Z) .! )
w

.6B' a! " bj F)3  , !2' 8* . ) P ! bj ! @ D (SR) Z2 4

1
Zeroes
2
Poles
www.powerjam.ir

 IJDK " :


-2 

.ir
(USR) . =(7<  E)  9.* – bj !<) :(SR) Z2
+* 9+.* 5+ B  @+ @<+ ! ROC '+%
 ! s = 2  s = −1 ! 9.* ! d 5 !
 ! ! !+L ROC  +9.*  ;  'Z!) \"  0 , 0IJDK " 0 .@  B

m
.!, mM-  ROC 9.* ;Z #-  G  ;' !
/ o$ , 0 .

'  (#) "#$%&  !  

ja
+ x E Z @ 0"L : "W 2 F6 ) AIJDK " , Y$ ,
! "* @< * !
y+/ 5+ @/62  H @ =j/  ! =(7<  E) .! !  ) '7<  E) ;!, mM-
er
! + ! =H+) :+WJq 5 + )!  X (s ) 0+"L : "W 5 )!  G   '7<  E) ;'
.
! = * =  !   y/ 5 ;6H
 .! 3 @ ;4 #4E ! x(t ) `2
.@ s bj ! jω   04 :$.* 2 X (s) '7<  E) :T @ j/
ow
4 0!+  ;3 +2 X (s ) '+7< + E) +, !+2'+ #!+ 'D @ j/ 5 @j  )3 4
+ G+  '+7< + E) rD .!2 7< x(t ) = e −σt   " F)3 i4 , @ s = σ + jω
G+ G+  ROC 5+6 .@+ ;3 '+ +  4  +   ! ! '7 +  s '+ E  
+4 : j  4 =`  =H @%E ! ROC 56 .!2' ! jω  :4  'q./
.p

.@
w
w
w

! =(7<  E) (c z? =(7<  E) (b   =(7<  E)(a SR `2
.!2'<) 9.* 2 '7<  E) : U @ j/
.! ) 'Q | Q  4 ) ', @%E !  !2' #! {Q #2 {. d  ! 9. 5
www.powerjam.ir


        gg

!+L s 4   P *E B  2 (n! # !) ! ;4 #4E ! x(t ) B :  @ j/
b+j a< 2 '7<  E) : )3 ! 2 7< IJDK " A s ;3 i4 , '<  2
.!2' @v : j 5 a @ j/ .! / s
bj  } ;3 /! !  bj  E) P x / ! , @ @ j/ 5 0 ! ! ;4 67  P
.( 6, L ([SR) Z2 ) @
.2 tD7 ) σ 0 J
o d σ 4 0!  i4 ~. . x(t )e −σt ,  6, k

.ir
56
T2
∫ x ( t ) e − σ 0 t dt < ∞ (gSR)
T1

m
ja
‫
  ه‬

er (b
ow
 ‫
  ا ا‬

67  (c .@ #2 Q #6, '<) P ! N !


(c # ! 67  (b ! # !  67 (a :([SR) Z2

@ #2 Q #6 '<) P ! N ! # !


.p

+ E) !
+ ℜ e{s} = σ 1 +Z6 0+ .! ! * '7<  E) ! ℜ e{s } = σ 0 @%E 5 !
 2 '7<
w

T2 T0
∫ x ( t ) e − σ 1 t dt = ∫ x ( t ) e − σ 0 t e − ( σ 1 − σ 0 ) t dt < ∞ (TSR)
T1 T1

5+6 .+2 #6, '<) 8 P 7)  e − (σ −σ ) t , 0)7 A2 σ 0 < σ 1  6, k ;6,
1 0
w

)+'+  @+ e −(σ −σ )T 0+  '+<) 8+ + 


<, A! ! !L x(t ) , 0j !
1 0 1

.
6
w

T2 T2
∫ x ( t ) e − σ 1 t dt < e − ( σ 1 − σ 0 ) T1 ∫ x ( t ) e − σ 0 t dt (SR)
T1 T1

σ 0 < ℜ e{ s} i4+ s b+j ,


2' L  @ ! @ @< 7 ) Z6  L 
#7)3 2 σ 0 > σ 1 B - '2  .@ '7<  E) L  )

1
Finite Duration
www.powerjam.ir

gT IJDK " :


-2 

T2 T2
∫ x ( t ) e − σ 1 t dt < e − ( σ 1 − σ 0 ) T 2 ∫ x ( t ) e − σ 0 t dt ([SR)
T1 T1

+ E) 56 .@ tz%7 ) ~. . ℜ e{ s } < σ 0 i4  x(t )e −σ t ,


' 'D # !  1

.@ #2 #!! X<) cb([SR) Z2 ! _ ) 5 . ! / s bj < 2 '7<
! 
+6,'+ #+- #+6, '+<) !  ([SRSa) Z2 67  QjE ([SRSb) Z2 !
!+L + E) ;+? .
+6 '+ #+6 '+<) !  67 + ;+< +Q+jE A ([SRSc) Z2
0t+D+7 ) 5+6  !+ +M) !) B j 5 ! '<) 8 2 @ ! x(t )

.ir
!+/ +B + "%) 2 M) !2/ (#6 ?  #6, ?) '<) 8 ! ;!, Q  x(t )
.(2 tD7 ) x(t )

m
!+2' '2) )3 4 '<) 8 2 ;! ! 4 ;6 <q , @ @ < (E  Z) 5  L
.!2' # 2 ;3  0$ @ j/ ! 2") 5 6? B  @ ! x(t ) !L j ,
'+6$ +2 !+ €+? @< 4 , 6B'  @  '%67 ) n @ x(t ) B : @ j/

ja
! +2 '+7<  E) ! ℜ e{ s} = σ 0 G/ B  2 ( 2 bj 0  t < T 1 !  i4
.) B' * '7<  E) !  ) A!2' ℜ e{ s} > σ 0 F)3 i4 , s !  a< : )3
er
;+ ) '%67 + 5 +6? 0 @ 5Z<  "% .!2' #-  @ 67  P (RSR) Z2 !
+" ;3 i4+ +, @+ ;+ )  0 s +   + @+ 5Z< '6$ .!, Y$ '7<  E)
.!2 7< IJDK
ow
.p

 @ 67  :(RSR) Z2


2
+  i4+ IJ+DK +" +, + 6, k o *  .@ x(t ) = et u (t ) 8 s) 5 4 d P
56 A
!' X<) )3 σ 0   , 2 7< σ 4 'M-
w

+∞
∫ x ( t ) e − σ 0 t dt < ∞ (RSR)
−∞

.@   x(t ) ;? !$ . 


w

+∞
∫ x ( t ) e − σ 0 t dt < ∞ (^SR)
T1

+ ;+? A@ tD7 ) ~. . x(t ) e −σ t , @bB ;'


4 2 σ 1 > σ 0 B 56
1
w

SR) Z+2 ! +, ' X, e − σ 0 t  @" ) 0 -  @W  e − σ 1t


A( t → ∞ ) t X
.@ #2 #!! X<) (^

1
Rigth-sided
www.powerjam.ir


        gU

−σ 1 t
\2  x (t )e : )3 ! A 62 tD7 ) ~. . x (t )e −σ 0t   @ x (t ) B :(^SR) Z2
.@ tD7 ) σ 1 > σ 0

.ir
.@2) ;' 5 6‚<
∞ ∞
∫ x ( t ) e − σ 1 t dt = ∫ x ( t ) e − σ 0 t − ( σ 1 − σ 0 ) t dt

m
T1 T1
(fSR)


− (σ 1 − σ ) T1 −σ 0t
≤e 0
x (t ) e dt
T1

!+ (fSR) +%!$) @+ @<+ +,


2' L  (^SR) %!$ 4 A@ ! T1 ;?

ja
 @+  @+ x(t ) ;+? +,  6, L .@ tD7 ) ~. . x(t )e −σ t 56  @ 1

;+ +)'+<) x(t )e −σ t 5+6  @ e −σ t 4  -  e −σ t \  @W @ σ 1 > σ 0 ;?


1 0 1

er
.@ bj 0  t < T1 i4 x(t ) ;? 6, 2 'b6 0 t  E) ! @!
a+< A+2 '+7< + E) ! ℜe{s} = σ 0 G/+B  +2 n €? 67  x(t ) B :[ @ j/
.) B' * '7<  E) !  ) @ ℜe{s} < σ 0 F)3 i4 , s! 
ow
+) +2 b+j A T2 !   P 4  B  0;4 i4 , @ '%67   €? 67  P
.@  @ j/ :"v d @ j/ 5 :"v .(. 6, L (fSR) Z2
.p

 €? 67 :(fSR) Z2


+ E) A+2 '+7< + E) ! ℜe{s} = σ 0 G+/ +B  +2 u+ FL ! x(t ) +B :R @ j/
w

.!2' ℜe{s} = σ 0 2 , 0)7 @ s bj ! jω  04 $.* P 2
SR) Z+2 ) 2  2! !  ;4 #4E ! ƒq !  4 , @ '%67   FL! 67  P
w

4 #+M%! +e% P+ +M )  ;' '%67  5 6? '7<  E) 5 $ 0 .( 6, L (
)7)< A!,  xR (t )  @  xL (t )  €? 67  ! s<   67  T0 6) ;4
w

.@ #2 #!! ;-) (SR) Z2 ! ,


xL (t )  xR (t ) 67 + ! + + E) ;3 ! +, @7< s 4 0!  i4 x (t ) IJDK "
.62 7<

1
Left-sided
2
Two-sided
www.powerjam.ir

g IJDK " :


-2 

.ir
.@ #2   @   €? 67  !  ,  FL ! 67  :(SR) Z2

m
+F)3 ! +, @+ s b+j 4 'q+ ) +2 l{xR (t )} '+7< + E) +,
)!'  @ j/ 4
σ R d 5 $   P @ @< 2 '6$ .( σ R 4 '6 $   i4) 2 = ℜe{s} > σ R

ja
! +, @+ s b+j 4 'q ) 2 l{xL (t )} '7<  E) ,
)!'
 [ @ j/4  .@
G+/ P+ i4+ IJ+DK +"
)+ B 56 .(@ '6 $ !W σ L ) @ ℜe{s} < σ L F)3
ℜe{s} < σ L '+++6$) +++ E)! 5+++ o +++< E r+++D .@+++7< ℜe{s} = σ 0 +++d mM+++-
er
[(TgSR)Z2 .c. ]62' c - $.* P c - G/ P *E 0 !( ℜe{s} > σ R 
ow
.p

c -  E) .6  c -  E) P ! k ~"q , xL (t )  xR (t )  \ =(7< 'E) :(TgSR) Z2
.2 = x(t ) = x R (t ) + xL (t )  \ =(7<  E) 8* ! =(7< =E)
IJ+DK +"  @+2! M) !L c -  E) : 6 ! .!2 σ R > σ L , @ 5Z< 
w

.2 M) 7< s 4 0     i4


. 6, k :([SR) d
w

e − at 0<t <T
 (SR)
x(t ) = 
 0
w

t <0 ,T <t
.@4 :  ;3 IJDK "
T 1
X ( s ) = ∫ e − at e − st dt = [1 − e − ( s + a )T ] (gSR)
0 s+a
'+7< + E) ,
2' L  () @ j/ 4 A@ ! q 0 ! x(t ) d 5 ! ;?
.@ s bj a< 2
www.powerjam.ir


        g

.!2' 1 − e − ( s + a )T = 0 F)3 i4 , @ bj '6 ) !$ 0 ! x(t )


56
e −(s+a)T
=1 = e− j 2kπ
(TSR)
( s + a)T = j 2πk (USR)
2πk  (SR)
s = −a + j k = 0,±1,±2,K
T

.ir
. 6, mM- s bj !  bj 5  :TSR5<

2  2!  SR 67   6, k :(RSR) d
x (t ) = e
−b t
(SR)

m
ja
er
b<0  b>0 i4 x (t ) = e − b t 67  :(TTSR) Z2
.@ #2
 b>0  b<0 i4 67  5 (TTSR) Z2 !
ow
'6$ .!,   €?   @ 67  !  )3  @  FL !  q ! 67  ;?
x(t ) = e −bt u (t ) + ebt u (−t ) (R)
,
2! J"* 
1 
e−bt u (t ) ←
→l
ℜe{s} > −b (RSR)
.p

s+b
−1 
e bt u ( −t ) ←
→l
ℜ e{s } < b (RS^)
s−b
b<0 +B '% A() ! '7<  E) '6$) @ !L 67  @< * !  IJDK " ? B
w

+B  .@2! M) IJDK " x(t ) 56 .) ) c - \ ) '7<  E) ! 5 A2
.@ 5 6? IJDK " A2 b>0
w

− 2b (fSR)
X (s) = − b < ℜ e {s } < b
(s − b)2
w

. 6, @v  & . :5<


+ "q +F? 4 '+Z ! +2  +2) + 2  2! IJDK " #/ 67   ,  6, L
.(+q ! A €+? A @+ A! ;4 67 ) @B / *
!, '$ , '67 
+* +4 + E) +F? 4 'Z ! p'7<  E)  ! ! IJDK " , '%67   56
.! 7
www.powerjam.ir

g[ IJDK " :


-2 

(! ;4 067  0) s bj a<


( €? 067  0) s bj €? @<
( @ 067  0) s bj @ @<
(q ! 067  0) s bj ! jω  04 G/ !  !

+/ @+F6  + +7! 9+.* P+ +  !2' s2 9.* P 4 '7<  E) :KE '< !
A@ 9.* 6? 2 , '( @ 67  0 56 .!2'<) 9.* 2 B '% !2'

.ir

+/ ( + ∞ ) +  #+2 s+2 (@+ @<+ ! 9+.* 5+/3) 9.* 5 B  4 '7<  E)
9+.* 5 Z?+, 4 '+7< + E) @+ 9+.* +6? 2 , '( €? 67  0  .!2'

m
.!2'
/ ( − ∞ ) =b6 @F6    #2 s2 (€? @< ! 9.* 5/3)
. 7 e) ! (a-TUSR) Z2 9.* Sbj !<)   4 0"L : "W :(^SR) d
1 (SR)
X (s) =

ja
( s + 1 )( s + 2 )( s − 1 )( s − 2 )
0+ '+7< + E) (T+ + 9.* !$) _6D @ #2 #!! X<) (TUSR) Z2 ! , .)<
(bSTUSR) Z2 2  @ A& 9.* Sbj !<)  \ 67  B .@ 5Z< & : "W
er .! / ;3 '7<  E)
ow
.p
w
w
w

(^SR) d 0 6Z< '7<  E)  9.*  bj !<) :(TUSR) Z2
www.powerjam.ir


        gR

+B 5 +6‚< .! / '7<  E) X<) (cSTUSR) Z2 2  €? ,t 67  B 
! .@+ ;3 '+7< + E) X<) (e,f,dSTUSR)  Z2 4 =` 2 q ! x(t ) 67 
+2 '+7< + E) ;? ! ! !L   " 2 (fSTUSR) `2 =(7<  E) H = %E
.! ) !L   " F %E    .!2 = jω 
. 3 @  4 67  IJDK " :(fSR) d
h(t ) = αδ (t − T ) + α 3δ (t − 3T ) ([gSR)

.ir
m
(fSR) d  \ h(t ) 67  :(TSR) Z2

ja
 @   : "W IJDK "
∞ ∞

−∞
αδ (t − T )e −st dt = ∫ αe −sT δ (t − T ) dt = αe −sT
−∞ er ([TSR)
.
 ! @F) !  3 = @ : j 5 <   ) a! : "W IJDK "
H ( s ) = αe + α 3e −3sT
− sT
([USR)
 
ow
− sT
H ( s ) = αe [1 + (αe ) ] − sT 2
([SR)
4 P+ + ;!! +* b+j 0+  4 bj 
6,  D  8 5 09.*  bj ;Z B
.63' @ H (s ) #6!  Z- W
e − sT = 0  α 2e −2 sT = −1 ([SR)
.p

.@ tD ;Z a! 0  G   @ 5Z<  }  0 


α e2 −2 sT
= −1 ([[SR)
w

56
−1 1 @ ! !W k ([RSR)
e − 2 sT = = e − jkπ
α2 α2
w

.
 ! ƒq ! 4 5 B
 7% 
1 ([^SR)
− 2 sT = ln − jkπ
w

α2
.
 ! s = σ + jω ;!! *  
1 ([fSR)
− 2Tσ = ln
α2
1 1 ([SR)
σ =− ln( )
2T α 2
www.powerjam.ir

g^ IJDK " :


-2 

− 2Tω = − kπ (RgSR)
kπ (RTSR)
ω= k = ± 1, ± 3 , K
2T
@ 5 6? ;3 9.* Sbj !<)
 rD ! ) 9.* 8 , !2 L

.ir
m
ja
(fSR) d 9.*  bj !<) (TSR) Z2
er

*+ 
: + 67 + +  +" + ;3 +.  #!+ s 4 '$ IJDK " ,
! 3 @ J
o "*
.2'4
ow

X (σ + jω) = F{x(t )e −σ t } = ∫ x(t )e −σ t e − jω t dt (RUSR)
−∞

.!2'  B e) ! =  !  ! ROC ! #M%! G/ … 0 7 ) ,  6, L
.!,  E  IZ$   " ;' 5 6‚<
1 ∞
(RSR)

jω t
x(t )e −σ t = F −1{X (σ + jω)} = X (σ + jω)e dω
.p

2π −∞
σ t
.
 !
6, Q e !  5 q B 
1 ∞
(RSR)

w

x (t ) = X (σ + jω ) e (σ + jω ) t dω
2π −∞

@+ @+v σ +,


+2  +2! e) ! 
6, " s  ω 4  0 B7 )  l  B @F) !
w

.3' @ : j5 IZ$ IJDK " : 6 ! A ds = jdω , 0)7


1 σ + j∞
(R[SR)
x (t ) =
j 2π ∫σ − j∞
X ( s )e st ds
w

.2  2! * ROC ! G/ 5 , 0)7 !2  B ℜe{s} = σ G/   7 )
+Z6 0 7! 0p 4  @ Z- (R[SR)  4 IZ$ IJDK " " Ko <$
 +2! ;+Z +B) @+ 4 :  'W<  X (s) " p 5 4 'Z .!2' #!b 
.(2
www.powerjam.ir


        gf

m
Ai
X (s) = ∑i =1 s + ai
(RRSR)

! p 5+ .+3'+ @+ 'B!+  X (s) '7<  E) 5 2!  IZ$ " : 6 !
. 6, L (SR) d  9. ;2 |Q 0 .@ ƒ$ n,-./ 012 31)  {J.j
I`$ IJDK " @ . :(SR) d
1 (R^SR)
X (s) = ℜe{s} > −1

.ir
( s + 1)(s + 2)
s< 0   X (s )   'L  ,  G  p 4 X (s) IZ$ " ;! 3 @ 0
.
!' *  , !

m
1 A B (RfSR)
X (s) = = +
( s + 1)( s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
 #!+, Q ( s + 2) ! rz  ( s + 1) ! 9    (RSRf) . 5 q AB  A " 0

ja
'6$ .
!' * s = −2 rz  s = −1 9   jE !
s +1 (RSR)
X ( s )(s + 1) = A+ B er=A
s = −1 s + 2 s = −1
56
A =1 (^gSR)
ow
.
 ! 9  5 < 
B = −1 (^TSR)
56
1 1 (^USR)
X (s) = −
.p

s +1 s + 2
+ E) .@+  @+ 67  P x(t ) ,
2' L  '7<  E) 5 2!  L ;6,
.@ #2
 (aSTRSR) Z2 ! '7<
w
w
w

ROC  s = −1 ! 9.* (b x (t ) 0 ROC  9.*S bj !<) (a '(L 0 , G  !  % 0: "W 0 ROC  / :(TRS R) Z2
;3  †6   @ 67   \ ROC  s = −2 ! 9.* (c ;3  †6   @ 67   \

1
Partial fraction expansion
www.powerjam.ir

g IJDK " :


-2 

.@ 5 6?   " (^USR) %!$ 0 , 4 P  0 


l 1  (^SR)
e −t u (t ) ←→ ℜe{s} > −1
s +1
l 1  (^SR)
e −2t u (t ) ←
→ ℜe{s} > −2
s+2
56
l 1  ℜe{s} > −1 (^[SR)
(e −t − e −2t )u (t ) ←

.ir
→
( s + 1)( s + 2)
: + p'7<  E) '% A(SR) d 0"L : "W ;< 
 ! 0 X (s)  6, k ;6,
.(@  €? @%E 5 ! 67  ,  6, L)
 ! : 6 ! .@ ℜe{s} < −2

m
l 1 (^RSR)
− e −t u ( −t ) ←
→ ℜe{s} < −1
s +1
1 (^^SR)

ja
l
− e −2t u ( −t ) ←
→ ℜe{s} < −2
s+2
 ) !
l 1 er (^fSR)
( −e −t + e −2t )u ( −t ) ←
→ ℜe{s} < −2
( s + 1)( s + 2)
@+%E 5 ! .2 − 2 < ℜe{s} < −1 '7<  E) 0 ! '"* X (s ) ;<  6, k @F) !
.
6,'
 @< *   '7<  E)  2 q !   FL !  67 
ow
.p
w

 @ (b)   €? 67  (a) ! '7<  E) :(T[SR) Z2


w

rD .@  €? 67  P 7)<) (aST[SR) Z2


l 1 (^SR)
− e −t u ( −t ) ←
→ ℜe{s} < −1
s +1
w

rD .@  @ 67  P 7)<) (bST[SR) Z2 


l 1 (fgSR)
+ e − 2t u (t ) ←
→ ℜe{s} > −2
s+2

 ! 56
www.powerjam.ir


        Tg

l 1 (fTSR)
x (t ) = −e −t u ( −t ) − e −2t u (t ) ←
→ − 2 < ℜe{s} < −1
( s + 1)( s + 2)

  4
‡+ ! + 6    " y/ - :FL ' / 4 , IJDK " y/ @< * 5 !
+  + `) ! + +L 67  =(7<  E)  IJDK " 5 $ ! .) B' * '  
+ ;4 #4E ! #2 !  l v  IJDK " "L : "W `6   `) .!H =  @*!

.ir
 .ˆ6H =  l  9.*  bj  3 .ˆ!2 =
H  Q =".*  bj 3 .ˆ@ : j ?
=+ +*  v+ @  )  =(7<  E) 3  9.*  bj !$ !  l 5 3 `6 a!  `)
+3 +7! : "W  .ˆ!2 = L G   6H =  l =H q  =(7<  E)   3 .ˆ!

m
! .ˆ!+2 =+ r`$%   €?   @ " Jd = : l ?! ;4 #4E ! 67 
@+  L =(7<  E)  IJDK " =B!  !2 = ‡W Ht% & :`) 5 B e)

ja
.
 3

IJDK " ;! './ TSSR


er  6, k
x1 (t ) ← l
→ X 1 ( s ) R1 '7<  E)  (fUSR)
ow
x2 (t ) ← l
→ X 2 ( s) R2 '7<  E)  (fSR)
.@ 4 : j  67  ! 5 s< =(7<  E)  IJDK " : 6 !
ax1 (t ) + bx2 (t ) ←
→l
aX 1 ( s ) + bX 2 ( s ) R1 I R2 *E '7<  E)  (fSR)
IJ+DK +" +2 '+F +W< 5 B  A@ R2  R1 c -  *E '7<  E)
.p

(fSR) %!$ ! J o d A2 c -  4  B  '7<  E) @ 5Z< .@2! M) !L
s b+j +, '+7< + E)  !2' X ( s) = 0 : )3 ! 2 a = −b  x1 (t ) = x2 (t ) B
.@
w

:(TgSR) d
1
R1 : ℜe{s} > −1
w

X 1 (s) =
( s + 1)
1
X 2 (s) = R2 : ℜe{s} > −1
( s + 1)( s + 2)
w

: 6H k ;6H .@ #2


 (T^SRSa,b) Z2 ! ! 5 9.* Sbj !<)
1 1 ( s + 1) 1 (f[SR)
X ( s) = − = =
s + 1 ( s + 1)( s + 2) ( s + 1)( s + 2) s + 2
www.powerjam.ir

TT IJDK " :


-2 

.ir
X 1 ( s ) − X 2 ( s )  \ ROC (c X 2 ( s)  \ ROC (b X 1 ( s )  \ ROC (a :(T^SR) Z2
.!+2'+ '+d6/ "-1" ! b+j  + s = −1 9+.* X 2 ( s )  X 1 ( s ) './ 9 , ! 56

m
A X (s ) '+7< + E) t+% . +3'+ ! (RST^ Sc) Z+2 : + 9+.* S b+j !<) 56
'+d6/ + )+2'+ !+ 9.*   '7<  E) ;? E F .2 / ℜe{s} > −2
R2  R1 '+7< + E) ! c +- + 4  B  '7<  E) d 5 ! 9.* P ;2

ja
.@ #2
.
2  2! 4 : j   x(t ) IJDK " B  =H @%E !
x k (t ) ← l
→ X k ( s ), Rk
er (fRSR)
.@ 4 : j   x(t ) 4 =./ 9 H IJDK " : )3 !

x (t ) = ∑ a k x k (t ) ← ∑ ak X k ( s ) , R = I Rk *E (f^SR)
ow
l
→
k k k

5 6 76 08 9 :! 4


B
x(t ) ← l
→ X ( s) ROC=R (ffSR)
.p

: j ;3 !
x(t − t 0 ) ↔ e − st0 X ( s ) ROC=R (fSR)
w

@+ !+* +F6 e − st0 +<L ;+? .!H M)  l ;4 #4E !  ) @%E ! =(7<  E)
 + + 9+.*  b+j !+<)  =(7<  E) 5 $ ! H 6H ! − ∞  ∞ ! bj  9.*
.! )  v L
w

s 76 08 9 :! 4


x(t ) ← l
→ X ( s) ROC=R (gSR)
w

s0 t
e x(t ) ← l
→ X (s − s0 )  ROC = R + ℜe{s0 } (TSR)
+, @+ X (s ) '7<  E) ;< X ( s − s0 )  \ '7<  E) , @ '6$ 5 5
R1 ! s + ℜe{s0 } +  A R ! s +  + 0+ 56 .@ #!,  D  ) ℜe{s0 } #4)
.@ #2 #!! X<) (TfSR) Z2 ! , )7)< .! B = * ( e s t x(t ) '7<  E))
0
www.powerjam.ir


        TU

.ir
X ( s − s0 )  \ ROC (b x(t )  \ ROC (a ROC 0 s #4E !  ) v :(TfSR) Z2
=+7) +  .)2 = L s0 #4)  =7<  9.*  bj  @ j/ 5 ! H !2 L

m
67 + +B 7! : "W  .@ #) @v 67  =H `2 H
<F = ;4 #4E 67  
+ E) `2 56 .) = =*  €? A2  €? B  .) = =*  @ A2  @
.!!B =  ) ?! G   !2 =<) = : l ?! =(7<

ja
5 6 7608 (;)
 44
er B
x(t ) ← l
→ X ( s) ROC = R (USR)
#7)3
1 s
ow
x(at ) ←
→l
X( ) ROC = R1 = aR (SR)
a a
. 6, L (TSR) Z2  .2  2! * R1 !  s A R ! s    0 '6$
a
.p
w
w

1 s
a > 0 0 a
X (
a
)  \ ROC (b x(t )  \ ROC (a ROC ')4 06I  v :(TSR) Z2
w

1 s
0 < a < 1 0 a X ( a )  \ ROC (c

: "W  .!2 =<) = : l ?! ;4 #4E ! 67  `2 : )3 ! 2 @"d a B
 @ 9    ) x(at ) 67  : j ;3 ! 2  €?   @ x(t ) 67  B 7!
:+ l +?! ;+4 #4+E ! 67  `2 : j ;3 ! 2 =b6 a B  .!2 =  €? 
 !+2 =+  €? x(at ) 67  2  @ x(t ) 67  B 7! : "W  .!2 = =
www.powerjam.ir

T IJDK " :


-2 

 + b+j ;+` +`6 + #JW H !2 @*!  L =(7<  E) 5 $ ! 56 .r`$%
Jd+ .!+2 =+ = `2  l ?! a < 0 @%E !  ) =(7<  E) A6H =  l  9.*
!+<) A2 (b-TUSR) `2 : j  =(7<  E)  9.*  bj !<)  ! x(t ) 67  B
=+ (c- TUSR) `+2 : +j + @+ a = −1 = * x(at ) 67  =7<  E)  9.*  bj
s = − s p ! + 9+.* + s = s p ! + 9+.* + H Ay/ d 5  H !2 L .2
+ E) + ) ! .!+2 =+ +"  €+? 67 +   @ 67  #JW  .)2 = "

.ir
.!2 = "  €? @%E   @ @%E 4 =(7<
=>! ? @A  <4

m
B
x1 (t ) ←→l
X 1 (s) ROC = R1 (SR)
x2 (t ) ← l
→ X 2 (s ) ROC = R2 ([SR)

ja
56
x1 (t ) * x2 (t ) ←→ X 1 ( s) X 2 ( s ) R1 I R2 *E '7<  E) 
l
(RSR)
er
X 2 (s)  X 1 ( s ) '+7< + E) ! c +- + *+E +2 X 1 ( s ) X 2 ( s ) '7<  E)
+d ;+6W + .)2 'd6/ bj   9.* 4 0!$ B !2  B  @ 5Z<  2'
B
ow
s +1 (^SR)
X 1 ( s) = ℜe{s} > −2
s+2

s+2 (fSR)
X 2 ( s) = ℜe{s} > −1
.p

s +1
.(! ) '".*   ;?) @ s bj a< ;3 '7<  E)  X 1 ( s) X 2 ( s) = 1 : j ;3 !
5 6 76 08 (#B C: 4
w

B
x(t)←
l
→X (s) ROC = R (SR)
w

56
dx(t ) l
←→ sX ( s) ROC = R *E (TggSR)
dt
w

4 4 =` 9.* 5 B  ) ! .!2 = ƒtE 2  2! s = 0 ! =".* X (s ) B 5 6
+" +d ;+6W + .2 /  B  ~ - =(7<  E) 2 #!!  `-  =(7<  E)
+ .@+ ℜe{s} > 0 ;3 =+(7< + E) H .!2 = X ( s) =
1  x(t ) = u (t ) D 8 IJDK
s
;+6W  .@ s bj  H ;3 =(7<  E) H .@ E  dx(t) = δ (t) ~ - IJDK "
dt
www.powerjam.ir


        T

+ E) +H .!+2 =+ X ( s) = − 1  x(t ) = u (−t ) 8 IJDK " H  6H L 7! =%d
s
+ E) H .@ E =b6  dx(t)
= −δ (t) ~ - IJDK "  .@ ℜe{s} < 0 ;3 =(7<
dt
.@ s bj  H
 4 ;3 =(7<
+ +"  @   €? q … 67  ~ - : <W =q H ! ! !L ;` 5 56
+" s b+j a+<   @   €? 4 =(7<  E)  ) !  !2 ! # ! 67 

.ir
.!2 =
 !+2 ! bj ! 9.*  x(t ) 67  =(7<  E) B H !<) @*!  6 ! 5 6‚<
+ E) b+j ! 9+.* ;+2 ƒt+E + : +j ;3 ! 2  2! !L =".* bj 4 "*  $ B

m
!+$  =+(7< + E) `2 : j 5 ! .!2 = =F 6 $ 9.*     !  =(7<
. = $ =(7<  E) G   !2 =<) = : l ?! ;4 #4E ! 67  `2 ;3

ja
+ 2") s = 0 ! =".*  ! x(t ) 67  B H @ 5 2 Ht   6 ! H /3  `)
bj ! 9.* K< E G  ~ - : <W : j ;3 ! A2") =(7<  E) !E 4 =` 9.* 5
.3 =<) !L  l   =(7<  E) !  6H = Q bj ! bj  6H = ƒtE 
er
. 6, @v  TggSR . :5<
s 76 08 (#$: (D<
ow

X (s) = ∫
−∞
x (t ) e − st dt (TgTSR)
.
 ! o  )
dX ( s ) ∞
(TgUSR)
= ∫ ( −t ) x (t ) e − st dt
ds −∞
.p

l dX(s) (TgSR)
− tx(t) ←
→ ROC = R
ds
;4 #4E 67  =H `2 !  l )B   r)H #4E ! ~ - : <W H !2 = #!
w

+ ) 9+.*  b+j !<) ‰% 4  .) = @v =(7<  E) =H `2 56 .6H =<) !
X+  9+.* " G   6H =<) Q  bj  =".*   IJDK #4E ! ~ - : <W
.) = @v =(7<  E) 56 .! =
w

Z ()3 4 . x(t) = te−atu(t)  6, k :(TTSR) d


1 (TgSR)
w

l
e−atu(t) ←
 → ℜe{s} > −a
s +a
56
l d 1 1
te−atu(t)←
 →− ( )= ℜe{s} > −a (Tg[SR)
ds s + a (s +a)2
.
 ! (TgSR) . ! ,
<$ 
www.powerjam.ir

T[ IJDK " :


-2 

t n−1 −at 1 (TgRSR)


l →
e u(t) ← ℜe{s} > −a
(n −1)! (s + a)n
.
6,  E  IZ$ IJDK "
M , @ ')4  -  (TgRSR) . ! ,
. 6, @v  (TgRSR) . :5<
5 6 76 08 (#$>#$:! E4
B

.ir
x (t ) ← l
→ X ( s ) ROC = R (Tg^SR)
t 1
∫ x(τ )dτ ←
→l
X (s) ROC = R I {ℜe{s} > 0} *E (TgfSR)
−∞ s

m
'+% +3'+ @+ I+Z$ IJ+DK +" . ƒq ! 4 0 7%7 )  o <  @ j/ 5
.! 3 @  ) 4 ~. )3 ;'
t
(TgSR)

ja
∫−∞
x(τ )dτ = u (t ) * x(t )
.
 ! 2' u (t ) ←→
l 1  ℜe{s} > 0 ;? 52%), @ j/  L  56
s
u (t ) * x(t ) ←
→l 1
s
X ( s)
er (TTgSR)
.@ u (t ) IJDK "  X (s ) '7<  E) c -  2 ;3 '7<  E) 
" H! F >F #8  (0G 4
ow
8+ +)7‚  +2 x(t ) F)3 ! , '@%E 5 6‚<  x(t < 0) = 0 , 'j/ 0 @%E !
+  ) x(0 + ) + + % !+  IJ+DK " 4 'B!  ;' 2") bj ! ;3 : -  Q
'+76 x(t ) +  5 6‚<+ (6,   bj @<  @"d !  ƒq 4 t , '76 x(t )
.63 = @ 4 G 4 =(F)   % !  .! 3 @  t → ∞ ,
.p

+
x(0 ) = lim sX ( s ) (TTTSR)
s →∞

lim x (t ) = lim sX ( s ) (TTUSR)


w

t →∞ s →0

. 6, @v  & 0 :5<



J+ :1K
 I4
w

B
h (t ) ← l
→ H ( s ) ROC = Rh (TTSR)
w

h(t ) ∗ hi (t ) = δ (t ) +. ! +H ( hi (t ) ) I`$


 IJDK " "L : "W : )3 !
.3 = @ 4 . 4 6H = &j
l 1 (TTSR)
hi (t ) ←
→ H i (s) =
H (s)
www.powerjam.ir


        TR

! b+j + =+j


  9.*  AI`$
 ! 9.*  =j
  bj 56
@+%E ! +H !H @v ; = .@ =(7<  E) =j Š  .)2 = " I`$

+ E) +H @+ 5+ @+
F ‚)3 .@ )  ` !  5 ! I`$
 =(7<  E) =H
;+` + A+2  2! =j
 =(7<  E)  =H -  E)  I`$
 =(7<
.2  2! !L I`$
  =j
 IJDK " ;!H Q
5+2%)H H =(F%67  @bL !$ H @ 5 ;3 #!  ) ;? @ 9%L   @ E 5

.ir
.2 ) = E 4 X  !2 = Q 8  6 F)3 ;!H
. 6H L 4 F%d  I`$
 =(7<  E) ;!H  D #) | Q 

m
.2 #2 #!! 4 =(7<  E)   ) 8  =<   6H k :(TUSR d)
s −1 1
H ( s) = =1+ ; Re( s ) > 2
s−2 s−2

ja
er
ow
I`$
 (b) =j
 (a) =(7<  E)  9.* bj !<) (UgSR) `2
.3 = @ 4 : j 
 5 Q CD
2t
h(t ) = δ (t ) + e u (t )
.p

.3 = @ 4 : j   ) I`$


  ) 8
s−2 1
H i ( s) = = 1− ; Re( s ) > 1
s −1 s −1
w

.
 ! ;3 4 H
t
hi (t ) = δ (t ) − e u (t )
w

56
t 2t
hi (t ) ∗ h(t ) = [δ (t ) − e u (t )] ∗ [δ (t ) + e u (t )]
w

= δ (t ) − et u (t ) + e 2t u (t ) − et u (t ) ∗ 22t u (t ) = δ (t )

+/ A
+ 7 +e) ! Re( s ) < 1 : +j   I`$
  ) 8 =(7<  E) B 
.@2!
hi (t ) = δ (t ) + et u (−t )
www.powerjam.ir

T^ IJDK " :


-2 

5 + ‹ +- =+(7< + E) ;? .@2! M) !L hi (t ) ∗ h(t ) 52%)H jE : 6 !
.! ) !L h(t )  hi (t )
=+(7< + E)  .+Q +H =< +  + \ I`$
 .Q @ . :(TSR) d
.@ 4 : j  ;3 Q CD IJDK "
2 4
( s − 1)( s + 2) 3
H ( s) = = 1+ + 3 ; Re( s ) > 2

.ir
( s + 1)(s − 2) s +1 s − 2

m
ja
er
ow

a! .Q (c) I`$


  .Q (b) =j
 (a) =(7<  E)  9.* bj !<) (UTSR) `2
I`$

.@ 4 : j 
 Q CD .Q
.p

2 4
h (t ) = δ (t ) + e −t u (t ) + e 2t u (t )
3 3
.@ 4 : j  I`$
 5`< =(7<  E) !  .Q
w

2 4
( s + 1)( s − 2) 3 ℜe{s} > 1
H i (s) = = 1− − 3 ;
( s − 1)( s + 2) s − 1 s + 2 − 2 < ℜe{s} < 1
w

+ E) ! 5+ .!+2 =+ Y+$ 5+`< =+(7< + E) ! I+`$


  `2  L 
=+ @+ I`$
  . ! 56 .) #2
 (c,bUTSR) `2 ! =(7<
w

.3
2 4
hi (t ) = δ (t ) − e t u (t ) − e −2t u (t )
3 3
2 t 4
hi (t ) = δ (t ) + e u (−t ) − e −2t u (t )
3 3
www.powerjam.ir


        Tf

5+2%)H +jE  6  =j


 I`$ !   .@ D a! .Q  =W  .Q
.@ Q 8  =j
  F)3
2 4 2 4
[δ (t ) − et u (t ) − e −2t u (t )] ∗ [δ (t ) + e −t u (t ) + e 2t u (t )] = δ (t )
3 3 3 3
2 t 4 −2t 2 −t 4
[δ (t ) + e u (−t ) − e u (t )] ∗ [δ (t ) + e u (t ) + e 2t u (t )] = δ (t )
3 3 3 3
L1!#P8 ' 8 L+ ) 7L MN "O ( & :1K  "K0#) <

.ir
@) Q R#S ) "O
:K!+$ + +H A'+./ 0+
+  +   + 0+   " 4
! J"* , .)<

+/' - '2  ;6, 


!, #!b  A)2 = Y j @v 9(Q  =./  )b!
+
+  P+ 'L/ S0!  . ,  6, k d ;6W  .
6, #!b  IJDK " 4

ja
.!2' mM- 4 @v 9Q  './  )b! %!$
dy (t ) (TT[SR)
+ 3 y(t ) = x(t )
dt er .
 ! ƒq ! 4 IJDK " 5 B 
sY ( s ) + 3Y ( s ) = X ( s ) (TTRSR)
Y (s) 1 (TT^SR)
= H (s) =
ow
X (s) s+3
.!+ +/
+  Q CD ;< ;3 IZ$ " , 6B'
 " 8 H (s ) 
+%!$ @+ E ! .!+2 5 + $ + ) ROC + '+% +2 + D H (s) 0"L : "W 9  5
A + )b! %!$ P 0 ', @%E !  ! M) LTI
 P 7)  'F6   )b!
.p

+6? !+$ +.  '7<  E) 6? ;' A'ŒW }  @ 'ŒW

) Z6   
@+ @< !  p'7<  E) ;' @ 'ŒW

) B  .!, 5 $ Q CD
+ E) +d 5+ ! .!+,
+ !-) '".*   2 , 0)7 (9.* 5 B  ) 9.* 5/3
w

.!2' k s = −3 9.* @ @< ! '7<


 @+%E ! .@+B' * s = −3 €? @< ! '7<  E) ! 'ŒW  } &
 B 
w

.! / 4 :  ('ŒW)Q CD


−3t
h(t ) = e u (t ) (TTfSR)
w

 @  ('ŒW })Q CD a! @%E ! 


−3t
h(t ) = −e u (−t ) (TTSR)
4 :   )b! %!$ P 0 ', @%E !
N
d k y(t ) M d k x(t )
∑a
k =0
k
dt k
= ∑ bk
k =0 dt k
(TUgSR)
www.powerjam.ir

T IJDK " :


-2 

.
 ! & %!$ 5 q 4 IJDK " 5 B 
N M
(∑ ak s k )Y ( s ) = (∑ bk s k ) X ( s ) (TUTSR)
k =0 k =0

56
M

∑b
k =0
k sk
(TUUSR)
H (s) = N

.ir
∑a
k =0
k s k

&:1K 9  

m
#! 9 , 6? .!, 5 $  
 Y M :" , " 8 ;' IJDK " P<, 
.)#2 (  4 ! d ;6W 

ja
er
ow

LTI
 ! 0 (b LTI
 ! 04  (a :(UUSR) Z2
.p

.
 ! (aSUUSR) Z2 0
h(t ) = h1 (t ) + h2 (t ) (TUSR)
.! / 4 : 
 ', IJDK " . 56
w

H ( s ) = H1 ( s ) + H 2 ( s ) (TUSR)
.
 ! (bSUUSR) Z2 0 
w

h(t ) = h1 (t ) * h2 (t ) (TU[SR)
H ( s ) = H1 ( s ) H 2 ( s ) (TURSR)
w

+ +) 5+ .+ 6, 5 + $  (USR) `+2 : +j + =(


 9 , " 8 :5<
.@ ƒ$ n / rD   


1
Feedback
www.powerjam.ir


        Ug

LTI
 ! P   :(USR) Z2

.ir
IJ+DK +" '+7< + E) , @ ;3
 P 0 D 0 ', \2  6, @v :5<
.2 jω  2 ;3 Q CD

m
 #O*
 D
5+ ! + .
!+, @"+j q ! IJDK " !  !  b   5 '"* 0@< * !
=(+
+ )  % G2  'ŒW 0
   ! , IJDK " 7! s)  8L @< *

ja
.!,
/ @"j ! ! ! , (6 )  % @E  @%E ! H
.!2' Y$ 5 6? x(t ) 67  χ (s) .Z IJDK "
er

χ ( s ) ∆ ∫ x (t ) e − st dt (TU^SR)
0+

+.Z IJ+DK +" A62 ; Z t > 0 i4  :b  t < 0 i4 67  ! B Y$ 5 
ow
+.Z IJDK " 56 .@ ) ; Z ;2q ! IJDK " '% @2! 6/ ') Z
0+  t = 0−  t < 0 i4 , !,  '67  0 q ! IJDK " ;< ;' 
+  ‰+% 4 9+.* 5 B  @ @< ! (TU^SR) %!$ '7<  E) 56 .6 bj
.@ ) =(7<  E) H  4 )  ) ! .! ! * = E
.p

. 7 e) !  4 67  :(TSR) d


t n −1 (TUfSR)
x (t ) = e − at u ( t )
( n − 1)!
w

.
 !  )2' 'Z !  5 ! q!  .Z IJDK " !
1 (TUSR)
χ (s) = X (s) = ℜe{s} > −a
w

(s + a) n
. 6, k ;6, :(TSR) d
x(t) = e−a(t−t0 )u(t − t0 ) (TgSR)
w

.
! 3 @ ')4  ) @ j/ 4 J"*  d 5 0 q ! IJDK "
e − st0 (TTSR)
X ( s) = ℜe{s} > −a
s+a
.
 3' @ .Z IJDK " KE
www.powerjam.ir

UT IJDK " :


-2 

+∞
χ (s) = ∫ e − a ( t − t0 ) u ( t − t 0 ) e − st dt (TUSR)
0+

 +∞ e at 0 e −t ( s + a ) dt ; t ≤ 0
 ∫0 + 0
(TSR)
χ ( s ) =  +∞
 ∫ e at 0 e −t ( s + a ) dt ; t 0 > 0
 t0
56
 a t0 1

.ir
e ; t0 ≤ 0
χ ( s) =  s + a ℜe{s} > −a (TSR)
e s t 0 1 ; t > 0
 s+a
0

m
+B  .) t0 > 0 @%E  q …  q ! IJDK " H !2 = #! d 5 !
.3 = @ q !  .Z IJDK " 0 Y M CD ! t0 ≤ 0

ja
" 8* ! χ (s ) .Z IJDK " ,
' 'D A2  bB ;6, , ="%.  !6  
+" y+/ 4 0  +  . x(t ) 67 + +) A@+ x(t )u (t ) 67 + + \ q ! IJDK
+ \+  +-  '+F) +    %    h* ! @ E !  6  ; Z q!  .Z
er
0+ x(t ) @+ a4K +,
+ bB  h* ! ;3 ;! &!j 0 ;? .6  .Z IJDK "
5+ <F 4 '+Z .2  2) bj !  X -  Q 8 )7‚   2 bj 0  t < 0
ow
x(t ) + 6, k+ .@+ 0+ B~ - @ j/ ! q!  .Z IJDK " y/ 0:b
.
 ! dx (t ) 4 iL  iL 0 7%7 )  56 @ χ (s) .Z IJDK " 0 !
dt
∞ dx ( t ) − st ∞ ∞
∫ e dt = x ( t ) e − st + + s ∫ + x ( t )e − st dt (T[SR)
0+ dt 0 0
.p

56
d x(t ) ℘
←→ sχ ( s ) − x(0 + )
dt
w

.
 ! - .
2
d x(t ) ℘ (TRSR)
←→ s 2 χ ( s ) − sx(0 + ) − x′(0 + )
w

dt 2
.@ t = 0+ ! ~ - x′(0+ ) ,
+ @+v 9Q  './  )b! :K!$ E ! .Z IJDK " ' 0! , 4 'Z
w

+4 %!$   , 'ŒW


 d ;6W  .2' ( % @E   }) bj  }  % G2
. 7 e) !  !2' mM-
d 2 y (t ) dy (t ) (T^SR)
+ − 6 y (t ) = x(t )
dt 2 dt
www.powerjam.ir


        UU

 % G2 
+
dy (0 )
y (0 + ) = 1  = −2
dt
SR) +%!$ ƒ+q ! 4 +.Z IJ+DK " 5 B  A2 x(t ) = u (t )
 5 0!  B
.
 ! (T^
1 (TfSR)
s 2Y ( s ) − s + 2 + sY ( s) − 1 − 6Y ( s ) =

.ir
s
1+ s2 − s (TSR)
Y (s) =
s ( s + 3)(s − 2)
.
 ! (TSR) . G   .@ y (t ) .Z IJDK " Y (s) ;3 ! ,

m
− 1 13 3
Y ( s ) = 6 + 15 + 10 (TgSR)
s s+3 s−2

ja
.
 ! o  ) ,
− 1 13 − 3 t 3 2t (TTSR)
y (t ) = [ + e + e ]u ( t ) er
6 15 10
+2 b+j + @"+ ) 0 +-  0+9.* 0 ! '<   ) 8 B  6, @v :(T[SR)d
.@   D t = 0 ! D CD 2 'ŒW
 ;3 #JW
ow
+
+  + ) 8+ + 6, k .@ bj  t = 0+ ! D CD
! ;-) @ =H :E
.2 4 : j
( s + z1 )( s + z 2 ) K ( s + z m ) (TUSR)
H (s) = n>m
( s + p1 )( s + p 2 ) K ( s + p n )
.@ 5 6? D 0!  CD
.p

1 ( s + z1 ) K ( s + z m ) (TSR)
Y (s) =
s (s + p1 )K ( s + p n )
w

.
 !  %   0 Š 4 .!, #!b   %   0 Š 4 ;'
 @ ŒW  %
( s + z1 ) K ( s + z m ) (TSR)
lim sY ( s ) = y ( 0 + ) = lim
s →∞ s→∞ ( s + p1 ) K ( s + p n )
w

rD A6,'   bj @<  E @  B  : j 4 xM L ! ;?


+
y (0 ) = 0
w

. 3 @ .Z IJDK " P<,   vo (t ) (USR) `2  ! :5<
 dvo (t )
vo ( 0 + ) = 1 =2
dt t = 0 +
www.powerjam.ir

U IJDK " :


-2 

'./ RLC  P :(USR) Z2


7  T H> U
.    4 8 4 P  9.*  bj !<)  '7<  E) AIJDK " :(TRSR) d

.ir
x(t ) = δ (t − t0 ) (Y%
x(t ) = u ( −t ) (

m
(Y% :E
∞ ∞
X ( s ) = ∫ δ (t − t 0 )e − st dt = ∫ e − st 0 δ (t − t 0 ) dt
−∞ −∞

56

ja
− st 0
X (s) = e
 9+.* − ∞ A t0 > 0 i4 + +, @+bB ;+' '% ! ) 0! 9.*   bj   " 5
er
.6+2' " 5 9.* + ∞  bj − ∞ A t0 < 0 i4   63'   " 5 bj + ∞
.2 / s bj a< '7<  E) rD
∞ 0 1
ow
X ( s ) = ∫ u ( −t )e −st dt = ∫ e − st dt = − ℜe[ s ] < 0 (
−∞ −∞ s
@<+ '+7<  E) 56 ! / − 1 0   7< & 7 ) ℜe[ s] < 0 i4  G 
s
.! ! !L s = 0 ! 9.* P F6  @B /  !  jω  €?
.p
w
w

TRSR d  @< *  \ =(7<  E) (U[SR) Z2


.    4 67  '7<  E)  IJDK " :(T^SR) d
w


x(t ) = ∑ a k δ (t − kT )
k =0

:E
∞ ∞
X ( s) = ∫ [∑ a k δ (t − kT )]e−st dt
−∞
k =0
www.powerjam.ir


        U

.
 ! s<  7 ) 9   l 
∞ +∞
X ( s ) = ∑ a k ∫ δ (t − kT )e − st dt
−∞
k =0

.
 ! Y% @< * (TRSR) d E  L 

X (s) = ∑ak e−skT
k =0

+W< 5+ 'q+- +F6  +2'+ ae − sT @" ) *  '6 W P 5 " & . 

.ir
, !!B' 7<
ae −sT < 1

m
+* @+JW +4 4  ;3 ;+'+ @+ 'b6) # < e − σ T ;? A σ + jω :  s 5 2) 
.
 ! : j 5 !  -, ;  ~.
1 1

ja
e −σT < ⇒ −σT < Ln
a a
.!2' jE 4 :  '7<  E) @F) !
ℜe[ s] >
−1
T
1
Ln( )
a
er
.
 ! : j 5 !
ow
1
X (s) =
1 − ae − sT
.6  xM 0- ;3 09.* '% ! ) (!) bj " 5 , @ |Q
1− ae−sT = 0 ⇒ ae−sT = 1
.@B  ) ;' . 5 4
.p

1
e − sT =
a
.@ 4 :  & %!$ E : j 5 ! 2 a > 0
6,' k  
w

1 1
e−(σ + jω )T = ⇒ e−σT = ; e− jωT = e− j 2kπ
a a
w

56
−1 1
σ= Ln( )
T a
w


2kπ
ω=
T
.@ #2
 URSR `2 ! 9.* bj !<)
www.powerjam.ir

U[ IJDK " :


-2 

.ir
m
T^SR d ! a > 0 @%E  9.*  bj !<) (URSR) Z2
.3' @ 4 . 4 9.*  2 a < 0 B -  .
−1 1
σ=

ja
Ln( )
T a
π
ω = (2k + 1)
T er
ow
.p

T^SR d ! a < 0 @%E  9.*  bj !<) (U^SR) Z2
4 P+ + 0+  x(t ) k+b 67  P !  ! 4 0: "W 4 P  0 :(TfSR) d
w

.! / )7? '7<  E) ,  6, 5 $ UfSR Z2 ! #2


 9.*  bj !<) F?
.! ! !L x(t )e − t   " (Y%
w

. t > 10, x(t ) = 0 (


. t < 0, x(t ) = 0 (x
w
www.powerjam.ir


        UR

.ir
m
TfSR d  \ (UfSR) Z2
F%67 + +F6 ;+? @+ !+ # ! 67  …  \ < E (b) `2 H !2 L :E
b+j a< =%67  5 6? =(7<  E) 56 .6 ) =".*    ! H 6  ! # !

ja
.@ s
.@ 7< 4 7 ) rD ! ! !L x(t )e   " ;? (Y%
er −t

∞ ∞

−∞
x(t )e −t e − jωt dt = ∫ x(t )e −(1+ jω ) t dt
−∞

'q 4  !2 9.* 2 )'<) '7<  E) ;?  @ '7<  E) L σ = 1 56
ow
9+.*  b+j !+<) +F? 4 P+  0  '7< 'E) ;' !2' ! 9.* G
.!,
 (USR) `2 : 
.! / 4 :  '7< 'E) rD
− 2 < ℜe[ s ] < 2 (a) Z2 0
.p

− ∞ < ℜe[s ] < ∞ (b) Z2 0


ℜe[ s ] > −2 (c) Z2 0
ℜe[ s ] > 0 (d) Z2 0
w
w
w

Y% @%E  9.*  bj !<) F? 4 P  0  '7< 'E) (USR) Z2
www.powerjam.ir

U^ IJDK " :


-2 


+ 4 + / @+FL) !+ +6/ 4 :  '7< 'E) rD @  €? 67  ;? (
.(!2' e6j Z2
ℜe[ s ] < −2 (a) Z2 0
ℜe[ s ] < −2 (c) Z2 0
ℜe[ s ] < 0 (d) Z2 0
)2' #!! 4 G G '7< 'E) rD @  @ 67  ;? (x

.ir
ℜe[ s ] > 2 (a) Z2 0
ℜe[ s ] > −2 (c) Z2 0

m
ℜe[ s ] > 0 (d) Z2 0
+4 : + IJ+DK +" 0+"L : +"W 0 ! +, x(t ) 6Z< ')4 G a< :(TSR) d
.    6 

ja
4 s 3 − 26s
X (s) =
( s 2 − 9)( s 2 − 4)
er .
 ! 'L  ,  X (s ) G  4 :E
1 1 1 1
X (s) = + + +
s +2 s −2 s +3 s −3
.@ (gSR) `2 :  ;3 9.*  bj !<)  @ 'L  , F? s< X (s )
6 '
ow
.p

TSR d  \ 9.*  bj !<) (gSR) Z2


;+Z x(t ) 0+ Y+ M ')+4 . _6D rD A! ! !L '7<  E) 0 Y M @%E _6D
w

.! !
67 + +F? s+< 4 + x(t ) ')4 . 2 ℜe[s] < −3 :  '7<  E) B :Y%
w

rD A3 @  €?
x(t ) = − (e −2t + e −3t + e 2 t + e 3t )u ( −t )
w

67   s< 4  x(t ) ')4 . 2 − 3 < ℜe[ s] < −2 :  '7<  E) B :
rD .3 @ (S 9.*  \) @ 67  P  (SUU F".*  \) €?
x(t ) = e −3t u (t ) − (e −2 t + e 2 t + e 3t )u ( −t )
67 + ! s+< 4 + x(t ) ')4 . 2 − 2 < ℜe[ s] < 2 :  '7<  E) B :x
rD A3 @(SUS F".*  \)  @ 67  !  (U F".*  \) €?
www.powerjam.ir


        Uf

x(t ) = (e −3t + e−2t )u (t ) − (e3t + e 2t )u (−t )


67 + P+ s+< 4 + x(t ) ')4 . 2 2 < ℜe[ s] < 3 :  '7<  E) B :!
rD A3 @(SUSU F".*  \)  @ 67   ( 9.*  \)  €?
x(t ) = (e −3t + e −2 t + e 2t )u (t ) − e 3t u (t )
+F? s+< 4 x(t ) ')+4 +. : +)3 ! +2 ℜe[ s] > 3 : + '7<  E) B :+
rD A3' @  @ 67 

.ir
x(t ) = (e −3t + e −2 t + e 2t + e 3t )u (t )
b+j '$+) !+$  9+.* +F? 0 ! x(t ) 67 + P X (s) IJDK " :(UgSR) d

m
! + ! '+WJq +? + 6, 5 + $ @ t = 0 ! Q P  ! x(t )
) G  B .2'
.
2  2!
)' F)3   bj !$
.2 4 :  X (s)  rD @ t = 0 ! Q 0 ! x(t ) ;? :E

ja
N ( s ) D( s ) + N ( s)
X ( s) = 1 + =
D( s) D( s )
!+L X (s) 0 9.* F? ;? .6  s 9 E 0 <L 6? P D (s )  N (s ) ;3 ! ,
er
+" 0+ + ) b+j +F? *+E rD A@ F? *E  ) : j L ! , @bB ;' ! !
J+$ Š+  : j ! #2 #!! :WJq  bj  !  ! .@2! / !L X (s ) IJDK
.@2! =h* ; =<)
ow
.@ kb 4 : j  Q CD 
 P :(UTSR) d
.p

UTSR d  \


 Q CD (TSR) Z2
w

.;3 '7<  E)  9.* Abj 5 $  H (s) @ .


.
 ! :E
w

h(t ) = αδ (t − T ) + α 3δ (t − 3T )
.! 3 @  IJDK " ;' 'B!  56
− sT 3 −3 sT
H ( s ) = αe +α e
w

+, @+ bj 0 !  .! / s bj a< ;3 '7<  E) 56 .! ) 9.* " 5
.3' @ H (s) ;!! * bj 0  4 bj 
αe − sT = −α 3e −3 sT
.@2!
/ 56 s = σ + jω ;?
www.powerjam.ir

U IJDK " :


-2 

αe −σT e − jωT = α 3e −3σT e − j (3ωT +( 2 k +1)π )


3' @ ω  σ 0 4 %!$ ! E 4 bj  rD .@ | j !W k ;3 ! ,
α 2 e −2σT = 1
2ωT = (2k + 1)π
56
−1 1 (2k + 1)π
s= ln( 2 ) + j

.ir
2T α 2T
.<)' mM-  bj P 2 | j !W , k  i4 
: +)3 ! A x(t ) = x(−t ) +, 0+)7 +2 x4 8 P x(t ) B ,  ! ;-) :(UUSR) d

m
. X ( s) = X (− s)

 ! @ x4 8 ;? :E
x(t ) = x(−t )

ja
@2!
/  4 . & . ƒq ! 4 5 B IJDK "  
∞ ∞
∫−∞
x(t )e −st dt = ∫ x( −t ) e −st dt
−∞
er  

X ( s ) = ∫ x(−t )e −st dt
−∞
ow

 ' 4 .  − t = u  l   l  

X ( s ) = ∫ x(u )e su du = X (− s )
−∞

K+< E +F)3 4 P +,  6, 5 $ .)#2


 4 Z2 ! 9.*  bj !<) ! :(USR) d
.@ (;4 #4E !) ! 8  \ P ,  x4 8  \
.p
w
w

USR d  \ 9.*  bj  !<) (USR) Z2


w

@ X ( s ) = X (− s ) A (a) Z2 !  ! ;?  @ X ( s ) = X (− s ) ;? x4 8 !  ! :E


.
 ! ! 67  !  ! H @ H  a4K .2 x4 8 P 7)  )' (a) Z2 56
x(t ) = − x( −t ) ⇒ X ( s ) = − X ( − s )
www.powerjam.ir


        g

b+j + !  ! =  = E  !   @" ) ;    ) ! 67  !  ! 56


+< E ! + ! ;+ = G   !   @" ) ;   #-  rD .! ! !L  )  9.* 
.!H :h* F)3 4 =` !  ! ; =<) @ $.*   =(F6   !<) :h* ;! !  x4
;+ =+ + ) ! + 5+ ! +7! + ) …+ + .
+ !  =+"* :h* ;< (b) Z2 !  !
;+4 #4+E ! 67  =66 4 |. H @ 5 X6$
 ! s = 0 ! bj P ;?.@B
;? .@ bj

.ir

X (0) = ∫ x(t )dt = 0
−∞

|.+ ;+? .+2 =H ;! !  x4 !  ! :h*  ) =<) =(F6   )  ) 5 

m
`+2 ! #+2 #!! ;-) 67  ! d ;6W  .!2 bj ) = 67  s) ! =66 4
.@ ! 7!  x4 =` H =%E ! 6  " ! bj …  ! ! (SR)

ja
er
.6  (s bj) " ! bj …  ! !  H !  x4 67  ! SR `2
. 6, @v :(USR) d
ow
x(0 + ) = lim s→∞ sX ( s )
! +  0+  x(t ) G   .2 x(t ) = x(t )u (t )  t < 0 0 x(t ) = 0
6, k B :E
.
 ! t = 0 + E
t2 tn
x(t ) = [ x(0 + ) + x' (0 + )t + x' ' (0 + ) + ... + x ( n ) (0 + ) + ...]u (t )
.p

2 n!
.@ 4 :  ;3 " ,
+ + + ( n) +
x (0 ) x ' (0 ) x ' ' (0 ) x (0 )
X (s) = [ + + + ... + + ...]
w

2 3
s s s sn
56
+
lim s→∞ sX ( s ) = x(0 )
w

.   4 0" 0  x(0 + )   (USR) d  L  :(U[SR) d


1 (Y%
X (s) =
w

s+2
2s + 1 (
X ( s) =
( s + 2)( s + 3)
.
 !  %    h*  L  (Y% :E
s
lim s→∞ sX ( s ) = lim =1
s →∞ s + 2
www.powerjam.ir

T IJDK " :


-2 

(
s ( 2 s + 1)
lim s→∞ sX ( s ) = lim =2
s →∞ ( s + 2)( s + 3)

! +4 . ,  6, @v   B e) !  x(t ) 6) kb ' E 67  P :(URSR) d
.@ &!j ;3 IJDK " ! 
X (s) = X ∗ (s ∗ )

.ir
.
 ! IJDK " Y$  L  :E

X ( s ) = ∫ x (t )e − st dt
−∞

56

m

X ∗ ( s ) = ∫ x ∗ (t )e − s t dt

−∞

x(t ) = x ∗ (t ) ;? 

ja

X ∗ ( s ) = ∫ x (t )e − s t dt

−∞

er  F) 
∞ ∞
X ∗ ( s ∗ ) = ∫ x(t )e −( s ) t dt = ∫ x(t )e − st dt = X ( s )
∗ ∗

−∞ −∞

'+ E 67 + P+ " 09.*  bj ,  6, @v (USR) d  L  :(U^SR) d
ow
.62 6* σ   @" ) 
+< E @+ a4K A+2 +" (b+j) 9+.* P+ ( s z ) s p B 56 X ( s ) = X ∗ ( s ∗ ) ;? :E
G +M x4 : + # +< (b+j) +9+.* 5+6 A+2 " (bj) 9.* P  ) ( s ∗z ) s ∗p
.) ! !L ( s z , s ∗z ) s p , s ∗p
.p


+ ;3 0  6Z< '7< 'E) a<   7 e) !  4 9.*  bj !<) :(UfSR) d

   'ŒW
 A D
 P 5 " 6)' 'E) 5 4 P ,  6, 5 $   6,
.62 'ŒW D
w
w
w

UfSR d  \ 9.*  bj !<) (SR) Z2


.6  4 :  6Z< '7< 'E) :E
(Y%
ℜe[s] < −2
www.powerjam.ir


        U

;!+  €+? q+M '+ŒW  } .2 = D)  'ŒW  }


 P  \ '7<  E) 5
.'7<  E) ! jω  !L aW qM D)  A67 
(
− 2 < ℜe[ s ] < −1
q ! qM ;! 'ŒW  }  %! .@ D)  'ŒW  }
 P  \ '7<  E) 5
.@ (Y%) @%E 6) 0 D)  %!  @ 67  ;!

.ir
(x
− 1 < ℜe[ s ] < 1

m
@+%E +6) ;!+ 'ŒW  }  %! .@ D '% 'ŒW  }
 P  \ '7<  E) 5
.2' '7<  E) ! jω  !L 0 D  %!  @ (Y%)
(!

ja
ℜe[ s ] > 1
+ \ )'  @ ) jω  2 ;? @ D)
 P 5 " '7<  E) 5
er
.2'  @ 67  P 5 " ;? (% )  "%) 2 'ŒW
 P
t > 0 + E) + !+   @+ +Q C+D 0 ! '+ŒW 0+
 a< H @ H  a4K
'+ŒW 0+
+  +Q C+D 5 +" 6)'<)  @ 067  < % Z %E ! .6 
ow
.62
.@ kb 4 Q CD  '<  :(USR) d
h (t ) = e − t u (t )
.    x(t ) = e 2t 0!  
 5 CD
.p

.
'  h(t ) IJDK "   :E
1
H (s) =
s +1
w

hjE 4  CD ;'<) 56 .! ) !L x(t ) IJDK " , @ ,  a4K 6 !
@+v I ! 5 + ! 5+2%), Y+$  L   .! 3 @ 0!   Q CD IJDK "
w

 @  e s t : j  0!   LTI


 CD , 2
0

y (t ) = H ( s0 )e s0t
w

.! 3 @  CD ;' 'B!  6 ! 56


1 2t 1 2t
y (t ) = H ( 2)e 2t = e = e
1+ 2 3
.@ kb 4 Q CD  'ŒW LTI
 P :(gSR) d
−t
h(t ) = e u (t ) + δ (t )
www.powerjam.ir

 IJDK " :


-2 

.2 'ŒW ;3 IZ$


6, k B &
 IZ$ @ .
.
 ! IZ$
 Y$ ~"q :E
h(t ) ∗ hi (t ) = δ (t )
.
 ! 5 q 4 IJDK " 5 B  56
H (s) H i (s) = 1
 

.ir
1
H i (s) =
H (s)
;? 56

m
1 s+2
H ( s) = +1 =
s +1 s +1
.
 ! IZ$
 0

ja
s +1
H i (s) =
s+2
er  
s+2 1 1
H i ( s) = − = 1−
s+2 s+2 s+2
;4 #4E ! 
ow
−2 t
hi (t ) = δ (t ) − e u (t )
.@ #2
 4 ! D  'ŒW LTI
 P 9.*  bj !<) :(TSR) d
.p
w
w


 I`$ (b) D  'ŒW LTI
 P(a) 9.*  bj !<) ([SR) Z2

+6, k+ +B '+7< + E) 5 $  IZ$
 0 9.*  bj !<)
 @ .
w

.2 D IZ$



.@ 4 : j  ;3 IZ$ 
 IJDK " \"  ;? :E
1
H (s) =
H i ( s)
www.powerjam.ir


        

+ ~+".6 'j


 09.*  IZ$
 9.*  ~".6 'j
 0bj 56
(b[SR)`2 :  IZ$
 9.*  bj !<) 56 Ž! 6/ IZ$
 bj
.@
.!2 jω  2  0 D  % I`$
 '7<  E) 
1
ℜe[ s ] <
2
@+v .62 D  'ŒW ;3 IZ$  !/ , @ n4 6 <H '<  Y$ ~"q :(USR) d

.ir
.62  B * jω  €? @< !  4 6 <H
 0bj  9.* a< ,  6,
€+? @<+ ! ;3 0+9+.* a+< @+ a4K 2 D  'ŒW 'j
 Z6 @FL K :E

m
 b+j + +2 #!! | +Q '+"* +d ! +‚)3 + +L   .62  2! * jω 
+D  '+ŒW 4 ;+6 <q @+FL 56 .)2' L IZ$
 ! 'j
 09.*

ja
 +2! * jω  €? @< !  ) 'j
 0bj  @ a4K IZ$
 ;!
.62
.6  G} P ,  | j 4 : "W 4 P ,  6, 5 $ :(SR) d
er
.) ! * jω  €? @< ! D
 P 09.* a< (Y%
+2 '+ŒW
 B 5 6‚<  62 ;3 0bj 4 X  " 8 09.* !$ B (
.@   D t = 0 ! D CD : )3 !
ow
P+ 5+6 .+2'+ '7<  E) ! jω  !L 0 D \2 ;? @ G} (Y% :E
'7<  E)
 46 '% 2  2! jω  @ @< ! '9.* )' D

a4K '+ŒW  +D
+  0 @ E ! .(2  €?
 Q CD) 2 jω  2
.p

.) B * jω  €? @< ! 9.* a< , @


+L ! H (s) ! rD A@ bj !$ 4 X  9.* !$ Z6  L  ;? .@ | j (
.@  B  : j L ! 4 xM
w

N (s)
H (s) =
D( s)
+L ! +, + , P+  @+v !W P s< :   H (s) ;'<) ,
 5Š<. 56
w

 +2 +Q 2 )'<) Q CD  %! 5 <   @2) @  Z?, xM L ! 4 : j
rD @ 'ŒW
 ;?
w

h(t ) = 0 i4 t < 0


;+'+ IJ+DK #4+E ! 5+6 At +e%  − ∞ 4 Q CD 7 )  @  D CD 
.@2) 4 :  Q CD " 9 E  D CD "

1
Minimum phase
www.powerjam.ir

[ IJDK " :


-2 

H (s)
S ( s) =
s
.
 !  %    h* ~"q 56
+
s (t = 0 ) = lim s→∞ sS ( s )
 
N (s)
S (0 + ) = lim s→∞ H ( s ) = lim
S →∞ D ( s )

.ir
.
 ! @  <, xM 4 : j L ! Z6  L  
+
s (t = 0 ) = 0

m
.@  t = 0 +  t = 0 − ! D CD 56
. 7 e) !  !2' mM- 4  )b! %!$ G , LTI
 P :(SR) d
d 2 y (t ) dy (t )

ja
− − 2 y(t ) = x(t )
dt 2 dt
.   
 " 8 (Y%
. 3 @ 4 :KE 4 P  0 
 Q CD (
er .@ 'ŒW
 (i
.@ D
 (ii
ow
.@ D)  'ŒW  }
 (iii
.
 ! . ƒq ! 4 IJDK " 5 B  (Y% :E
s 2Y ( s ) − sY ( s ) − 2Y ( s ) = X ( s )
56
.p

Y (s) 1
H (s) = = 2
X (s) s − s − 2
 
w

−1
3
1
3
H (s) = +
s +1 s − 2
.@   h(t ) 0 @%E  9.*  bj !<)
  (
w
w

SRd ! ‡ ! 
 9.*  bj !<) (RSR) Z2
.@ 4 :  '7<  E) 0 ! D)  'ŒW
 (i
www.powerjam.ir


        R

ℜe[ s ] > 2
 @ Q CD ! s<  @  ;3 Q CD ,
1 1
h(t ) = ( − e −t + e 2t )u (t )
3 3
.@ 4 :  '7<  E) 0 ! , 'ŒW  }  D
 (ii
− 1 < ℜe[ s ] < 2

.ir
.3' @ 'ŒW  }  'ŒW Q CD ! s< 4
 5 Q CD
1 1
h(t ) = ( − e −t u (t ) − e 2t u ( −t ))
3 3

m
.@ 4 :  '7<  E) 0 ! , 'ŒW  }  D)
 (iii
ℜe[ s ] > −1
.3' @ 'ŒW  } Q CD ! s< 4
 5 Q CD

ja
1 1
h(t ) = ( e −t − e 2t )u (−t )
3 3
. 7 e) ! 4 :WJq   LTI
 P :(RS[) d
er
ow
[SR d  \ (^SR) Z2
s+2
X ( s) =
s−2
x(t ) = 0 , t > 0
.p

2 1
y (t ) = − e 2t u (−t ) + e −t u (t )
3 3
.@ .
w

.'7<  E) 5 $  H (s) (Y%


. h(t ) (
w

.@ 4 :  y (t ) IJDK " (Y% :E


2 1 1 1
Y (s) = +
3 s − 2 3 s +1
w

 
s
Y (s) =
( s + 1)(s − 2)
56
www.powerjam.ir

^ IJDK " :


-2 

s
( s + 1)(s − 2) s
H (s) = =
( s + 2) ( s + 1)(s + 2)
(s − 2)
@+ a4K @+ !+ y (t ) ;+? + .@ s = −2  s = −1 ! 9.* !  !  ) 8 5
9  5  .@ − 1 < ℜe[ s] < 2 :  y (t ) IJDK " =(7<  E) .2 D

IJ+DK +" =+(7<  E) rD ! ! 9.* … G  X (s) `6  x(t ) ;!  €?  L 

.ir
− 1 < ℜe[ s ] : + +
+  '+7<  E) 56 .2 / ℜe[ s ] < 2 : j  x(t )
=(7<  E)  X (s) =(7<  E)  ;3 ‹ - 
  2 jω  2
  !2

m
.@ 4 :  H (s)  ) 8 '7<  E) 56 .!2 Y (s)
ℜe[ s ] > −1
.
 ! 'L  ,  H (s) G   'B!  (

ja
2 1
H ( s) = −
s + 2 s +1
er  
h(t ) = (2e −2t − e −t )u (t )
.@ 4 y/ 0 ! h(t ) Q CD  'ŒW
 P :(RSR) d
ow
1 2t : ++ ;3 '+L/ A@++
y (t ) = e x(t ) = e 2t : +
++  0!  +, '+76 (i
6
.2'
.@ &!j 4  )b! %!$ ! ;3 Q CD (ii
dh(t )
.p

+ 2h(t ) = e −4t u (t ) + bu (t )
dt
.
 " 8 @ . .@ a$) !W P b ;3 ! ,

 3' @  4  ) 
 B' IJDK "  )b! %!$ 5 q 4   :E
w

1 b
sH ( s ) + 2 H ( s ) = +
s+4 s
w

  )
1 b
H (s) = +
( s + 2)(s + 4) s( s + 2)
w

'+./
+  CD ;? './
 Y$  L  .! 3 @  b F  ;6,  
.@2) ;' 2' H ( s0 )e s t  e s t 0!  
0 0

1
H ( 2) =
6
56
www.powerjam.ir


        f

1 b 1
H ( 2) = + =
4× 6 2× 4 6
56
b =1
 ) !
2s + 4 2
H (s) = =
s( s + 2)(s + 4) s ( s + 4)

.ir
.!2' Y$ 4 :  x(t ) 67   \ Φ xx (τ ) '7 "< 8 :(^SR) d

Φ xx (τ ) = ∫ x(t ) x(t − τ )dt
−∞

m
.2 Φ xx (τ ) ;3 'L/ 2 x(t ) ;3 0!  B ,     '< 
:E

ja
Φ xx (τ ) 'L/  x(t ) 0!   '<  (fSR) Z2
er
.
+  IJ+DK #4+E !  ,t+ 067  \"  , @ #! '<  5 6? 5  @FL
.
 B' IJDK " & . 5 q 4 , 5 0
∞ ∞ ∞
∫τ Φ xx (τ )e −sτ dτ = ∫ ∫ x(t ) x(t − τ )e −sτ dtdτ
ow
=−∞ τ =−∞ t =−∞

9+  + l + 
+!' ;-) Ψxx (s)  )3 , @ Φ xx (τ ) IJDK " 0   ƒq
.
 ' 4 .  a! ƒq ! 0 7%7 )
∞ ∞
Ψxx ( s ) = ∫ x(t )[∫ x(t − τ )e −sτ dτ ]dt
t =−∞ τ =−∞
.p

56 A2' X (− s)e − st 0  2, /! : "W



Ψxx ( s ) = ∫ x(t ) X (− s )e −st dt
t = −∞
w

 
Ψxx ( s ) = X ( s ) X (− s )
.2 X (− s) :  '% ) 8 0 !  .
 56
w

H ( s) = X (− s)
;4 #4E ! 
w

h(t ) = x(−t )
A+2 (SR) `+2 : + '+7< + E)  9+.*  bj !<) 0 ! x(t ) B :(fSR) d
. 6,
  Φ xx (τ )  \ '7<  E)  9.*  bj !<)
www.powerjam.ir

 IJDK " :


-2 

x(t ) " 9.*  bj !<)  =(7<  E) (SR) Z2

.ir
b+j SU ;+?  Ž6+2'+ X (− s) 09.*   T A6  X (s) 09.* S  ST ;? :E
++hjE ++ \++ 9++.*  b++j !++<) 5++6 .++2'++ X (− s) b++j U A@++ X (s)
.@ 4 :  X ( s) X (− s)

m
ja
er
Φ xx (τ ) " 9.*  bj !<)  =(7<  E) (gSR) Z2
.+2'+ ℜe[ s] < 1 ;3 '+7< + E)  @+  €? x(−t ) @  @ x(t ) Z6 L 
ow
 x(t ) + \ '7<  E) ! c -  X (− s) X ( s) hjE '7<  E) 56
  2' x(−t )
− 1 < ℜe[ s ] < 1
 7 e) !  4 'ŒW
 :(SR) d
.p
w

SR d  \ =W


 (TSR) Z2
w

.@ D k 4 0!  ? i4 


 5  6, 5 $
.! 3 @ 
 ,  ) 8 @ a4K   :E
w

E ( s ) = X ( s ) − ksY ( s )

2
Y ( s) = E ( s)
s+2
  )
www.powerjam.ir


        g

Y ( s )( s + 2) = 2 X ( s ) − 2ksY ( s )
 
Y (s) 2 2
= =
X ( s ) s + 2 + 2ks (1 + 2k ) s + 2
2
H (s) = 1 + 2k
2

.ir
s+
1 + 2k
€+? @<+ ! +9+.* a+< , @ 5 0 D @FL ',  a4K \2 @ 'ŒW
 ;?
, @ a4K 56 .62  2! * jω 

m
2
>0
1 + 2k
 

ja
1 + 2k < 2
 ) !
1
2
>k
er
. x(t ) = − 1 u (t ) B X (s) @ . :gSR d
ow
t

)! = :E
dX ( s)
− tx(t ) ↔
ds
.
 ! Š  : j  L  56
.p

1 dX ( s)
− tx(t ) = u (t ) ↔ = ⇒ X (s) = Ln( s) ; Re(s) > 0
s ds
s
. ℜe{s} > −1 '7<  E)  X ( s) = e B x(t ) @ . :(TSR) d
w

s +1
,
)!' "* 4 :E
1
w

e−t u(t) ←

→ ℜe{s} > −1
s +1
.
 ! ;4 #4E !  )  56
w

s
−( t −1) ℘ e ℜe{s} > −1
e u(t − 1) ←→
s +1
IJ+DK +" ! + ! 9+%L :" 0-7 Y M y/ ~ b # < A
! , .)<
.! /
  - 1
www.powerjam.ir

T IJDK " :


-2 

. 6, a$  p'7<  E)     4 067  4 P  IJDK " TSR


a < 0  t 2e − at u (t ) (Y%
cos(ω0t + ϕ )u (t ) (
sin(ω0t + ϕ )u (t ) (x
a > 0  t 2e (!
−a t

tu (t ) (+

.ir
u (t ) (
.@v !W b  a  δ (at + b) (4

m
si > 0  ∑i = 0 ki e − s t u (t ) ({

i

dδ (t )
= δ ' (t ) (\
dt

ja
.@"d @v !W k  k 2 (0
k +t
er .@v !W ak  ∑∞k =0 akδ (t + kT ) (c
[1 − e − t + 3 + e −2t ]u (t ) (
t cos(t )u (t ) (a
t sin(t )u (t ) (;
ow
t cos(2t )u (t ) (I
2

t 2u (t − 2) (s
te − at u (t + 1) (ƒ
.@ 4 :  LTI
 P Q CD USR
.p

−t
h(t ) = te u (t )
.   4 00!   
 5 CD
w

x(t ) = u (t ) (Y%
x(t ) = e 2t (
w

x(t ) = cos(2t ) (x
x(t ) = 1 (!
.@ 4 : j  kb
 P 0!  SR
w

x(t ) = e 2t
.2 4 : j  ;3 'L/ B
2 2t
y (t ) = e + e − 2t
3
www.powerjam.ir


        U

. /  @ './ &


 3  6, 5 $
.@ 4 : j  kb
 P 0!  SR
x(t ) = e − t cos 2t
.2 4 : j  ;3 'L/ B
y (t ) = e − t sin 2t
. /  @ './ &
 3  6, 5 $

.ir
.@ 4 :  kb
 P 0!  [SR
x (t ) = e t u (t )

m
.2 4 :  ;3 'L/ B
y (t ) = 2et u (t )
. /  @ './ &
 3  6, 5 $

ja
!+ Ax4 67  P 5 "K< E 6)' 4 9.*  bj 0 !<) 4 P ,  6, 5 $ RSR
.2 ! )  x4 )  
er
ow
.p
w
w

RSR Š   \ (USR) Z2


+  +" +3 ,  6, 5 $ Ž2'  €? 67  P  \ 4 9.*  bj !<) ^SR
w

. /  ! ! !L 67  5


www.powerjam.ir

 IJDK " :


-2 

^SR Š   \ (SR) Z2


D
 5 3 ,  6, 5 $ Ž2' 'ŒW
 P  \ 4 9.*  bj !<) fSR

.ir
. /  @

m
ja
fSR Š   \ (SR) Z2
.2 D 'ŒW
 P  \ )' 4 9.*  bj 0 !<) 4 P , SR
er
ow
.p
w

SR Š   \ (R) Z2

.    IZ$ IJDK " TgSR


w

1  ℜe[ s] < −2 (Y%


X (s) =
( s + 1)( s + 2)
w

1  ℜe[ s] > −1 (
X (s) =
( s + 1)( s + 2)
s2  ℜe[ s] > 1 (x
X (s) =
( s + 1)( s − 1)
www.powerjam.ir


        

s2 + s − 1 
X (s) = ℜe[ s] < −1 (!
( s + 1) 2
e −2 s 
X (s) = ℜe[ s] > 1 (+
( s − 1) 2
s  ℜe[ s] < −1 (
X (s) = 2
s + 2s + 1
s +1  ℜe[ s] > −1 (4
X (s) =

.ir
( s + 1) 2 + 4
1 1 
X (s) = es + e− s ℜe[ s] < −1 ({
s +1 s −1

m
1 1 
X (s) = es + e− s ℜe[ s] < −1 (\
s +1 s −1
s +1  ℜe[ s ] < −3 (0
X ( s) =

ja
( s + 2)( s + 3)
s+a 
a > 0  X (s) = ℜe[ s ] < a (c
s−a
er s−a 
a > 0  X (s) = ℜe[ s] > −a (
s+a
N
@v !W ai , ki  X ( s ) = ∑ ki e − a s  ROC = s bj a< (a
i

i =0
ow
s2 + s + 1 2s 
X (s) = e ℜe[ s ] > 1 (;
s −1
s2 − 1 
X (s) = 1 + 2 ℜe[ s] < 0 (I
s +1
s2 + 1 
.p

X (s) = 1 + 2 ℜe[ s] < −1 (s


s −1
s2 
X ( s) = 2 ℜe[ s ] < 0 (ƒ
s +4
w

s
X (s) = 2 + 1  ℜe[ s] < −2 (y
s −4
s2 −1
w

X (s) =  ℜe[ s] < −1 (&


( s + 1 + j )( s + 1 − j )
2s − 1  ℜe[ s] > 1 (
X (s) = 2
w

( s + 1)( s 2 − 1) s
: +"W + +2
 5 0!  .@ D  'ŒW
 P  ) 8 5 " H (s) TTSR
! '+WJq 0!  a+ +<L 4 + .@+ G M '<) P 07!  Q P F)3 4 'Z .@
 @  ,t% & 0!  
 5 'L/ .
 ) @!
www.powerjam.ir

[ IJDK " :


-2 

4 4t 18
y (t ) = −6e− t u (t ) + e cos(3t ) − e 4t sin(3t ) + δ (t )
34 34
. H (s ) 5 $ @ .
.2' 4 :  '% ) 8  'ŒW LTI
 P 'L/ y (t ) = e −2t u (t ) 67  TUSR
s −1
H (s) =
s +1
.    5Z< 00!  a< (Y%

.ir
'6$ Ž@ tz%7 ) ~. . 0!  5 4 P , (

∫−∞
x(t ) dt 〈∞

m
.@ kb 4  ) 8  D '<  TSR
s +1
H (s) = 2
s − 3s + 2

ja
.   4 0!   
 5 'L/
x(t ) = e
−t
− ∞〈t 〈∞
.   4 0!    TSR %  ! ,t
 'L/ TSR
er
−t
x(t ) = e cos t − ∞〈 t 〈 ∞
 ) 8  'ŒW
 P 'L/ T[SR
ow
1
H (s) = 2
s ( s + 1)
.@ 4 :  x(t ) kb 0!  
−2 t
y (t ) = e u (t )
.p

3
.
 'L/ @ . 2 dx(t ) + d x(3t )
 5 0!  B
dt dt
. 7 e) !  !2' Y j 4  )b! %!$ G , 'ŒW LTI
 P TRSR
w

dy 2 (t ) dy (t ) d 2 x(t )
2
+2 + y (t ) =
dt dt dt 2
.
 'L/ @ . 2 δ ' (t ) + δ (t ) + u (t ) : 
 0!  B
w

0+ , " 8 


 P  \ (RSR) Z2 '7<  E)  9.*  bj !<) T^SR
.2 e 2t  e 2t !  
 CD B .    Q CD .2'
w
www.powerjam.ir


        R

.ir
T^SR Š   \ (RSR) Z2
.@ 4 :  'ŒW LTI
 P Q CD TfSR
−t −t
h(t ) = (1 − e − te )u (t )

m
.2 4 :  ;3 0!  B
 'L/ @ .
x(t ) = (2 − 3e −t + e−3t )u (t )
.@ 4 :  9.*  bj !<)  H (s ) " 8 0 ! LTI
 P TSR

ja
er
ow

TSR Š   \ (^SR) Z2


.p

. 6, ;  :KE 4 P  ! 
 y/     h(t ) 6Z< 0@%E a<
4 P++ ++ ++.Z IJ++DK ++" ++2 x(t ) ++.Z IJ++DK ++" 5 ++" χ (s ) ++B UgSR
.    4 067 
w

x(t − t0 ) (Y%
t
∫ x(τ ) dτ (
w

−∞

x(t + t0 ) (x
dx(t ) (!
w

dt
2
d x(t ) (+
dt 2
d 3 x(t ) (4
dt 3
www.powerjam.ir

^ IJDK " :


-2 

k++ ++  ++    ++4 ++ ! vi (t ) ++ vo (t ) #++66, \++  ++ )b! ++%!$ UTSR
.   t > 0 0  'L/ vi (t ) = e−3t u (t )

.ir
UTSR Š   \ (fSR) Z2
 @ D  'ŒW    5
) B . 6,  D        ) 8 UUSR
2 1
H ( jω ) =

m
1+ ( jω )2 N
jωc
. 7 e) !  4 'ŒW
 USR

ja
er
USR Š   \ (SR) Z2
ow
.!2' D K< E k 4 0!  ? i4 
 5  6, 5 $
. ! * '  !  k Y M !  i4  0 D ‰% 4  4 'ŒW
 USR
.p
w
w

USR Š   \ ([gSR) Z2


w
www.powerjam.ir

 

      

.ir
 

m
ja
er
ow
.p

Z 

w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

! Z   : 



.%'( "' $ ")*  +
, $+   * "-. "/
/0 1+.0 $ 23,4   &" #  $%
' ? ' )) '6 %$( # &;.<
* =:
 .% $% 23,4   ( 6 78 
/0 9
' 9' $% .)$% 23,4   )$) $+   ( "B;.<
* =$
 1+A .($+  
%$+ $ ?  ")*  C $+   * "/
/0  23,4   ")*  C ;%0 ( z  
23',4 '  D+E F z   D+E =$
 % 
+E ( )+<)/ .
%" $# " $

.ir
&z '   23',4 '  1'
 1' IH'F  G38 % 
+E ( )+<)/  .%+ +E
'  K+') % 9' I' 3L '( ?
 * "6) ( .%$% %+J % 9 9
 
) =G/8 =I

m
'   1'* ' C '< /8 P' z '  O.  J+  I 9 ".
M
,  N .6"
.6" Q, 1O 3
L ( ?  1*  +
, < /8 P 23,4
z 
  

ja
T' , & h[n] 'S T' , ' ")'* ' C LTI 
= &% R$HA  $% ( )+<)/
.?  9
.A x[n] = z n U V "/) =%$  

er
y[n ] = H ( z )z n (YXW)
1Z $% (
+∞
ow
H (z ) = ∑ h[n]z
n = −∞
−n (XW)

'$+ '  ' \'. (XW) K+'/ &'6 "'


[ 
) Ω C  ( z = 1 ) 6 z = e jΩ C
'N )% z   &(XW) K+/ &6 ) 9
0 z C " ( ?N[ $%  .%+ +E h[n] ")*  C
.%+6" ^0 I$+. x[n] N )% z   ], .?  h[n]
.p

∆ +∞
X (z ) = ∑ x[n]z
n = −∞
−n (!XW)

.%+6" G%% M/) * ?38  V $+- \. 9


w

z
x[n]↔ X ( z ) (XW)
w

=$' '
) z   %$% 1*  +
, 

 $% "/H M) 23,4   ( )+<)/
%'8 P z 1+A (!XW) -$ $% .%$" $/F 1*  C =

   $% Z$(
.?6+) * I$+ )Z 1+" ?  U V
w

z = re jΩ
(_XW)
.$% (!XW) $% (_XW) 1%% $# 
+∞
(
X re jΩ = ) ∑ x[n](re ) jΩ − n

n = −∞
www.powerjam.ir

 

      

;%0 $+- 
+∞
( ) ∑ {x[n]r }e
X re jΩ = −n − jΩn (XW)
n =−∞

".0 .?  x[n]r − n 1*  C $+   X (re jΩ ) ],


X (re jΩ ) = F {x[n]r − n } (WXW)
&'6 '[ * C$ r C .6 
  "F n  ? ) ?  9O/ r $    r  /J
−n

.ir
1/ z = 1 b* z   ?C 1+" <% `a * .?  
 6 [ * OA+( C  "F
".0 &%+ +E $+  
X ( z = 1) = F {x[n]} (cXW)

m
'  '$+    6 d "s" "
[ $ ( "# 23,4   &
C 3L # ( $+-)/
'F e'- .?'  '$+ '  ='  "++ $+ =$ 23,4   <% I$ 0 .%+6"

ja
9'. .%+'6"'   ")*  C $+    ?  z = 1 ( "# z   ?C 1+"
'( ')+<)/ ]', .?'  ' ")*  C $+   (YXW.h.g.$) [ f% =$ z  
'$+   * "/
/0 $ z   1+" ?  1*  +
, $+   * "/
/0 23,4  
er
z '  =$% ')$) '$+ '  '( "BN )% * =$
 9. .?C i) $% 1*  C
.%+ .+E
ow
.p
w

U V d $% z U V 


j M/) :(YXW) O6
 ..("  23,4   %$+ $% jω $+ M) F "/H M) z   %$+ $% [ f%
'$+ '  "'</ z '  ("'</) %+'J l'6 '( ?C 1+" (WXW) kN%0  J+
w

'
 r * "'VF %' b* "</ 9 ?  9O/ mVF ;.<
 = .?  x[n]r − n
'
[) ' %' %+'6 o' '</ z '  'n z * %' k.% &23,4   .)/ .%+6
w

'</ ' '$+   ?C 1+" %+6 [ f% 6 (ROC) C .?  (ROC) p"</
.
.( J+ YXW ;r  s - 16 qS = (%$% %+J) %+ +E
 ?   x[n] N )% z   I$+)Z $% 6 x[n] = a n u[n] 
.( t :(YXW);r

1
Region of convergence
www.powerjam.ir

_ Z   : 

+∞ +∞
X (z ) = ∑ a n u [n]z − n = ∑ az −1 ( )
n
(uXW)
n = −∞ n=0

=%' 6 "</ k


[) ], .%+6 </ =  R% `a ( ?  R*4 X ( z ) "</ =
9. z 〉 a  &%+6 az −1 < 1 H)Z b* ( ?  z *
+∞
1 z
X ( z ) = ∑ az −1 ( ) n
=
1 − az −1
=
z−a
z>a (YvXW)
n =0

.ir
'6 "'</ k'
[) 1+'A 6 a < 1 C .6 +E </ X ( z ) &6 % a C 9.
%+'J '$+ '  '6 a > 1 'C  .?6% +E %+J $+   ], &%+6" [ f%
.?  G6 
 (XW) O6 $% (YXW) ;r ROC  s-#Xd $%+/) .?6% +V)

m
ja
er
x[n] = a n u[n]  l+ ROC :(XW) O6
ow
ROC 1%'( mV'F .?'6% '+E %+J ;.<
$+   6 a < 1 C O6  J+ 
9
'/ '
) z '  1%+' O l6 ?
[ $%  6" H $
 X ( z ) = J I$ 8  G38
.
.
 $ (XW) ;r %$+ 9 $% ? 

.( D 1+.( :(XW)
.p

x[n] = −a nu[− n − 1]
9.
w

+∞
X (z ) = ∑− a
n = −∞
n
z −n u[− n − 1]
−1
= − ∑ az −1( ) n

= − ∑ az −1 ( ) −n (YYXW)
w

n = −∞ n =1
+∞
1 1 z
(
= 1 − ∑ a −1 z = 1 − ) n
= =
w

n =0 1 − a −1 z 1 − az −1 z − a
'  '6 a > 1 'C '. $% .(!XW.h.g.$)%$% %+J z   ( z ≤ a ) 6 a −1z < 1 C
;'r % 9' ' J+  .?6% +V) %+J $+   6 a < 1 C 6 +E </ $+
"'
[ ="B/) * "-E s
( x[n] C %+ +E = ( G$+/ X (z ) ( %( Iw# 1+"
.6 U V 
www.powerjam.ir

 

      

.ir
x[n] = −a nu[− n − 1]  l+ ROC :(!XW) O6
.?6% +V) %+J $+   6 1 > a C O6  J+ 

m
.
< i) $% $ * N )% 1+.( :(!XW) ;r
n n
1 1 (Y!XW)
x[n] =   u[n] +   u[n]
2  3

ja
.?  9
.A z  
n n
+∞
1 +∞
1
X (z ) = ∑  2  z − n u[n ] + ∑  3  er z − n u[n]
n = −∞ n = −∞ (YXW)
n n
+∞
1  1  +∞
= ∑  z −1  + ∑  z −1 
n =0  2  n=0  3 
ow
1 1 z (2 z − 5 6 ) (Y_XW)
= + =
1  1   1  1
1 −  z −1  1 −  z −1   z −  z − 
 2   3   2  3
  1 z −1 < 1  ], ..6 </ (Y_XW) K+/ %  ( ?  R*4 X (z ) 1%+ </ =
2
.p

% 9 gF  ROC s


 9 ( &%+6 z > 1  z > 1  ;%0$+-  . z −1 1 < 1
3 2 3
.(XW.h.g.$) z > 1 ".0 &%+6"
w

2
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

W Z   : 

.ir
m
n
k
[) (c x [n] =  1  u[n] s-#  d $%+/)  "</ k
[) (b
n
1 s-#  d $%+/)  "</ 
[) (a :(X W) O6
x1 [n] =   u[n]

ja
2
 3  2
x3 [n] = x1[n] + x2 [n] s-#  d $%+/)  "</
.
6 6% C 1+A &% ", z   1%+ "-E ?
dE  1+" * ;r *
er
n
1 z 1 1 (YXW)
  u[n] ↔ ,z >
2  1 −1  2
1−  z 
2 
ow
n
1 z 1 1 (YWXW)
  u[n]↔ ,z >
 3  1 −1  3
1−  z 
3 
I$+)Z $%
.p

 1  n  1  n  z 1 1 1 (YcXW)
  +   u[n] ↔ + ,z >
 2   3    1   1  2
1 −  z −1  1 −  z −1 
2  3 
w

n<0 $% '( "B''N )% =' ( ?  9 " ", 1Z  ;r  9 * ( =<% " NJ O)
's' . ''N )% )+<. = ], .?  z ". =1+ 6 U X (z ) &.  d = 
w

"' $ s
 9 .(z s [  )) %+/) 1
 z −1 1+ * = /J .A s [  $ X (z ) ( ? 
.%+ +E G% "B</ 
[)  s-# 
z 
  
w

'
[) ?E.'6 $% '( %+'6"' '(x "'</ '
[) = "d+E #  F ?/ # 9 $%
23',4   $% "</ 
[) .)/  ..(" P/( s-# d $%+/) 9 )%  U "</
.%( yV  H)Z "</ "[+) O6 * 1+" $ N )%  
D+E * =$

www.powerjam.ir

 

      c

6" IV z  1Z ( ( ?  z d $%  [ P 6 X (z ) "</ 


[) :Y ?
dE
1Z b*' '( ?'  z = re jΩ * =% 6 ROC 
C ( $+-)/ .(
.( ?#% (_XW) O6 )
Ω '  %$% "<'  z = r ' U' "'</ 
[) 9. .6" </ x[n]r − n $+  
' ='.% =$% '( z % R/ &ROC $% z 0 mVF $ P = 
) $% .%$) "< 
.)
C" $# ROC $% .  z 0

.ir
m
ja
.?  zd $%  [ P 6 " ( ?N[ $% "</ 
[) :(_XW) O6
er
.%+6"/) " -# {
 6 ROC :?
dE
$%  ?'  ?'H.
 s'-# $% X (z ) '( ?'  ?
0# 9 
) ?
dE 9 23,4   .)/
.%+6"/) </ s-#
ow
' z = 0 4L '/[ ' z k'd R'/ '6 ROC &6 % f$% =$% x[n] C :!?
dE
* ;r 1+.8  .?  d 
| =% %0 =$% % G$%  N )% P 1+A .%+6" z = ∞
%+' '+E '-) '.A '6 U'# z   9. .)% N 2  N1 ( n = N 2  n = N 1
.(YuXW -$)
.p

N2
X (z ) = ∑ x[n]z
n = N1
−n (YuXW)

'+E '</ X (z ) '


) $%  % }+ K+/ $%  /J  6 ) ?H.
  d =  z C
w

$+' `'a % ' $% 'd '


| % =$% x[n] ( =)+< 6 ? r N 2  ". N 1 C .6
'
 ' .%+' '+E z * "'.  ?' r =1+ 6 (YuXW) K+/~ 
) &6 ( n < 0, n > 0 )
w

1%'( '
 '  )+6" %) .  z ". =1+ 6 ( " /J d ?/  z 1%(
ROC 9'. .)+'6"' %') .  z ? r =1+ 6 ( " /J ?H.
 ?/  z
w

$% z "'. ='1+ U I$+. $% %+6 ? r  d N1 C .%+6 ?H.


  d 6 )+"/)
' N 2 = 0 'C ]O0N' .%+' '+E z = ∞ 6 ROC 
) $% )+6" \ (YuXW) N%0
'6 ROC '
) $%  )+6" a (YuXW) kN%0 $% z ? r 1+  = /J U &6 ".
.%+6" z = 0
www.powerjam.ir

u Z   : 

z %' '/ I$+')Z $% &6 :# ROC $% z = r0 C  $? $ N )% P x[n] C :?
dE
'F L '
#% ?
'dE 9 q
S+ .?C .+E $# ROC $% &..(" }d z > r0 N%0) $% (
$' P' * OA+'( '( n %' *' &$ ?' $ 'N )% P .?  #  $%  ?
dE q
S+
e' - $+'- x[n]r0 − n &%'
C $'# ROC $% z = r0 f% C .? d =  .6 n0 mVF
?'  $?' $ & x[n] 'N )% 'O
B)Z * .(?'  %+'J+ x[n]r0 − n $+  ) %+ +E Q,:/J
'
)  M( r0 − n * M
 "8  n M  ( r0 − n "/) N )%  $% x[n] I$ 8 w d[

.ir
z = r1 
.n t C oS$ I$ 8  .(
.( J+ (XW) O6 ) %+ +E Q,:/J e - $+-
∞ ∞ ∞
r1− n −n
X ( z) ≤ ∑ x[n] z −n
= ∑ x[n] r −n
= ∑ x[n] r0

m
1
n = N1 n = N1 n= N1 r0−n

%+'J  d $% $ h$ 9F


  ?  G.n oB/) : € ( r1 ) −n : ], ?  r1 > r0 1+A

ja
r0
], ..n o xV n = N1 $% x[n]
∞ ∞ er
r1 r1 − N1
∑ x[n] ( r
n = N1
) − n r0− n ≤(
r0
) ∑ x[n] r0− n ≤∞
n = N1
0
ow
.p
w
w

.? </ x[n]r1− n (r1 > r0 ) w d[ L /[ 6 </ x[n ]r0 − n w d[ C :(XW) O6
w

.Z +E $% * I$+ (!XW) N%0&$ ? $ N )% P =



X (z ) = ∑ x[n]z
n = N1
−n (vXW)
www.powerjam.ir

 

      Wv

'6 (vXW) '-$ K+'/ 6 ". N 1 C .6 ".  ? r ?  9O/ "N % N 1 (
.%+'6"' $ %) $+- ?H.
 ?/  Z 1%(
  ( 6" z ? r 1+  "I$ 8
.6 +V) ?H.
 6 ROC "+/8 ?N[ $% $? $ N )% P = 9.
I$+'. $%&'6 '6% $'# ROC $% z = r0 f% C  $‚A N )% P x[n] C :_?
dE
.?C .+E$# ROC $% ..( }d 0 < z < r0 N%0) $% ( z % /
.%%C" i.d %+6" ?ƒ " # ?
dE F ( ?
dE 9 I ƒ *

.ir
.Z" $%(YXW) N%0 I$+ ?  z   <)
 ( (!XW) N%0 $‚A N )% P =
N2
X (z ) = ∑ x[n]z −n (YXW)

m
n = −∞

='1+ 6 (YXW) N%0 6 ? r N 2 C .6 ".   ? r ?  9O/ N 2 1Z $% (


$% L'
) .'6 .+E $ %) $+- &d ?/  Z 1%(
  ( %+ +E 
) z ".

ja
=' D'E ?'N[ $% ' N .%+' '+V) z=0 '6 ROC &$‚'A ='N )% = " ( ?N[
='  ' OA+'( (YXW) N%0 $% N 2 H)Z = ( ( n ≥ 0 = x[n] = 0 )"" 8S "= N )%
er
.%+ +E z=0 6 ROC &?  d
ROC I$+'. $%&'6 '6% $'# ROC $% z = r0 G'% 'C  a % x[n] C :?
dE
.%+ +E z = r0 f% 6 ( ?  z d $%  [ P 6
ow
'N )% % K+'/ I$+' &$ a% N )% P 1+" ( # ) 23,4    ?
dE F
P' 
' + 'E% * '( ?'  =
[) $? $ ?/ # = ROC .%( P
O $‚A  $? $
='
[) $‚A ?/ # = ROC "N ..(" 
, % ?H.
  y$E *  %+6" % G%
9 gF  9. ..(" 
, % d   G6 % G% P 
+ y$E * ( ? 
.p

.(
.( J+WXW O6 ) %+ +E  [ P "</ 
[) %
w
w
w

.Z" ?  $‚A  $? $ N )% % "</ "[+) gF  * % G$%  N )% P "</ 
[) :(WXW) O6
www.powerjam.ir

WY Z   : 

z '  I$+)Z $% ( .6 6) gF  "</ 


[) %  P ?  9O/ "C  N
.
%" q
S+ ;r 9.A P/(  $ G6 C D+E 1+.( .?6% +V) %+J
.
< i) $% $ * % G$% N )% :(XW) ;r
a n 0 ≤ n ≤ N −1
x[n] =  a>0 (XW)
0 otherwise
9 .

.ir
N −1 N −1
X (z ) = ∑ a n z −n = ∑ az −1 ( )
n
(!XW)
n =0 n =0

" . 8 ?


dE * G% 

m
X (z ) =
1 − az ( )
−1 N
1 zN − aN
= N −1 (XW)
−1
1 − az z z −a
?'  z 'd '/ 6 ROC ( " ", ! ?
dE * .?  % ;+a =$% x[n] 1+A

ja
?'H.
 ' ROC ?'  'd =  n < 0 = x[n] 1+A ?
[ $% . ∞     4L /[ 
')+"'/) ROC ?'  'd '
| n ?' r % * "w0 = x[n] 1+A  ..(" 
, %
er
' $ X ( z ) =' $ s-#'d $%+/) C .? 
, 3
L (  (!XW) * s - 9 .6   6
I$+'d F$ N 9
.…/  ?  z=0 $% R (N − 1)   s-# P =$% X ( z ) ( 
.
" 
.(
$ z = a $% s'-# & k = 0 * ' 'd .')$% $'#  z k = ae j  N  , k = 0,1,.....N − 1 l') $% 
)
 2πk 
ow
 
 
 z d / "</ 
[) ], .?6% 
+E   $% s-# P H. 
) $% ..(" "r.E
.?  z=0
.p
w
w

(XW) ;r  l+ X ( z ) = dXs-# $%+/):(cXW) O6


w

.
.( t (a % N )%) :(_XW) ;r
x[n] = b , b > 0 (XW)
n

.?  G6  $ (uXW) O6 $% N )% 9


$?' $  $‚'A 'N )% %  )Z   $Z ?  $ a % N )% 9 z   
+V C
.$% 9. &
.( 

www.powerjam.ir

 

      W

x[n ] = b n u[n ] + b − n u[− n − 1] (_XW)


.%$Z ?  $ $? $ N )% z   (YXW) ;r *L3 #
z 1
b n u[n] ↔ = X 1 (z ) z >b (XW)
1 − bz −1
.%$Z ?  $ $‚A N )% z   (XW) ;r * 
z −1 1
b −n u[− n − 1] ↔ = X 2 (z ) z< (WXW)

.ir
−1 −1
1− b z b
' $ (WXW)  (XW) I4%'0 =' $ ROC 9
'.…/  s'-#  'd $%+/) (YvXW) O6 $%
.G%(

m
ja
er
ow
.p

1 < b b* (b 0 < b < 1 b* (a x[n] = b n N )% :(uXW) O6


w
w
w
www.powerjam.ir

W! Z   : 

.ir
m
ja
er
ow
"# X 2 ( z ) (c b > 1 "# X 1 ( z ) (b 0 < b < 1 "# X 1 (z ) (a = ROC 9
.…/  s-#  d $%+/) :(YvXW) O6
.?  0 < b < 1 "# 
[) % gF  (e b > 1 "# X 2 ( z ) (d 0 < b <1
(XW) '-$ 'N )% 9'.  ?'6% '+V) %+J "</ gF 
[) {
 6 b > 1 C
'
[) (WXW)  (XW) I4%'0 ='ROC &'6 b < 1 'C "'N .%+' '+V) z   =$%
.p

.6 +E 9
.A i) %$+ N )% = z   9.  ?6% .+E gF
1 1 1
X (z ) = −1
− b< z <
1 − bz 1 − b −1 z −1 b
w

b2 −1 z (cXW)
=
(
b ( z − b ) z − b −1 )
w

.)G6 G%% M/) (YvXW) O6 $% oB</ 


[)  s-# d $%+/)
's'-# 
+ F
/ oB</ 
[) &= ( 23,4   = ( 
C 23,4    $%
%$+' $% .%'( G'F '
) $ ='F
, 9
.A 
i) " # =;r $% .%+6" % ?H.
 
w

o'B</ 
[) 9
.…/  %+ +V) s-# 6 C oB</ 
[) ( ?C 1+" 
) z  
P' ') D'E s'-#  'd $%+'/) P = 9. .6 +E % ?H.
  s-# 
+
* ='<% K3a C ( %$Z ?  1+" % "</ 
[) .A H. (z   = ( I$ 8
www.powerjam.ir

 

      W

'
[) 1+'.0 $ "'O &
[) .A 1Z 1
 * "C%  1+" 
6 6% 1* $% N )% $$ G+)
.
.( J+ (XW) ;r  s - = 96$ = .%( V) " d "</
.6 G6 G%% * I$+d  N )% € z   
.n t :(XW);r
1 (uXW)
X (z ) =
 1 −1  5 −1 
1 − z 1 − z 
 2  4 
.?  G6  $ (aXYYXW) O6 $% -$ 9  l+ 9†/ s-#  d $%+/) 
n

.ir
m
ja
er
ow


[) (b (XW) ;r $% X ( z )  l+ dXs-# $%+/)( X ( z ) (a I$ 8 P = 9O/ "</ "[+):(YYXW) O6

[) (d 6 $ ‚A N )% P x[n] C X ( z ) "</ 
[) (c 6 $ ? $ N )% P x[n] C X ( z ) "</
.6 a % N )% P x[n ] C X ( z ) "</
.p

I$' 8 P' ' l+' 'H)Z '/ ( %$Z ?  1+" $ / "</ 
[)  ;r 9 $%
w

' l+' '


[)  9 * R(  (
.( J+ ( b → d XYYXW) O6 ) ..6 .)+" X ( z )
.?  * N )%  l+ (bXYYXW) O6 
[) ..  1* G*+[ $% N )% P
 2  1 n 5  5 n 
w

x[n] = −   +   u[n ] (!vXW)


 3  2  3  4  
XW) O'6 '
[) %+6"/) [ G% 6 ROC 1+A %$) $+   "N ?  " 8 N )% 9
w

.?  * N )%  l+ (cXYY


 2  1  n 5  5 n 
x[n] =    −   u[− n − 1] (!YXW)
 3  2  3  4  
www.powerjam.ir

W_ Z   : 

'* 'N )% ' l+'(dXYYXW) O'6 


[) .%$) $+   9
.…/ ?  " 8 S N )% 9
? 
n n
21 55 (!XW)
x[n ] = −   u[n ] −   u[− n − 1]
3 2 34
.6" [ G% 6 ROC 1+A ?  $+   =$% "N ?  " 8 S N )% 9
z !"# $


.ir
'S (G+'VN% q
'd %'8 k) z k −1 $% $ z '  -$ 9
a  z 2+O0 -$ yV  ?HJ
?'([ ?HJ `3E $%  oB</ 
[) 1$% $% r K0F c G% ;+[ =  9
a d[ *  G%(

m
.
C" ;<) ?8 =8
∞ ∞

∫ X (z )z dz = ∫
k −1
∑ x[n]z
n = −∞
k − n −1
dz = ∑ x[n] ∫
n = −∞
z k −n−1dz (!!XW)
c c c

ja
 ?   ? $ `a ;<) d[ ( 
)%" "6+( ;<) 
w#  J+  
∫ z dz = 2πj × {s-# $% G) K+/ } (!XW)
k − n−1

c er
M'G') 1+'A) ?'  d =  n % :
/J *  ;<) 9 d[ ( 
.
" "C% 
I$+d 1Z $% ( %+6" n = k ( "#  ()+6" d = 

∫ z − 1 dz = 2 π j
ow
{z=0 s-# $% G)} (!_XW)
c
 
{z=0 $% G)} = lim z→0 z(z -1 ) = 1 (!XW)
.$% (!!XW) $% (!XW)  (!_XW) =$<J 9.
.p

∫ X (z )z dz = x[k ]2πj
k −1 (!WXW)
c

 
w

1 (!cXW)
2πj ∫c
x[n ] = X (z )z k −1d z
w

.?  2+O0 z   9
 -$ 9 (
$%  I'V '  '(/ &o'B</ 
[) 1$% $% r K0F = G% =$ ;<) ( 
.( J+
w

}+' -$ =$ * 2+O0   1%$Z ?  .%+6 C  ?8 =8 ?([ `3E ?HJ

'  ' '( %$% %+'J z 2+O0   1%$Z ?  = G% G$ .A  &?  OF s |
.
.(" 96$ $ H)Z ;r .A
'() *"+, - .+- (%
&C x[n] ? + - :(WXW);r
www.powerjam.ir

 

      W

5 −1
z 3− 1
X (z ) = 6 z> (!uXW)
 1 −1  1 −1  3
1 − z 1 − z 
 4  3 
"J$'E '
[) '6 ROC 1+'A "'N %$% %+'J z = 1 $% ='<%  z = 1 $% "O s-# %
3 4
?  9 h$ P x[n] 1%$Z ?  = .6 $? $ N )% P x[n]  ?  s-# 9C$

.ir
?'  z −1 s' [ ' $ "'BJ =' ( ?  H  &
.(   "BJ = (  $ X ( z ) (
$% 9. .%$Z
1 2 (vXW)
X (z ) =

m
+
1 −1 1 −1
1− z 1− z
4 3
=' ( * "'O ' \. I$ 8  ( ?  I$ 8 % 6 x[n] ( %+6" G% s
 9 

ja
' ' I$' 8 ' ' l+ z 2+O0   1%$Z ?  = .6" (vXW) N%0 "BJ
* y$'E X ( z ) "</ 
[) 
)%" 1+A  .%$Z ?  )CJ $+- I$ 8  = $ ROC
er
y$'E $%  "BJ = ( * P  "</ 
[) ( 
B+< 
)+" &%$% $# s-# 9C$
9. .6 16%+E  l+ = s-# *
x[n ] = x1 [n ] + x 2 [n ] (YXW)
ow
1Z $% (
z 1 1 (XW)
x1 [n ] ↔ z >
1 −1 4
1− z
4
z
2 1 (!XW)
x2 [n]↔
.p

z>
1 3
1 − z −1
3
9.
w

n
1 (XW)
x1 [n ] =   u[n]
4
w

n
1 (_XW)
x 2 [n] = 2  u[n]
 3
.
$" (XW) -$  (_XW)  (XW) -$ % K+/ * 9.
w

 1  n
1 
n

x[n] =   + 2  u[n ] (XW)


 4   3  
www.powerjam.ir

WW Z   : 

'i) $% $ '6 ‰'-(WXW) ;'r $% '( X ( z ) I$' 8 1+'.( ("BJ $+ (  U ) :(cXW) ;r
X ( z ) ' x[n ] 1%$Z ?  = 
.( t  < z <  I$+ $ "</ 
[)  .
<
1 1
4 3
'+E I' I$' 8 % 9' "</ 
[)  .
.(   "BJ  ( %  " # ;r F $
.%+6" 9
.A "BJ $+ ( * P  "</ 
[) ;r 9 $% .%+
z 1 1
x1 [n] ↔ z> (WXW)

.ir
1 −1 4
1− z
4
z 2 1 (cXW)
x2 [n] ↔ z<
1 −1 3

m
1− z
3
$% 9. 
n n
1 1

ja
x[n] =   u[n] − 2  u[− n − 1] (uXW)
 
4  3

er " 01 23* 4 561 (/


= 6" ")+ =  X (z )  z 2+O0     = 
 =h$ * <% "O

.( J+ * ;r  }+ h$ q
S+
&C x[n] ? + - :(uXW) ;r
ow
1 (_vXW)
X (z ) = z>a
1 − az −1
.
.("  "N+ I/
 P/O ")+ = I$+ $ I$ 8 9
1 − az −1
.p

1 1 + az + a 2 z −2 + ...
−1

1 − az −1
az −1
w

az −1 − a 2 z −2
a 2 z −2
w

.$% 9.
1 (_YXW)
= 1 + az −1 + a 2 z −2 + K
w

1 − az −1
( 
.
" sBS 1%% $# =   (!XW) -$  (_YXW) -$   
www.powerjam.ir

 

      Wc

x[n] = 0 n<0
x[0] = 1
x[1] = a
x[2] = a 2
" ( ?N[ $% 
x[n] = a u[n]
n
(_XW)

.ir
' '.("' }'d az −1 < 1 =' ?'  G6 G%% (_YXW) -$ $% ( 1 ")+ = U 
1 − az −1
='1+ s [   $ X ( z )  ( az −1 )
> 1 6 z < a I$+ "</ 
[) C . z > a

m
.$% I$+. $% .%% U  z ? r
−1
− az + 1
1 − a −1 z − a −2 z 2 + ...

ja
1 − a −1 z
a −1 z er
a −1 z − a −2 z 2
a −2 z 2

ow
1 (_!XW)
= − a −1 z − a − 2 z 2 − K
1 − az −1
$% sBS 1%% $# =   (!XW) -$  (_!XW) -$ %    ?N[ 9 $%
x[n ] = 0 n≥0
.p

x[− 1] = − a −1

x[− 2] = − a − 2
" ( ?N[ $% 
w

x[n ] = − a u[− n − 1]
n
(_XW)
$ I$' 8 )+<. 1+A .(" 
, %+/) F
 = ( 
| I$ 8 = ")+ = U  h$ I$#
w


.( J+ * ;r  F
 q
S+ = .%( G% "BJ = (     1+"/)
(")+ =  U ) :(YvXW) ;r
X ( z ) = log(1 + az )
w

−1
,z >a (__XW)
l'6 ' ' N) %% U'  ")+' =' ' $+
 = P/O $ (__XW) -$ 1+" az −1 < 1 
.( az −1 < 1

log(1 + w) = ∑

(− 1)n+1 wn w <1 (_XW)
n =1 n
www.powerjam.ir

Wu Z   : 

.$% 9.

X (z ) = ∑

(− 1) n +1
a zn −n
(_WXW)
n =1 n
.%$Z ?  * I$+ $ x[n] 1+" 1Z P/O (
 n +1 a
n

x[n] = (− 1) n
n ≥1 (_cXW)
 0 n≤0

.ir
;%0 $+- 
− (− a )
n
x[n ] = u[n − 1] (_uXW)

m
n
z 
8"9 7
LTI =''

   $% )Z ( ?  "/H D+E =$% z   &23,4   .)

ja
.6 +E G$6 LV  $? H D+E 9 * =%0  .?  G%+/) e+ ")*  C
:6"- ;9 7

x1 [n] ↔ X 1 (Z ) ROC = R1
er
C <% I$ 0 .6 x 2 [n ], x1 [n] =N )% =   s
 X 2 (Z )  X 1 (Z ) C
z
(vXW)

ow
z
x 2 [n ]↔ X 2 (Z ) ROC = R2 (YXW)
 ?   N )% % 9 "-E s
(   I$+)Z $%
Z
ax1 [n] + bx2 [n]↔ aX 1 ( z ) + bX 2 ( z ) (XW)
‫ ا‬R1 I R2 ROC
.p

'  "''N )% =' ?'  R2  R1 gF 


[) 6 #[ &"-E s
( "</ 
[)
d ".0) .6 X 2 ( z )  X 1 (z ) =s-# 1/ aX 1 ( z ) + bX 2 ( z ) =s-# C &= ( =z
 .%+ +E R2 I R1 gF 
[) 1/L
#% "</ 
[) &(..O) "r.E $ </  s-# 
w

'
[) I$+)Z $% &..( "r.E $ s-# * "w0 d * =%0 %$% ;/[ "-E s
( $% C
G$% =$% x2 [n]  x1 [n] '( ?'  "'<. 1Z G%' ;'r .%+'6 'C$ ?'  9O/ "</
w

s'
( "'</ '
[) ?'N[ 9 $% .?  % G$% =$% H)Z "-[ s
(  &.6 %)
 a nu[n − 1] =''N )% ;'r 1+'.0 .?H.
  d 4L /[ < %+ +E z d R/ &"-E
w

* N )% "B</ 


[)  ..  z > a "</ 
[) =$% %  a nu[n]
a n u[n] − a n u[n − 1] = δ [n] (!XW)
.?  z d R/ 6
:4 54" *6 $ 7
www.powerjam.ir

 

      cv

C
z
x[n] ↔ X ( z ) ROC = Rx
I$+)Z $%
z
x[n − n0 ]↔ z −n0 X ( z ) ROC = Rx (XW)
'C z $% 'S a'V .%'( 'S '  `Q'[ 4L '/[  $ ?H.
    ( I 9 
− n0

.ir
1+'.( '6 %+J+ # * ?H.
 $% " -# C  Z" %+J+ z = 0 $% s-# P 6 n0 > 0
'  '6 x[n − n0 ] "'</ 
[) I$+. $% 6   6 R x C 9. .%+6" `Q[
'd '( 'Z" %+J+ ?H.
 $% s-# P  z = 0 $% d P 6 n0 < 0 C "N .%+ +V)

m
6 X (z ) C 9. .( `Q[ $(6 6% %+J C) z = 0 $% s-# P )+" z = 0 $%
.%+6" `Q[ 1+.( 6   $% " -#

ja
<, 54" *6 $ 7
C
z
x[n] ↔ X (z )

z
ROC = Rx
er I$+)Z $%
(
e jΩ 0 n x[n]↔ X e − jΩ 0 z ) ROC = Rx (_XW)
ow
<)'
 ? $ ?/  ?  U V "/) [  N )% 1+
4 <)/) (_XW) -$ ‚A ?/
') 'EA"' Ω 0 '* G*')  z d $% s-#  d $%+/) ".0 .?  z d $% MEA
.(
.( J+ (YXW) O6
.p
w
w

e jΩ 0 n U V "/) N )%  ")* G*+[ 1+


4 dXs-# $%+/)  
ƒ :(YXW) O6
I$' 8 &6 1 − az −1 I$+ =$+( =$%  n yV  I$+d $%  6  n X (z ) C 3 L r
w

$% z = a $%'d ' s'-# 9'. .'6 '+E 1 − ae z I$+ =$+( =$% X (e z )


jΩ −1 0 − jΩ 0

'N )% 'S 9. .6 +E X (e − jΩ z ) $% z = ae jΩ $% d  s-#    1+.( X (z )


0 0

'C .%+' +E N )% ($+   $%) ])( $% ;) <)


 1+
4 /8  U V "/) $%
L '
) .'6 π * "
d w Ω 0 O. < %+ +V) 9
.A e jΩ n x[n] 6 "
[ x[n]
0
www.powerjam.ir

cY Z   : 

(?'  "'
[ x[n] ( "N[ $%) .6 U V y% ?J I$+ X (z ) =d  s-# C
.$% " ( ?N[ $% .% 9
 * 1$ 9 ;) * 0 ?  9O/
z  z
z0 x[n ]↔ X  
n
ROC = z0 Rx (XW)
 z0 
.%+6"   (_XW) N%0  (XW) N%0 z 0 = e jΩ n  6 z 0 = 1 C
0

'.EA"' Ω 0 * G*) O)Z 9/S z d $% s-#  d 1O &6 z 0 = re jΩ n C 
0

.ir
ROC 9'. .'..(" ?([ "ƒ K06 % $% <% I$ 0  &)+6" S 
) r $ $%
'
[) $% z 0 z x &'6 x[n] '  "'</ '
[) $% z x 'C "'.0 .%+6" OA+( C$ 
)
z 0 z x '6 z0 < 1 'C  'C$ z 0 z x '6 z0 > 1 C .%+ +E z 0 x[n ]   "</
n

m
.6 +EOA+(
:4 54" *6 :6, !"# 77

ja
C
z
x[n] ↔ X (z ) ROC = Rx er I$+)Z $%
1z
(WXW)
x[− n] ↔ X   ROC = 1
z Rx
ow
x[− n] "'</ '
[) $% 1 &6 x[n] "</ 
[) $% z 0 C ( ?  9 }+ -$ ".0
z0
.? 
.
.( ?ƒ $ (WXW) -$ :9/
.p

>?"%", @A9 =7


C
z
xi [n] ↔ X i ( z )
w

ROC = Ri , i = 1,2
I$+)Z $%
z
x1 [n]* x2 [n] ↔ X 1 ( z )X 2 ( z ) (cXW)
w

ROC = R1 I R2
gF 
[) 6 #[ X 1 (z )X 2 (z ) "</ 
[) 23,4   $% 96+N+)( ?
dE F
* =%'0 U' + 's'-# * "w0 ( "aF %+F  C$ ?  9O/  N &?  R2 , R1 9

w

.)+6 "r.E d


Z 54" *6 0ECD B=
C
z
x[n] ↔ X (z ) ROC = Rx
www.powerjam.ir

 

      c

I$+)Z $%
z
dX ( z ) (uXW)
nx[n ]↔ − z ROC = Rx
dz
‰'6 '* ;'r $% $ }+ ?
dE %$( Z" ?  23,4    F "6$  ?
dE 9
.
%"
.6 * I$+ X (z ) C 

 $ X (z ) 2+O0   
+E" :(YYXW);r
X ( z ) = ln (1 + az −1 )

.ir
z >a (WvXW)
.?6+) 1+" (XXW) ?
dE  J+  I$+)Z $%
z dX (z ) az −1
(WYXW)
nx[n] ↔− z

m
= z>a
dz 1 + az −1
?'  "C%'  z 2+O0   1+.( .%+/) = ( I$ 8    )Z X (z ) * =
CeF 
( 
)%" .Z"

ja
z
a (WXW)
a(− a ) u[n] ↔
n
z >a
1 + az −1
er .$% (XXW) ?
dE P/( 
z −1
az (W!XW)
a (− a ) u[n − 1]↔
n −1
z>a
1 + az −1
.
$ 
+E * 
)  ?H) $%
ow
− (− a )
n
x[n ] = u[n − 1] (WXW)
n
.
< i) $% $ *   :(YXW) ;r
−1
az (W_XW)
X (z ) =
.p

z>a
(1 − az ) −1 2

.$% (YXW) ;r *


z 1
w

a nu[n ]↔ z>a (WXW)


1 − az −1
9.
w

−1
z d  1  az (WWXW)
na n u[n ]↔ − z  =
(
dz  1 − az −1  1 − az −1 )
2

%3 *
 0*"F 7
w

.?6% 
+E I$+)Z $% & n < 0 b* x[n] = 0 C
x[0] = lim X (z ) (WcXW)
z →∞

x[n] '( ?6% i)    N .Z" ?  z   -$ `a % * 9C [  ?


dE 9
.?  d =  n < 0 b*
www.powerjam.ir

c! Z   : 


lim X ( z ) = lim ∑ x[n]z −n = x[0] (WuXW)
z →∞ z →∞
n =0

'd z → ∞ o'# '[ $% I3'/J R'/ n > 0 ='  %+6" z −n = 1 ?  n = 0 "# 1+A
'C " 8 N )% P = ( ?  9 ?C 1+" 
N $ =$+Š * ( =
) 9
N .)+6"
%+'6 1'
 = ( I$+ X ( z ) C L 
) .6 %  
) lim X (z ) [ &6 % x[0]
z →∞

* 'F
 ')+"'/) 'd %'0 <% I$ 0  &%+6 yV J$% * C$ )+"/) I$+d J$%

.ir
.%+6 s-# %0
z 
I#- LTI 0+1 GH =

m
9'6+N+)( ?
'dE * ..("  ")*  C LTI =

 $% $ "/H M) z  
.%( 1
 9
.A $ 
P "JE  =%$ -$ 1+"
Y (z ) = H (z )X (z ) (cvXW)

ja
'
k'S T' ,  "'JE &=%$ ='z '  s'
 H ( z )  Y ( z ) & X ( z ) 1Z $% (
'   z   6 z = 1 C ..+C" (;) :) :   
: H ( z )  .. 
er
X'd$%+/) * 1+'" "C%  $ ?
8  =$, r 
D+E .%+6"    C $+
1+'"'    ='?
dE * 6 " 8 
C .%( 9

0 
: oB</ 
[)  s-#
$+'- S T ,  6 $, 
C .%$% $# s-# 9EZ y$E $% oB</ 
[) ( ?C
ow
'6 oB</ 
[)  QN &?6% +E %+J $+   ?N[ 9 $% ( 6 Q,:/J e -
'6% $# [f% 1$% s-# R/  6 $,   " 8  
C .%+6 z = 1 G%
..6
.?  * I$+ U V =s-#  R%   
P 
: :(Y!XW) ;r
.p

1 (cYXW)
H (z ) =
1 − (2r cos θ )z −1 + r 2 z − 2
s-# 9EZ y$E $%  ROC 6 " 8 
C .)$% $# z2 = re − jθ , z1 = re jθ $% s-#
w

.)G6 6QC M/)  (Y!XW) O6 $% ROC  dXs-# $%+/) . ( z > r ) 6 6% $#
w
w

r > 1 (b r < 1 (a U V =s-#     =


= dXs-# $%+/) :(Y!XW) O6
www.powerjam.ir

 

      c

$% .')
C"' $'# '[ G% 1$% s-# I$+. $%  r < 1 ( 
.
" (aXY!XW) O6 $%
G'% y$'E $% 's'-#  ?  r > 1 
.
" (bXY!XW) O6 $%  ?  $, 
I$+.
.?  $,) ?N[ 9 $% 
], .)
C" $# [
@-M N'O - GO KL6 - +1 J  =
.%$Z ?'  $ 
: "C%  ?ƒ sBS  " S I4%0 =$ * 1+" z   P/( 

.( J+ * ;r  s - 16 96$ =

.ir
'N%0 
' + ?  y[n] 1Z "JE  x[n] 1Z =%$ ( LTI 

.( t :(YXW);r
.6 G6 G%% M/) * " S

m
1 1 (cXW)
y[n] − y[n − 1] = x[n] + x[n − 1]
2 3
.$% (cXW) -$ `a % * 9C z   

ja
1 −1 1
Y (z ) − z Y ( z ) = X ( z ) + X ( z )z −1
2 3
 1 −1  (c!XW)
1 + z 
Y ( z ) = X ( z ) 3 
1
1 − z −1 
 2 
er
.$% (cvXW) -$ * 
ow
1
1 + Z −1
Y (Z ) 3 (cXW)
H (Z ) = =
X (Z ) 1 −1
1− Z
2
S T , % ..("/) mVF $ oB</ 
[) "N ?  H ( z ) = J I$ 8 U (cXW) -$
.p

% 9'. .$‚'A ='<%  $? $ "O &%( l+ (cXW) " S N%0  1+" $ I
.?  Q,1O oB</ 
[) = I V)
w

.?  $? $ h[n ]  l+ ( & z > 1 :^N


2
.?  $‚A h[n]  l+ ( z < 1 :
w

2
'C ;'r 1+'.0 .'$"' M
', s'
 9
/  
) RN   * " S N%0 " ( ?N[ =
w

.6 LTI 
P G.% M/) * " S N%0
N M

∑ a y[n − k ] = ∑ b x[n − k ]
k =0
k
k =0
k
(c_XW)

:9.
N M

∑ a z Y (z ) = ∑ b z
k =0
k
−k

k =0
k
−k
X (z ) (cXW)
www.powerjam.ir

c_ Z   : 


N M
Y ( z )∑ ak z − k = X ( z )∑ bk z − k (cWXW)
k =0 k =0

.?6+) = ( I$+ $ ;) : 1+" ?H) $%


M

Y (z ) ∑b z k
−k

H (z ) = = k =0 (ccXW)
X (z ) N

.ir
∑a z
k =0
k
−k

%+'6"' 1'
 ?'ƒ sB'S ' "-E " S N%0 
+ ( 
P ;) : ( 
.
"
?
) "( 
S T , 9

0 = "H.  " S N%0 


.
"  .?  = ( G$+/

m
G'6 G%% "'/.$ 1+.0 
) 
1%+ $,  1%+ " 8 r 
<% ?
dE P  
'C i) $% s-# 9EZ y$E  oB</ 
[) &?  " 8 

) C ;r 1+.0 .6

ja
.%+F 
) z = 1 G% 6  oB</ 
[) ?  $, 

) C  %+6
.?  G6 G%% * I$+ " S N%0  " 8 
P :(Y_XW) ;r
y[n ] −
5
4
y[n − 1] = x[n ]
er (cuXW)
.1Z "</ 
[)  ;) : ? + -
.?6+) 1+" (YXW) ;r F : [
ow
Y (z ) 1 (uvXW)
= H (z ) =
X (z ) 5
1 − z −1
4
.%%C" 1
 z > 5 I$+ "</ 
[)
.p

4
w
w
w

(Y_XW) ;r = oB</ 


[) :(YXW) O6
.?  " 8
| 
( 
.( t ; * O. < 6 $, )+"/) "/
9
.A 
.
"
www.powerjam.ir

 

      c

:4 ++E - :4 1"P 0+1 


B
' C '
P' I$+' 1*  +
, 
P ( ?  s . $
 %$( * "w0 $%
=$ ' 1*  C h*%, 1+.8 ? "r  .,  $% ;r 1+.0 .%+6   ;%0 1*
1'* ' C =
* G%  1Z =.  ( ?C $# " $ %$+ 1*  +
, ;.<

'
 $% +
‹( * G%  1O
N%  h*%, K+) 9 .%+ 1*  +
, ;.<
h*%, $%
=''
'  ?'HJ "' V ='h$ aE 9
/  .6" =%$(  H $
 &Œ)

.ir
.%( 
+E G$6 H h$ %  . $% ( %$% %+J 1*  C  1*  +
,
1*  C 
 =)+< 1*  +
, 
?  `0 S   R. ( ; h$ $%

m
 C S T ,   dN=  IiN $% 1*  +
, S T , =)+/) ( %+6"  
'd[ ' +
, S T , * =$% )+/) * 1*  C S T , 1+A 9. .?   1*
.%$% %$( .  % ) " )( ŽN * ( "B
= U h$ 9 %+6"

ja
:' L /
'  '( %+6" G%  ?6<) "8+) * ?  `0 HJ%   R. ( R% h$ $%
./)"   z   G*+[  $ " 3,4 G*+[ $% 
;)
er -O 
B
")*  C ;%0 
.
< i) $% $ hc (t ) S T ,  1*  +
, t 
P
.%%C" ^0 * I$+ 6"  dN=  IiN $% hc (t ) =)+/) 6 (
ow
hd [n ] = hc (nT ) (uYXW)
'
I$+' $ (uYXW) '-$ .%%'C V) q
d $+-   ?  ? r %8 P T 1Z $% (
.%% M/) 1+" 
) *
.p
w

(uYXW) -$ ;%0 


:(Y_XW) O6
w

.?6+) 1+" %C 1


 .,  $% …)Z  J+ 
1 ∞
 2πk 
H S ( jω ) = ∑H  jω − j  (uXW)
w

C
T k = −∞  T 


2
Impulse Invariance
3
Bilinear Transformation
www.powerjam.ir

cW Z   : 

 Ω 1 ∞   Ω 2πk  
H d (e jΩ ) = H s  j  = ∑ H C  j  −  (u!XW)
 T  T k =−∞   T T  
' (u!XW) -$ 
+ Z" ?  h$ 9 U + ( H d (e jΩ ) ")*  C 
9.
* '( %+'6 V) =)+C  T?  R*4 aE 9
/  .%+6" l+ H c ( jω ) 
;) :
' . G$% P $% H d (e jΩ ) I$+. $% .%+6 =
C+ J H c ( jω )  ;) =^
a E
.$% 
) 1* G*+[ $% .%+6" H c ( jω ) O6

.ir

hs (t ) = ∑ h (nT )δ (t − nT )
n = −∞
c
(uXW)

.$% ?  e − snT =  δ (t − nT ) 23,4   O.  J+  9.

m

H s (s ) = ∑ h (nT )e
n = −∞
c
− snT (u_XW)

.$% <% `a * 

ja

H d (z ) = ∑ h [n]z
n = −∞
d
−n (uXW)
er 1+A 
hc (nT ) = hd [n] (uWXW)
.?6+) 1+"
ow

H d (z ) = ∑ h (nT )z
n = −∞
c
−n (ucXW)

.$% (ucXW)  (u_XW) -$ %   


H d (z ) z =e sT = H s (s ) (uuXW)
.p

.$% (uXW) -$ $% jω = s =$Q<J  9.


1 ∞
 2πk 
H s (s ) =
T
∑H
k = −∞
C s − j
 T 
 (YvvXW)
w

;%0 $+- 


1 ∞
 2πk 
H d (z ) z =e sT
= ∑ H C  s − j T 
T k =−∞ 
(YvYXW)
w

s 'd * z = e sT ?6<) U + H d (z )  H s (s )   ?
[ $% S   h$ 9.
.6" z d 
w

R'/ ' (aXYXW) O'6 $% G%$+'E $+6$+) .?  G6 G%% M/) (YXW) O6 $% ?6<) 9
.%+6" 6<) z d
$+' ?' $ ?/'  %+6" 6<) G% E%  jω $+ ‚A ?/ z = e sT -$  J+ 
.%+6" 6<) [ G% =$ jω $+ ( ?  qS .%+6" 6<) [ G% y$E  jω
www.powerjam.ir

 

      cc

.ir
z = e sT   U + z d  s d * ?6<) :(YXW) O6

m
U' C ;r 1+.0 .Z" ?  =G% I$+ H d (z ) -$ 6 = ( I$+ H c (s ) C
C ".0 &
< i) $% H c (s ) = $ ;   =s-#
N
Ak
H c (s ) = ∑ (YvXW)

ja
k =1 s − sk
I$+)Z $%
N
hc (t ) = ∑ Ak e sk t u (t )
k =1
er (Yv!XW)


ow
N
hd [n] = hc (nT ) = ∑ Ak e sk nT u[nT ]
k =1 (YvXW)
N
= ∑ Ak e ( ) u[nT ]
sk T n

k =1

?H) $% 
.p

N
Ak
H d (z ) = ∑ sk T −1
(Yv_XW)
k =1 1 − e z
.

 $ * 
;%0 ")*  C 
S   h$ P/O :(YXW) ;r
w

4 (YvXW)
H c (s ) = ℜe[s ] > −2
s+2
.?6+) 1+" "</ 
[)  J+  : [
w

hc (t ) = 4e u (t )
−2 t
(YvWXW)
 ?   }+ 
")*  C ;%0 9.
w

hd [n] = hc (nT ) = 4e −2 nT u[n] (YvcXW)


 ?   1Z z  
4 (YvuXW)
H d (z ) = − 2T
ℜe[z ] > e − 2T
1− e z −1
Q) 36 
B
www.powerjam.ir

cu Z   : 

.6" * -$ U + z d  s d * ?6<)   9 2 


T 
1 +  s
z= 2 (YYvXW)
T 
1 −  s
2
.?  * I$+d  a. 1*  +
, 
 ;%0 1*  C 
l $ 9.
H d ( z ) = H c (s ) s= 2 1− z (YYYXW)

.ir
−1

T 1+ z −1

.$% (YYvXW) -$ $% s = σ + jω 1%% $# 


 T  T

m
1 + 2 σ  + jω 2
z= (YYXW)
 T  T
1 − 2 σ  − jω 2

ja
'd $% jω $+' ‚A ?/ L 
)  ?  [ * OA+( z ?  σ < 0 ("<. 9.
jω $+' ?' $ ?/' ( %% 1F) 1+" s
 9
/   %+6" 6<) [ G% E s

s=
2 1 − e − jΩ 2 Ω
= j tg ( )
er
.6 z = e jΩ C  .%+6" 6<) [ G% y$E  s d $%
(YY!XW)
T 1 + e − jΩ T 2
9
' '* U'$ 'HJ% '  U' + 9'. .%+6" 6<) jω $+ =$ [ G% 9.
ow
.%$% %+J ")*  C   +
, ])(
2 Ω (YYXW)
ω= tg ( )
T 2
−1 ωT
(YY_XW)
.p

Ω = 2tg ( )
2
.?  G6 G%% M/) * O6 $% $+(Q ?6<) D+E
w
w
w

(YYvXW) -$ U + z d  s d * ?6<):(YWXW) O6


www.powerjam.ir

 

      uv

1+'"' %+'6" 6<) π  - π * G% P =$ ∞  - ∞ * jω $+ R/ O.  J+ 


.%" 9
 * $ " E )+C    9 ( 6 9Š/-
' +
, '
P' 'HJ% '  * G%'   ( ?  9 %( G$6 1  ( "/H O)
.%+6"   ")*  C $, 
P  G$+/ $, ")*
.
.(   ;%0 ")*  C 
 HJ %   U + $ * 
:(YWXW);r
4
H c (s ) = ℜe[s ] > −2

.ir
s+2
−1
.$% }+ -$ $% s = 2 1 − z −1 1%%$#  : [
T 1+ z

m
4
H d (z ) =
2 1 − z −1
+2
T 1 + z −1
( )

ja
4T 1 + z −1
=
( )
2 1 − z −1 + 2T 1 + z −1 ( )
er  

H d (z ) =
2T 1 + z( −1
)
(1 + T ) − (1 − T )z −1
2T
(
1 + z −1 )
ow
= 1 + T
1 − T −1
1− z
1+ T
.Z" ?  z > 1 − T I$+ oB</ 
[) L H)
1+ T
.p

V
(R+XSY3Z% 6-*[) R)39
ST 3 U63*3
ST U +1 
$% 'n %$'n ' 
* $
  o . ; oJE .A  %$ .A  

$% .?'  ] € I$+  
9 ;) : ..  +6 o J+ H)Z  G*$ B 
w

N  %$ M ' '


')+/) €' ..'6  ?
) R*4 H
JE  H%$ %0 o n ?N[
.?  G6 G%% 1F) * †6 $% oJE
w
w

4
Multi Input- Multi Output
www.powerjam.ir

uY Z   : 

.ir
oJE .A %$ .A 
€ * oF/) YcXW †6
.?  * I$+d  1* G*+[ $% 
9 oJE  %$ $% G.% l $ -$

m
[ y (t )] = [ h (t )] ∗ [ x (t )] (YYXW)
1Z $% n
 x1 (t ) 

ja
 x (t ) 
 2 
.  (YYWXW)
[ x (t )] =   er
. 
. 
 
 xM (t )
ow
 y1 (t ) 
 y (t ) 
 2 
.  (YYcXW)
[ y (t )] =  
. 
. 
.p

 
 y N (t )
h11 (t ) h12 (t ) ........... h1( M −1) (t ) h1M (t ) 
 
w

h21 (t ) h22 (t ) ........... h2 ( M −1) (t ) h2 M (t ) 


......... ............. ............. ............... ..............  (YYuXW)
[h (t )] =  
......... ............. ............. ............... ............... 
w

h h( N −1) M (t )
 ( N −1)1 (t ) h( N −1) 2 (t ) ..... h( N −1)( M −1) (t )
hN 1 (t ) hN 2 (t ) ......... hN ( M −1) (t ) hNM (t ) 

w

I' 9' ' %+6 o ^0 o  S .)/ o  96+N+)n I
/8 n ?6% J+ 
%  %$ % ' '
€' ' 3r' .%+'/) ;+)n   $ 1)Z   Z$% S J  n
.$% oJE
www.powerjam.ir

 

      u

 y1 (t )  h11 (t ) h12 (t )   x1 (t )  h11 (t ) ∗ x1 (t ) + h12 (t ) ∗ x2 (t ) 


 y (t ) = h (t ) h (t )  x (t ) = h (t ) ∗ x (t ) + h (t ) ∗ x (t ) (YvXW)
 2   21 22   2   21 1 22 2 
.%+6 o   o  G% S I$+d  ])n G*+[ $% -$ 9
[Y (ω )] = [ H (ω )][ X (ω )] (YYXW)
€' .'6 o' ?E+.† 
| G6 Π;) l+-E  
9 * o
a.j†N %$n €
.?  G6 G%% 1F) * †6 $% l+-E 9 )+/)

.ir
m
ja
er
oJE .A  %$ .A 
€ * oNr 1+.8  G6 Œ ;) l+-E 
€ (YuXW ) †6
'.A o'-E '
€' U' + '
9 ‘?  G
$ A  G. +) U + n  N $%
ow
.?  G6 ; * †6 I$+d  oJE .A  %$
.p
w

YuXW †6 $% G6 G%% 1F) 


;%0 ; (vXW) †6
?
\  ])n)  ]  /J * o d 
H)/N  ; 9 $, 
n
 ; 9 $, l $ G+) ?  H J 9 $% n …)Z .)+6 o l+ o d 

w

H …)Z †  .(./) 0J N  %$+ 9 $% F



  1./#38) ?
) o d 

o GF n )+<)/ .?  ])n G*+[  23,4 G*+[ $% oJE  %$ o n l $ ? 
w

$% l $ .?  ] € 


;) :  . $% 
oJE  %$ %+6
.Z o ?  * -$ U + oJE  %$

5
"Discrete Time Domain Analysis of Nonuniform Lossless Coupled Transmission Lines" Journal of Circuits, Systems, and
Computers Vol. 14, No. 5 (2005) 1–14
www.powerjam.ir

u! Z   : 

[V L ( s )] = [ H L ( s )][V g ( s )] (YXW)
1Z $% n
v g1 (t ) 
 
v g 2 (t ) 
[V g ( s )] = ℑ{[v (t )] = .
g } (Y!XW)
 
. 

.ir
.v (t )
 gM 
vL1 (t ) 
v (t ) 

m
 L2 
[V L ( s )] = ℑ{[v (t )] = .
L
} (YXW)
 
 . 
.vLM (t )

ja
 
 H 11L ( s ) H12L ( s) ................. H1L( M −1) ( s) H1LM ( s) 
 L 
 H 21 ( s ) H 22L ( s ) ................. H 2L( M −1) ( s)
er H 2LM ( s) 
  (Y_XW)
......... ............. ............. ............... ..............
[ H L ( s)] =  
......... ............. ............. ............... ............... 
 L L L L

 H ( M −1)1 ( s ) H ( M −1) 2 ( s ) .... H ( M −1)( M −1) ( s) H ( M −1) M ( s )
ow
 L 
 H M 1 ( s ) H ML 2 ( s) ................ H ML ( M −1) ( s) H MM L
( s ) 
 .
.n o G%  S   * ?  on 1*  C 
€  
9   
* †6 I$+d   , %  G6 Œ ;) l+-E 
€  ;r 1+.8
.p
w

oJE .A %$ .A  


* o
a.j†N ;r € (YXW) †6
I$+d   , ?
\  ])n) % 
w
w

.Z o ?  * I$+d  1*  C G*+[ $% ;) : ]


www.powerjam.ir

 

      u

.?  * I$+d  ?  %$ ’N $% . $% n %$ $%


v (t )
[ x (t )] =  1 
0 
'  ' '* ' †'6 $% 1*  C   +
, ; * d[  ), ’N   
)

.ir
.) G6

m
ja
er
ow
.p
w

1*  +
,
 * d[ Œ)  1*  C ; * d[ Œ)   XW †6
? ' ) h$ 9 %* ?8  J+   ?  +E $
 1*  C h$ ?#% n %+6 o G%
w

1'* ' C ' '


 1*  +
,  
  o /8 ?
/ 1*  +
, h$ 
' G3'8 1'* ' C ' '
' 1'* ' +
, ' '
'  .%+'6 o S
.%$% o) %$n 
) R+ 8 <%  6$ $% ]
a.j†N
w

5
?  UQ%] \
.
.( mVF $ "</ 
[)  

 $ * =N )% * P  z   :(YcXW);r
δ [n] (^N
δ [ n + 1] (
www.powerjam.ir

u_ Z   : 

n
1
−   u [− n − 1] (y
 2
 1 n  1  n 
  +   u[n ] (%
 2   4  
: [

X (z ) = ∑ δ [n]z −n
=1 (^N

.ir
n =−∞

.%+ +E z d R/ "</ 


[)

X (Z ) = ∑ δ [n + 1]z −n (

m
=z
n = −∞

.?  z d R/ "</ 


[) ], ?  %+J+ ?H.
 $% s-# P U
(y

ja
n

1
H (z ) = ∑ −  2 
n =−∞
z −n u[− n − 1]

−1
1 
= − ∑  z −1 
n =−∞ 2 
n
er
 
 
ow
 1   1

= − − 1 =
 1 − 2 z   1 − 1 z −1 
 
 2 
.?  * I$+ "</ 
[) $% z = 0 $% d P  z = 1 $% s-# P H.
2
.p

1
z<
2
.%(   z   K+/  $ K+/ z   1+" z   1%+ "-E  J+ (%
w

1 1
H (z ) = +
1 −1 1 −1
1− z 1− z
2 4
w

. z > 1 ".0 ?  "</ 


[) % gF # "</ 
[)
2
.

 )Z "B</ 
[)  * N )% z   :(YuXW);r
w

n
1
x[n] =   {u[n] − u[n − 10]}
2
.$% ?  % G$% N )% P }+ N )% 1+A : [
n n
9
1 1  9
X ( z ) = ∑   z −n = ∑  z −1 
n =0  2  n =0  2 
www.powerjam.ir

 

      u

.$% ?  " . = P }+ -$ O.  J+


10
1 
1 −  z −1 
X (z ) = 2 
1 −1
1− z
2
"' -# {
' X ( z ) 9'. &%+'6"' `Q[ z = 1 $% d U + z = 1 $% s-# 
.( J+ C
2 2

.ir
.%+ +E z d R/ "B</ 
[) 9. .?6% +V)
.6 $? $ x[n] C 

 $ X ( z ) 2+O0   :(vXW);r
1 − 2 z −1

m
X (z ) =
z −2 − 3 z −1 + 2
"'BJ $+' ( ' $ X ( z ) 1+'"' I$+')Z $% .'6 z −1 = x 
.(" t "C% ?HJ : [
.%(  x s [

ja
1 − 2x a b
= +
x 2 − 3 x + 2 (x − 2 ) ( x − 1)

a = −3
er L 
)

b =1
ow
9.
−3 1
X (z ) = +
z −1 − 2 z −1 − 1
 
3
.p

2 1
X (z ) = −
1 −1 1 − z −1
1− z
2
w

?'  $?' $ x[n] '( ?'  9' t 1+A .%+6 [ G% y$E 6  "B</ 
[) 
.?  * I$+ "B</ 
[) 9.
z >1
w

9.
 3  1 n 
w

x[n] =    − ( −1) n u[ n]


 2  2  
C 

 $ z 2+O0   :(WXY);r
www.powerjam.ir

uW Z   : 

1 −1
1− z
X (z ) = 2
1
1 + z −1
2
.6 $? $ x[n] C 
.?6+) * I$+ $ X (z ) 1+" "C%  : [
1 −1
z

.ir
1
X (z ) = − 2
1 1
1 + z −1 1 + z −1
2 2
.?  $? $ x[n] O.  J+  9.

m
n n −1
 1 1 1
x[n] =  −  u[n] −  −  u[n − 1]
 2 2 2

ja
C 

 $ z 2+O0   :(XW) ;r
1
X ( z ) = log(1 − 2 z ) z<
2 er
.$% ")+ = U  * G%   .6 ‹A ;.<
 oB</ 
[)  J+  : [

wm
log(1 − w) = −∑ w <1
m =1 m
ow
9.

X ( z ) = −∑

(2 z )m ∞
= −∑
2m m
z
m =1 m m =1 m

9.
.p

−n
2
x[n] = u[− n − 1]
n
C z 2+O0   ? + - :(!XW) ;r
w

1 −1 1
X ( z ) = log( 1 − z ) , z >
2 2
.$% ")+ = U  * G%   (XW) ;r F : [
w

1 −1 n 1
∞ ( z ) ∞ − ( )n
X (z ) = − ∑ 2 = ∑ 2 z−n
w

n =1 n n =1 n
9.
1
− ( )n
x[ n ] = 2 u[ n − 1]
n
www.powerjam.ir

 

      uc

1'F)  '
< 'i) $% $ ?'  X (z) '  =$% ( x[n] .) "
[ N )% P :(XW) ;r
( 
%
X ( z) = X * ( z* )
.
.(" K6 z   ^0 * : [

X (z ) = ∑
n = −∞
x[ n ] z − n

.ir

)

X *
(z ) = ∑ x [ n ]( z * ) − n
n = −∞

m
9.

X *
(z ) = ∑ x [ n ] z
* −n
= X (z)

ja
n = −∞

.)+6" l+   * -$ U + x2 [n]  x1[n] N )% % :(_XW) ;r


x2 [ n] = x1[ − n]

X1(z) =

∑ x [ n] z 1
−n
er N )% % z   -$ ? + -

n = −∞
ow

X 2 (z) = ∑ x [ − n] z
n = −∞
1
−n

.$% R% K+/ $% m = −n 


j 

j  9.
−∞
X 2 ( z) = ∑ x [m ]z 1
m
.p

m=∞

9.
−1
X 2 (z) = X1 (z )
w

   ‫ ه‬
.)+6" l+   * -$ U + x2 [n]  x1[n] N )% % .Y
x2 [ n] = ( j 2) n−1 x1[− n]
w

.N )% % z   l $ ? + -
 z = 0.5 $% s'-# ' $% x1[n] ;.<
' '  o'B</ '
[)  s-#  d $%+/) C .
w

' l+' o'B</ '


[)  s'-#  d $%+/) ? + - 6 z = −1 $% d €  z = ± j1.5
. x2 [n] = (−3) n x1[−n]  
1'* G*+[ $% ;.<
1%+ o
[    €   s-#  d  U * 1+ o )+<A .!
.% o,
www.powerjam.ir

uu Z   : 

.
< $ *  N )% z   .
2n
x[n] = (1 / 2) cos(2n)u[n]
x[n] = (1 / 8) 2 n (2n)u[n]
x[n] = (1 / 4) n {u[n] − u[n − 100]}
.
< z 2+†0   ._
z − 0. 5

.ir
X ( z) = z > 0. 5
( z + 0.5) 2
X ( z ) = log[ z ( z − 0.25)] z > 0.25

m
2 z − 0.5
( z) = z >1
( z / 2 − 0.5) 2
$ ?  G6 ‰- R% ;+ $% n o -#  d $%+/)  9†/ x1[n] HN.<
R/ .

ja
.
+.
6 $? $ x[n] C 

 $ X (z ) 2+O0   .W
er
1 − 2 z −1
X (z ) =
z − z −1 + 1
−2

C .c
ow
+∞
ϕ xx [n] = ∑ x[k ]x[n + k ]
k = −∞

. ϕ xx [n] ;.<
z   ? + -
. x[n] N )% z   s [  *  ;.<
z   ? + - .u
.p

 x[ n / 2] n, even
y[n] = 
0 n, odd
y[ n] = x[ 2n]
w

.?  * z   $% $ ? $ N )% € .Yv


3 z −10 + z −7 − 5 z −2 + 4 z −1 + 1
X ( z) =
z −10 − 5 z − 7 + z − 3
w

. 0 > n  x[n ] ? + -



9 =%$ .( H ( z ) ≠ 1 )?  o)/ 
|$,  " 8 
P ;) : 9
 H ( z ) .YY
w

Ω0  r0 ) ( r0 e jΩ 0 ) n I$+d  U V "/) P =<%  S P H)Z * "O .?  I$ 8 $HA 6
†6 .$) ? % $% "83a =%$ R$HA  R+ I 3/J *  .?  (.  d 
| o
[ ?ƒ %8
.?  * I$+d  %$ o n
x[ n] = δ [n] + ( r0 e jΩ 0 ) n + f 1 [ n] + f 2 [ n]
www.powerjam.ir

 

      _vv

}+' =%$ ' '


9' "JE .)+6 9

0  n .  oN+H :+ f 2 [ n]  f 1 [n] 1Z $% n


 ?   (QN
n
1 1
y[ n] = −6( ) n u[ n] + k1 e 4 n cos[3n] − k 2 e 4 n sin[3n] + δ [ n] + 7 
2 4

' 'n .'  ( k 1 ≠ 1 , k 2 ≠ 1 ) '[ '


| .%  ;+H sS k 2  k 1 1Z $% n
. H (z )  oJE ;+H sS &%$ e
#% 9

0 ? + - .)+6 9

0

.ir
..S G6 G%% oB</ o[+)  z I3   y[n]  x[n]  N )% .Y
X ( z ) ; Rx − < z < Rx +

m
Y ( z ) ; R y − < z < Ry +
o[+)  I3  s [ r[n] = x[n] y[n] ;.<
oB</ 
[)  z   ? + -
. x[n]  y[n]  G6 G%% oB</

ja
er
ow
.p
w
w
w

You might also like