Sarmatians

The Sarmatians (/sɑːrˈmeɪʃiənz/; Latin:

Sarmatae, Sauromatae; Greek: Σαρμάται,
Σαυρομάται) were a large Iranian
confederation that existed in classical
antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th
century BC to the 4th century AD.

Originating in the central parts of the Eurasian

Steppe, the Sarmatians started migrating
westward around the 4th and 3rd centuries
BC, coming to dominate the closely related
Scythians by 200 BC. At their greatest
reported extent, around 1st century AD, these
tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the
mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Sarmatians on Roman relief, second half of the second century AD
Volga, bordering the shores of the Black and
Caspian seas as well as the Caucasus to the
south.

Their territory, which was known as Sarmatia (/sɑːrˈmeɪʃiə/) to Greco-Roman ethnographers, corresponded to the western part
of greater Scythia (it included today's Central Ukraine, South-Eastern Ukraine, Southern Russia, Russian Volga and South-Ural
regions, also to a smaller extent north-eastern Balkans and around Moldova). In the 1st century AD, the Sarmatians began
encroaching upon the Roman Empire in alliance with Germanic tribes. In the 3rd century AD, their dominance of the Pontic
Steppe was broken by the Germanic Goths. With the Hunnic invasions of the 4th century, many Sarmatians joined the Goths and
other Germanic tribes (Vandals) in the settlement of the Western Roman Empire. Since large parts of today's Russia, specifically
the land between the Ural Mountains and the Don River, were controlled in the 5th century BC by the Sarmatians, the Volga–Don
and Ural steppes sometimes are also called "Sarmatian Motherland".[1][2]

The Sarmatians were eventually decisively assimilated (e.g. Slavicisation) and absorbed by the Proto-Slavic population of Eastern
Europe.[3]

Contents
Etymology
Ethnology
Origin
Archaeology
Language
Genetics
Appearance
Greco-Roman ethnography
Decline in the 4th century
 Legacy
Sarmatia Asiatica and Europea
Sarmatism
Tribes
See also
References
Sources
External links

Etymology
Sarmatae probably originated as just one of several tribal
names of the Sarmatians, but one that Greco-Roman
ethnography came to apply as an exonym to the entire
group. Strabo in the 1st century names as the main tribes of
the Sarmatians the Iazyges, the Roxolani, the Aorsi and the
Siraces.

The Greek name Sarmatai sometimes appears as

"Sauromatai", which is almost certainly no more than a
variant of the same name. Nevertheless, historians often
regarded these as two separate peoples, while
archaeologists habitually use the term 'Sauromatian' to
identify the earliest phase of Sarmatian culture. Any idea
that the name derives from the word lizard (sauros), linking
to the Sarmatians' use of reptile-like scale armour and Map of the Roman empire under Hadrian (ruled 117–
dragon standards, is almost certainly unfounded.[4] 138 AD), showing the location of the Sarmatae in the
Ukrainian steppe region
Both Pliny the Elder (Natural History book iv (http://penel
ope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/
4*.html#80)) and Jordanes recognised the Sar- and Sauro- elements as interchangeable variants, referring to the same people.
Greek authors of the 4th century (Pseudo-Scylax, Eudoxus of Cnidus) mention Syrmatae as the name of a people living at the
Don, perhaps reflecting the ethnonym as it was pronounced in the final phase of Sarmatian culture.

English scholar Harold Walter Bailey (1899–1996) derived the base word from Avestan sar- (to move suddenly) from tsar- in Old
Iranian (tsarati, tsaru-, hunter), which also gave its name to the western Avestan region of Sairima (*salm, – *Sairmi), and also
connected it to the 10–11th century AD Persian epic Shahnameh's character "Salm".[5]

Oleg Trubachyov derived the name from the Indo-Aryan *sar-ma(n)t (feminine – rich in women, ruled by women), the Indo-
Aryan and Indo-Iranian word *sar- (woman) and the Indo-Iranian adjective suffix -ma(n)t/wa(n)t.[6] By this derivation was noted
the unusual high status of women (matriarchy) from the Greek point of view and went to the invention of Amazons (thus the
Greek name for Sarmatians as Sarmatai Gynaikokratoumenoi, ruled by women).[6]

Ethnology
The Sarmatians were part of the Iranian steppe peoples, among whom were also Scythians and Saka.[7] These are also grouped
together as "East Iranians".[8] Archaeology has established the connection 'between the Iranian-speaking Scythians, Sarmatians
and Saka and the earlier Timber-grave and Andronovo cultures'.[9] Based on building construction, these three peoples were the
likely descendants of those earlier archaeological cultures.[10] The Sarmatians
and Saka used the same stone construction methods as the earlier Andronovo
culture.[11] The Timber-grave and Andronovo house building traditions were
further developed by these three peoples.[12] Andronovo pottery was continued
by the Saka and Sarmatians.[13] Archaeologists describe the Andronovo culture
people as exhibiting pronounced Caucasoid features.[14]

The first Sarmatians are mostly

identified with the Prokhorovka
culture, which moved from the
southern Urals to the Lower
A Sarmatian diadem, found at the
Volga and then northern Pontic
Khokhlach kurgan near
steppe, in the 4th–3rd centuries Novocherkassk (1st century AD,
BC. During the migration, the Hermitage Museum)
Sarmatians seem to have grown
and divided themselves into
Great steppe of Kazakhstan in early
several groups, such as the Alans, Aorsi, Roxolani and Iazyges. By 200 BC, the
spring 2004
Sarmatians replaced the Scythians as the dominant people of the steppes.[15] The
Sarmatians and Scythians had fought on the Pontic steppe to the north of the
Black Sea.[16] The Sarmatians, described as a large confederation,[17] were to dominate these territories over the next five
centuries.[18] According to Brzezinski and Mielczarek, the Sarmatians were formed between the Don River and the Ural
Mountains.[18] Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) wrote that they ranged from the Vistula River (in present-day Poland) to the Danube.

The Sarmatians differed from the Scythians in their veneration of the god of fire rather than god of nature, and women's
prominent role in warfare, which possibly served as the inspiration for the Amazons.

Origin
The two theories about the origin of the Sarmatian culture are:

The Sarmatian culture was fully formed by the end of the fourth century BCE, based on the combination of local
Sauromatian culture of Southern Ural and foreign elements brought by tribes advancing from the forest-steppe
Zauralye (Itkul culture, Gorohovo culture), from Kazakhstan and possibly from the Aral Sea region.[19] Sometime
between the fourth and third century BC, a mass migration carried nomads of the Southern Ural to the west in the
Lower Volga and a smaller migration to the north, south, and east. In the Lower Volga, Eastern nomads either
partly assimilated local Sauromatian tribes, or pushed them into the Azov Sea and the Western Caucasus, where
they subsequently formed a basis of nomadic association. A symbiosis of the Southern-Ural Prokhorovka culture
with the Lower Volga of Sauromatian culture defines local differences between Prokhorovka monuments of
Southern Ural and the Volga–Don region within a single culture.
The Sarmatian culture in the Southern Ural evolved from the early Prokhorovka culture. The culture of the Lower
Volga Sauromates developed separately at the same time as an independent community.[20]

Archaeology
In 1947, Soviet archaeologist Boris Grakov defined a culture flourishing from the 6th century BC to the 4th century AD, apparent
in late kurgan graves (buried within earthwork mounds), sometimes reusing part of much older kurgans.[21] It was a nomadic
steppe culture ranging from the Black Sea eastward to beyond the Volga, and is especially evident at two of the major sites at
Kardaielova and Chernaya in the trans-Uralic steppe. The four phases – distinguished by grave construction, burial customs,
grave goods, and geographic spread – are:[17][22]

1. Sauromatian, 6th–5th centuries BC

2. Early Sarmatian, 4th–2nd centuries BC, also called the Prokhorovka culture
 3. Middle Sarmatian, late 2nd century BC to late 2nd century AD
4. Late Sarmatian: late 2nd century AD to 4th century AD
While "Sarmatian" and "Sauromatian" are synonymous as ethnonyms, they are
given different meanings purely by convention as archaeological technical terms.
The term "Prokhorovka culture" derives from a complex of mounds in the
Prokhorovski District, Orenburg region, excavated by S. I. Rudenko in 1916.[23]

In Hungary, a great Late Sarmatian pottery centre was reportedly unearthed

between 2001 and 2006 near Budapest, in the Üllő5 archaeological site. Typical
grey, granular Üllő5 ceramics form a distinct group of Sarmatian pottery found A Sarmatian-Parthian gold necklace
and amulet, 2nd century AD. Located
everywhere in the north-central part of the Great Hungarian Plain region,
in Tamoikin Art Fund
indicating a lively trading activity. A 1998 paper on the study of glass beads
found in Sarmatian graves suggests wide cultural and trade links.[24]

Archaeological evidence suggests that Scythian-Sarmatian cultures may have given rise to the Greek legends of Amazons. Graves
of armed females have been found in southern Ukraine and Russia. David Anthony notes, "About 20% of Scythian-Sarmatian
"warrior graves" on the lower Don and lower Volga contained females dressed for battle as if they were men, a phenomenon that
probably inspired the Greek tales about the Amazons."[25]

Language
The Sarmatians spoke an Iranian language, derived from 'Old Iranian', that was
heterogenous. By the 1st century BC, the Iranian tribes in what is today South
Russia spoke different languages or dialects, clearly distinguishable.[26]
According to a group of Iranologists writing in 1968, the numerous Iranian
personal names in Greek inscriptions from the Black Sea coast indicated that the
Sarmatians spoke a North-Eastern Iranian dialect ancestral to Alanian-
Ossetian.[27] However, Harmatta (1970) argued that "the language of the
Sarmatians or that of the Alans as a whole cannot be simply regarded as being
Approximate extent of East Iranian
Old Ossetian".[26] languages in the 1st century BC is
shown in orange.

Genetics
In a study conducted in 2014 by Gennady Afanasiev et al. on bone fragments from ten Alanic burials on the Don River, DNA was
extracted from seven.[28]

In 2015, the Institute of Archaeology in Moscow conducted research on various Sarmato-Alan and Saltovo-Mayaki culture
Kurgan burials. In these analyses, the two Alan samples from the 4th to 6th century AD turned out to belong to yDNA
haplogroups G2a-P15 and R1a-z94, while two of the three Sarmatian samples from the 2nd to 3rd century AD were found to
belong to yDNA haplogroup J1-M267 while one belonged to R1a.[29] Three Saltovo-Mayaki samples from the 8th to 9th century
AD turned out to have yDNA corresponding to haplogroups G, J2a-M410 and R1a-z94.[30]

Appearance
According to the 1916 eugenicist book The Passing of the Great Race, “Like the Scythians, Sarmatians were of a Caucasoid
appearance.” The book also states “Sarmatian noblemen often reached 1.70–1.80 m (5 ft 7 in–5 ft 11 in) as measured from
skeletons, and they had sturdy bones, long hair and beards.”[31]
In the late 2nd or early 3rd century AD, the Greek physician Galen declared that Sarmatians, Scythians and other northern
peoples had reddish hair.[32] They are said to owe their name (Sarmatae) to it.[33]

The Alans were a group of Sarmatian tribes, according to the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus. He wrote, "Nearly all the
Alani are men of great stature and beauty, their hair is somewhat yellow, their eyes are frighteningly fierce".[18]

Greco-Roman ethnography
Herodotus (Histories 4.21) in the 5th century BC placed the land of the Sarmatians east of the Tanais, beginning at the corner of
the Maeotian Lake, stretching northwards for fifteen days' journey, adjacent to the forested land of the Budinoi.

Herodotus (4.110–117) recounts that the Sauromatians arose from marriages of a group of Amazons and young Scythian men. In
the story, some Amazons were captured in battle by Greeks in Pontus (northern Turkey) near the river Thermodon, and the
captives were loaded into three boats. They overcame their captors while at sea, but were not able sailors. Their ships were blown
north to the Maeotian Lake (the Sea of Azov) onto the shore of Scythia near the cliff region (today's southeastern Crimea). After
encountering the Scythians and learning the Scythian language, they agreed to marry Scythian men, but only on the condition that
they move away and not be required to follow the customs of Scythian women. According to Herodotus, the descendants of this
band settled toward the northeast beyond the Tanais (Don) river and became the Sauromatians. Herodotus' account explains the
origins of their language as an "impure" form of Scythian. He credits the unusual social freedoms of Sauromatae women,
including participation in warfare, as an inheritance from their Amazon ancestors. Later writers refer to the "woman-ruled
Sarmatae" (γυναικοκρατούμενοι).[34]

Herodotus (4.118–144) later relates how the Sauromatians answered the Scythian call for help against the Persian King Darius I,
to repel his campaign in Scythia, along with the Gelonians and the Boudinians. The Persians invaded much of the Sauromatian
territory, but were eventually forced to withdraw due the tribespeoples' tactics of delay and use of a scorched earth policy.[35]

Hippocrates[36] explicitly classes them as Scythian and describes their warlike women and their customs:

Their women, so long as they are virgins, ride, shoot, throw the javelin while mounted, and fight with their
enemies. They do not lay aside their virginity until they have killed three of their enemies, and they do not marry
before they have performed the traditional sacred rites. A woman who takes to herself a husband no longer rides,
unless she is compelled to do so by a general expedition. They have no right breast; for while they are yet babies
their mothers make red-hot a bronze instrument constructed for this very purpose and apply it to the right breast
and cauterize it, so that its growth is arrested, and all its strength and bulk are diverted to the right shoulder and
right arm.

Polybius (XXV, 1) mentions them for the first time as a force to be reckoned with in 179 B.C.[16]

Strabo[37] mentions the Sarmatians in a number of places, but never says much about them. He uses both the terms of Sarmatai
and Sauromatai, but never together, and never suggesting that they are different peoples. He often pairs Sarmatians and Scythians
in reference to a series of ethnic names, never stating which is which, as though Sarmatian or Scythian could apply equally to
them all.[38]

Strabo wrote that the Sarmatians extend from above the Danube eastward to the Volga, and from north of the Dnieper River into
the Caucasus, where, he says, they are called Caucasii like everyone else there. This statement indicates that the Alans already
had a home in the Caucasus, without waiting for the Huns to push them there.

Even more significantly, he points to a Celtic admixture in the region of the Basternae, who, he said, were of Germanic origin.
The Celtic Boii, Scordisci and Taurisci are there. A fourth ethnic element interacting and intermarrying are the Thracians (7.3.2).
Moreover, the peoples toward the north are Keltoskythai, "Celtic Scythians" (11.6.2).
Strabo portrays the peoples of the region as being nomadic, or Hamaksoikoi, "wagon-dwellers", and Galaktophagoi, "milk-
eaters". This latter likely referred to the universal koumiss eaten in historical times. The wagons were used for transporting tents
made of felt, a type of the yurts used universally by Asian nomads.

Pliny the Elder writes (4.12.79–81):

From this point (the mouth of the Danube) all the races in general are Scythian, though various sections have
occupied the lands adjacent to the coast, in one place the Getae ... at another the Sarmatae ... Agrippa describes
the whole of this area from the Danube to the sea ... as far as the river Vistula in the direction of the Sarmatian
desert ... The name of the Scythians has spread in every direction, as far as the Sarmatae and the Germans, but this
old designation has not continued for any except the most outlying sections ...

According to Pliny, Scythian rule once extended as far as Germany. Jordanes supports this hypothesis by telling us on the one
hand that he was familiar with the Geography of Ptolemy, which includes the entire Balto-Slavic territory in Sarmatia, and on the
other that this same region was Scythia. By "Sarmatia", Jordanes means only the Aryan territory. The Sarmatians were, therefore,
a sub-group of the broader Scythian peoples.

Tacitus' De Origine et situ Germanorum speaks of "mutual fear" between Germanic peoples and Sarmatians:

All Germania is divided from Gaul, Raetia, and Pannonia by the Rhine and Danube rivers; from the Sarmatians
and the Dacians by shared fear and mountains. The Ocean laps the rest, embracing wide bays and enormous
stretches of islands. Just recently, we learned about certain tribes and kings, whom war brought to light.[39]

According to Tacitus, like the Persians, the Sarmatians wore long, flowing robes (ch 17). Moreover, the Sarmatians exacted
tribute from the Cotini and Osi, and iron from the Cotini (ch. 43), "to their shame" (presumably because they could have used the
iron to arm themselves and resist).

By the 3rd century BC, the Sarmatian name appears to have supplanted the
Scythian in the plains of what is now south Ukraine. The geographer, Ptolemy,
reports them at what must be their maximum extent, divided into adjoining
European and central Asian sections. Considering the overlap of tribal names
between the Scythians and the Sarmatians, no new displacements probably took
place. The people were the same Indo-Europeans, but were referred to under yet
another name.

Later, Pausanias, viewing votive offerings near the Athenian Acropolis in the
2nd century AD,[40] found among them a Sauromic breastplate.

On seeing this a man will say that no less than Greeks are Sarmatian cataphracts during Dacian
foreigners skilled in the arts: for the Sauromatae have no iron, Wars as depicted on Trajan's Column
neither mined by themselves nor yet imported. They have, in
fact, no dealings at all with the foreigners around them. To meet
this deficiency they have contrived inventions. In place of iron
they use bone for their spear-blades and cornel wood for their
bows and arrows, with bone points for the arrows. They throw a
lasso round any enemy they meet, and then turning round their
horses upset the enemy caught in the lasso.
 Their breastplates they make in the following fashion. Each man
keeps many mares, since the land is not divided into private
allotments, nor does it bear any thing except wild trees, as the
people are nomads. These mares they not only use for war, but
also sacrifice them to the local gods and eat them for food. Their
hoofs they collect, clean, split, and make from them as it were
python scales. Whoever has never seen a python must at least
have seen a pine-cone still green. He will not be mistaken if he
liken the product from the hoof to the segments that are seen on
the pine-cone. These pieces they bore and stitch together with the
sinews of horses and oxen, and then use them as breastplates that
are as handsome and strong as those of the Greeks. For they can
withstand blows of missiles and those struck in close combat.

Pausanias' description is well borne out in a relief from Tanais. These facts are not necessarily incompatible with Tacitus, as the
western Sarmatians might have kept their iron to themselves, its having been a scarce commodity on the plains.

In the late 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus[41] describes a severe defeat which Sarmatian raiders inflicted upon Roman forces
in the province of Valeria in Pannonia in late AD 374. The Sarmatians almost destroyed two legions: one recruited from Moesia
and one from Pannonia. The latter had been sent to intercept a party of Sarmatians which had been in pursuit of a senior Roman
officer named Aequitius. The two legions failed to coordinate, allowing the Sarmatians to catch them unprepared.

Decline in the 4th century

The Sarmatians remained dominant until the Gothic ascendancy in the Black Sea area, Oium. Goths attacked Sarmatian tribes on
the north of the Danube in Dacia, in what is today Romania. Roman Emperor Constantine I called his son Constantine II up from
Gallia to run a campaign north of the Danube. In very cold weather, the Romans were victorious, killing 100,000 Goths and
capturing Ariaricus the son of the Goth king. In their efforts to halt the Gothic expansion and replace it with their own on the
north of Lower Danube (present-day Romania), the Sarmatians armed their 'servants' Limigantes. After the Roman victory,
however, the local population revolted against their Sarmatian masters, pushing them beyond the Roman border. Constantine, on
whom the Sarmatians had called for help, defeated Limigantes, and moved the Sarmatian population back in. In the Roman
provinces, Sarmatian combatants were enlisted in the Roman army, whilst the rest of the population was distributed throughout
Thrace, Macedonia and Italy. The Origo Constantini mentions 300,000 refugees resulting from this conflict. The emperor
Constantine was subsequently attributed the title of Sarmaticus Maximus.[42]

In the 4th and 5th centuries, the Huns expanded and conquered both the Sarmatians and the Germanic Tribes living between the
Black Sea and the borders of the Roman Empire. From bases in modern-day Hungary, the Huns ruled the entire former Sarmatian
territory. Their various constituents flourished under Hunnish rule, fought for the Huns against a combination of Roman and
Germanic troops, and went their own ways after the Battle of Chalons, the death of Attila and the appearance of the Bulgar ruling
elements west of the Volga- current Russian territory.

The Sarmatians were eventually decisively assimilated (e.g. Slavicisation) and absorbed by the Proto-Slavic population of Eastern
Europe around the Early Medieval Age.[43][44] A related people to the Sarmatians known as the Alans survived in the North
Caucasus into the Early Middle Ages, ultimately giving rise to the modern Ossetic ethnic group.[45]

Legacy
Sarmatia Asiatica and Europea
Maciej Miechowita (1457–1523) used "Sarmatia" for the Black Sea region and
further divided it into Sarmatia Europea, which included East Central Europe,
and Sarmatia Asiatica.[46] Following him, cartographers created several maps of
these regions. In the 19th century several authors tried to locate their extent.

Sarmatia Europea in map of Scythia,

1697

In the Funeral Oration for the Burial of Charles XI of Sweden, [47]

composed in Church Slavonic language and published in Latin script in

1697, the Sauromatians were mentioned among other peoples who
lamented the king’s decease in the following context:

“That is why under such a humble as well as such an eloquent vicar of

God, having put aside their barbarian mores, once unwise and gnashing
Sauromatian people, in a voice although sorrowful but rather favourable,
Placzewnaja Recz: Funeral Oration for the
feel pity for (as befits) this unripe demise.”
Burial of Charles XI of Sweden. 1697. p. 4
Cyrillic transliteration: Тҍмже под смиренным тако, и тако благо-
речливым Бога наместником, варварския отложивше нравы,
неразумный нҍкогда и скрежещущий савроматский народ, и гласом хотя плачевным, паче благоприятным недозрелаго
ради (яко подобице) сего преставления жалеет. (Placzewnaja Recz, p. 4, lines 12-16)

Sarmatism
Sarmatism (or Sarmatianism) is an ethno-cultural concept with a shade of politics designating the formation of an idea of Poland's
origin from Sarmatians within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.[48] The dominant Baroque culture and ideology of the
nobility (szlachta) that existed in times of the Renaissance to the 18th centuries.[48] Together with another concept of "Golden
Liberty", it formed a central aspect of the Commonwealth's culture and society. At its core was the unifying belief that the people
of the Polish Commonwealth descended from the ancient Iranic Sarmatians, the legendary invaders of Slavic lands in
antiquity.[49][50]

Tribes
Alans
Aorsi
Arcaragantes
Hamaxobii (possibly)
Iazyges
Limigantes
Ossetians
Roxolani
 Saii
Serboi
Siraces
Spali
Taifals (possibly)

See also
List of ancient Iranian peoples
Alans
Cimmerians
Early Slavs

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24. "Chemical Analyses of Sarmatian Glass Beads from Pokrovka, Russia" (http://www.nbz.or.jp/eng/pdffiles/hallandy
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_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D
1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B
5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%
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29. дДНК Сарматы, Аланы (https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=z6AHBTuUfQao.kwOSocRsvcoo) Google
Maps
30. Reshetova, Irina; Afanasiev, Gennady. "Афанасьев Г.Е., Вень Ш., Тун С., Ван Л., Вэй Л., Добровольская М.В.,
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2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B._%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%9B._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8
0%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9C.%D0%92.
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5._%D0%A1.146-153) – via www.academia.edu.
31. Grant, Madison (2012-05-31). The Passing of the Great Race (https://books.google.com/books?id=zq6TAwAAQB
AJ&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Sarmatian+noblemen+often+reached+1.70%E2%80%931.80+m&source=bl&ots
=o7FSgkOGMB&sig=ACfU3U22fzLC9tsgemARrqXzEJ1OMmdVpw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiTysvi6v3iAhV
CrlkKHUSeCbMQ6AEwCXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Sarmatian%20noblemen%20often%20reached%201.7
0%E2%80%931.80%20m&f=false). The Palingenesis Project (Wermod and Wermod Publishing Group).
ISBN 9780956183552.
32. Day 2001, pp. 55–57.
33. Baumgarten, Siegmund Jakob; Beer, Ferdinand Wilhelm; Semler, Johann Salomo (1760). A Supplement to the
English Universal History: Lately Published in London: Containing ... Remarks and Annotations on the Universal
History, Designed as an Improvement and Illustration of that Work ... (https://books.google.com/books?id=2UUQ
AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30) E. Dilly. p. 30.
34. Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax, 70; cf. Geographi Graeci minores: Volume 1, p.58 (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=HsdAAAAAcAAJ&dq=%CE%B3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%8
1%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9&pg=PA59#v=onepag
e&q=%CE%B3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8
4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9&f=false)
35. Herodotus' Histories, book IV
36. De Aere XVII
37. Strabo's Geography, books V, VII, XI
38. J. Harmatta, Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians, 1970, ch.1.2 (http://www.kroraina.com/sarm/
jh/jh1_2.html)
39. Germania omnis a Gallis Raetisque et Pannoniis Rheno et Danuvio fluminibus, a Sarmatis Dacisque mutuo metu
aut montibus separatur: cetera Oceanus ambit, latos sinus et insularum inmensa spatia complectens, nuper
cognitis quibusdam gentibus ac regibus, quos bellum aperuit.
40. Description of Greece 1.21.5–6
41. Amm. Marc. 29.6.13–14
42. Eusebius. "IV.6". Life of Constantine.; *Valois, Henri, ed. (1636) [ca. 390]. "6.32". Anonymus Valesianus I/Origo
Constantini Imperatoris.
43. Brzezinski & Mielczarek 2002, p. 39.
44. Slovene Studies. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36. "(..) For example, the ancient Scythians,
Sarmatians (amongst others), and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of
history by Proto-Slavs."
45. James Minahan, "One Europe, Many Nations", Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. pg 518: "The
Ossetians, calling themselves Iristi and their homeland Iryston are the most northerly Iranian people. ... They are
descended from a division of Sarmatians, the Alans who were pushed out of the Terek River lowlands and in the
Caucasus foothills by invading Huns in the fourth century A.D.
46. Howell A. Lloyd; Glenn Burgess; Simon Hodson (2007). European Political Thought 1450–1700: Religion, Law
and Philosophy (https://books.google.com/books?id=8AsNAQAAMAAJ). Yale University Press. p. 209.
ISBN 978-0-300-11266-5.
47. "Funeral Oration for the Burial of Charles XI. 1697: first-hand copied at National Library of Sweden by MaxWolf"
(https://maxwolf.livejournal.com/56266.html). LiveJournal.
48. Kresin, O. Sarmatism Ukrainian (https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130854/http://www.ukrhistory.narod.ru/tex
ts/kresin-2.htm). Ukrainian History
49. Tadeusz Sulimirski, The Sarmatians (New York: Praeger Publishers 1970) at 167.
50. P. M. Barford, The Early Slavs (Ithaca: Cornell University 2001) at 28.

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Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002). The Sarmatians 600 BC–AD 450 (https://books.google.com/boo
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Davis-Kimball, Jeannine; Bashilov, Vladimir A.; Yablonsky, Leonid T. (1995). Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in
the Early Iron Age. Berkeley: Zinat Press. ISBN 978-1-885979-00-1.
Day, John V. (2001). Indo-European origins: the anthropological evidence (https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi
QSAQAAIAAJ). Institute for the Study of Man. ISBN 978-0941694759.
Hinds, Kathryn (2009). Scythians and Sarmatians (https://books.google.com/books?id=400IFGXTvpYC).
Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-4519-7.
Istvánovits, Eszter; Kulcsár, Valéria (2017). Sarmatians: History and Archaeology of a Forgotten People (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=B34uMQAACAAJ). Schnell & Steiner. ISBN 978-3-7954-3234-8.
Kozlovskaya, Valeriya (2017). The Northern Black Sea in Antiquity (https://books.google.com/books?id=hcwnDw
AAQBAJ). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01951-5.
Kuzmina, Elena Efimovna (2007). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians (https://books.google.com/books?id=x5J9rn8p2
-IC). BRILL. pp. 50, 51, 56, 64, 78, 83, 220, 410. ISBN 978-90-04-16054-5.
Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TR
NuWmHsC&pg=PA295). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.
К.Ф. Смирнов. Сарматы и утверждение их политического господства в Скифии (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=EY79AgAAQBAJ). Рипол Классик. ISBN 978-5-458-40072-5.
Sulimirski, Tadeusz (1970). The Sarmatians (https://books.google.com/books?id=gdjhuAAACAAJ). Ancient
People and Places, vol. 73. Praeger.

Journals

Абрамова, М. П. (1988). "Сарматы и Северный Кавказ". Проблемы сарматской археологии и истории: 4–

18.
Genito, Bruno (1988). "The Archaeological Cultures of the Sarmatians with a Preliminary Note on the Trial-
Trenches at Gyoma 133: a Sarmatian Settlement in South-Eastern Hungary (Campaign 1985)" (http://opar.unior.i
t/592/1/2_Annali_1988_48_(f2)_Genito.pdf) (PDF). Annali Dell'Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli. 42: 81–
126.
Harmatta, J. (1970). "Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians" (http://www.kroraina.com/sarm/jh/in
dex.html). Acta Antique et Archaeologica. XIII.
 Клепиков, В. М.; Скрипкин, А. С. (1997). "Ранние сарматы в контексте исторических событий Восточной
Европы". Донские древности. 5: 28–40.
Козлова, Р. М. (2004). О Сормах, Сарматах, Сорматских горах. Студії з ономастики та етимології (in
Ukrainian).
Lebedynsky, Iaroslav (2002). Les Sarmates: amazones et lanciers cuirassés entre Oural et Danube, VIIe siècle
av. J.-C.-VIe siècle apr. J.-C (https://books.google.com/books?id=-stoAAAAMAAJ). Errance. ISBN 978-2-87772-
235-3.
Mordvintseva, Valentina I. (2015). "Сарматы, Сарматия и Северное Причерноморье" (ftp://istorichka.ru/Periodi
ka/Vestnik_drevnej_istorii/2015/2015_1.pdf) [Sarmatia, the Sarmatians and the North Pontic Area] (PDF).
Вестник древней истории [Journal of Ancient History]. 1 (292): 109–135.
Mordvintseva, Valentina I. (2013). "The Sarmatians: The Creation of Archaeological Evidence". Oxford Journal of
Archaeology. 32 (2): 203–219. doi:10.1111/ojoa.12010 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fojoa.12010).
Moshkova, M. G. (1995). "A brief review of the history of the Sauromatian and Sarmatian tribes". Nomads of the
Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age: 85–89.
Perevalov, S. M. (2002). "The Sarmatian Lance and the Sarmatian Horse-Riding Posture". Anthropology &
Archeology of Eurasia. 40 (4): 7–21. doi:10.2753/aae1061-195940047 (https://doi.org/10.2753%2Faae1061-1959
40047).
Rjabchikov, Sergei V. (2004). "Remarks on the Scythian, Sarmatian and Meotian Beliefs" (http://www.pax-barbaro
rum.ru/s-a/rjabchikov_remarks.doc). AnthroGlobe Journal.
Симоненко, А. В.; Лобай, Б. И. (1991). "Сарматы Северо-Западного Причерноморья в I в. н. э.".
Погребения знати у с. Пороги (in Russian).

External links
Yatsenko, S. A. (1992). "CLOTHING vii. Of the Iranian Tribes on the Pontic Steppes and in the Caucaus".
CLOTHING vii. Of the Iranian Tribes – Encyclopaedia Iranica (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-vii).
Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 7. pp. 758–760.
Ptolemaic Map (Digital Scriptorium) (http://dpg.lib.berkeley.edu/webdb/dsheh/heh_brf?Description=&CallNumber
=HM+1092)
Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age (http://www.csen.org/BAR%20Book/BA
R.%20Part%2001.TofC.html)
Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes (http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/
p15324coll10/id/96120/rec/302), an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online
as PDF), which contains material on Sarmatians

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