Contents “chapter Signals and Systems 1 | ‘Sigal Analyse 1 | Compen Frequency 4 | Network Anabsis ; ‘Rrtnok Syathesie. 4 [Chapter 2: Signals and Waveforms 2» 21. General Characters of Sgnale » 22. General Descriptio of Signals ey | 23 ThesStp Function and Aswocsed Waveforms 28 IA The Unt pals a Chapter: The Frequency Domain: Fourler Analysis 46 3 atroduction “ 32. Orthogoa! Functions v 33. Appeonation Using Orthogonal Functions “ 34 Fourier Sein, 40 535. Evaluation of Fourier Coefileats 2 416. Evaluation of Founer Coeticients Using Unit, Temple s 37. The Fourie Inept a 318 Properties of Fourier Teansfores or contents 9 sav Contents ( | 1 Chapter As Amplitude, Phas, and Delay mn 44 Invotetion 1 4b Hmoeneos tte Dien Epps % 1 Anptte so Pas Response 22 23 Nontonogeneus Fans a | 2 ode os u 4h Sepand Impulse Reponse 3 | 85 Singleton Grcuts B 45 atone gua a | 84 Dowie Toned Crete a 6: Silanes Dien unions a | 85 Onl and Zeon ond Toe Dey 28 Cchepter 5: Network Analsst 1 1 » 1 51 eon 52. Nework Benes me 8 Network Fneons os 53 alan final Condons tos 92 Rents Bewten Toot Pantset 33 Sepand impute Raponse my 3 Trander Fenton Ug Two-Pon Puoneters 256 55. solute of Rework Equations tte 84 Inuconaston of To Pors m 5 Analy o Trastormes Be 35 Instetl tion i 8a Rony of Lader Necks ce ‘Chopar s The Laplace Transform 4 leant of Realty Theo 461 TePilospy of Tanform Metals 14 " ay Tory 2 42 The Lapae Taso ns 63 Popes of Laplace Transore ir 101, Gaui and Sottty = G4 stor tapace ansorms ws 102 arte Paypomie Fo 5 Por Fraton Expansions 1 103. Potie Rea Fanctons ~ 6 tots aed Zs is 108 lemenary Stes Proce. on 6 e 15 | chapter: synenesisof Oncor Network with Two Kinds Chepter 7s Transform Methods in Network Aras 175 of Slranes us 1A The Tewsformed Cit ns 11 Properties of 6 linn Foon, as 12 Theis and Norton's Therens ito 112 Syptbers of LC Davina immitaness 319 co U3 Proper of Rc Diving or impedances 32 13. The Sytem Fuacton 114 The Step aod Impulse Responser 1 41S. The Convolution feral ” 116 The Duhamel Superposition Integral mI 14. Sythe of RC Impalances or RL Admiances 329 IS. Properies of BL Impelances and RC Admitanes 231 6. Sythe of Cerin RL-C Funeons aCChoper 12: Elements of Transfer Function Sythesis 124 Properties of Teaser Fuetions 122 Zeror of Transsssion 123. Synths of Yu and Zy wth 21-0 Termination 14 Synthesis of Constant Reasance Networ “Topls in Fleer Design chapter YA The Fier Design Problem 13.2 The Appenimation Prot in Nework Thcory 333. The Saialy Flat Low-Poe Fier Approximation 154 Other LowrPve Fier Approsations 153 Transient Resoose of Low-Pas Fars 136A Method to Reduce Overtoot in Filters 137A Manly Fat Delay and Contlble Mapa ‘Approximation sag. Syateris of Low-Pas Fites 139. Maite and Feequeny Nocmalization 1.10 Frequesey Transformations Chapter 14s The Scattering Matrix 16.1 Tnideot and Refeted Power Flow 142 The Seatering Prantes fr a One Port Network 143 The Sateing Maat for a Two-Port Network 14k Properes of the Seteing Maze 14 Inara Low 4g Daliogons Laverton Loss Fite Sythess CChopar 15:° Computer Techniques in Circuit Analysis 182 The Ue of gil Computers ia Cicit Analyst 152. Amplitude and Phas Subrouoe 153 A'Porean Program for the Analysis of Ladder Ness 154 Progems tha Ai in Datingon Fer Synthesis a ui us a2 2s Pa rs me x ” ws » a Py a 43 as ne a oo or wee a “0 3 ‘ Contenes xt Appendix A: Introduction to Matrix Algebra 4 A Fundanenil Operont “1 2 Blmenary Conepis fe 3. Operations on Mates es [A4.Soation of Lien Eguations o ‘AS Raterencs op Matix Aletha ” ‘Appendix Bs Generalizes Functions and the Unit impulse 470 BA Generated Funtons ~ 1B Properties of te Unt Impue 6 ‘Appondix C: Elements of Complex Variables a CA. Eleentary Dfnitons and Operations a C2 Anais a (C3 Singuaries ana Resides he C4 Comour legion Pr Appendix B: Proets of Some Theorems on Positive Rea! Functions “0 Appendix Et An Aid to the Improvement of Biter Approxie toe ” 1 tnzodeion E2 Conant Loan sin Costu oe E3- Comant Pine Conour os EA Contour Diving, om ES Gonelon Peas oe 4. Soneion Newer Design i BT Contain so ausogrophy a ane nde sm Sutjecinden a chapter | Signals and systems “Tit hook am introduction to elctse network theory. The that | ofthe book i devoted to getwork anal an he remade to network Syethese and design Wint are acon spas and synthesis? Ta ¢ fneclly seeped denon of network anal and sess hee are thre ey wards the estat the etork andthe pone depict Jnfig 1. Network anal isconcersed with determing he =5p0m6, {ren te excitation abd the network. In network sath, the prolen SS design the actwork gen the exation ead the derived esponse In this chapter we wil eae some of the pblems ta be encountered in thi ook without going Into the acts dea the problems. We ‘se gic sored deintins LI SIGNAL ANALYSIS Forelaic networks, the estation and response ae sven in term af Nolte ang areas Which are fanctous of tne, IN genera these Tunas of tne areca gn Te dering sal, we wee 0 uniersl anges of clerical engineering ime ad frequency. St) Speaking 2 sgl Is fonction of time. However, the signal ean be scribed equalywellin tern of spectra ot fequnsy information As beeneen any two languages, such ab French snd Geman. nds it seeded to ade formation given in oe lnguagecompencaible tbe GLA Tease our cna12 aework aay and eyes 1a. Sinaia the easton inetd by te ir, ater tinea eee, the ain st tet Fortran he te Pa ae ans hes tera ae ooh tcmsst ramon ore agent red Ahmar dine Conder he neta a) apm Aen +00 aw here Aa te anid, ys plane ia 8 ostr ogy B83 “ . sna Te signal elated aia ime ee Tie ts a smompite denon of te sigal bie ie orig 12 Anequaly ey te c.f opis vers angle gene gel a 10198 tt pe 8 ome angle ene 2 4 Network nat ad yates pie in lg 6 cas only be deseo in terms of continuous spect rough the Furie iotegtal transform. 12 COMPLEX FREQUENCY {this tion, we wil consider the eoncept of complex frurnsy. AS ‘we sal the compies Frequency vaible as ise gnu reguecy variable whose el pat o dei growth and ‘heap ofthe amplitudes of igals and whose imaginary pros ange snetjo ‘ he ul see Th dno comple eure ope by sxamhing he cual signal Si) = ae" oo J “ : Fie 1 Tags Sars and ysems 3 a. te, Blatt, ig. 4b. Di pepe Jet the angular equney te the independent variable. Inti ete the pais seen estou of Ayn ANd By Be shown a Fi 0, Where Eplde plese asia equeny, ana Fig 13, where phate san Is ploted. ‘Row aiprosethathe sais made-up 2+ | sinaidaleomponents in ot +9) an “rhespsraldescipton of he sgnl would ben contin 2n ines at Sata tne dtr oom EEO Sr een ot eine te cn can te il speck see a ay isnt too oy a eas net cee SATE ae wo-[Aonntrstonte 00 sr nv pine pened) 8 hp soa ae ere sip eh ss en 12 onal acs ua oe Ste eta pd ee ge Sra and tems 5 710,12, Rotaing pao. shen) is represented asa rotating phasor? as shown in Fig, 1.7 “The angular frequency w of he phasorcan then behought of ra socity ihe end ofthe phar. In pruar the veloc alvaye at ight fale to the phaser, as shown in Fig 1. Howeve, conse the geet tae when the velocity i Inline’ at uny ebay ale a8 gern Fige Is and 18 I ths ear, the velocity given bythe yal swewze hat i composed of component wat igh ange othe plasor 15 ell as componeat o, which i parlel to 8. In Fig, Las has omponent = towatd the origin. Ae the phar S spine in counter= [Sockwise fashion, the piso decrates in ampitede, ‘The elting wave fer the el and ginry pats of) ae damped stra given by ear an o ” a1 4) Roaing patch apn caren nlite. () Rotting ‘Mor wah yout wea cope “Sx pes compe une hid by gta pace aaple Nani.16 Network asian synthesis 9.49. Dane sisi Acme fb Neework arabs and ayhet asic DEFINITIONS Mr gai (owe prince of proper ome net getic mt weapons a lO ae Ghee pte at hc sow ate ye ame, ct as Sc eileen We eer et can oa Passive Nines networks sonnegaie foray a pen between 2930 al Tees i tbe ep weet or rpane oe neh ont en ents, et to ig, uh Lorem suit tener tothe eon it a ee ad eng oe te ear en extn FP ir we he pols of extain nd ed the relaonship bee vo, Rats pwsive nae Nets es of ie an ap te 28 e190, Spplsand syns 7 eh, Expo ig hich are shown ia Fig. 19, Note tht the dumped snaold as an {eponenial envelope dey, ae Ta Fig. 9, the phasor shown wih 2 poutine el component ovo 9" Therefore asthe parr spins, fe ampitade ofthe rel and imginacy parts Increase exponentially vith an envelope Ae™, as shown by im 8 Fig 1.10. rom ths Gesuson, is apparent tha he genera idl signal } St = Ae ay reribes the growth nd dey ofthe amples in ion to angular Frequency in the uel sence When 6 theaireoiundemped and ‘when = 0 the signa rae exponential sgos) Si) = ae 9 seshownin Fig 11. Finally io = fo ~ 0, thon thesia ica constant Thus we seth versal) of «comple queasy desription 3 NETWORK ANALYSIS As mentioned befor, the charetration ofthe eelton and response signs tne a regency motes up ony part of he aay prob “The othr part coasts of haracteraing the network tl fates of Lie sn frequsty, and Stermining ho the network besa gm proceset. Leu tim ou attention now to abril study ofthe properties | Sine actos sod the general characterises of sigalprossag by ‘ipa system, | Sgn and stems 9 aT cexcation and response remsios the same, Thus must be te fOr any ‘hoe of pol of exstaton and espns Causal | ‘eray a ysem cot response is nontipstory, i f a0 ter ‘ j ten nono ter oo note word, a sytem is eau befor an excitation s applied a Pr shermponse efor 05 <<. “Time invariant Acsysem tne twaron ifett)> implies that ae T) re), vwhece the symbol = mane "pierre to.” To ndetand the coactt ff ime invariance in linear system, lt ws suppose that ily the | exttion i lttogoad at =O whic gies ae to a response (0) TE the exciton were ntoduced nt 1 ~ 7, if the shape ofthe response. raver were the same asin the fe eat, but ety by a time T (ig, LID, hen we could sy tho ute ie inva Aoter Way ff looking a thi esocept trough the fac that telavacians syste: ‘ontin only elements that do nt vary nth Une It shouldbe mentioned dere tat near ste ned no be ne ea Derivative property From the ime davai property we ives te tool) tthe output CF. st (he pat hen i the input were €(,10. Neswork sass and ayethat fe} =r = et} Knee os, Sonepat ne tata ye san drive oe) th esgonta would BT poo! Nhe be rapa recone qui. BY the sin, Comer oc aster 0. Howser tt mataines gyn tiat 4 =e can hen cori tthe ery a nein prope POE ~s ney = bite + = 001 aay og eins ome van) co road comet itatoupa even ntti ssougrenes ied noel of nae systems. THE Sexe some ie seson Th si erties which sake the st ie felling a sys Bet ml poe a Necwerk ans and sybase { 1 itp 0) eee ot (8 ato ota gta 0 Am Bayar attest sate er mr es He nisiainyceceaenmens Theda The enor B ven nh we NG Sor, egress Tee ale teins pe wee srr aes 8) Oe ce pln Fg me have an caf eer The energy sures that caret of eae S000, ons a eal sae up the exstaton fant shown a igs 1-22 and "The polaris ‘Signals and systems 11 1015 pier wo w no, ben 11.18 Foner, 1. Amplifier: ample sales vp the mage of he apt, 10) ha are Kins constant (ig 13) 2 Dire: Th nel inal erent 4 poss eed por down (ip 110, "intr The out he tga of he np, a shown ia Pe lit ‘Te dlayr: ‘The tpt lay by an sous bat eta sae wav shape a the ip (Fg 11 Suppose we tke te transl pls in Fg 119 he inet i ‘Then he uu for each ofthe fur st J ee! ae Sen inFige Lane aod Sane snd stems 13 ol indicate forthe voltage sure and the dieton of flow forthe eurent souce are arbirrly sumed foe reference purposes only AD ial ‘og sours an ent source tt provides as pve port voltage Signal thes independent of te crrent at tbat port. we techn the srord uret™ and volage”in the last efniton, me then define 4 Heal euent source To network ants, the prncpal problem i 10 ind the slationship that eat betncen the cuvents and volar the port ofthe tat ‘Cerin spe yoltageeurent elaonships fo the etor leet fers at defini equations forthe element hemschs. For ample, ‘ben he currents andvollges eexpresed s funn fine, then the sand € cements shown in Fig 1.23, ae define by the equations ay t freee +10 ay want farae or ect OnE fires « mack Pannan Rinne nranenn FIG. () Reston (9) natn (9) Capes14 Newark assis and yh etning the Ry Ly and C elements, shown in Fig, 124 se Ggnotng fil sondage faethe moment) won © ky) Vy=s1I0) oF tonto ve Ly oe yas) Westen th tne domaine whee he independent asin NS SULA tfonpevegnenntersof Seta uo Sele ch tng inthe comple dma vol cra cate cman non cae, more easy ed tn ena stand ptr ae etna me ‘2G: Meneses secs wel eine SOM ‘when ac mn clement he eon dsb Se had te exation EU) ae elt’ byte eqation Ro) = KE) ta ncwork ays, we ae Bien Tomine monk Ouran to deere RO). La NETWORK SYNTHESIS sane to network ‘Wen away intodce sone ft bins gman ar sgn, Imetoe thes Bi ese an ‘Bin 2h and we ae required 0 sy 16 Network sa and sates ne takisto sates a gen eat othe wor in she GR ‘i From’ chur erty ofthe hse abmitane TO) we {Bata puss ston nig erat of stor of | pai wih apertura se F127 “The prt of diving pat sys, shown om te example jt in, cots of ecamposng pen imitans Fenton I Ss icobe part (chs 344) Before we proceed wih he ‘echens rocaton, ne mex at etme whee the tor {retebliny can be thse fees f pote resin, Ted cpucancr” cl be shown tha eile rg sina gto ec nov site Sinn pr: funcons Pom th popes of ps opin we cen 8 {ven diviag point function fr realeabiiy. (The Appendices present ¢ Shor inodicton to comply arabes wl as te root of soe Ceremsn poveafincins) Waa Rowe of pe. ets sreten po onto eaine spc rion funcons. Thee nde Tenn when bees wihawo ino omens onthe LC, Rand ens. "Het we prot ote eth of wane anions. Aceoning to sie IRE Sapdarde on paste Umar str» ron foton ot {Poutanen octon for ih he vas are ee (Stren por There toe any fr frms whe aa fnton tight take For eampl, conde tbe wo pot elwor in Fig 12 Tie cet) and th eoponse Mi) he aster fnaton 8 Inger ingot 249) = On TO) nt ier han it) weet entiation and 7) te sespos then ‘re mold have slope tae fson 1 M765 am re) aay) a iatreonnecton of nar eit yi ast or toe ation HS) 019 ad we ca obtain HC) iret ft Signals and systems 15 e135 sori nt syst fenton Hy = 2 ar) Since Re) an EO) re voltages or cures thn A) denoted geeraly Shan dvmione st fy en volage and BU) is a ecren, oe Ve eat 1 decing pos inmiance 5 defined to Be faction Yor Wich te “abe ae measured ae sme port. Thx dein pol! mpednce Zo aea given port he unstion 2)=¥0 OT) where th exitaton it a aren 9) and te eiponse isa yng 1 as ‘Shown in Fig, 1.25. When we rchaage the word “curet™ ad ‘Nolen east eniton, we then Dave dings admtance, ‘Am example of ving impedance he network In Fig 123, where a 29-78 [Now suppose the resistor n Fig. 28 were enone ina “lack box.” We nae no acre to thi ck Bon, ekept at tetera 1-130 Fg | 126-"Our task is to determine the networkin the Back box. Suppose we di pen the ifortion tht, for 4 given exction Te) the lage spams PG) is proportional 70) By te uation 9) = KI) 20) [An obvious solution, thovgh not unig, i tha he ntyork consi of (ay cg) a9) Fesior ef value R= Ke Suppose net tht the eration I og Vi thc eopose a cutee) and os ID a 4a _ vo TIRE Bandi on Csi “Linar Pie Notions” Pac IRE A No. 8 (sep ina, ori Hae 20 Signlsandsytams 17 1.120. Lt apa sion or wp he [As for ding-pointfanctions, thee ae eetin properties which = tera funtion must ay it order to Berea We shall ty these reaeaby conditions bd then poss! Toth stesso 01 simple rte fontons| “he most important aspect of antec Fnction sya fiter de. ‘ter defined sea ae0rk which pase eran portion oft te ‘uso sper and bloks the renin ofthe secre. hy the tern ‘Rocking we imply tat the mogatag response [ofthe fei approuitely zero for tt Sequenay range THs, a igeallsepast ier ea noivork wich passer al regents vp toa cof fequeny ‘cand bog al fequenier above wg, shown in Fig 72. “Ge aspet fit design to sate the network othe taser function HO) The other aspect cl withthe problem of obtaining 3 ‘sible transite H) ven the seston of, fr exare ‘magne charatriaticin Fg. 129. Thepartothe rye generally ered 0 asthe approcimalon problem. Why the Word “appre Inalon?”Besiuse eguteey responce characteris of tbe RL nd C Clement ar continous (with the etepion of olate€ pont called reonance poi) x network conning these ements anno be cade? fat ot aeuply tpn Fig 129. Tne, mec elie lop ters Sich have the pnt careers of Fig. 130. Incomnection with an a i 6,130, Rane le rae18 Neswork anya and spree fs magutae the rds probes, we wil Gc cern res ia magne a nor ts mSiing «er, we dea cee wel Oscunansc = Haesiteadotpractcl Serer ener exam R= 5000 ohms ad C = 2 pis GET ae wet ye mt oe se Pees ee a wtomed ito gph and pus tad and See thes “The mathenatal bas of th etd i let re range. Foe aes of alysis and sisi in which the ee bn rs ena of pone ater hh cee ne re Wel amin x power mates poperis of Tote nts wing sean parameters, sich desrib int {St veecedpover ofthe nte a oes ia Cate swe wl ean bone ofthe many fhe sp cone eu sg and design aon 1 8 ree ey ote tld vi ako my some specie computer Ropuinen cro al Problems 1 Draw thie pect or te la 5) esa -g) ose woesin(eod 112 Fin he rsponse fo the estaton so. sampler aloe eer kisctons whee EO in Draw he rapone 0 51 S26 1. Fd he ropons othe encanto inthe igure when he stork saleban ie ittonimor 0) a8 ts er “ 4 ihe sytem eton ofa neta gen at WO ITD, chapter 2 Signals and waveforms ‘our main concern inthis chapter isthe characteiation of sgl fuscons at tine, tw previous studies we have dealt wil d- signal Gaara Constant wih time, oe as signal whieh ware shusids of ‘Bett aplde such ss) = An (+O Tenginering pci, ‘Seta of signls encountered substantial broader fn seqpe than Tigges ote sgealo: To atlemgt to character exch member of ‘eas Totardy In view af the almost ifinite variety of signals ‘Reseed tstend, we wil deal only with tow signals hat can be ‘Hetsctreed in simple mathemati es and which serve a ung Sino for lage muse of otersigels. We wlleoneetat on orm Te sna tolt du in dseribing signal athe than del with {Ge pesntaton of spe signals Braue of tne and sce Lint {ios we lever ony spate wbick do ot exhibit random Bebevioe, a igaats whch can be expletly characterized ax fonetions of tim ‘Thue puts ae often refered to a5 derrminte gna. Let ws fst ipo cetain quate aspects of signals pene 1LI GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SIGNALS 1a this section we will examine certain Sebavir patterns of signa. ‘once tes pater ae estalined, ioscan be ctssed acorn ind some Snplieations rest, The adetves which give & genera ‘uattave desertion fag are era, rmmetrica, nd contin tus dca tho eosin the gen order ‘st signals restr pot or pero. 1a sgl pi hen itis describes bythe equation AQ RMERT) ROI en) < * Sgrale and aytems 19 find he egos A) he entation 2 i, eh inp en fdr pla etek a ® aynssned ® morn 3s © aonegty w-giat a 16. Forthenevork shown, yt te msheuaioain test ie ations) the Splen egny sales ay bk 1.7 Fortin ework show, witha oqton interme lea egtion aod) compote fon I SUP nat lth pene sca ag Signs and waveorms 21 “ 1621. Sqn ae where Ts the prod ofthe pal. The sine wane, sine pera with Jeiod T= er Another example of prodigal is Ne pure nave ren in Fig 2. On the eter hand, he sigs ven ie Pig 22 ae ‘pedi, cause the ple patter do no eps ars ein fle imermal 7, Alternative, thee signal ay be coniered “pvc” th afte perio. ‘Net conider the symmetry properties of signal. The key adjectives hers er nd oh tga con cn tte odo ater ‘As oven function obey the reation onan 22 = a9) ey For example, the function in 6 od, wheres co 1 even, The sa isin Fi. 220 seven, whereas the wage pu is od (Fig. 225) ‘Observe tt signal eed not beeen or odd. Two example of Spnas ct thirtype ae abown in ge 230 and 2a, Ie is sean 1 noe however hat any signa) canbe reed into en even compoacat 40) nd an o¢d component) such tat 2) = 54004549 0 For exp, the signals in Figs. 2.80 and 2.42 can be decomposed into ‘0d and even componets, as indiated in Figs 2.3, 2.3, 248, and 2 Foran ot ution = wo) ft. Jh. o o 110.22.) fv finn. () 08 ft,Vii 12 Necwork ans and aythet 0) o “ © Gat and ye npn, Sega nese 0 np oO pa (ovat oep finn) Pen pt of wat ep. 0) OST oaee From Bg. 24 we obevve that sepea-otsl-9 =H —640 © Cconseqety, the od and eves psf he igen e expres at 240 = 30) +401 co 340 = 106) = 4-9) Coos the sigs), sown ia ig.250, The fonction (sega swt) nace seul he Fo bata een nig 23k. Wess Shah nb and) as howa ln igs Bean espe 24 Necwork analysand spabee rat Spa ih acini 0+) 208 f0-) ae 04) = lin 0) ey 40-) in f-0 orensmpl the quae pulse in Fig. 2.7 ha ewe dsontnti, at 7 08 Tye Height ofthe acon 8 7, ar) -Mh = e109 Simul, the height ofthe continuity at 758 —K: 112 GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF SiGNALS hn tselon we connie vain ine domain cin of ems ren ape meringy othe fog tes He ve ae, raed nd retfat, The ee Ce ena nets the tng ‘Sin dist oy geo sero. Tree Sema eons portant to now Bow hy ees Gee mest ofthe dey of an exponenal the Wi eton Consider th expos waveform eseibed by Wo= Ke) ew From a plot of in Fig, 28, wee that when € = T aTp= O03) en ‘Aso 161) = 0020) ey Signals an waveforms 23 “ “s 4 y ° @ 110.28. Drsipocion in da cnc fom A 48 = Now let ut tn our ateaton £9 the contnty property of eg consider thesgnlshowninFip 24 A = Ty the ipa dicots ‘The hig of he discontiniy S74) ~f(~)m A en whee sre) One) JT) = hiner) ee od «i a reat pove guantiy. 25 panto, we ae conraed with iomtnetis the negaborhood of t= 0, From Hg. 26, the pots my Signlsand wavelorme 25 ‘were that he legs the tine constant, the Longer it euites forthe seaveform to reich 377 of is peak value. In dec analysis, common fie constants ae the factors RC a0 RI RMS Value “Therm 070! mua sare value of period waveform ai defined em = [20a] ew whee isthe pio, Ite waveform no erotic the try ems does otapply. Asan example, et us cleat the ms volag fr the perioie ro EL eft estat leg =viBbay ea Bec Value ‘The de rl of «waveform has meaning oly when the waveform rid. Tei th average value of the Waveform over one pei “ suo tfena en26 Network amass and ayes “0 eas Peta warm ‘The square wave in Fig. 21 Bas eo value, wheress he waveform in Fig 29 ea dovalr of wuen tft 47] --4 en Dun Fle sini othe rat ofthe tie duration ofthe pn aye arr to te pet, That =f 235) mp su win becomes iors in dealing wih WINE i fe Fig, 210, whee ox ofthe ery 6 ft The ane vlogs of he waveform “The day gel of rms a the type show ‘tated in neTow pole of nrg 21058 ee em= (fea) ew =A wp | HW { 7 2, ree wir hs ay 28 Neewrk ans and syntes Since cet factor CF = en 8 ae cra atta einer) 029) Vi Focenumple it D= 75: ore on c= Vino =T = 100 a2 ore abe ed ncn ems aes of ae era ier from sinisois i parc, gas wih Ser te oe ta he olen vale feet tr Geer fo the nan vale of D, tat, Daa = 0 (Chgy = VB a= 1 ‘Avolimatr with high ss ft ex) a THE STEP FUNCTION AND ASSOCIATED WAVEFORMS, The uit step feeton af shown in Fig. 2.12 defied 8 wao 6<0 =i 120 xiaton oresponds toa switch $, ‘Etutryof Iveta given ciel, fo whenever the en “The psi! analogy of wit ep trick coper tr = Dad connect inven in Fig 213, Note tat the wit slep is 20 0 Signe anéwavelorme 27 em i sr nal ye ‘We ce thatthe salle the duty eee the smaller the ems vote, The re raven Fig, 21 fas a 307 day yee crest factor (Cras factor i fed a the ratio ofthe pak voge ofa period srveorn oth tn vale (wth the dccomponentreoved). EX, {orany waveform wih roe suck a5 the one shown in Pip 2.11-—-crest factor, Chis eld a ea whichever greater, For the waveform i Fig. 21, the geaktorpes {olape defined a conte ean Since te wavefora a rove 1) em be, aa taP 2 a ea eal =D) e9 ra alate wari (t= pins eaters)" T 225 B=) SG faa, Spits ov Pca Jura 5 NaS ia ey Spas and warorre 29 “) Fa. Suse pale argument (1) wtia the parentheses negative, and is unity when the Sime 9 genes than mo Tha te Ft o~ 3h ee SPO Reet nano t T, that is, sane shape 5/0) $9) =f = 41) es, se desiaive (D4 the S=LWOE AMD oa) “the fotowingenample iste th pont mre cay. Fg, 2304 fhe fonction f= f= Ame) Akt ~ 8) as) edesvativeis P= AME) ABE 8) es pm cand angissown in Fig 2310, Site (Qhastwo dco sachsen Fe eiaetnpes tos pons. Tactic of feeapae cuts bin neatve Boae p= 70-)=-4 a9 i | Tt | + : gems mie Bui 40 Necwork aaa and synthesis so cone ext the case where) ‘wads ovr tention to the tg Froar-naensen om wih ool in i xe EF ne wi fom Bal prota ene. open of hs a oe uncton i) soning atc of aed mh Petits apie he fnlon ee tOrRAFEDS ay tn ne iis ode Geos Oe nt em ac emp by the fnton (0 iF 228 ‘Asa stcond example, comer the function (shown in Fig, 2.320 we obain (by pectin, and note thatthe continuity a = prodsces the impulse lag) of ren aye ow 2 gyfer pee [rom —naresen os This tgs eatly vaunted if we consider that 4 — 7) = 0 for at PAT. Texto the product ose n=0 sear om using t= (ot on ia ec nf’ ae ma=09 om Figure 239 shows f() at 3 ~ 7), where 0 continuous a = JU bas icnatnaty a! = 7, the integral [rom—ne [sot defined because the value off) i not uniguly gen. Consier the following examples, Euampte 21 fone [lee = ri =e am | pte 22 fo msinr [len ie-& am my eon | w | (1) he derive off) elute at 1 = T whee, again, we smethat/()scontasous, Equion 2.74eua be proved by ltezton types Ts, fiom na=ro4—n] [Lrom—na ay ean be shown in genera that [Lroee nao eoyen 276) wher 3 and denote mt derivatives, The igherorder dviratives of ‘Kojcan be evaluated ins fashion. Problems 2.1. Rese the wavfores inthe gre it a nd een componst | Te ee imp Tae AO ek re “ REIS are nout ooops te an oe ae amon fa ues ea 236 seer rohan leds nee 1, J Th [roe em | N ‘hae siicnt propyobedsb ; 5 . “1 7 98-942 FO am a " | | 5Signals and waveforms 43. 445. Foc the waveform (shows a the Sur, terns what vale K sez Newer anaes and seth st the Re sig sie ma Forte sertns Oo “jd =o [yee ‘ rotenone ey 1 | seesaom aninri=e a— 0 /00)7010 J foe oS ‘ | steiner an) ts a pros.23 @ Ye -1-0) o He) 28) sc otinewaefore no, 22 an siete equations © [isow-0 Lath ep endo tp neon Sf gen ine ig sk cal 28 the wasn ine figures net os jonhe-o 050s fox vabye of t > T- ~ 0, eaewbere ee ‘Show that as « +0, (9) becomes & unit impale, ‘0 m4 ‘ } ton3enot So The fagueney domain: Fourier arable 47 ofits harmon tems, eye by “Theve coef son State a feguney domain densi o th egal. Ow atk now Io Serie the equations forthe cota, in term ofthe pve signal Fanetion s) Let ws fst sus the mathemati bass of Four sees, the theory of orthogonal st chapter 3 32 ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS ‘Conse ny wo ft (and) a ae tently The frequency domain: nseir Fourier analysis [Paosoa wen ht 0 af) at report oe he intra Ta, For ‘Sample the fnadons ht and eat are orton vet ental Seer tat hin, Comte wat tt of al none Gi, Bion SA. He anctons obey the oaton oa ‘neat neon ce of penne ei nef WoMoenn is 09 a eee ae en if ae iy ett (frm toga tt tar 7 Ta seen ae G2) Bea eter densted by the tne prc bu). Poe camer ves tee nasa ctin eis diay. ore ge aa tl a ies rests hua Stag Tt fj roomed oe ea nde Gu$=0 ins [ov : is ao oe aaa eal ss en ene Loe iaek on gramatact tarda =((Paroa) an sir Tuscon np eo te “Th norm ofan clement in test) defined as ‘We can normale any erthogoust st (Pd) by dvdng eh Yate vr Incompac fo, te Fours ee term by enor A “vs ramp 34, Tie Lagu st? wich as en sows to be ey fl a HoH M+ Steerer + besinna 03) ENT ein ge Te a fem tht, when) expanded in ® | “VAL kaa “ri Sys he Te Doin” ou Ron Ct 1 is apparent fom Egg 32 and 3.3.4 Font sre, we cin dace (0) comple spinnin ofthe cotiients | Thay, ray 3 3 eg 8 9%48 Network analysis and synthesis tte Lapis ae Annet 44) <= 109) a =~ 267 os yt tr ata Toso ah org re eg [onus [emu ar szune on We 1 fee m4 t 2 Thy of oun =10-+@) 6] -« Mesa ot oan han tan = (flea) aun tal=([feen sen swena va 1 ot it ey that he noe of al be amet i the eae alo cualtoU/V 2s, Terr ede the Lage set eonomal, we ie ech ent 4 by IV 33 APPROXIMATION USING ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS. this section we explore some of he user of eethogooa ontions in the linear approximation of functions. The pica problem ra of ppeoninting fonction /() by a sequence ef seins) sinh hat tbe mom suaederor ox) % Since the st (6) is ontbonormay, [4 1 and by deliton, y= eg. Weebus have Network ane and eythane ost ow ‘Adaing and sbtecting $c gives ys =tt 2S 96,4 Sots Zot - 3: een ow mintedosat $e coefficients of f(t) with respect to the orthonormal set ($,(1)} Parseval’s equality (Comer /() pen in Ba. 3.18, Wesce that PusoranSe om since fare orthonormal fenctons. This res is known as Pascal's ‘quay, apis important in Seteining the energy of «psoas 34 FOURIER SERIES ‘Lett nur to the Fourie seis a eine ear inti chapter, (y= + Ze, con not + bein ma) @20 = B+ 300 sin mt ° From our cussion of approsination by ohononmal futons, we ean tes that he prod function with etod T ean be approximated by & Fourier series) sch tha (converges in the ea 04) tha, 9 — sor d+ where #8 agy ret mamber. We know, moreover, tht im sini, te Ineanagutederor [0 ~ a) minimised whe the constants 2, Ave the Fours coutcients of) with espet to the orionoemal se for kot sin kal ma aa 02 ‘The fequeney domain: Fourier anaes 49 1 When Eq 213i said, we ay tat (0) concerge the mean to 0. “To examine the concept of convergence in the meen more cosy, we mast fist conser the flowing deteons Definition 21 Given a function) and constant p> Ofor which [ora ce se sy that (0) erable LF br (3, Ty, and we write FOYE L? in i Baton 32, WADE LPi6 I, Fy a8 Osa sqvenceot a tons integrable 2 (eT wey ar Vesey tw [10 sae shen fi) converge ate mean xe pt), Spel, when eta ha 0) coomsge a hemeen Of “he principle of lat squares Nov ews cone thease wen consis of alin combination ot nboromslfncions fone, so~ 40 oy) | ox ton 0 dee te mtn 6b te ag squared error wt vant-fu0-nore as 4s minim. The prinple of lat sures ates that in ode 0 ato ‘minim squared eo, te constants tat have the values w= Pro wow Pref Westalshow hat ioe — 8 bein, we Must set a, = ¢, for every im 1,2,...,7. ie 616) UAL = CD 2G) + oS) muyir=ab ean p+ Seriar “The requene domain: Forer analyst Incxplc fom te Fourier coeicents,asording to the dfn given te, ae obi for the equations 3 [40H om an} [anenea ox na2 [osm oa Wie sould not tha because the Fourie seve) oly converge to 0) the mewn, soi 8p dt, fer ae steele) 625) AL any point hat 4) is diferentible (hot a 214i) converge to 0)" ‘Asan example us determine the Foutercoetieas of the fll rected se wave io Fig. 31. Ar we observe, he period is T= 9 39 {atthe fundamental Fogency iv 2. ‘The signals gen a8 (= Aline on and ealate tween O and Using he forma jst iy continuous) Lets ates eived we Bae a2 fownan oa oa) o30) SE IEE Da Poe Sn at rer! cn At nt52 Newyork naa and pres “Thus te Four series f he etd ine wa is nS i3 ao) oy 35 EVALUATION OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS a thissection we wl consider oer wef foes of Fourie: srs adam wel Grannies otis inte eet UE'Pouer moeients Fiat, et us examine how the evalunon of fix iosimpied by syne considerations. From Ege 325-323 ‘Sich pve the poral frre forthe Fouiercetisients ts tae TELET ana apeseat te ner as the som of to sepa PL that, aca 2[fPiosenars[t Orme] sen 2[[Posnnears [osname] ‘Sine the variable (i the above tera i arin varia wt sobltates = Fin theater wats (0; 72) and etx = Hints Sntegils with Kits (~778: 0). Then we bave ox aad [tay + (=a) cos nom de 2 [Mun-e4a os) 2 [Mao acntan nae Suppose now the futons hats) = =~ then we see tt Berries sad [esa monde 06 ‘hinges a ft ob Friesen il otal only sine ano ote bass spose the fnton ee, 3G) Siti tient ane gat [coments 39) wk [a Cconseqeetly, the Fourier series ofa even funtion wit contain only 54 Nework ara and yah 10-34 ve funtion one tems 2 04 nie ms ey. (2) Silas eyes nd oan em We can derive he form of the Fourite cosine series by setting = C088, eo») ane ea O80 can) We then obisn Cady interes ofa, and By a6 cater 80" oF? ean, ur( we combine the cosine and sine terms ofeach barmoicin the aii set, eral obtain fom Eq 338-1 the Fourie cosine sis $0) = Gy Cou (ot + 8) + C008 204 FB) 4 CyeosCGot +0) 4°77 + Cyeos ot #0) 2° GAD) ‘The frequency domain: Fourier analysis 53 Spps nes hanson A) oth ton (ia 2)=—19 00 2 gen by the example in Fig, 2. Then we on show tat) contlas ‘ony odd Ramon ens, that ad oan teat [Peovnnert, nat With this koowldg of sync conto eine how we canappronnato as array tine ftir by «Four see wis ssinlenal 7 Ove th inane Posner sn (0) 08 fequte to). Conder the ig ) ng 3.3. We ct appro sins yay oe pide ion ig St Cee ‘Now econ wo ether selfs of Fou sis Theis rte Freese tres wich sted upon te genome Hey, Cyeot aor + 89) 35 cos 050, — Cy sia Sin 1133 palo be apie ‘The frequency domain: Fourier aay S$ shouldbe noted tat he eetiiens Carsales ob posite, bomever tem suc at 3 cor at eri a egaive sgy then we ct the the oquialent oor “cos 2at = 3c08 ot +2) oa orem the Fore: ses fhe lyri se wae Fg 3 o-M(u3 gem) ow sess a a Foon ri, di soa fiZ 2 reowso] os Next we consider the complex farm of Fourie series, I we exe corn nd nt of compe expen he he Fue 046 oan the te comple oo te Fourie si i 5 = Bet 30.0 + 8 = (4s) ~ Ene Wecan ren expres the cect 9 af ft of se ee HA ffeoeonat—siomna 04 1 Faoema joan 249 sometines led te dete Fer raf of 40 ‘and Eq, 3.48 isthe inverse transform of flaw) =, " 0Sh Network amass and oyhas 110.28, Alte sre 1a. 34 Sac ae Network anal and sche ! to, 10.32. piers of orem Amp. (Fane Simpliyng on ep ferter, we obtain be im Ot on “The amplitude ad phase spectra af the gure wave ae given Fig 37, 1 EVALUATION OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS USING UNF IMPULSES: / Ia his section we make use ofa base propery f impulse fenton o simpy te enelation of complex Fourier cect. This metho is tetrad to ontions which we made up of strain components onl. ‘Thus the method applies forthe aguare wave nF, 3.6. The moethod is hued onthe relation [Lron—me=se9 Le ot we this equation to eat the comple Four cote for Westie ri 3a Using Bg 3808/0) = 25 weave 69) oso) Joma deme “The frequency domain: Fourier analysis $7 (Ober that fe wal complex and can be repre ae Inomfcssint ow ‘amipuethe afc iouamaten 4300 nie! furan 089 tmp, = =! (70 sin nod f= Zffiosom a9 Wis elear that Rep sam eve anton ia m wheres Im 2 am od fuacton iam. The ample peu ofthe Fou sie is deed a8 Vaal = Reta + tmp, asp the phase spectros ined as ssotn BBs as aaa oso) ‘kis esl seen that he amplitude specu fan evn funtion andthe ue spetam iano feetonn The amp pest pro ‘Dit alae iat ato nhs nae ees ed ‘alata a good approsinaon othe ong waveform, From pot of the ampltade spectrom, meen smo pc ot by specton te om trial rms inthe ee Forth ample ps nF 33 ee thats god aprotic canbe Oban ie rgd my hemo stove he wid me ‘Avan eae, let vt abtain the complex Four cet forth square vein Fig. 16. Let rae fi he ample nd pte pects (Tin ure wane. From Fg 26, went ht) ian 0 fen Moreover, soe At — 712) = ~s) the series hat eno harmon. From By 340 we ota he cuca of he comp Furs st : jot" + » Bu Ang = 20 4m) G36) Fae ‘The equeney domala: Fourier saya 99 tay We se that the complex Fourier coef for imple function ae sind by simply subaiting the tine at which the mpais occur ito the exprention the evaluation of Fourier coeficents, we must remember that the tits forthe By intpral ce taken ver one period nly, we consi nya single pei ofthe sigan heats Comsder, an eagle, the square wave In Fig, 36. To evaluate fy we consider only a singe Prviod ofthe guaran, fom # = Ot PETasshownintig 392 Sincethesquare M0 twne ie not made up of imply, It ws Cierentite the siege period ofthe square eave to pve #(), shown in ig. 198. We © Snow erate the complex Fousiereaet- f° [FF ‘Sets foe derivative 7), whi leary taade up of inpales alone Analytical ois gene © winS pom mn then the deviate oF 8 tg stom Znoner 069 Mer we dese vacwxapecatier YP rahmh 08) 7 he om | Xe de #10) con ie i consis of impale corsponents aloe, tea Wwe sinply evaluat yy Ast and thes obtain Blom Bq 36. For example, the decvtve tf the oguie wave yee the imple tin 10.29.) Sune wae er pie TT De reninin Fig, 994. Inthe terval (0,7), the sina (38 ven Neco aralas nd sytheis Ap 2481-2) + Ade (3.64) nomaKy-2i—Z)+ase—n ee np ite nad [eee Hh 3.65) ‘ee ei of eg ea a wo a dysentery ‘which checks with the slain obtained nthe standard way in Eq, 255 ifthe fast devrative, (0, doc aot conminimpulies, then we must cafereniate aga Yield co= 30 om where A, jr (no Ba oe For the tiangula pl in Fig. 210 the second derivative over the pei (0,715 “eae fen adi—Z}sm-n] 0m | “The coefficients A, are now obtained as | eho os 7 tote em 2 Necwork ama nd eyes secon therefore oleate doublet reve higher derivatives of impais Jn sais Condes the signal oC given in Fig. 3.1, Is eatin Sly shown io ig AID a be expres 3s woe dfoo—vfe~2)] #00240 dae on ei cn ef ngs okt or) 0-300] eoo-2-J) 07 ao k [emer on ‘The raquaney domain: Fourer arses 6 rom 4 we obila on A sgh iteuy arises if the expression for 4) contains an inpulse in addon to other staighine teams. cau of thse sige fesms we must ifeentiate once more. However, fom thi sont) sieratition, we obtain the deivatve of the impulse as well This esenis no dz, however, because we hnow that {levae—=-« ory oan flsueneme om Tete domi fori 8 ‘icmp i nto eda . ‘ a ’ a 1 G78) sagt eomen a taro ‘ voit : om In conetson itt be pointed out thatthe meted of sng implies to alae Four cofisents dacs not pve he de cee, 20 Be ‘We obtsia this coesient trough standard methods agen by Ha. 3.23 27 THE FOURIER INTEGRAL In this seton we extend our soli of signal tothe apevade cate. ‘Wersow though split argument tat geal spenoae gals ‘avecontavour amplitude and phase spectra, Inooriusson of Founer {tts the compler coef fy for poe signals wa la ald he ‘dure Fourier rom isan om sn in tr = 5 pea a Gan From the disrcte Fourie transform we obtin ample and phase festa which consi of Sse lines. The spacing batwees cet ies inte spectrum is afm oo th om ‘Ar the period T becomes age, he pasa betwen the harmonies in the spectram become salle” For speioic signa, we et Pappa laity so that inthe Hint the date spetrum becomes ntinca,Gh Nework ara and sates ene dfn the Fowler mera ot trasorm Panera ox) “The inves trasform is so= [sunray ex 13m) and 384 ar somes ale he Fre ofr Par uations 35 2 pein For susan and 9-4 sin=o-40 aso s)= FP) outro 5) cps a ca’ ene 8 ner te Fo : " sip= Resp 4/195) a8 -rne sen prof SU) bane rough ie Frm si)= Hs + 9D Res) = USD _ icon2aft andthe nape pat hou 1 os msi = E18) -D insipe 3 ) won = [aon oe anpitde pcr of Ss eed at en nes IMS os svsvmpiest sn «oo HD) = me a the Fou aso, te ‘ing temple nd phe dfn of abe ttarm cna be cores 8 x0~ [Anes ah = HOE ean), et ws examine one xm ce Neon at nd yt feu tere ton ay : r a } 0 ond Ste eae . tte “a wanin Tenge | Mena cree ro, 2 mate fe poy ftp fee ie dion ‘The frequency domain: Fourier ansips 65. 1.41%, Anis at pe pm of At =. AK 10 sip = [Adenoma denen oo sangha pee is ee ee, aOn4 ax a = 99) shown Fig 42. ample 33, Nest comer tbe ranger fneon plot ia Fig. 313 Formal, we see tention eth et fneon wt we = a9 a wt ‘ete nai et te ae pea Si one - [re nap 099) —n eas as teense eee ea a ene ee ere Sees etitrenasinie, amie SaEeee “The frequency domains Fourer anes 67 From the plot of snc in Fig, 2.4 we te that si ls des" with ares at = mF, m2, 3,."+ We ao note that ost of Ye oegy ofthe sige ie coacutrted Between he ole 1) <0 Lats ete the ne duro of 8 gl at thst poi Deon wh ‘the amplitude never greater tha 2 seced vale, for era We ‘hs ellectveyregad th tine duration ofthe sine funtion 4 = 21), ‘The value WF, a we se from Fig. 313, 5 the spec Bando of the fest fonotion | We sce tat sf faces, decrees, The Pesding ‘Soop illostates the releealrationip Between te ne Corton ha signal and te sexta Candldih of ts Fowre rast TRS onept i quite fundamental It iustats yin pole tranemislon, ‘row polos, i, thove wit smal time duration, can ot be rane. ited through irs wit eae bands, wherens pulses ith longer tie dueatins do not rege such wide Bandwidth, 36 Istted Ia Pip 35, Tn this wetion we conde some important properties of Fourier seandore, ™ Linearity “The linearity property of Fourier transforms sates thatthe Fosse transfor fs of te signal the su of tar nda Fourier transforms, that is es(0 + 6440 Diflereniatio “This property states thatthe Four tanform ofthe deivaive of signal tte tes the Fourie teasform ofthe sgl sl FO =f 699 F 5) = (PHN 99) “The proofs obtained by taking the derivative ofboth sds of he averse teastonn deliton, aSD+asiN — 9) or mote general, £[ scnemnay wt oft prsnena 01098 Newwork anal and ethos ows that the trastorm of he tga of 0) i s[f_woe]=ggan- om Si, 8 easly ‘Consider the following ea = eH) or) ts Fourie tensor i sne[Leruoeta <1 -—— at Heo at pinf e+ iS G.105) FEET ay props of Fou transforms sites that “ ov “This pope fellows Sel fom the symetical mature of 8 Foie ‘cantor pir ia Eas. 389 and 388 ample 34, om he essing selon, we how hat sinc = 1h 0109 14s ten singe show hat Forte nef) ae a0) sec conforms the saeco te ayy ropa Cons et Wie em ofthe unt nb, 7-88) = 1 rom th smey prsessress ore ap eno sxsw in £6, 36, Th foraging earl ea a exten Fe eS oa nad beth spots sdatlombp, Tay tl 20 of te tin sr oft banat In the egarcy Gos vi a etg0/coespnds one ie drain. 70. Neer sma and yates “The proot flows dell from the dition ofthe Four astm. ‘Anccample aew-n=-a aun teu age ¢ Per he ely ae dlayed by an amount inthe tie dai, the ome anesthe tguecy domain to mali etantor be Ratayedsgnl by "7% ati Fue = 101 = MS) or) For exam ‘en neti 619) Moanin TeMnhaion or fraiecy shift property of Four wansfoons sot ita Four aso shied i ngeney by an 00 fe ae tea nd eect tine i deseobed by multiplying We orginal SSaaney em tha mis fol= es e129) Exampt 25. Given Si) jn Fig 31a Ht ld the iene van of Siting 3b eso) = FEU We know tat Sip = sf +51 + 10 om wt ia o 10.317 Deis of ptt mda, 10216 Four tao ff0)= 10 Seale change ‘The wtoennege property deeibes the Simedurtion and. Randwidth fenjeoiy wtonbip Te states that 5 [{2)] -iisen ean pla Me ove hp sa egh e re a Pesen= nif sonra 0x asia oi hen Fal sir91 = laf” sipyeree 0 ox ‘Asan example, consider “ uy = . MeO Bee au shen stetwo) = itl (MO) el F eas a ou hase iar Feng ope state ot Ft oun “The frequency domain: Fouret amas 71 Then FAS mela) HERMAN erKDexeDel CLE) ‘esr ingly nt veto Sorat stn fe feon svt af suas SERS tp pena oe cy oye Parsevas theorem ‘impr thar wich ets coy the sean ees dtomine Pare theorem, which sae hat esieay [o woaar [scsi ‘anny ‘he prot hl ey gy foes [lxosinara [nal sinetar Sr ee [Lsosene In partis, when (9 — 540, we have cola of Parieva Known as Placer core. [Leen [sure ons 1F 0 sequal to the cute tug or the voltage Aeros a reso, the total ear ohm [ava We sce from Eg 5125 thatthe tal energy alo equal tothe area under the euve of ({/) Thus [SI is sometines called an energy deny or enry spec, Problems BL Show thatthe st (i7 Nerwork ans and sythei 38 Prve ta f(g vn, Four aan FJ) ho anes un) ty Sk fs Four norm a pure agin) 4 Pron n10 2340 Fig th iver ator of Fie) = Pe 4) +8040) sso ith ge, Wn ty sa ec ey 76 Neowork aii and athe ondary. An csinaty feel epationocin wich therein cok anlar ino en). Ab esa tere 0 ed FF ia deste P Contant onictts, Te coils 2 Be stat inept of he variable. 7 cae ru ction ear coins ny erst he sikegren a) ans ihe devvatives Bien by. 4 seme tecenion 3e(0) + 2e{0) = sin a) Isa na ditt equation, On te aber hans Set + 249 20 + 400 = 5 a ss nonin, bees te ee (and) 0) are mosey he Seton at en fon mp pan ofthe i spc to seen ‘ans fs gen lena eqution or sey es ite rang Toston wee) Ue FOTOS FO) = afl + BFA. ao Aon ex( boa) a wince and bate un cant shoul spied Oa he AeSptdon popeny i exreely important a8@ shoul be Rep in ‘SEs ‘ty ancon of nese eeental equation. easy propery i the sperpostion ‘prope f(a 240) are inghinsons fan), the solution would te 42. HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS “his aon de it sone mets forthe wo of mage 1s sus wih tt toes Feet Bo seen “ 2-2 = 48) on hate pesispaon, wes esoon ob ote oe a= Ce 9 ‘where Cisany arbitrary contat. Lets chek ote whuter (0) = Cet TAR) totoion of Bg 48, Substttng teased soluon Eg 48, weowee Ace — 2Ce" = 0 (4.10) chapter 4 Differential equations Thi cap devoted ht uty fray edit equon, We ileus oman seo Scan nd nen pyc pcan Capes he UM Sgbion condoned en ee hepa rs £0040) =0 an ws ite ined vi 7 Sa) tion pete aR ie te eens oe ream 9-820 an Thea 0 F = 0 in 1 an us Be baie tapes ncon ef When west ne cer oaioen no, ‘Sesuton mucus IP ky 4 nonce ti outon tigen by gsc noe C04 AO bast aMDMSO (2) Te a tte " ‘ exiion he ooh hig ate tr, Tam on Sign st a ean eo ea er test's apni 0 6) Wie fone oe Seton i fhe, he ae Segre Tat pr we wl it on lye, ae ern con ohn fhe Lt onc enn ot Dien equations 77 canbe shown, in general, tat the sation of homogeneous, nese siren equations cori of exponeatia er ofthe form Ca. To tobtis the selton of any ferential equation, we brite Ce fra) {nthe equation and determine those values ofp for whch the equation ‘vos In other wads given the general eaten aut) EO aA =O ay let) = Coe hat Eg 4.1 esos Coma bag yo tap a a Since e cannot be aro exept tp = =< the oly nontrivial soletions for ig 12 occur when the polynomiat HY) mag tego ap tend — 1) uation 413 is often refered to 8 the characte equation nd ) #204) 20) 2904) 20-) #204) a many phys! problems the ntl conions are given t# =O However le ealat the knows constants the ttl soliton, we mst ave th atl conditions a= O-p.OUT task, then, sto deter the ondtons att = OF, ea then editions a =O. The method ‘Tread here toetowed fom ehetromagnetic theory abd is often {eter tou "integrating thro 2 Green's function”? ‘Conse the dileential equation wit an pase fring fenetion asta aU + ayaK= AK — OT “To ior tha the righthand side of Ea, 4.77 wil equal the Ief-hand sige one of the ems 4) a0), --- (0) mast contain an impube. "The question's “Which erm conalas ihe implbe?™ A cose exaication ‘oad that te highs erosive frm =") mt contain the inp, ‘rca ="9(?) eotanel the inpulse, 2°) would contain «doe Cap, This argument hed, salary, forall lower derivative term of 56) Tree terms) conta the imp, then 2-040) would contain 3 Bos and st(, a amp. We conchde therefor ta, for an inpuie Jorn fection the ove Migs drainer are scotia ott 0 ihe Gas fants antes mine or pee rp: fr eval, Moor SEE al af Tema Pa, Meow Bok Copy, New er 8 Chae 8 Network ane and yess ces show in Fg 485 and 486, Abn tc decane erm we ee Femi apestoe slnglriy Nove tat ne ee onl goa ow she sep thal i aa aD Hone MOE Hoa =H 8H) Te should be noted hat ia devvative em contin eran singlrty— for cumple doublet alu conaine all lower dervative terms, For t J + vo + wD + mH = HH GD sve aso the following Forms forthe derivative ems at 2) =A + BaD + CHO FO = 480+ BHD es x= AW) Subsitting Eg 488 nto. 87, we obtain ABU) + BAD + Cok + 34H) 3B + 24K) — AE (89) (in mare convenient form, we kave AMY + E+ IAM) + (C+ IBA HKD =H 40) quatng ike coeficints on both ie of the Eq. 390 gies Bema aon cH sp 424 Differential squations 87 Forastepfosing funtion only te highest derivative tr i dioninious wreo. ‘Since intl conditions are usually gen at 1 = 0, our task 10 determine the values 2404) and <0) for a imple toring fein Rearing 4.7, ws eg te eunon bet fom and 04, nantly, effroa oes spat tafsoanafsom Af iting, we obtain oe 404) — INO] ale MOF) — AMOR Hod am We know that al drinive terms below (F ~ 1) ar sontineous a = Consent, Bq 479 sli 6 adehO4) 2-40] = 4 aan so that soma 420) a) ‘Wermust next determine 204). ALP = 0+, the diferent equation in By. 47 208) a MOH) 4) +as(04) =O Since all derivative terms Blow (2 ~ 1) are continoes, and since we vealed solve for =O), we Bnd hae P04) so baye(O4) + ee(04)) as) For a ep forcing fonction 4a al einai terns exept 24), ae continoous at 12-0) To determine (04), we deve fn 8 MANNE ‘imine 0 E3485, he expresion 08) = 1 204) Etat torte tamon) (89 “The proces ofdtermiaing inal condos whea th forcing function isan inputs or eof bigherdrvatives canbe simpli by the vial Diterntlegitons 9 $2 9nd C= 28, Therefore at = 0 itis fom which we obtain 8 FQ =a) — 289 + 2840) (= 44) ~ 24) (a ay = 440 “The xterm in Bg, 492 BES tte tothe somtimes in the init onions a = 0. Weare piven th ial condone at 1 =O. Oe Swe evalate the A 8, Ccofiients in Eg, 488, we can obisn the inital Condtons att by rerngtothecefiens of thestep terme. For came it “Then om Bg, 492 we btn Os)= 24402 ¥@)=-1- 12-13 499 OH) =7428=35 “The total slton of Eg 487 obtained as thought were a homogeneous gunn, since 1) = Ofori 0. The only iatuene th double deve fs isto produce incontnatiern the inl condone st =. Having Cvaluted the ial conditions a #04, we can obtain the total Solon with ease, Ths, eGet4 Get 490) rom Be, 493 we ced obtain = (94 eID) 99 “Thetotal soon dierent eqttion witha tp or impute frig function obtained i an cqualy Sgtfowerd manoer, For sep forcing fncon, nly the highest deine tam hn dncontniy Since we do tne th ital onion fe ight Srwatine {erm for or soltion, we posted a8 we wee 1Mag standard oe omogeeous quton wi onvtant ong fun For nimple river once me Strmie the tal ondon a f= 0. the ution solved i he sume manner es a homogsteos equation90 Newwork say and synthe Example 7 Fn the stp and input espns forthe euton 2) HH 41ND =O sere) = Ai and 0) = a expen, Theil enon ay = 0 20) =20-)-205=0 Solin. Le fia ed be pale espone, We note ht te ex cent ta tpsse anda, the em cain ase tea sen cons Sa nda cant sa tao) see) 28 Same Sore, ta wtaynk exe) =feoe! 96 Note ht we stl seed only 0+) and(04) tere he constant forthe seond-orer renal equation New, we proceed the expe ‘etary fenton) The across ip) =p 439 45) 209 +1 4X41 = ID Sic Hp hat a pai caps cojeste 10, We sandr fot or 200 24 = Meten(s +9) ase) Sobeting he tl condone at ¢ = 0, 8 bain HO) <0 = Maing 2104) aj = 20086 Ming fiom which we find $= O and A’ = 3 Th he impo spose, which we tome bee a 8 2h = fete 200) (se Det we marta othe step gene) For content ws tthe mpl orto 24) ean + 45082) 20 “To pata nts eralnted by coniering the flag fusion & tn) = 10 that a9) we (100) WO “ a0 “Tell saton ie the A = Si + Ae2De Be 109) ‘Since (an) mat Be ominous fora sep eg fain, 20-9096 0 00) FON =o =0 J Neswork aye and synthesis [Note that fom Ba, 4110 we obtain (9) cre. Prom Eq, 4.111, we Seine te mst te ifn fob). Ab mpavtant att Rep in ind tat we MB hae fo deve Some aditon [nat coneitons in oder fo havea sufligt number to ealat the ‘iknow constants, ‘ample 4 Save he teat ation “The inal codon (0-) = reas Sac te cratic guton of Eq 4.112 of second ere, tonal ial eon 7). We oan #4) fom te sce soni = [ooe-o ais) ws wos) aun eng cosmos 3H an wisrertond ano Merson 2, Lating ¥) 210 the erga diferent eqution to comes v0 +3010 +20 = 50 i» We ow tat 708) =204) =1 wasp von =*0) =? rots Bg 412,48 = 0, we obialo 40#) =H OH) ~ 59] =O am ‘Without ging ito det, he ttl ston can be determine as aoe teem ed any Diforntilegutons 91 Subtutig inl como ito a) te fngetnnetintiat aos an =f a ogy ‘There ep epee poe 240 = Onl = e0.5si021+ f 20} (4105 [Not that th impue repoose aad the step respon ar rtd bythe equation 40 E5560 24) n= seo 4109 Weean demonstrate 4.106y thefollowing procedure. Let ur subtate 2 no the original equation Lnlorsdeioeieonud (ren Dilereaating Both sides, we have [4000] +48[4 <0] +1 a0] a0 cron from whieh Eq 4106 flows ‘Generaing we se hat ie have the ep exponse for a dierent uation, we cam obtsin te impale reponse by ferent te sep esponseWe ean aio oblin the repeat o's ramp function f() = AHO (hee she co he ep) by iterating the step esos, ‘Tae eluonships cuted here are sumac ia ig AS INTEGRODIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS In this section, we wil comider an integrodiretal equstion ofthe fom et ac aOH et aKO + eanden 0 (40) here he coef (oq des -+ 04) AF constants. In salvng an quition ofthe form of Eq. 109 we ue two ve snarmetboes The ‘rst method ito diferente both sides of Eq. 4109 to give AL) FeO A ha OAK = FO (LID) “The second method consist ofa change of variables, We let (0) = x05 1. 4109 then becomes eH) + V+ FaeHl tas = M0 (43) Diferentlegucions 92 Dieting, we on A) =v) ate 30 29 4s SIMULTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Up to this pint, we have considered nly dient equtons wih 8 single dependent varable =) Tn this ection, we wl deus uations Sith moe than ooe dependent variable We shal imi out dyson quition with oo unknowns (0) abd y()- The methods described bee, however, are appizlet any numberof unknowns Consider tthe system of homogeneous equations FO + XO + BOE BVO nO + real + 84+ AO: 29 hee Py 8 ate artery costnts. The complementary fasion it ‘bind By asaming that HO= Ge Om Get so tha he characte etion given by the determinant low +20 Gir + 6) leap +70 Gr + 80 The ot of 9) fond hy tig the taint eg 1 0, 40) 29 Gao + ap + 2) — ip + BOtnp + = 0 CIR) 1s seen that a noptriviaslation of HU) Cap + 2hn + AA ip + Be YD 1829 ‘Assuming thatthe preceding condition olds, wesee that H(ps secon degree polars np and canbe expressed in fszoced formas Mp) = cere) ane vce Cis const mpi. Te complemen fone re exits only HO) = em Ren (1%) HO= Kev Ket “4 Newham ae yc veh comnts fy Kr tern om int condos SCUNGSSR gti psi retorts es apt nee a) = (Ki + Kae «3p 2K = (+ Rape 1 pa pai conjugate 00s, Paws o thea HO) = Mersin ot + 4) am WO = Mersin or #9 ame 49, Conse yt egos Det Han +10 -H0=9 ao 2 +2) +O +O =O won=2 v0H)= asso oH-0 OH=t Solution, The crac atone ans Eating he teint, end hat Hy oP +8 +89 +209 36) sone woe met tke “aon sp Ket eke ‘wih tei condos. (04) Pan thecortans 9104) = 3, ns) ~ To we ob Ky =O Ky ‘Thom the ial ae na) = ec y= 28> 2 ete ae “ wn won 96 Necwor nas and antes “Tne we bein om By 4188 constants dete BH ‘he incomplte soon are A) Rem eRe Bat aun HO = Re Kee = tet 9 = Yate 30) caw waite Fem) nang A, Soe these of ution aethety sty 4) caw wpe y by = 3ND pent onl onions 0-) -xf0-) =10-) =¥0-) ~0 Seon. et fh charter pston gasp -fPte ee «i, onal pol wih singles ge Hip) 4229-41 4AKe HI ISD, ‘Thecompleneincy ein (and arte sf) = eto Agent vd) Be eoe 20+ eine “re pauls solitons OB for he st of equtot wth > 0 ae fais woes (easy Fate tyne Ung te metodo dele ore we astume tt 88 Haare eee wet sine he feng anton 3c be ede Seo te ih ro expr, ta 5 = 5, we nse OF GaP gatos ote canes ution) sp = 0. To, a 1m = 36) (186 Dierentil equations 95 New, let us determine the solaions fora set of aoshomopenous iferenis! equation We Use the method of undetermined coins here Consider fst an exponential forcing fscton gen by the st of ssuntione et boas + Bl + Baym Net (19 val +74 bof +8 = 0 ae Wetict assume that a= de A) oo “The Ba, 4.139 besomes (a0 + 20d + (90+ 9B = O10 + 90d + 00 + 8a oy The determinant forthe set of equations 4.141 + ag BO Bu =a | i m3 aoe] where 113) the characte eqution with» = 4. We now determine ‘eundeterined coosents 4 and Brom O() and its efor, ame, vaio ae) pe) ae) wb yi the ih ofr of (0). romple 410, Soe thes of gutons ene conion (0 = a(t) = 0, ¥4) = 0,404) = = “Sco,” Toe copeenay futon) any wal te ara ‘wie equation th ware deta fm Example 43, Now we te od ‘Aad Bin he egos (ue) aus af =aet « l= He ey “Teche qution wip = 4s no ff Oo ons Mw sr woot Dierentiaoquations 97 nd oe cis “Th general ston then 1) = Atco 8 Ag tinds 4 “ _ G56 HO) = e052 Byes 2 | In ede 10 ft A Ay Bi By, ered te aes 20-9, 104, 04, ws). The valos fr 04) an yO) are et ee by neg oe ‘ga citerenal equations bem = 0 ande =O They [lorsueremaa["wna easy Lerrer ema -Psne on at ee itt ni on inpater es # 0" Moen bth) ane 90) conta tea sp i ‘ohinutiea a7 = 0 Therrien “e [owveme on Plesma-e “ sowing ws . HOH +004) 5 Sohing wen 208 04) =10 «ie To iad (0+) and y(0-), we mai the vale for 206) an 0) Iie oegoal equator st? 01, Tho 204) —20 +74) 47005 HOH -5+¥04) 430-0 ais otha ron vow) Sitting ths vale ino Eg 4.156 een bain tel leon iy tee — est 4 1)48 9 = Wleteor2e + etlo2s — Da aie 41698 Network analysand ymess Probleme " 0 = Meteo 2! and 240-= Mge'sin2 see salon the eatin 9 42 +50 20 stom thats +5 # aan MOF "Duin ony be form ofthe solution othe equation ° 20) +4eq) +90 =0 o Pip 4 8e() +300 =0 © rt) (0 =0 ey io +5) =8 © wig. +6449 +2809 =0 o Py eet) +940 8 "13 ie te il aeons (04) = 1, (04) = 1, mith schir > Q 19 +6019 4280 = o Fy) FG) + 19 =O © 19 4 asle(9 + 57619 = 0 “44 Fd oly hepatica negra 5 i egpatons ® 09 +1219 + 2) © Mo) + 3e(p 2) = 20 © Fig 2c) 4 0 etn o Hip tee) 4S = 02 20) 450019 + 62540 ~6 0 2 2 4 0) = De 45, ie tt rn 02 = 1 9) = emi © 19 4400 43) = Seine © 2) + 6) 428A) = Boost © Fi) + aly +16) =? {46 Nope is ete by iret gation 70 439 42D = HOY “The nl condons are yO) = 12 =) =2. Find WOH) 404 VAD "i Giese real epation 2) + eM + BMD = HD chapter 5 Network analysis: | 1 inTRODUCTION this chapter we wih appy our knowledge of ait equations nya Elis pase imesvaiant nebo, We wi ase aa aac aerdy friar with Kirehols crrent ana vn tha mene for miting eth and node uation for ac or vera We wi therefore, come only bry the problem of wong se Mae unions whan fhe iependent vale tise TE epics eth pls have te following format: Cin an excalon eR tfom an energy snes andthe ner, a seid cepone hat Fre enor voltage nthe network sto bs determined. When ela ie ncitgicns tothe matenatics in Chaplet 4 we sal tha ies Syste acing anton coresondstorbeecation; the stor Peas yhy the aerentiloguauon; and de unknowa variable =) Fs the espns roles encountered wil be oofolt, First we must wit he Cee eo pe toe ens fr psd ra sa ec th prone are ey smporaat T ce oT ne ret aon meh st UP ee alco nar™t) ee oa rated hy cape mht realy Me erties endow hom ees sat ee sou tom stonk ig Bi, Te slog on gv oe opt ie) a) ere te “fora voepenve net Hl i! Egan Cre ond Sis Su Wy sb as eo Yok, 30 ——— Differensal equations Se a enn 20.3 5 £0 = 6 ed 9 = 147" Gia the ial ontaes #10) fotite equim « 10) 0, Sod he soatont o a4 29 4240 09) 8 Foss ths “he ea X= tt geo ote Cy e+ 0 + afore = 2st eoyyra af iends ae © v6) 69nd n3sn 1 hn ent a ein Tosa) exe) stroma Fae cP 09-70 tec) 90H et Soe th ot of egaine 2M +9 10+ 19 20420 +90 +640 ‘411 Solve test of equations 20+ 2) +90 — 0) 29 20) 420 4909 +240) = IED xO)=1 9-0 vo=-1 y-0 Necwork anaes | 101 sch i lo, the caren and ope in fe network ave Kowa ‘io. Th sat ae th loons We mot hen termine the var ofthe suet a vlog jst ae he sw oust Oa) soeth ua atone tatn at mip Fnson Or hy of He debe, tie curated lg ‘rls are contour =O. Foran pa Ger te vr 5. ye 0b can be damine’ from methods gen in Chapter & Having anesthe int constion, we tn on tose the network ite ents Uses ethers ae lie slain are va only fort > 8 St dig ol wi in ety a twee fn mind the slnmpora! pnp of ngepetionAsceing tothe ‘yrpostion pc heen thug seme ine ine Cs Setl volge and m creat soues sequal tthe algebra sum of Coren tcotgh the same eet scat frm he sous taken one [tne the te sous: having been supped, Conse tea eon depited in Big Se wih n volgen eon sureson Newer assis and aye ‘suppose we ar ieretd inthe cutet (trough given cement 2; SRROETSIN us opens lle cbent sources and shore Fe ehage sour, aving only (0) shown in Fig. 828. By 60. “LE denae the curtetteough Z duet he voltage our (aloe. 18 TRIM ESon by TO we deste the extant Wouph Z due to the TNR SENS) ale ns depised so Fig 2c. By te saperpostion 1052. Soperpstion i arc ot Neowork nays and yates fe. 88. ahnduoe dtr hn wren ce Cis gen i ds Ths ini var) se vag oe Tie ciyuchar ox before he sishng acon. Tecan be repaded as 28 \paspendent Catage source, a show a Fig, 54h We sould point ot holt sche sO) or all excauons except mpabes and ‘erates of impulcs. Inductor ‘The nsutr in Fig 5.5 describes «dul rationsip between vlage and arent when compared toa capac. ‘The of reationships ae 4“ cont a 4 so=t fare ue ere is ven in ergs. The ei cuen (0) ca be repute a Tm independent cent sou a shown ia Fig. 886A re forthe ‘Chagos the capaci he erent hough tendo iil Toatinso fra ect nth ee of imps xaos. ‘hhc he nsw nen re enn he eving sions a egoiictal eqns reiting the excaton (kage oF rent soure tothe spo he volgen erent ofthe lest ‘Tr at busy to woe 1 wit there ers ean. The Sst try stone me equator ane cond, node utonk ‘ech gordon ay brat upon Kc vlaglav. Once mesh ash we ub «fous sr of loop cents With a ieee Seon ah ws tegen esa of eval end Toope Au the rede pt real fo his provost the namber (PBesces in te etn Bd ihe unter of nodes Nhe Stuer ofindepednt loop squaton for he nework i B~ Nob 1 Tae tag Necwork analysis: 1103 tr, theta erent de 0 fe owes is gual he ‘algebraic sum “ me “ “ eee res +e oD nts secon, we wildcat volags crn e) relationships that exit forthe tase atvork omens Before we emi he "sons simp to sige nt arity erence poe ar the vols scrote an semen, anu tlaene Gston of Pow fo the rent tough the semen” For the purposes of our daeion, We ‘sume tht he pestine ply for wolage ete al ofthe cet ronan thownby te etor Fig. Now, ts re help Gare retinas Tor the reson, the indus the cape, woh we fst dacaned ia Cooper = The eo shown fn Fig. 5.3 defines nae popotonaiyeation- ship Between) nd, taal, fomeeneey = RHO) W=GKD GC om ep inch ad mt capac Foti cctr boven Se tn ae i = cA “ 63) wom2 ude a4o~) a fe asa pam MBA a: ope Sais: Nework rays | 105 We mut, ination, choose the mes ements ach haat et ont meth curzent pais tough every element Inthe network, ExampleS._ ln Fig 5.6 antares branche an fin det Wetheior ned }~ 3's = Sundependon meh enon The econ tect cet gp te cose ndeated Wea tote at he OED, ‘apse inthe soit have societal aap The nl vlget ‘Superson plain, shown i the gue. Now we prossed ‘rie the mas gots wo -ngo=naioed [lade Bfluoas lsu %e09 =e," so + “aoerge = Bfuow sk [vow smu 69 ‘Ate we fin the tre unknown, dm a8 trie ie ranch carensand te volage sere th cee, Forex we mee ree fond toe tanh cuanto and ig though he capac, mew ete etoile fenhmle ee Alene, the vlage of) ag 5.6 ou bee we hat f= 10% 6 Network equations can so be write in terms of node egatins, wich are sed pon Kitch cunt aw. It the numberof nods in10% Network amend yachts the actwoek 8, the numberof independent noe uations rege ee metal soluon ofthe mtn ie N= 12 We can theo ose den sods inthe neon” Al the noe wages wil ive mh peti dtu noe Peginides ne atork nig 31, bet vs wt et of node egutons or dhe nctwork nh te data ae shown Sine he amber ef 09 ‘Redtacmors = ye onedN ~~ 2indpeadent note eeaton ‘hear win for cra ab ge blow mn Yoo raano+? fret aoe sot wooe-t foes Faster examples ae given i the following setons flame vets ano 69 52 INITIAL AND FINAL CONDITIONS a tisseon, we consider some methods fo obatng nil cosas forcieutsifecaistequntons, Weatocrmine ways cbs parla Incl for ators ih constant () or iol fo) feats. {nvr sliion of ator diferent egos, e complonestry aon eal he mci fe eee Te lt [nepal taownasthefiredrapoue Inte ofconstant or peviadic dion the fad sspnse at =o he sede fal ‘Shion ase 108 Network anss and synthesis “Te epat cut a ¢=04 i gen a Fi. $88, om which we oto wok om och 04 mat lot el eatin yap = ae cin pernorwenme ore) !2 co werenctaia 04 = 802 ow “rae ant contto, or senate sla, fr the caret in Fi. $8 Muka our nowtecpestecsteute: Weksow tt fora detain, ShapmStor ian ope ti for cnet Tos he enya arent 6 140) =) =0 Initial conditions for an For a indoor, he valtgecartentratioshp t = 04 10s} [Pan ees i0- 1 doesnot contain imple, then) = (0). 1 eee is no TAS cureat, ig) = @, whith corresponds tan orn ica pero T nalgy can ato be obtained from the fax that the erent fevough an ductor cannot change instantaneous) ue the conser tion of ix Hokage ample $3. In Fig 59, he sie loses at = 0, Let w nd he nial onion (4) od (04) fr the teresa eatin (19) vat = 228 + Rae, an Ss 1.59. @) newer (Bit cata = 0 yo A Newwork aaj: 1107 “Therese two wayeto obtain inital eodiionr at = 0+ for nstwork: (o)theouph the deena equation deserting th network, (trough oowedge ofthe pial behavior of the KL, and € elements in te Fora capacity, the vlagecarent lationship a= 0+ & wonafineinwer on 1 A does not contain impulses oF derivates of impulses, o(04) 240). gis the share on the expsitor at = Othe al volage is nd) = =} (10) ‘When thse no intial charge on te epson (04) =O. We con: hide that when there ino sed energy 3 apa, i equivalent Stroutaly = 0+ iashorteieut. Thsasalogyscoaenel by eaminieg the physical behavior of te capacitor. AS 2 est of te comereatin of ‘age prince, an stantanenss change in voltage Stor 4 capackor imps instance change fo charge, which im torn means ‘nite tren throu he capac. Since we never encounter inbite caret, ‘phys’ suatoas, the Yolage actos « capaor eamoot change Insantiecgly. Therefore at = Oe con replete expacton by = voluge sure fan itl charge exit, or by a short ee there i ‘ial ere. ample 52. Cove the RC newark a Pig $44, The eich cloned at ei we ane thr no ial cage in he capa Let nd {tein conatons os) an6i10 4) forthe dierent enon ote eat vay 0) 03 foe an £ toe : = 6.58, () RCetwork, Bae a4 =O Necwork maya: 1109 From he equal cel ats = 0, shown nig. 538, wee hat enn amy onesie etl ogi 8) reson) +m) om 7 rent feos oxy sett in et ed gh scmiaptrsmortae et De set =k om Sica coe Ser ars & ‘own ie Fig 3 izand 9, spell. The lal eur ace fone om 0s “Te sendy state soos ae eg om Final conditions for sinusoidal exciationt Whea the sation i a pare sno, the seadyatate currents and voltages inthe cout are ao snuroude of the sare fequeay a5 the ition. TF the nwa 8 vallage, fr example, (testcase foltionwosld take te form lt) = 17 sn fou! ~ Ho) 29 ere ey iste Fequency of the exsiation, and ud and gl) Fepresent the magnitude ad phase of) smiles expresion would old if the unknowe were a vrret “To obian the magsitude and phase, we follow standard procedures in 4c ciel analy. For example, conier the R-C iui in Fig. $12 ‘The carteat precio is LO = Casino) (525)WO Necwork ana and synthesis i) “w) 4 eae TF] a aEATES OLS. (9 Basle cst as 04, 0) Egat ca a = ww sol . : 2 Newwork amass and yahens Incegrating both ides between O— and 04 gies son et ea Theta en 1 y= Red om aod iia ete sondern oo» om woetfao—eewrewe] 630 wich ie shown in Fig. $40. We thas ave atthe carent imple ‘sponse (au te est of an ple voageeetation. Inte process trehave asp obtained thestep responce =()ia ie. Absinx, by efor, lhe desnatne ofthe step respons the imple response, The reader shoul eer sper xing ap xction of yolage the second example consider the parll K.C cei ia Fig. 3.12 riven by @ ep cent souree Mf) = Zyl), Where fy 4 constant 40 rn a « peo o Necwork rays: 11 te seady ate voltage nts the orm shown in 524, Gy Fes foxy a7 (oy = wt “ Hoyy= ant om soma 640 = carn (oe ~ 29) We afer to this problem ia Seton 5 ‘As an introduction to the topic of slstin of network detent jarians, let us conser he important poblem of ebaning the sep aod Impulse respomer for any vllage or vent intemetnork_ Ase salen * Grape thesepandinplerspones_ -—MWW—— epestinedomsinchracerznons Sncwork The robeafebining Ho © the ep and impute response states fottowe Gen network with 20 at ergy, we ate teed 1 save foe ‘pes response eure! orvallage due Fes 1 Ben entation fete ot) OF 3), ‘hich eter cam be cutent of a Yoage source Ifthe exitation is 2 sep of wally the pays! analogy ms tat of @ evsh-cloung at {nme 1 Ohich connects aT tatry to a eee The psi stalogy of an impulse excitation that of ey short (ompared tothe Time constants ofthe creat) pulse with Inge amplitude “The problems involved can best be ilgeated by means of examples [Conse th eis AC cut in Fig 5.13, ‘The difereatl equation of worto=mortfion om Weassume (0) = 0. Sine Bg, 5.29 contains an integra, we substitute (ford se he equation, png sonneo+tay oa ecworkaaiyaie 111 0 es, (Seppe of al ACO Emp rponf pre Assuming 20 ntl conditions, the dierent amon ic aman ono ota 99 fom hw cia he hati uation Ho= op 6 9 Thesdpaee of40« om a= ot son Om FG 6 ° Ko114 Network analysts and eyachess “Thos he complet sotton forthe vote sep response it ven = Kee IR) AC om he nil onion 0+) = 0, we cain K = et) = oR — 2) 0 Ditresosing Eq 539 ves ws the voltage impulse response 6 “The step and impute responses are lll oo Figs. 5.1284. Suppose the excation ia Fig 512 were pale Ki) hil — a ~ 7 oan, show in Fig. 515 Then, according to the superposition an time: Sevarane postulites of lina ystems th response woul Be 0) = 1A ~ 0) (9 — = I) hicks shown in Fi 5.17 TM an 55 SOLUTION OF NETWORK EQUATIONS Jn tis eton we will aply ove knowledge of difienial equations to the atl of near gctworks There ae two important Poa necwockanaei the wring of network equations andthe schon of {has same equations. Nework equations ca be wien ome mes, and, ‘or mined bats. The cig Bemeen mesh and node equations depends Argety upon the unknown quaniies for Which we Must sli. For 6 Newer asia nd eyathets sone and isndepndent festa, One ae ans ed Fproe depends on both te network andthe extn THis sipntcan that for neworts wich fave only postive eens, thee espn made up of onl damped eronetl ad soe srt coastt peak amples fx er wordy the roots of te era {ruc equation HG) al hve pegatve or tr rel pars. For emp, ip e wot of HQ) wrt e pre 2 Jo, then REQ) = 00, “Titus rnvonabe bets, a boone excatonpodices 2 respon tat export nes hen omieration of er tot evra. Ths on of te mont importa proper of «pie trivork, Wa characters equation conti ony 0s whose rel Parts ‘renee or nets ifthe jo ah coos ip ten he melon tric decreed be ble, ober the network mses Stab ianimportan property of pasive networks and willbe iced in greater detain. uample 6 For the K- oor in Pig 519 wth tection sven by Eq, 225, tte vole) scam he Scr’ gen that") = rosy 0. "Sebi. We have ae ote te parca naga in Ey 58 ow ltt td the snp fon, The dere equation 02 & cfs oramneran asp tom to sul rion manare os soot nonenee os ae heme wo ceeay Ecsta (1 uy 050 From he iil onion 40) ~ 0, we ein 10-002) =k gata 2D <0 659 fro ed agai 3 a sn 9S) Soe 59 se) (oa +0 (= 22) sn Hat al ein chy, iso he et. Neowork analysis 11S. ‘sane, if he unknown quantity it» branch erent, itis etre to ‘write mh equations. On the eee hand if we wish to da oltage ‘sso « cram element, then node equations are better Inn ces {choke is quite arbicary. I foresampl, we wih fo find the vlog seossa resistor Rw eas eithe find deed by nade equine ot Et ‘he Branch cuten vough the restora the ull ty ample $6. Find becuren)fr the _astwork 19 Fig. 5.18, when the voltage ae Sha ee ttanieges) oo Sn” Toate en c= Ra Ede 90-9 «) cain om § 6 the ut, aetay ay +2['t0e an rene rig ap eo 4, we a nh 240 ~ omg £24309 os eae nl ron Hw i age By. 48 etn shea round t=O tpn HOA) =? Hom We cate Mp npsr—e uo ca te cng ante om Awe a te pa na) = Ae hn et ae om etm so Mw tew eos em From ein cee (0) = 2 we oi ei lo, aden ae 0 As weateady poten Seton 53, inthe oltion of erk diferent equations, the complementry funtion incl thee response, wheres ‘he foced respons is «prtuat Integral, ania the cae of onset oF piode eiciation, the Torced response = co isthe sundae foltion. Note thatthe fe response function ofthe twa ements wd fe te i From he completa ition in B,$8, e0 fiecnate P= G0 2 aC [Ne etusexmine an example ofthe dlifereat hinds of fe responses of asecondorder getwork equation that depend an relate values of te feuork clement. Suppose we are pen the network sn Fi 215 Tete fn the ree rexponse (forthe ferential equation toxctyest ureter — 6 ieeinig bh ideo. 53h ee tonceosennstan 69) TFoechuacteisc equation is then Wmerrcrriace+2eect) eu tn red om no) =~ P¥0—Wd ay |118 Network snelysis and synthesis 0) 1a522. Ovetanged mpi, wee a Zall( Aaa xy “Thee at three diferent hinds of responses depending upon whether Bis real er, sain coat Lea hat, rie then he i raps d= Bete Rae oo ich isa sum of damed exponents, tats cas the response sid to be overdamped, An example of sh overdanped response show Ia ig 522. ‘Gae2, B 0, thats (op 4 In-z en nena sora nd = Oh + Ke oe When B = 0, the sespons i eral) damped, as shown in Fig, $23 522. iy damped gon 120. Nework raya and yes Soc $67 cous intr wo iaremti ito gh canine bia einemedy 68 sing Ea, 568 our pe tony, we bain theca sale gunton mua snys(Lena)er® 6 Seat cle asi wee mo=2 vip eusm2se H1p400 6H ee ep fel em +8 = RI “The wands wan or he msh rent ae bined at f= = By ‘cssiing the cut fom 9 de wawpoine The nd then 2 se ‘Sout and he captor th open ea the ave my, wre ‘Now lt tin thet cures an vl, wih, ental, Bae Ye sue vue st #0 and OF ote se plage tes are mot | 10.524 asap pce. 488 3.Bis imaginary, tha, Leting B= pve have i) = Min B+ Ky 0s) 655) Tn this eas, the respons is sa toe andedamped, is shown bythe amped osiltry eure in Fig 524 anol 57. Inti example we dies he lation of asians tworkeqiane As inte peas nape ely epon yl soe ‘ier th formal mathemati pean bi fe ta cunt ond sola at tas they tony. Ihe min y 33, {ch own fom posion 10 potion 2x8. Ms fawn flr to = 0, the ce had bn Sn steady sate. We maketh aed eumption Battie wih cos lntantancany a #0. Ga task eo fa) an ii ae the with poston changes, The vale of he bate Veand Veare My, Vz) ae he at ete Gene Eoin Roose cri 2 o208 “Te meh eatin for i) dif ate = Oe ro R= Ra ow weey=-naostfiuoavaende 06 Impuer efr te rich it thown a = ote with Pte vl bce naset study gat Comey. a edo) =¥p=y 10) = EE = hamp 5) Wor=0 We ext F004) from Eg S66 = 04 Ym LAO + RHO) — HOH 0 Sutttting ower vale to Eg. $74 fd 1409) = Late From Bg. S48 14 = 0-4, we obtain sy 29) | Wik thse ina vas of (ab (we can uly ate a tal 1p = (08 25 4 3) Hy = (05 405 0 whic ar pled in Fg 526, (326) on eemn Network nasi and syne 56 ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMERS According t Faraday’ lw of induct, x carcent foing acl Ly say induce eure naslov loop cotaing econd ell Ly The Tafcent condone for inducing te ret iF (0) prt of he Bax 9 in $ thecoll most be coupled magnetically : tothe et Zar @) the ox mast Be hanging wih ine Bene Ni ection me wil analyze eiruits containing = Seis’ made sp of 80 5 Magnetically couplet cols Bown as «| Uromformer. To Fig. 527, he scent te tnsformer given The by ie ofthe transfor I aly tered 0 asthe primary collard the Ly site ath secondary al. The aly isintion between primacy and seondary thatthe energy src generally the primary ae “The transformer in Fg, 527 ie decibel mathematically by the ‘ution om where Mi the mural icone soit with te Du inking 0 Ly ad elated Ly ad 1 by the velop Mm KV ow) “The constant K fa a. $78 i ale the oecet of coping. Is ‘bounded by the lnits O:< x] <1. IF [<1 then all ofthe ax in cil isliaked magnetically to Fy In this case the tansfrme i wie pled teasfomer. IEK'= 0, the cls [yah yay be repel a {vo separate col having no eet upon oe another. or cuts with tansfrmers, we must esablsh reference polarities forthe mutually induced voltages Ma, Usual, te reference 8 ‘sien by small dts sated on the inp and out eds of ansormes, ahowa bythe dot on th schematic in Fig 328. Thereeenc dts ae place atthe tine of manufacture azarding tothe proedure outlined Bere. A yolge source v i conneced to the primary Ty side of te leant as shown in Fig. 528. A voltmeter is attached op the seoond- fiy.At the primary ie, the terial tg the dot referee 1 124 Neeworkasyas and synchese cegraing histo equations between # = O— and = OF resus in the determina 2404) = 40D aMG(O4)— 4-H] _ M04) = 0-91 248404) — 400-1 ay evalting hs determinant, we obtain (aby = MOON ~4O-HNYOH) = HOM = (58 Wd > AP, that K'< I then the cures must be eentnowe at Bin order forthe derma i Eq, 542 40 Se equal C0 2%0. Thus HOH =A), KEI ay and HOMO, KEI (a) ame $8. For the tunfomer Satin Fig $29, Ly = 1h, fa = 2h (Rab, Ry = #0, and M~ ih Thy ataion ie ¥ at) Letty bind ‘jae ming ta 10") = 00") = ‘Solon “Theeierential uations fo he circ are won fal 6m G86) A= Keb Kem A= Ke Kee Tata preity arson, ey pon lal enonig to ave a (sa) nf) = (549) 140 = amp. | Network amass 11 hich we connec the jit ead ofthe voltage sours, The do reference 5 placed on she secondary tena at which the voltmeter ndeates ¢ pontine volage nts ofthe primary erent the poe tgs {be secondary dot de to the earrentH Howing to the dot om Ce primary side. Since the postive voltages he secondary dot cones fo the current foving nto that dot we ean think ofthe dot relrenees Jn the along way Tt both curents ar Rowing ito the doe or m3) forthe dot then the sp ofthe stl voltage em Mir poe ‘When on current tows ito a dota the ker ay fom then 9, the sgn of Males negative 1 and Ny re the umber of tara of coils L and Ly then the ie linkage of Ly an Le pen by NO, and NO, espn. I beh ft Row nt be dat the sn of x inkags ofthe rans i YO tikages = NO, + He 6) 1, boneer one af the ements, forearm, ows nt a dt, ad the ‘the fy owe ost of he other dot, then YO linkages = M0, — MO, ea) ‘An important rlegovercing the Behavior of» tanformer Uh the ‘him of fo inkage is oniauou with ine, "The diferent equations forthe trosarmerin Fig 29 ae Vuln £640 + RM MELD oa De YO+ RHO + LO Necwork am: 15 ‘Sige the excation doesnot contain a0 impale (nd since aly — ‘A 0 a5 we shal se ter), we can setae tat (04) and (04 ae Steer. Then ing By. S86 we ean find (04) 400 7404) 6a tos) +1404) 0-704) +2700 Soin, we find (04) = 12 and #404) = 6, With te ina con Stns we ean he Bal solutions of A) and Mf), WO= A= te — te ain Mo = te 4 240) Suppose, nom a = MP thas, A = | then (andi nes go be ontinuous a 10. In Tc, we wll how tht he eae re dco (650) 6s tin att =D fora wniy-coepled raster. Assuming that X= Ty onsier the mesh equation forthe secondary st? = 0 A(O4) = —M (04) ~ 141404) (592) = unensmnen 69» ‘The mesh quation of he pny sde then bosoms Vm ROH) + 1G FO) + A HYOOI = ROH) — 2 Hd04) 94) We ned am atonal equation to sve fo (64) and (04). Thi it roid bythe uation LU O#) ~ OM + MOH) —O-= 995) ich we obtained from By. 52. Sine 1(0-) = 0) yp. $98 and 895 dre to ge Hon. a+ Rl 7 636) 540 OO RL Rh Conse the following example. For the transformer in Fig, 329 the demen als are Lath beth Rasa, a3 Maan Vato126 Network analysis and synthesis Assaming hat the cc ia sendy st Bere the switch los at [Seed pant, The iter ens write on eh i 4 rom 42g sy 42% a SG 69 nrg tig sy ata “The sacar guation p42 2p =o 699) » ra hich yields Up) = Mp 4 26 = 2049 + 8) 69) so that the complementary uretions are hd ke ipo eo 6.100) ‘The parila integrals hat we obtain by inapection are vio how tae Roe (6109 nf~o “The nil conditions ae so =a gs WOO" RE RL 207° 09) M Hos) EM OO" Re me 025 a0 Ky = =1.050 that NO = (078m 4 1259 =e ee tht aprons ini Dr we 0 2 ads 6.109 chapter 6 The Laplace transform 41 THE PHILOSOPHY OF TRANSFOR METHODS tn Chapers 4 and 5, we dsused clas methods for solving die cath egetions "The salutons wee obtained ety in the tne domain Sine, ithe proces of sohing the ites equation, we deal wih ncons of tne at every ne. In tha chapter, we wil we Laplace tresfors to tranform be diferent equation to the requeney domain, ihre the independeat variable complet frequency s. Ie be Sows That eiferctiation and integrations the tine domain are transformed Ino algebraie operations. Ths, the olan ix obtained by singe then operations in the ours dom, “Thee iss slg analogy between tee of tansform mths to solve ferential equate and the vse of logan for arithmetic Spentions Suppose we ate pea two ral unbers gad. Let ind {he prodoet caoxb 6 byymeansof logan, Sine the logit ofa prodet isthe sum ofthe Tari of the nd rms, we have log C = lga x 5 = loa + 1g ce) Cm tog log + log) 63) iit aumbers te use of ogaithns would probably fuctate the ealouatons, beste lgatitins tesform mulpieaton Ingo adaiion, "An analogous proces isthe te of transform methods to solve integro= ferent eqatons Copier he near difretl equation 0 =F 6 ‘Network analysis: | 127, Problems ‘51 We tem ein fr tent on ahd Wot ovttone egos note no enn te wm (P) Sm the, es 43 The vetwor shown has tence lady slate before the oxic § Ree re it et Seek domes ec ny eo ih oe Ss ees fp) She kk ‘deivatives. Determine also the final values for f,() and se) ° he pace erntorm 9 1.6, Popy of artrn matod snore fi the forcing funtion) she unknowe, and we) she Uitercant eution Let ws dnote the tasformtion proses by TC, ‘Shbiee she the flequeny variable. When we tanfom both ses of Ea 64, we have Tool = THO 9 Since requensy dota fentons ae given by capt ets, fe os wrt Ba 6Sar EK), = FO) 69) where AQ) = TO} Mo) = TYCO and YO), 9) an alebrae hus as, Thetweno the tensfomaton procs isha erential isto in near changed nto algebras equations in fequnsy. We Car tn sie Fg, 66 alsa to bisa AG). Ar Bal step, we perform “saa nina tamformation w bain gg | Sees | x= TMH] 6B te efletng the traetn etween the fine and squeny domans, tale of feansfort parr (2, XU) ca be ery apf Adiga outlining the use of transform methods 6 giver In Fig. 6. Figure 62 shows the slallonsip between excitation and Repose in bath the Une and Fegueney domaos Fa. Lina sen 62. THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM “The Laplace rasorm ofa ction of une (i defied 3s woeroefmora 68 oe “ “This ceition ofthe Laplace ecasfozm is diflent fom the defistion ‘Bea in most ane texts! In that the lower Limit of intepraion 3 LAE eset rs 2 nie ta geet th136 Network analysis and synthesis #=0- stead of = 0%. We thus tke into account the posity ‘that /() my beam pale or oe oft higher drat, that (AG = CfortheO denon whereas fr theO~ eation, C30) = 1 Inthe ase whe impure higher deat of impulses are ivaed, ius shown in Chaper 4 that 0) = f(04), Therefor all of he arong result resting fom a rgotowe testment of Lapice tant fn baie ying = 0 a Tver nao apy re = cation order er fintinn poses a Laplace transform, tims obey the conition [luorenace « for are postive. Note that, fora function to have a Fourie eaes- form eat obey the ono [uve en Aron heros haan tein nie eka are te ace tn agora ce gee ec San, aera oa ees ewe tea rah ele erie d mal fea cers ca Sea ct sek Bap pe ene ae Scones agree a Seneca re 10035 [oro ae any where oi el pov qty thts genter han the o convergence Factor in Eq 610) Note tt the gsr tenor, ar defined vais Wily, ape Poy, tn Unter Pe, Poton 1 "ne oar S tpn Po tans he es bm omen t pend Foe ant csi Ips are ee et Ged ne Cade Une Pa Now 18 Newwork naar and syehesis “rn Laplace taf 0) thu of te tensors of he inva os aan een tea stereo See NET, ae [iE] -10-105 ey wh 00) tbe of) 2 "rss wor feroe on saci vee roeerol terete 4an Since e+ Oust» 0, nd suse te itera on the right-hand side is FO FO egy mete) —f0-) fon rf he 1 Ds din ff) m4 0m, We a Teen vite ne doin een mihng SES chepl equ dma In adn he il condos Bien ufc yee foto. the pop at Mise erase tera algaots Seton Soma ual) nota ot seen = {Lf an el] ay By the ifeestion property we ave bien] pea 20 , ‘The Laplace transform 137 complex integration known as contour iteration’ Sine it is Beyond theintznded scope ofthis book to cover coatour iran, we i es {ur aston expansion peoalure to obtain the inverse araforn To Sind ive rasorms by veoopition sve st remeber certain base teansform pis and also st fale of Laplace rneformt. Two ofthe ‘most basi tenfom pate are ceo here. Cone fet he tesorm ofa wnt ep function a). Brample6t fi) = a Fe) = [aoenar a» ent ad the anton oa epi ton fi, Example fi) ea ow ry = [Peete ‘Win hse tn trem i wih he fe pope of apace ann thw din na 63 wean dope ae ‘tear pce. 62, PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS In this section we wil ica & number of important properior of Laplace eastorme Using thse Properies we wil bul up table of teansfouns To facta this tsk ech proper i ilytted By cone ‘dering the teanonne of important signal weveforme Fis ino the ery pope. Linearity “The transform ofa ite sm of tie funtion thes of the tant form of the indigo fanctions, tate «{e09] Sev a ‘happy very th tite ape Panees nutes Lnnaasurytn aay ches f0 = feet wens G6 3! a id cman, 8, Golan, romeo Cla on Eber ‘ata, Ps Ha pon Cy a ey, Chape The apace eanoom 9 ota Keon ate 2) S(st3) 1 is exp, ot that a of) = 0. same 6h /)~ 4’). Lew fo (wih i anon fhe ‘outings We knot wor} x9 she cwsn=f)>1 em sn), eal grin TEELs(o] = A, then te Laplace taaform of the integral off) 1) divided ty tat, (62%) Proof By detton, {froe]-fe[Lroa em ating yp in lioa]=-Cfroal + Lesom wo Sine +035 ron, and since [oa -0 «en {fLv4] = ay we then have ample 6S, Let he taser of hei amp tie) = 0) [yom ws weet i we ‘ean! 9 se sn =, ws149 Neowork analysand synths Dilferntiation by = Ditleciation by 7 inthe wommplexfegueney domalacorespont a mips 93 nthe Soman, at 0 ss Pe denn i en wee 2D f° gy Leta = —[" ertgemtae = CHO) 637 no gydena~ [soon 470) sete ape ane tatn 635) ron (9 Ye find 4" iy he pesdng theorem in a wei Sf) vad ‘Sina, neca how ta on are agtign ow) te ia pth Comps tatton By oe See non pope. = fen nent fh way where aia compler autor Proof. By dlaiion, nei [l esate Lemna to=0 6) am ob fe) nae se Ss seenezto « pte pong torn i Coined eer ws sss eeson 255 (645) ete a tes 1a Noor exe th ly efj-no «eo Me SHUNT amas 420M 289 ruterautn sitet np 4 Fam hang re utter oth tanoroed fonetan dem erespn HE Seino, synthe 64 Tanga pie ne AS pases minnie 65 Ge cupt anal ones Hemi 10) = Ke K MET) + “re Lape ns ipl an eft) = hy ROH SRM nen) G50 beens ndiog ins pes e atns = te st Then ntact he stot he pa tin ss yore ne Bee eas oe “re warm a Ba, 658 cae the trance off). Tis oor is Tiny ed Icon with samplity cose mu. PERIODIC WAVEFORMS “The Lapice ransom ofa pic waveform ca te obiainedin two sway (@}tboughsusatin ofa fits series a6 stated in Exanple (8h and (6 ehough be eran deve teow yore ft soena [oe So “ afore “The Lace tamer 4 Rea) translation siting theorem) Here re comsidrthe sory portant concept of the transform of & aed on tayed feign of ins, IF LUO). = Fe, the the talon ofthe faction delayed by ime a Uy oat — a era 4) Proof. By éfniton, sy aura = [ese ad Ietroduing 2 new ducmy variable r= 4 ete sonnel minim e(iirancny (5 Ing, 648 /) 6) i he sited or day toe nein texto th shee proved Teis important to recognize that the term <9 time dy pert. awe are gien the fincton €*" GG) and merged to fad Heo = 80 sve ca nar for dhe moment, he net tanta EMG = 0, ad hen take ito account the te dy by etlag gh ate a) = BM) oo) example ta iene gure ple) fn Fi 63, ht etd te frm Fi st tanh ene form hea 0h, Ho = eH “so Sloe ‘The sg pl gta opto 0-H ~a =) os» Ie apa nom en w monkey | Syuarog Ro, we obtain Poko sem) 659 ood te ima tata of FU), we TE ~ ed only 0 coming he ee antany GAY, Sg pe “Te Laplice eraser 12 Sie (5 pv Eq 67 etucs to seye[fnoera veal wien wfneree Lovers sample 686. Gen se gcd putin in ig 66 us we Eg 010 Stunt Lapin wars * & [ore wan 0) map th cng we st Lp fn FET are ait fc pa ae Sons Waihi 4h Todt ‘ Fae 37) malt =r an +--. HD tetaphrentomt royal anew get ection gens an me ce en 680 weap}Ak Necmork aad yates ih sei oer pve > 69 ronto ‘We then se that ct gen in else fore ro ALES (wo) ner pri pe is a cm gen ose fre, The eer Siete ie fies ee ih the end the chair ite of Lance tas i an oe tee ml eet 2 eet a poral herp ose propria, eee MA) Sea eee he le con be one BY wg sore Pi For cumple ts Bd he ve teasform oF 9 666) Sine te in he numerator impli ferentiation inthe time dams, we oa oo, FOE ea Using the aeration property, me obtsin eR = $s 6s) wenger bese uses ov saniace rasronms Sean catenin wa inte eration of dnt a as nee Lr wecepacee by teint Me Become the place teste ‘tin Sh, which s) 5 tions = 5 6) 46 Neco ans and aya Slur Weft poe yang te Lape sor the ret sito, wich hen comer xg) —220-) — 209] 31ND —AO—H] HAD FAG EAD) Substtng he ii onion it E681 and sniping, we have @esemaw eh tet? om ‘ethan obs 2) exit at Ayes 20 GT HTD 3 ‘ein he iver aa} = CALNE ep Xo pra 10 +A A aH Sovng or Ky Ki and Hagel, in Kyed hoot head “he fal sith he or nso of #006 Ayn ie met atew as) In nero sepa th Laplace ator mead tote ase tho of string iirc genton cae feed othe eae Cae 6 Ey Be rth bere gunn 62 sled es. ample 610, Given eet of sittaneas enti esaons Det deep 3+ 0 = 5) 24a +V(0 4300 = 5H with tial conatins x0) = =) = eu fd 0) an “ein Teulon santa, We ben 7 0) We 4 HED 46+ = ws) GENRE + ITI AS Sving for 2G) and 0) snes, weve ayy 084-3 oa yy =a Se ‘The Laphce transform 45 Replacing by 2, we have sos sae k om rap nor came alin Jeeta on) Fi eae it ein ton; ae raafieera om) om th hf ami we at 2 sen ox 53 acd the transform of coe jo=[L vena 9 TO » wees 16 Later we ile hat the pari acon expansion of Lf) i Eg, 676 ‘onto thee em forte muses! Gr? 2 wpe By sy) 02592805 m) at oe 6” “abing theives transform of Fy K77, we cle A= 0281 eH Ate — 2A ae) (6) Now observe that dh dete inter in Eq, 673 i oul wo 2/0) at Peleus 12/6 280" 405 =010 7) ‘Solution of iategrodiferetial equations Seton 3 we ms ht the el dierent al eration properties of the Kapa rama change diferent equation i ie {o tlre equations i fequeny. Lets conier some exapleg hing Laplace tattors in olin illeental guations ami 69. Let save te ate gnton PU) 43e(0 + 29 Ae x) Gre en enatone (0) = 1, (0) = = ‘The Lapes anor? iosacor ot Moret, 3G) nt AES amd os# 30) 48 20° aT wo) ‘xpuding (a pei ration, we have Pte aes x0) «s) Mulipying bot side oF. 690 by xand tag = 0, wet Kin AX00h ‘and Kya tn one fm he tn :-Pyess on sr tute sinliaon ocr cmetng te of he eooor of Xa fysenece Srus Os es om ‘Asa rest of 5692, we an ree 0) 2 suey se a=} on aE 50 that the inverse transfocen is eer M)=Q~teteona—tartsnaga 690 sor tine, we oan YO 8 ‘ ne 49 +32) > HE wos “Te over afr i tno tobe AO w(t Meteo 3h 29 99) ‘Thirexapi isha solved by casi method in Chapter Eg 4183 ‘We note one sharp pout of contrat. Wile we had fo fad thesia condition at = O¥ sn ode ose th diesel equation dey inthe tie doin, the Laplace ansform method sorts dec With the nti conditions a= 0 Is a6éton, ve obtain both the compe ‘esa funtion ad the paral intepal aa single operation when 6 {se Laplace traafosme, These ate the eons why he Laplace ana ‘asthod isso effete inthe sition of aiferetalegetioae142 Necwork sass and synthesis 65 PARTIALFRACTION EXPANSIONS _As weave san the ce with wiih me we transfor methods depends ‘pon Bow uly me ar bl to obtain th parration expansion of {hen anor oncom. Ta this seton we il eaborate oo some simple End efleive methagr for parti action expansions, and we ics ‘pocadues fr (eh simple roots (2) comples cout 00%, and (9 tiple oot Te shold e rece that fhe degree of the numerator i eter ot sto the degen of te denominator, Se ao dis ie musa ‘he desomseator such tht the remainder can be expanded more esl Into pri actions, Corder the following example aN 24343542 FO I) Fae Since the dese of Msi greater than the degree of YM we side DC) Into HG) to pve on, FOertiag i 699) Hove we see the semwindr tet ca Be ely expanded ino part feocions. "However, there is no real ated at tht olntbecae the erominator +25 + 2 ean be Ween 38 Ferd 2aG dD! 69) We can ito wite 38 Fest GADad (6.100) esis so that the inverse tanform ca be obtained ety rom the teaaform table, eal, SRN =) +H + CGN ~ cos) From tis example, we se thai and a Koga ofthe tran form tble can often save conserabe Work. Comider some rhe examples ie which inston pays «dominant role. ‘Example 611, Find the pata facto expansion of (610 20 BEAD om 150 Newark an and yt ig 611 ft Kastan fim - oa cares fam3 Fe | complex raots Egonon 6111 i aio applicable toa function with comple r0t in i deneinatn. Suppo FU) even by ___ sy a oes Ceres) eB MO ay Secticesat og OM were yD, th rominder rm, Ching Eg 66 we fave k= Meco ver Guts, n= —Menid 3H06- where we atone that # = a fare ot 208 of Dy, "cn be ston ta fe constants & aed mse wih conoente ots ate temisiesconjeate ‘Therefore i we denote Ky a8 Keene jhe Ke 6319 ary then Ky 1 we deste the inverse tanstorm of he complex compa ems as Fi), eset ae} esr none at weunet Rre9) = 204A cout ~ Bsn) (18) | ‘The Lape transform 4 Uwe see th) can ho Be site as eneraey Cro em then ep aon xp iy rowel 0 ual, Fad he prntn xpion of (105 ‘Wess that Fea be rote (ya Et D43_ 1 43 (6. rw OFF "G4a oe fe8) eat roots [Now le seuss some foal method or pata ration expansions Fis we examine a meted for sine real tots Conse he Tuncton my eee he us tn iting root nd hedge of) <3. Expanding Fls) we bave * Ns 9) ra= (6.30 Keg By era iay ‘et. st obtain the const Ky, We posed by mulilyng bth sider te equation by =) 0 pre " (6108) o—sarin = 4 Ea" 6109) we ets = on Ep, 6.108, we obtain K=O - Fly Gu ‘Silay, we seta the other coatete ca be erated thug che several relation KAP, eum sample 618. Let sd he ptt exsio for Fon gS tea? he Kay eva FEST The apace tanorm 151 ‘A mote convenient way to expres the vere transform (i itton ‘ace the vale and dened by he eguatony Main = 24 Mood = ~28 om whee A and Bae the al a inagionty part of Kin By. 6.116. ta {ers oF AY a hier me Li) = Metin) (6120) “To obtain and from Ky, we woe that Me = Af cor® + /Msin® = —28 424= 3K, (6120) ‘When raed to the orignal funtion Fs), we se fom Ea 6115 that Na+ jo) PDXa + iB) worn se Ltt ena a 0 FEED om ree ano Fe techie ents hss mere EE) es tang caren 1 2 e-tsin fx ined era a am Multiple roots [Next i us consider the cate Se which the patil faction isles ‘peated or multiple root. "We wil examine two methods THE ist rules diferenition; the eeond does 0,152 Network ana and sth yeeb08 8 Suppose we ae gen he unton Ny _ c a oes sith ati coos of ec at «= The pat actin expansion ores Fas A= 4h TIS Do (on) where Ni(DIDIO epesets he remaining terms ofthe expansion, ‘The problemisty blah, o = Hy. Forth term, wee the method "te eal or sinple oak tats Kym AD, 9) ower it we ret ose the ame formula obs he Bans Key e woud inva ave a he ingeterinate OO con ition, ‘Tosiead, let us multiply both sides of Eg. 6.129 by — 3° and ssn FOO =a AD an) “Thos B= + ls VE ME TE RAYE a 19) ‘whore inate te emsting tems, ee irene Hy. 6152 67 Boweobale ERO =m 2K 9b Kee DE, easy wiserientn se Lo (3) Onvtesinetast yd ces) sotin ga , m1 (8 154 err am ons ‘Theol tin Feo Fg) tion (e+ p= Rts) _ Koy Ke Keay — Ka Fat = MEE By Ba ng Keay Be (cae) Seba spn 617 on ee ea ea teat We have tos found the patton expaiin forthe mae rost terms. “he rmaning tems KyL0,) sl st be expanded into partial fractions Consider Example 616, em 6 20 HTD on ‘sg hereto jot es Fd io =P 4 ws) Sting 14 western Fae 2y sn “Ta xpalon of lp = 1 into a ea gen in Eg S146 egies ving the surat 2 byte deaninntar 1p tk th xe an Seam nor ranged needing power fp. The dion bere ae Tsp a ‘ Bae oF ses eee ron st SNe Saks eet am entero rp BED 3 “5 wm ee “The Lape ranserm 153, ample 15. Comer he eon Tonge en ‘pei gt a a ae ‘econ re spe tae Oe fetoa 2 ous Testa aecmn rei as Bo =o+ yy 2 6100 ‘inh gre em he miro exon nh S(E)] uy fd) es werd “CAL, «a em sc aretpesy 2 uty tee tenn Ra a een och tae nal tet ea ‘Then we can write Fils) as “ Fp +4) - ME+9) 45) a Das y rey win M0 ip oh ea tn ‘ascending powers of p, we obtain ” ROD KoA Rat Ke book Beye 15 Jeb ene Peo Lond 0, Cont of he Po Innate ty shonin ts ene ne The Liphce tansonm ss Suiting +1 =p, webave 2a ae “OWT Te GED Tas MY rample 617. Asa sco temples he en ron Gis ‘Sc wehav two so mater hts = 8, ands ~ —1) we an stole of expunge stats =O crs “I, Let uasharnly chee ‘oundatonts = smaep ~ chce nee cbanecomateny state Fioisiton Spee SO gap Tae 359 spanding Fw aban Gam Flos (1s Wen now repeat hi proses ote tem oem Feu wee ht the em can be wien 8 ee WeDo GaP GET (oo “heal ngewe hen (61%) 66 PoLes AND ztnos Jn this econ we i ihe ey inpleatins af « peor essipion of «pen rato fasion wih ral catcsns ey We ete pls of (0) to beter ote deanna of Ay Tee ‘ecu of FU) ate ee the os te manera Tse gle poe a polis denoted by small cong andnaio yuna ce, Te, Joo the onion wonttne roy aL 1 =) 1 ° anes Be om Uhepols west rant Yoily top fap136 Network am and yt aie asa te? i nthe ros ate a sso sandy paieit eco of Fe) a shown in Fig 62. a 1 ican grams comespondingto stands Ma sep futon ts gen 1 the compen ‘te poles and Now et ws oni spats For seme 1 fequeny domain as : ima. =t 618 and as apo atthe origin, 88 shown in Fig. Ga, The exponet Tbbat ot koe op > 0, sa tensor ony (6368) rs wich ar singe pe vindicated in Fig, 685. The cosine Fntion con wos ansorm (6169) J pls t= fe sano the gn an prof aut pol at =e tos 4 nS OE. gu ea sows te ple SE sop cou wae whos amr ool gos oy) 6185) Heme Ge ah ot 158 Network asa and sates pe 9 418 aeons ar nos Sponge od “ena the distance fom th on onthe jo ans repent fegueney ‘eelacon the geste the Sune, the ihe he eqieny ig eos an coe ie epee nt ry cevponaing tote ole pts yh) and (4) shawn 1 Fi Wee tnt bath pars of poles cnesponds to damped sso, Sia dap unasoi (hha sale eguscy of selition than (0) ‘etna he ginny ut of shan theory 9 Alb Jao deny mare ply than fi) erase Res, > Res. The tone ‘sponses (0 a0 fd we howe Fi 2. 1.612. ine goss rosa Fig 63 rom these four poleser eigen, we mot thatthe poles core sponding to deeying exponent waver areca the asus ap have zero iRagimy.pars: ‘he poles and reros corresponding Yo undunped Snsois fen th jo ai and ave 2eo Fea! prs, Consent, the ols and actos for sampod snwoile mist have real and imaginary fate shat ze both nomzeo. "Now ets conser twocrpovental waves) = e~and f= neve > 3 Oy s0 tht fl) daa ase tan), sown Pig. 5nhe traafrme of thet Faction ate a uy as depicted by the potato digeam in Fig. 69. Note thatthe farther thepeteeom te origin on the ~ aus, the more rapid the exponen toy, Now consider fo ine Waves, sin oy and sit, WHEE > wera. Mercoresponding per ace shown in Fp 10. We note hee wo vu 0 = w “ | FO. Pay. iy 1669, eof eet spon eget day. ‘Te Laplice erator 159 1061. Et gh plane pt upon in ase Lat us examine more lly the est ofthe positon of he poe in tte compler fequensy plane upon tonene eponse. We denote = olen aa complen number py = + fox Fora gien funtion FO) ‘nth Gy sorder ples, consider the ptirstion expansion Boge Been Teen it o Tieton Ret en yet ng, wesc tat i he rea pat of poles positve that > 0 hes ‘the conrespondiag term i the patia-action expansion Keto isan exponent inctessng smsol, as shown in Fig 6 134, We tus See that pols inthe right al of the plane (Fig. 130) ive rie 10 fxponctallyInreasng tas respons, A stm urn hat hi poles ie the fahthalf plate [therfore uasale.Anber unstable anon ae a feo the ah Fy Re 6189) FO, (618) may whos pote zero diagram sshown in Fig 64, Theives anion of Fis joe 1m) | |60 Newark ana and synthe he sont 06.4. te of xe rt on as op ee pm ~ hich owning ath, 1 prc hat alee eon 4) Snort nave mule pes one janis a ee Stem acon MG) = MDE). 36 we fOr _nertgr and denominator polyporin, me obit aon fs = 2a) 6m) spam at tyes ance apse niger aa my ben ee er terial nn Ponte ite, eS ace psn Of for multi ‘es, We obtain information concerning its transient Gene Wee om ah aa eaten a We cre “ee Stim etn on FN “een Spt ie a HG) = en «amy = ED an Ho)= and the excaton 162 Neowork aay and synthesis oure, tru, We therefore consade that the system fanetion of Strcasntor must have 8 240 ae oi hat a8 Itgetor mes fave a pole tthe oni. 47 EVALUATION OF RESIDUES ‘oles and aeons 0 power graphical description ofthe behavior oft syuem We hae se thatthe pols ae te comple yuan of ‘le seauatod tine responey, What role do te zs play? To answet this question, consider te pra action expansion a (6178 tie sntore we shat assume tht FU) bas oa spl poles and no pois at “The inverse ransom co so~ Exe! om ‘isla that he ine ep (0 ny depends onthe cop Hina ituen conan mula The coma & trsfdreiuernen nye voce wa tore pol. We ‘Moe ta the eens wl te pls pny ab import pr 2 Be ‘ermine te eto Ky ‘te ws Sued + amber of int mods for ota cacy prac exponuon Now we come» raph ‘Sedo heey he sees ae obtamed recy fom « Plewo Ging Spore we se Even pga tecscae= ay = pyle = P= Ped “ whore m > wad alte ple resin Laws ena at Ky Ky Tati tian Fe or (ur task eto determine the ends Ky We know ta 2 Al = =) = Bape BWR Pad OD (6180) ‘The Lape ranform 16 “Then he expt ein ble ~ 291s —2) ry ac! Go ANG Bk PD 1a rt RG) conn the ples anders Both HG) and, (cep in th cate wry pleao celaon ey dsc icettie esa don me wy 204 G7 whose pole eo diagram esbowa a Fig 6.156. IU realy ses rm the polener diagrams ofthe ection Spa i Fg. le tat be ep {pans of the tem ha he polevo diagram ate in Fig 158 ‘Tae respometo an ecation gaa 3 ge 2 ha the pleero preset tion Fig. Se, To sei completly he gen nein Fo) o8 ple eo ply me indewte the conrant mlipher of the mumertor om the mot vs examin te igeicance of ple or 20 at the on. We ‘ow hat dividing m given function J) bys comrespond to ngrating the ive ransorm A) EHC). Siocethe divin by scoresponde tor pole atthe ogi, we see tha ¢ pole a the vg imple a es tealtion inthe time domain Beene the invenetransorm of HU) in Fig ise isthe impale response, plage # poe atthe org a ‘ee he tp capo te sen ie atc we Seduce at Zero athe erin eoresponds to ¢difereatauon inthe tine domain. Suppose we conse he polezero dipram io Fp, 615e bth the seo athe igi moved then the eng pezro pli fhe response ofthe system fo an eaciaton Fyain 2. Plsing the 2 at ‘the rg moat then ge he espose fo an exon cor 2, WHEY of Ho) = LS" ens P1668 (Sytem uncon, ) Respro at ep cine, (Repos ‘sn = Se Be free The Lape wanton 16 When we iaerpret the Eg. 6180 from enmpler pipe viewpoint We see hat each one gftesg a) pea vec ewe fom a 20 to the pole ia qUEson. Py Simitly the terms (B.— py, where 7 reprseat vectors om the other poles tthe pole. In otber wordy these of ay pate pean tothe ati of he product of fhe setae for the se08 to py tate pode tet oF the vcr from the oer poles top, “Te alate thie, eu consider the le zo plotof Ales = 2) ro= 2 vs ene me «easy ‘ven in Fig. 616. The parison expansion of Fie r= Be +3 (189 = oe verte aster denotes cones cong Let a he esis Ky sat ens he el mcd debe Ft ne raat 3 Sraing vetrs rom te ples ane 1a at show io Fig. 122 The resdee Kise * * 2488 = Ae? 18 where symbols in Bldfice represen econ, We know that theese ‘ofthe cnjuate ole pissy te conjugate of Kn, 4.282. New, 16.617. Denning ee by at wtek eran ada st we yr fm te co | wrt ns een Bie a r oe With the we ofa rae and potatos, ses determine the eng and the apis of Tensor hthereidir embed ‘RS quity andes. Cone the {Bwing xan. The polezere pot of a . 1G, 6.18. Yoleseo aga of é T+) mo “ (6189 fa showa in Fig 612, Tho para faton expansion of FD # ee ee ee yyica aren ae Fit ets evaluate Ky The pases rom the pls ad zero to he pol BEL ye shown in Pig 6184, Wesee that Kis Aes 10 4, Bunton rn of 6s Nework aly and sates ak —t fo rao tn in na in ety Sic (x continuous at = 0, we Snow om pest (0) tat lim sF) = f0-) =f) she Laplace ansform ofboth ie of Eq, 6193, we have $F) =f) = 5F0) = f(O~) + D 6199 which simplibe to FU ™ RG) + D (6.96) Now ie take teint ofa, 6196384 coand ef) ~ JO) = 199 “Ting DWE ig yA elim sO +IOH—JO-) (697 By Fa, 614, we then obtain ios FD (6198) 618, Gian the ection msn, fon regusting (9), Sne th ders oft decor irene han te Se Sees i or Fy the sa ae tor ape. Thos (ean 7 200 snes tat (04) =2. ample 639. Now et onsler case whe th ina vale trem dss sotapey, Gen the function "fo = 401436 am ese tat (04) =3, The easier of f10 8 rong (20 ‘The Laplace transform 165 From Fig. 6196 we the ale of te reside Kyo Be a “Tests the prin acon expansion of Fs 3 2 o-— ww Oitmaa Tn ths section we will discus to very wsefuldeorems of Laplace transforma, The fet the iif! raue Chote. trates the iit alae of at FO tothe hung vale of) as + appronches Init, tae, Lin = hn 0 (6188) “The only restrition that f() must be continous © consi, a mes sep dortinuty a= 0 In terme ofthe taser AO) = YU) ths sexton imps tat Fast Be a prope faton, Ly te Be ‘tte denominator pelyamil of Fa) must be grente han the deaee of ttemumerator of), Now onside the proof ofthe ints value there, Sich give ia to pa (6) The faction f(s comlauous at ¢ oom the elatonstp thats f00—) = FO. wyore[rorta as) =109 61) wecbiin —gttFore time AED=s0J—O——_ (619 Therefore fis = JO) =f) win, (6 Teissonf() arate isotny a= 0, Hat week {0 en of ecotourism ep sotily Do Li ntveln ig eam, Weenie nieyiat " FO 50+ DMO 619) (04) =f). The seriative off) it SOFA) + DH) 199 ‘The Laplceerandorm 167 ee ter ntni(ies tyes) cain Ne oni te re wh it a 10=gr0 2 rovied the poles ofthe denominator of FL) baveneaive or te ts, te ps of FG) mus ot be inthe FE alo he compen eueng plane, Thepootiegute singe. Fiat [rortuneno=00-9 6x9 anpbetmbes ane t nee “peemat a(gretmrsms cin, 12 THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREMS ta toa btn fof emi 3 sit ana nap en Sen oe ogee ‘Glcmen in pstne of tnd, gewaly ot pce to TseTtngidltdinah erate quartic mien ym ctf ina acne conn cme 9 eo SE imponuattoorens on equivalent cuits, knows as Then P si ete en | ea Naor ana andres sours soe; , we shor cin source Has shown in Fi. Son yi gale sore eae ye Let 4) te ‘ent eu he vg soars) sone wih het ofthe vase SSE Row aut and suns sures open sce (7.14. “Wah ew eagenta8@. Yhap Cores removed in Fg 2288 wo thatthe ptwork Is paste so that eave is) related tothe source M1) by the x ‘istion p= aw mae 19=- 29, » ier Zu) te np inpdte of te cl de eri of he TEST Aeitov ene tinea 8 10) = tt) — 22 20 1 =) - 2 ac, 7.20 mut be sisi all es, coosidrhe pri ase Sees Sapna he rach aiung 2) Then 10) = Dad 70) Epa vtage Po) From by 120 oe hve | doy = YD can Wt 7) “Transform methods in network analysis 181 ‘Thévenins theorem rom the tundpoato determining the oitet J) hough a ment of impedance 2), shown ia Fig, the ro the network ean be replace by en equivalent ingedance 20) In sres wih 25 eualent ‘ouge source (ae cepicted in Fig. 7.12. The equivalent inpeance 2s the npedance “Tooking ita” from the eral of 7) when fit otage Source nN are short cited anda errent source re open devia Te ean voltage Source Fi the voage Which pps tween te terminal I and Pia Fig lene the lames 2) removed or open steed, "The en requcament for Thevein't ‘theorem sha th slements thst nt be magetly coupled aay ements “The poof follows, The networkin Fig. 7.1 contin voage a carsent sources We ate to find the eseat 4 rough an element thal {erat maprtealy opie tothe rex of the cri, ad whose impedance {&.Z(0).Aesoring to the compensation theorems we ean rela 20) bya vlage souroe 1), as shown in ig 7.13. Thon by We supeposson ‘nil, we cn the ofthe current Mas the sm of wa se 1) = 1) + 4) Let the eurzen 4) eth errent ae t the mYoage adm arent lew 0.712 Tbe gues, Tei Hig oi pt hs, 2a on Wi a Ss, Nora 1968 Trantorm methods in ncwork ans 1 so tat we can sete Bg, 720 8 Zul)K8) ~ Vode) = — M0) (12 In order to obtain the eutent 1) through 29) 1 rt ofthe network can be replaced by an equialentsoutce P(t) = Vac) i tee, ‘ith an equal nipodance 20) = Zyl a8 bahar Fig 712 ample 7A Lato detrine by Thoin there ue) Aoeg ough abe caso othe mewore shown in Fig 7.15" Ft, htt Mas ue) 26) by oping al cunt sures ang shor ela al wage sures ‘Ten wees theaetwer oF 316, re Zi) Rs a8) Net we Sd 1) by rami he capacor 2 hl the open otge ‘wes the termina Hand 28 Fy shows ia ig 7 We realy166 Necwork aap ond eytheste van dae 0)" 20 by Thre here me the ae Yi, pas 10 = 755 Ps ean oh Baap 74 For the ptm in Fl, et as dine he vag 20) este stor by Thonn theorem. The se ows a 6 800 we Some tha al Soni are er at? = ist us een he oe em of ts teesfore repeat, sus gen fo i 208. Me ea lore eine by impetion a the "Thiessen sige soso eon tothe ot Nn Fi 79 MIAO, vy = 02 89 Cat Tae 16 Nework sea snd ephoee capiior, a showa in Fig. 122. From Fig, 122109 it 1) an ‘The admittance 13) ihe recproat ofthe Thévenin iaxpdance, oF ye cra On TER oo “Then the voltage sero the capacitor ean be glen at 9 19k oan Y= - 2 Fils Tad” Gat ayeFI ample 746 Ie network in Fig 72, hei lows att 0, I goen tiara) 04¢ adalat crots nd voor ret. Le ag the rest i) one's eo "The feed tres pr a Fg 7.24. To 6d te Novon eet current anu, shore ers pits | apd 2 In the etwor show The iG) caret Mowing in thot cha oe WO REL TEMES EFHCF TH — OP “To equa ada thecal viewed fom pit and 2 1 Ate HRC Ost tse 10 Wf na + gh = RE tee og 7 17 fie rar 1 1 | | Dae 7 — Tintern mete wk wash | Teasform methods a nerwore sale 185 iy eR ‘eau Peeters YO) RTRs + Wise FETE Wf = E91 ay on) Norton's eisoren ‘Wher rogue tothe volage rot an elemeet whose ade tances (0) te fof the network can be represent as am eure, dmitance ¥) i paral with an oguvalesteuvent turer 10} 28 Shown in Fig. 720. The aditance 740) the eiprocl ofthe Then Aengodance The cutee 1) that erent wtih Nowe hough a shor cieut astos¥(). From Fig, 725, nos ay T+ Ko “The clement whose admitance is ¥, msl ot be maynaticlly coupe to ny let inthe rest ofthe network “Consider the ner in Fig. 721- Let yx Sl the vostgegcross the capictor by Norton's theorem, Fist, the short-circuit cute ure 1) found Wy placing a shot crcl across the emia Vand 2 0f the gastos 1) = aves a lis Ho ~ aries os» “eID eam By inpeton, we that 0) amb we a tgp ELDRED toy Mo CEH TO “TTR UT HTS O Repeating nl pret, we then ota OG aas tase aay “Tobig te ose an of 140), we ily bin hy) ee Ft 0 oan 73, THE SYSTEM FUNCTION As we discussed eit hoe tn 36 one i whic the entation in red tthe vespons by alia ferential equation, When {he Laplace transforms sed in serbia te sytem th relation been the ereation Fy) and thn response RC) sa algebra one. Inpatclr, when we discos ill inert stems, he exetaton and eeponse ae ‘elated by these funtion) a given thereon 5 Re) = BOE ea) We wi cas how «sytem faction i blaine fra given network, 4nd by ths feton enn be ued in tring he ester esponse “Astentoned in Chapter, these ution may asume may forms sand amy ave ses ames sch 9 eng pote aoe, ranger en188 Network analysis and synichesis Inpedance,ealtage ox cureatio trae futon This because te from of they fancion sepedsa9 hr ie exhatinn otage (or vsteat source, snd waster the response a pecfed eurent OF ‘ottape Wen cas some ses fore of ran Fon. ty ‘When the cation i urn sour and the respons is «Volpe, then the sytem funtion isa impedance.” When both exiton 8h reeponte are measured between these prof termi we have faving poim inpedare Aa expe of ieg pote podaace ie (gies fF. 728, where oy =H ny Ee 6 HOT Lee oe Admittance ‘When the extton i a voltage source andthe response i arent, ‘Hi) isan admitance Io Fg. 126 the transfer sentence 1, tines nee network Vo) REET, Voleage-ratio transfor function ‘When te exstatjon voltage source andthe respon aso vot, then HG) a volagetio trate fp, Tn Fig, 727, the voltage rio wane faction Ve") s Obtained arses. Wels! Bod the 1) = ay 199 Network aaj and sates be “From ie prceding examples, we ave see thatthe syste ation a ‘neon ofthe elements ofthe network lone, aad obtains fromthe awork bya snehforvardspplation of Kitshol laws. Now let us ‘obtain the respon transom RG), ve ths eneation tn ke stn Aeon” Crier eto 729, ne te eatin rent eure 0) and the rrp ihe sellage 0) We auth Thenetwor italy ner when he leh cone t= O. Let Bd the response Pfr the excitations: 1 dO) = Gino) a 2. 4g) he equate pi in Fig. 7.30, 3. eas the wrong 73 int, We oblate stem function a aoa Saar e aE MGR IEG OP 1. (0 = (ino). The transform of) s 0) Wom xt ass eet OAM 05) HW “Tranform methods in meowork anys 169 45 sce Y49)= 240K 046 es Mo cs FO” Zo+ 2 Currentati transfer fnetan When the estonia eet souse andthe respoesei nother stint an te wes caren tamer tn, ‘ASancxample using te ath forthe evo pena ig 138 een fo he dpc network wen tat nn M49 ON OL Uae) C816 liminating the vvable J, we Bd RAs perere om 0 tat he currents ras nso i) sc sn 160)” RP ac te fo 40 sata 4 a ‘Transform methods in network assis 191 2. For the uate pulse in Fig. 730 6) ca be writen Me = Mo) ade 0) ss) orko-es 035 ie tensor ‘The response Msi therfore piven as ECO FTE [Note tat a obtang the inven vansform EHV), the ator = must be reared a aly a dla Iator inthe tne Som Suppute We Sore Mp 0g 2 v= Hao) a8) co) osm wore [29] om t= 100-9 oa me ato. 72 serpent ep 1 The waveform ia Fig. 7.31 en be repestted at L090 9 — om nda anornis 02 (te oa a then vj {44 Jer rene o- (Seeder 1 ne deaote bye te response ofthe syst co 8 tmp excation, we seat SEH = 00 + Aah Lex auc a) CTH wheres isthe map espone ia, 7.192 Network aalis and synthesis et row at sone arteries gon te se ay Sa pation ean = nye Bh Be oy her pet ule of Gh ep plo 0) aig SOT eS r= BAe +30 85) The tons Aare associated with the stem HG) and ace ale ree ecspose tera, The terms Bo ae tothe extn 30d a know ‘Se fovead response tenn The ragnencesarethe natural fequerce of| The apie ards at the oe rogue. Tis scen fom our discussion Uripmem sable Chepuer hat te natal requtnces of & passive econ hae eal pts mhith are aeo or megative. In other wor, We Alenote a8 = fy then 6, 8 example 27, Forth isha er seta Fig, 7.3, ee eatin Woe boone). Lato fd Be rayon efi) and determi the ee aod ‘ed vespoma prt ofl) Te sem stone ae, "ao 2 os Ree ce H40 vane) cas) me respnse 26 = VOM = TD ow We nxt obtain tee reform fo) 04 4040081 402850 as 194 Notwork aaa and sates Hf we asume tet WRC (then any nee these conto the inverse transform L soar om so that the 3-€ svt i ip, 7896 approximately an integrating cei, 14 THE STEP AND IMPULSE RESPONSES ‘Inthe seson we wil show that he inpule response () andthe sys function A) sont rane pars at e ean btn sep 8D Impulse cexponses decom the se funtion, ‘We soon ft ofall hath tanworm of un impale AO ani, sen tyne) = J. Suppose th pte excitation were unit impos, thea the reponse RE) would be i = Be Hs) = HO) om ‘We thus ee that the impale response Mi) and the stem fection H6) onsite a tessform pi tat AO) = Hed eH = Ho Since the spterm anton i uly ey to obtain it apparet that we find he impale espome of stem by taking the inverse transfor StH ample 78, Let ws fi the input pons ofthe caret 1 inthe RE ‘Sein Big, 738. The yt ton oa om? m6 om ‘Temple rapa en eo HG) <4 omy whic ate tg 738. ‘Transform methods ie network anaiysis 193, pe see al he rene Dé, ed he fed pon i ‘Ar fal tpi ia our dscuon tw consider the ast of operation forthe LC difeentiator and nteiator shown in Figs. 7384 and 1338, ‘We ase the Fosrir trator in ove anus bae, 20 tht the ster funtion ir gien ss Hw), where © & the ordinary adn fequeny arable, Consider ft the tem function ofthe dferaiatrIn ie vido) _ JoRC Kido) RF joe ™ jae +i om Let ur impos he condition het aRc«I om ‘We have, approxinately, Him Jone a: eo ox “Then the response Fj) can be expressed god RCL Von) a7 “Taking the inverse transform of V0) #6 obtain Mt @ re tne 79) ‘Note that he dstaton of By. 7.75 depen upon the asurption that the ‘RC ime constant mosh ls th ua. This i meen option ‘Net forthe RC interac ia Fig. 733, the vllageratio tensor function i Mis) __ ioe M490) “iw +R” JocR #1 on it a T ee ue an @ o 10.723. (9 Re teen, 0) RC ee. ‘Tramform methods in network analysis 198 Gm @) ge fa eae Since the sep reaponi she intl of the impale respons eas se the ite propery a Lapleaetrmsorms to cute ep reponse . ao =f] : 8 whee) denotes te step reponse. Sima, we obi the unit reap ‘response from the equation vo=e ft] a hee 7) denotes the ramp response. From this discussion, it i dear ‘av Koowledge ofthe sue function prove suet nformstion to ‘bina all the framieat reponse data that ate needed to chatocerze the gute. Example 79. Let wt ad the curen ep respon fhe RL cot a ig 13m Seis tespone and Fo) the xen, he se ok 86) oan “The sap esponeo) ow atin as = far — em ay ass) “To theck thi el, I cone he impale ponte of the RL cet,196 Network aly and synths lc we ou in Cape xo = fewworny co) “ep none th np en foe aha -eiminats teat sr nt ne reps a iy ee sy a atone oe ee ee et worst imp apn sone allen 0 <= {ech tn rom estado feat and espn. a0. in ig 737 the oly ifrmation me psu about he pin Pare Ie ites layne inset (wen 2(0 = 0 elo = e* Hed) sn inexation of)us bn oer redeem esse 08 ba wih hsinratin et tie wa {Sproderarerpome = 10a Fi ie, xae sz HO" VG) We FD ° weno od te tani vae= tent m at 39 “oe kson ction een oun om he ution 1) wt = BHD so 0 = HG)” Fs EK Sipliyng an exgesing no pati cos, be ory as 7 YO = ez LHe FH THR TTS asp ‘Them xan ten 030 nd ate 85 ff) 1s Nev anand at tye ton [° [He oinewen dae = [iemoesdel “ner ae = FFM 0 “tne septation ofthe double intern Fa. 7.14 nto a prodt of two Tegal based upos a eoperty of itera krown asthe separaliy propery ample 711, Leta eat the convotion ofthe factions) = ©) er scat thn eompue ti Toul ih the ive ies 9 Foleo ntee rao =s000= oy ams fan k “tee comelton of) ani obtained by fe atstintng the aris re =o je aed) «109 Then flO" flt)is A fer otto = [seme caffe cam Igning hp wea ; 308) omni (f-hehet) triton ett Fi oH nonoagiegeh-berty cm otha earworio= (§-545e%) 40 319 inn pap anion ceed ye one . [oo oosee[wone—oee oan FEES rein rs i “Teansform methods in mocwork analysis 197 | ns THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL In this sso we il expore sme futher amigeations of he we of the impute respons MG) fo determine the system response Our ‘Srculon is bed upon the important camoton theorem of Laplace (or Fourie) teasforns Given tro fanstions J) ad fa) Nh are (Bo fort <0, the coneton theorem slates Saif the tas of Fade Fan i oe tanto off) is Fe) the ranson of the ‘waar ff) and fe he prod of Oe india CansTorm Flo Fen at, [fue-oioe]=norn am Pio —anie isthe comin inegra or fling Iga and is denoted operationally | were he step (= 9) dr = KONO 98) Proof. Let ws prove tat it = Fi We tin by writing suorun=fe{ fie—onre]a a3 Wendel rst cam fiw-aninirese ous =anoee am sen 297 te tnt cuoran-Leffue-oae—aniowa 610 Iwelems— ro that 103) ‘ranform methods a network amiyes 197 ‘This teal sen rom the elatonships S100" 401 = F0 ) sad S140" 500) = 40 FO) aay ‘Togivetheconvoluion itgraa ore inutivereaing, eu examine aston o fling posts from x graphs! saad. Suppose f= 00) 0) = 19) 1 shown in ign 7. and 7294, Tn Fig. 738, the visio sep for [iano pt. Po or wag owf(-9 Ao Th ite cam sa sta ya cae ytioent ee) ein nin). We a ose pal ee er a2 naa ors Se na "Sa “en's int eo ns Sloat" hyo Was eens p13 the res und cave it inte nS spon gr a oe a Mg testy mtn de samba tie” een tipo SiGe am eo tas eels ern o[s] =fH0 cy Lat ws net examine the sale af ee eonvoaton integrin system analysis From the fear equation ween RG) = EO) HO) ve obi the time respon at ou) caw oun aay)200 Nexwork nae and spats ae no Using 4, 7.120, we obtain the response of sytem ety nthe time domi. The only ination we Reed aboat the system ts pulse eo aap Ld erepneieie Renu 14060 so@ecetaon ht deta aay ‘ele ge bce wo-hemsn om “Tyron fr he Re det nde ison Kea) any 1202 Networks and synthesis “The simples is examined ir, We begin wit the exitaton-esponse ‘sationship Ris) = Bs) He) cor) sang ny 1 = 12 509 ars) n= [22-0] , (9 a2] tee Mo =O" 4 60-0 wae sansfieone—ade 309 whee (is the derivative of (0) isthe va of) r= Oy Und a) i the sep response of the system. Equation 7132 Is wsisly Felco toa the Duhamel sperposion eye ample 723. Let find te crete RC cn Fig. 74 when the wolinge somes) = (4, + Aid eam sshown in Fig, 74, Thess futon othe Css Ws by WO)" RETRO, ens “Thre the asm fhe sep spose mo awe “Transform methods In network aratysis 20 sig te convalaton nel, we Obi the espe at tom [ae aMode nafiewsen a : ese waifraaarsmena pe) eT “0 4 = eeampe 712, Thiel anplierlo Fig. 71 Reston font = Ke UnhreKipa cotase He pu specs fhe al apie then wo = x80) 25 Let show ty mean ie conslato negra nthe espns) reed tothe eatin s)he eguton = Ka) sing te conan ee wee 8) a a[itome~ner=af'e9¥ aver nay 0x2 ioc viable i the expeson for), wth ea ample in Lac te Comat ean npuieouang dooce whch sens he apt) rom Peto rans Thu the pone fan ial ample Is rca of ne Input aiid Wy pi oe plier 14 THE DUHAMEL SUPERPOSITION INTEGRAL Inthe Seti 75, e disused the role thr se impue respons plays in dtrning the tesponse of system tan acray excation. I this section we wl oy he Dukamelsperposion Integral Which als fdseribes ts inpul-ovtpat tionship for a site. The superposion {mtg requtes the wep response (to characterize the syste behavior ‘We plato deive the soperpontion steal ia two erent ay “rasfoem mathod in network aay 202 “ating te aver teatro HE wets he sep epone on Yo inn 1 wh 0 Ot tempaumy Tina 0 on on [indo -oe =fanrae ode sate oe wat afro oun ate + eene [Leman = [Feo eae <0] ao ‘swe set rome the Fsampl 713, (0—) = 0, whic sth ens many wapsieat problems Another method of deriving the Duhamel egal svete problem of donne the erg by assuming te lower Timi of integration to Be = 0+ Consicr te exeation a ston by the ote cure ig. 748. Let we approximate?) by sees of ep funtion, India in the Sure We can wie he starcase approx ration of Ho) = 04) Mi) + BE, WB) “+ SE, — 280) + S) eesti “(ee / fae “ean ay 9 ee Bi ia 10.14 Sate pronto sa30k Necwek an nd thas werent pt ofthe ep reement alt = Ak, Saw ae Wedjuceobe tna se¢ te vents we bom tae responce dip tt) te pons tos ep Rots Rll = Tee Fe eeea het poet np pprovinaton Fig 7 a8 Hi) = a4) + BE, at = 89 cu Amat —2an) AE, at =a) 1 esa an be gien a8 = aonrty 8Bae— Boar ae ag cra Bagg aayere ABS she, hei, Besomes soe essay, 3 Biante e ano caoaysf{aous—oe reaens "TA tbe cit shown i) = 2a) a yO) = F aps Fl ad seh i, " 12. Theswichibror om pion 2a = 0 ater having bra a sola tnpitee Meese orgs en) = Hei (OPod the etn of tie vg (a tae en kth aoe oes of etn ore alguns int plane GORGE RE fomerie apeme ine nt ake te sven asior). chapter 8 Amplitude, phase, and delay [LI AMPLITUDE AND PHASE RESPONSE 1 his section me wil stay che eaionship Seenen the poles and tou of «stm funtion nd ft ady atte sia responce. Ta ‘ther weds, we wl Investigate the efi of poe and eo postions poh the Rlavior oF MO) alogg the je TRe wash at esponae 3 system anton igen by te cation 1HUja) = (ade? ey where (a) i te ampliade or mazniuderepse Lape, 4nd san gy futon reese he ple eso ab ano “Tae amplide and phase eiponie of & yen provides valuable infomation nthe analysis and design of tansision eeu. Covsider the amplitude and phat chiraceses of 3 low-pun ter chow Figs 6a and £1, “The eo fegueyey of he iter x ndate on the amplitude response curves a8. Ite gency taken to Ue the "hall. Dower reuensy a which the st fusion A je eae eo 0707 Of the masta amplitude Jomun. Tn terms of dexitely, the hal ower point that equeny st which 300g) ie doen 3d fom blog [tla The syne Seabed by Ihe amps st pase ‘hargetertizn in Fig. 8 show that th eye il a pangs that re peter an we. Suppose we comsifer pve tia whose mpd spcram consis gnieat harmogicr above wo. We 820 ‘hat dhe sjstem wl pass the harmonir below soy but il block harmonics above wc Therefore the etput pulse ln wil be dostet hen compared othe origi pute isin, betaine mat ihe hesonic ‘erm wl be ming. Te wl be sown ia Chapter 13 that if the pase Yranstors methods in necwork sips 205 10) for!> Being noche, ARE Ota we ase, in 214 the cic hown f (the extion 5 the vgs suse i HeMto) teen o 10016 pte nd pla of os. ‘We knoe ta the amit responses fo) = en, = OD uy) Meo) = 0 = ws we expres the amplitude io terms of diel, we have 2010g Ma) =20log|Njo) — 2019g10G)1 te) Ia factored form both Ni) apd DG) ae ide up of four kinds of actos: () aconsant, K (a root the org, « (9 a single real 01 2 + (D a complos pit of ots, #4 Das bat + “Tounderstad theatre of og sepliide plot, we ned ony examine the Amplitude espnte of the out King of fstors jut ted, If these factors fre inthe numerator, te magntodes im decibel ary pone sins If thae factors tong tothe denominator, ther magnitede a dese ‘ary negative sige Lat us begin with es (2). (@) The factor K. Forte conta the a los (o ai) i 2wlog k= Ky ws) 204 Neowork ays and syathese [Taw | 4 8 Magee and pa cf pe re pole0. ‘Amplcude, phase and delay 723 ‘The constant Kyler negative if KI <1 postive] > 1. The pase respons either aro or 160 depending oa whether K's poste or Depa. ‘The Bode pots bowing the magitede tnd pase of content Se iea in Pip 816, {@) The favor 2.“ loss (gin i deinlsasoited with pole (ero) ae ogi is -£20 9g Thus th plo of magnitude in See ‘eas frequency in semsog cordate isn stright foe wih ope of "£00 ebecade ore abject. Twom the Bode plots in Fig 817, we fee that the aro los point fn decibels) 6st and the pASe Ts Eero all, (© The Jocor ++, For convenience, Wt us set x= 1. Then he mss 20 ogIjo-+ N= ADR +0 BIH ss shown in Fig, 180, Te pase is Arg jo + D8 = tnt an as shown in Fig 18, ‘Aaiht-line pprosinain ofthe acta magaitede verve regency cute cab obtned feon examining the asypotie babar of the ctr jo 1. For hth hiphesenry asrmpteis 2breja +I oye MIs ew) Ample, pate and delay 225 vaste 02 Aci Seaightine Magne, Approsmaton, Ex, Freeney os oa SSP Posmerteow 203 ° 3 Ih carte a ° wich, 28 wes in) asa slope of 20 decd 6 abloctae, Tae fos dad tihfreuenay seympats mest at w = 1 which we designe the Break fequney oct freuen. The tigit line proximation [Sshown dy the dashed ines in Fip 8.184. Table8.2shows the comparison teen the etal magnitude vere he stripline approximation, We fer thatthe mani ero atthe Bs frequency ot I Ff Ue ormalzd form n= > For quick estimates of magtu response, the sight ine approx- smtion tan invaluable vs a4. -An important example of he ee of those stsphtine apeonimations i the design of near coat assem (i) Complee coyagoe roots. For comples conjugate rt, tis ron: venet to dp standard symbol so that we cant the univers tyes ‘hate thetetiom. We dese the conjugate pole (0) pin eras ff magnioge oy and an angle 9 mensred fom he nega ra xs {i hom in Fig. 849, Expy, the parataters that describe the ote (Gx) positions ey which we cal the doped fan of lion, fod (= cord, know a the damper oct, it the pob (eto) Pate ‘Brenintermsofisvea ang imaginary pa, Pasay (20) cand fare related 10 {and oy by the folowing xe eycost = ot f= eysin = op IRE etursing 40 the definition of the 10.81, pollo nom of damping actor,£— e080, wesc that Fant wap126 Nework ays and synths the closer the ange st 2 the aller i the damping factor, When the angle is neary zero depres, the damping factor i neal iy “To cuamine the Bods pot forthe conjugate ple (20) pr, et Us st aunt for convenience Te magaitige thea £20]og 1 — at 4 20a = 22DIog (1 — af + Aes 22) andthe pase is en we examine the lr> and high requeney asynpotes ofthe magnitude, Itc ee tha ce lo-fegueneynympite i doibel the highrequeney Mympiote (for a1) i AO lopey, which is stalght fine of 40 Byala or 12 dbjctve slope, The damping factor {pays a sgaiant spurt ithe closeness ofthe riightline approximation, howerer. Tn Fig 820 the axympitc appeonimation for pa of conjugate poles (oe iis indicated bythe dashed line Curver showing ts magne (oop Pontos, and f= 0 ar given bythe sok lines We se tbat only for (206 i the steightiine approximation » close one. Univeral curves for magntoge and phase ar lot in Fig 8.21 and £822 forthe fequeny normale function cy an Gor FBO eT We ze that the phat espons, a viewed fom a eng scale, san 068 Fanci abst oy Ie The seat y= nis Born ad 10038 gine eu gen foro ple 228 Network nye an yet = S 9. 432, Pe ve igi Wine p, S=== | SARE san 084 ‘Apes, pee, and éelsy 27 10831 stag ere ney for x ple, ‘Ample, phase and doy 229 For conjugate pl of 05, we med aly reverse ‘ofthe mgt an phase carves. ale Re Using Bode lt arypltg, Btw const te mapiade ‘eran eqns eae or os thes a to intone bk ena = Bando = 0 Ip onthe censor rk eguesy at =a Wi «glk ‘Babee fd that = 2 forte sos cre fan soytee Se showa in Fig, 823, ‘The rng ad pose plata gen in PB irogh nmtoin plo computer program rey 9.2. Apt on 425, 82 SINGLETUNED cincUITS We wil now study a ass of cuits whose sytem fontons can be descrip by pa ofcoaugate poles. These dults ae cali angle tuned cite because they oaly need two Teactve elena inductor rn # capacitor The undatped fequeney of orliaton af the cc it then 0 = (LO. An example of sngletuned celts the RAC tieat a Fig 825, whose volageraio taster faction is y= Hl Htc Oo" Raw Te FFE O79230 Nework alps andsothess 2, Mato aE 838, 025. sogltuned sc, 232 Necwork aij an est lege BF CT Met HOA +e Peer we can nr by ling hedratvet Jo wh espe oa Sng te eal ote Tins he InGaN = 30 yon PI 935 det erp 07) From th eguation (439) we determine oh Po (eam cy of oration oy 208 the preted in tems of the natura og damping tr es haw = NTH BF— Cat = oy = 20) 635) Since sous mist says be rel the condition for sun 9 ext the onion for (jo) fo posse a masimumy is given by the eqption mst 39 to taat £50707, Since C= cos, ng doesnot exist for O.< 43% ‘Wien 9 45%, we have liming cab foe which ge eis. Tn this hse, {= 090 nd thc ed apd inainary parte fhe plesbave he spe snagnitads (e008 es Weseefrom Bg 8.34 hat, whan e = fy the ine = 0. Thisis the lowest frequen a Wich sna ay belated. For £ > O07, or o> elt 39) ani imapiney it theres doesnot eset To summarize, the hey it i hiv a gay pr of he ok mst be ee ‘rage ote feal part of the pole sor" for ama to xs. Inert Rap fw dew nln thes plage wih he ceter at — andthe adi eql ofthe he tle muststerec the fo xsi orer Tor nay tosis asst in Fig. 827. Moreover, the pon a which eect ne sect the pose jo tal Thi is only see fom the tranpe i Ample, pat, and ly 231 epee tae naw haa ca aan where me tsume that (YL) < ()LC), a ee a x ad Pin Ba. 8.27, ois HG) = —— O* Gea eta From the pteero diagram of H() shown Fig. 826 we wit termine ‘the amplitude sponse [ja Le r dente te ers rom the pes to the Jo aay ff and [MG a8 en kn Fig £26. We can ten write 29) latent = isi en B+ 4am [e+ (o~ py oo tsi hamden he pit ~ on A wih lo) env, iighy sista rom both the asap desig: Aspects Since [Yo salvage posive, the point at whch [jah ‘rattan creespondsetety fo the pla t which [1G sain Sines (0) can be writen Ample, pate, and day 23 ith sides, mein Fig. 827, By the Pythagorean theorem, we Bd that ola oat 6») “The vice described in Fig. 827 ical the peaking crcl, Whar x the peaking centers th fo ana = 0, a4 sonia Fig, 8 28a ‘When a > bec doesnot tract the jo ais al Pig 82895 thereto, sme cannot cust When the iapinary part ofthe pole ‘uch grater tan the el pr, when >the he ile reste the joi at approninately oy he Data eqns of cto ofthe eat (Fig 8280), Atigue of mer fe wed in deeribng the “peaking” ofa tuned cir the creat, wich da ned in ple-rero notation as 357 Zoos 6) From this defnion, wo see that ples ea he ai (Cal represent igh systems 5 ven n Fig. 828 and pols far emoed from to sue repreen fow-Q creat (ig 83). Altongh the Q ofthe ee [Bven ty the poozeto plot of Fig. 8.28 shore die, sha 00 ‘race signieance osuse the cele doss not poses maximum oi ie ample. BY Means of the Peaking ce, we can also eta the hal power pitt, which isthe frequency ap at which the amptode rapone Fei} = 0.707 [jon °22M Necwork ane nd ayes a. €28. ban of psig cs Boece OP ome Wie wll now dessripea method to ebiaia hy geometrical construction, ‘Consider te wang in Fig, 823, whose vers are the poles (hy p") va pinto, one jo ni The area ofthe anges Aves (nated = Bs ean sa tems ean om epi, enema Spots ™ “ ArettnntayBLBuLSRY ay here i the angle a voen i the gure, From Fs 841 and 842, "oe ee that the produc [MIM e983} imilinyt = 2% (643) winy ‘Sine the slit responses ge) 49, isa whee £88 const, thn Ksiay as) tiny, = 5 DE Neco aahaleand synthe ina 10.031. ( Low @ sal gn (8) Nigh 0 ct go ‘bout the pit ame a8 sen Fig. 8318. By the consrotion proces Js described we ote he upper hipower point oe. Team bechowa that the pointes he gamete mean of, 94 Sey that ety = oh enn ‘Asa zesut the lower alepower point on att a5) ‘Thehanduideh ofthe system foraigh-Q circuit of hs types deserted hy BW = 00,0, mr) In design appiations these hih-O circuits are sed a natow bandpass fier. Finally, there ae certain aspects ofthe phase respons of igh-O circuits ‘tha are adil apparent. To Fig/ 32 we se ovr ses inthe process of obtaining he phase respons! The pase silt a = Oi 0, ses Som Fig. 822r.Atw ~ a, thephie hits —w ra, assb0%n in part() the fare. Final, athe neighborhood of =~ tnge the pase Sur resfing from the poe Ha he lover half ple fe spprosinatly I= ~2)2(Fig 6.328). Thechange in phase in thi rpon te controled In Lage by the pole pe x ready sca that the phate response in the region of oy bas the frst seg lope, as seen fom & pial phase response of high-@ cre shown o Fig 6.33, ERR TIES Ser ot tte emer, Meme ‘Ample, pas, and dy 235 Fora given ple pir (othe parameter i and Kare prespecified. “Theefone, weave deriva (jo i0 ens ofa sgl variableparanete, thenagey. Wars theangly = n/a, thonsiny = 8, = Ome x Goan = 35 as) iad then in y = 0.707 and G29) = 0707 1G oon totint a, = sg. Let us conde now a genetic sonstrsson 1 Btn bp. bet Bet eo the peaking cle as shown in Fig. 620, We will ‘Gbiote by the pata whch the peaking cle intersects the poslve teal, Now we deta ycond cre will centeat 4 ands aioe ‘qual t 4B, the ditnce fom 4 f eer one of the ples, 2 en in lg £0. ‘The pont where thie vecond ele interes theo a ‘The reno that a th oit te serie ges y,~ 2/4 Desai {equa to oneal the inerceped are wich, by consectio, is =2 ‘hen wae 0, he half powee point oo i ako elle the hlomer bandwith of the tae ci In Pi 2. Ce ball powerpoint en Wien ones 0. Fora high-Q Get, Whee nq = oy the ampli is Tighy peaked at © = omy at shown im Tip. 831, In this cae, i THAGO1 S007 oma there are wo Bal-Power pot and, When y ‘Amplitude, phase and delsy 237 wid, RL ” « © 10432 Sie pin bing Phe one og @ ee, G0, rama toa Finally, ss an exmple to ilstate our dicusson of singlotuned iru, I in the amplitude Yespons for the system fetion Frere ine the sax and halépomer points oma ano, seals theampitdes |M(jeman) ar jo Teton Toren, HS ou wens “0 eB eo ‘the ples of 1) ae shown in Fg, £24. We net da the ening ‘Stich th centr aes = 3 and he adv gel to 8 AF pt ‘htt ce inane hj atest tat men = To cece hs rele eiaton a = P= ee Styne a2 1) =. 50) He) | | | |236 Necwork cals and ayes ‘Te ample [oma sn as) 7h point a wih the pring cide intersect he pte eat ss ene sired. With oe cete ate fra ct of ros (alt Sines, At the pit Chere ‘Rin ire nets ef oy heme, By measnen, we nd os) Let wy check thls rest. Resering co Fig £34, we know tat he line sepnent * ABisof length 52, itfolowshat AC ie also 3/3 wits long, The ne sepment 40 I of length Fa. 94 Feking si ont fon ome ‘Thea wpisgien ss 40=5—3= 2 nie aso oo VATU = B= 67 5H) Finally, we obtain (jc) a8 792) = p— 4-9 son 7 (MUST = Te ap prea FO whieh spre 8.707 Coma . §4 DoUBLE-TUNED cincUrrs in Seton 83, we studio th equeny tespoote fora pair a congate poles. Now me urn our stan tothe apitude respons of two Pi ‘Sfeosjugate pes ina high-@ siuston, The cecut we tale bee the rable or soggertned cic given In Fig, 835- We wil conser Se FIGA35, Dalene, 240 Nacwore ama an eyathei ‘hese assumptions, we can approve the pole locations by dicarding the tems involving funder the radials i Eq, 848. They the ples {Guns} canbe given approximately a8 tude —tneim(r=2) 00 Simlny, (2%) 6m be en as om haath tn (4) “The poezeto dagen of H(i ven in Fig. 836, The eal prt ofthe pole egret enlare so eompariso to the Sagar part or 1G. 43K Poland oro dete ot Res Amplitude, pas. ant deny 298 th psi ease when the, Land C elements inthe primary ie are ‘eyua evalu ta their coustepes the Secondary. Sac the pray te secondary inductanors are egal the musa duane ie MaaL os) Jn hia analysir we sas the soe of coupling K tobe x vribe Parsneer. Let us determine the ampitade response forthe valagerao transfer function V9) 70). From the mesh goations wipe (tse L) x0 ~ aes as oan (rast) 140 Hs) = —_#RMih __ (. no VG) [s* + (R/Ls + LCF = KY on ay 1) an then be wten as HG)» >? ae pa a Ee a) ae Af we set fat = Mi (8.63) then we can write “ () = —_—_427____ (8.64) 40 = Tye ane ae oe we uate (Seto Seelam 4 ann Oe 1 __p 9 bean [Baal ay ae everest out anasto abih- OQ dats that 2 & 1, Father, Jets assume that te eeu looply coupled so that KI. Unde ad ‘Ample, pte an dy 24E laity purposes. Note ht we have a tiple zero a the origi. To term the vectors so Fig 838, the amplude respons Als ia nM ‘ioe th rai x high Cia the vat of = ay We have BALM ~ 2M = 2 to that inthe neighborhood of G0) = 6 oom Hey) = Ate (8) IM leiscvdent tht he amplitude response [jain the neighbor of iy fepends ony upoa the par of vector IMiland'MG) Thedoublecaged prot. —— 1-4 {ep ha thas yen noduced to a sale f {ed problem in the aeeberkood of 1 fay Consequenty, we cae all he ! ‘Shuts onthe peng se hat ere ‘ened in Seton A het wy daw 8 peaking cle wth he center at santo tjoy— @T a with a ads equal 19 442, a8 Shown ia Fg 37. The Incr {ng thn decmins he tino the msn a a poner pits “rlc sponse. Without oingine the erveon, heaped eponse ‘Sho beste ya anton oy soon tothe euainn Livy = Aessio® = ite IML Soko) 3 Reforng to he peaking ise Fig 837 et as oie allowing Sitios 1, aul > waRi In hiss, the ping ine evr intact the jo any savas tan of (ip 838) andthe ample reponse eve aise hort ann en lone = 7) Hae = en se seen by the carve labled (0 ie Fig. 39. fn hs case, K < 2, andthe Sea ai oe underecnple2 Necwork sul andsyacheis pe 6,438. Uoseccoping, 0 Grea coping. (9 Oecmpling 2 wl — auAi2: Hee te peaking ice intersects the Jo ab at single pint o!= wy (Pig 8.38). Ato, he amplitude tel to Hone In Bg. 75, Ta is cage {= A, and we have cla coupling. 3 oul < aykJ2: The peaking ice ntrsets the joa at 0 points coyand'oy as seo in Fig 8.38e- The intersecting pont ae given by the uation oom neeal(J-ef we, Consequently, the ampitade cesponse attains the theoretical maximum ws a 0 points, a shown by crv () a Fig 839. Le he son, 3 crt i sd 1 Be reed "Not tha e Fg. 83) the dercouped and eritely coupled cares have this maximum points at my The overoupled curve, however, 1003, (decouple, Ciel sop se (Oren 24 Newer anal and syathele 0.841, raking cel Egle 8, ‘Te Leb tia ete BW = 2a, ~ 49) ~ EMG aan (a0) {2 tanta to put te lt nar Heese oy, s=d,-o0 ony gl Teeter of coupngK soba fo he as of peaking mE om Weare xed oom em (0 Te cont Agu (Final, he si sii Hag as) Alte, phate and delay 20 bit is 10,84, Hyer on of oils, snake al oy sn€ ota the caso verouplng ad rial coupling, tre can detente hall power points by ang the geomet con: Strssion mcthod given in Sasson 82, Obert that there 28 EHO Talepower points and wey a shan dn the oeteupled curve in Fig £40, “The bandit of he cei then BW = He,~ 00, er, sample 2 The volageaio tamer fton af © dunianed ca y poms aa MO GEESE FEA OVE FTO T TH rom dt determine ie allowing: () main po ces Obl do tandiah BV, ft aging arf he cond Fog Rs (in constant 47 08 te mae oe mpage reponse He “Erion Ys) The natal fegueey of latin oy keto be agpon- smal alia betwen to Pl ht yg OS aan. Ente lh TEtuot fy we dat the pols r= 7 4/100 and 9 —2 +/10608 7) ‘Rituifig Si Femeelingceeentarpas = “Feo Soman sth come sine sy FEB 2a cins 7D sett ane 4228 = 10296 " em (0) Next we drs lc catered at = 1+ jo th ais 373. Where tut ee nett e eB 20 a eae VOVFTT ascatam 0) Ample, pase, and dsty 245 5 ON ROLES AND ZEROS AND TIME DELAY What is time delay? How do we relat i to eqeney response? We ‘nab auempy io anewer thse quota i hi stn. Plt conser the teaser fiction of pur dla ‘a= ee es, For a system dieribed by Eg. 886, any ection a) produces ‘dental espont signal ef — 7), which layed by Une F wth respect to the eicinion, Tai shown by the Laplace traf eeetionship, HG) = fe = T= He) wo et us examine the amplitude and phase response of the pure delay From he equation Mio) = om" oss) se obtain the ampitade response acon = 6) sod the phase sponse 4(o) = —0 690) We se that the delay 7 is equal 1 minus the dss of the pase response hat won The magnitude, phase and delay characteristics of ju) = eM" ace arena Fig Rada, band we define deny asin Eq, 691, we can resily deduce that forthe response to be ney Henin othe excatio, the system amplitode ‘expooe hos be constant, ait phase espocie shoul be inet ver {hefequeney ange of interest. I the phases not iea, we have what Keni a8 dey aivoron To vsolze diay distortion snore clearly, co) jo ya A o ” ry FG. We, Anne, pe and ey of Me ey ftom, 4) Ape, Ore By »246 Newark aap nd synheet we scl from Fourie analy that any signal is made wp of ierent FRegueney components, An el tasrlsson sytem should delay each frequensy conponent equal If th frequency component re dae by iterent smote the reconstruction af the out ipa Fon Fourier omponeats would prodaceasigelo( ferent shapes the apt For pus applctions. deli toon i an exeatal eign nopsigers- Tt ts ext examine how we relate delay, or emslope delay (i is sometime elle) tothe ples and 2705 of rane uncon” For any fe» He-» 0) a9) sith 05 a2, a, fad poles at py = seal roqensios oy fi the Phase oe Hora S ue P2% Suet®£2 sy Envelope delay is “8 ° a rs te ~~ Rotvored Ratexoy We see tht the saps ofthe day vers Regency characteris we {hese fori pol ad uu The sero cnt Sarge” dy the poles, ost dey. Moveve, near peal tam 60 not hate tanner Feetions wih srs alone The edn Hf) = 18 Be iy ception. Ise so) = thus he dy rao. "Now ie cone he delay da 9 one Sigua for exam, x paps ee y. The dey de toe on pols =a lO = Sal ess) “Th following pont pertinent 1, The maximum delay ue to this pole is 496) nd occu at = oy, The delay vers frequency curve is sent shout o = oy 248 Neswark nays and pect 1,844, Mot of ny vr ety Probleme {AL Tin he pos apd ze ofthe inpenss of the flowing weworks and pot on asad pase BHD I {82 Theil shown in the Rg ha ule ft sd a 8G) Sr that he satan Ys ofthe fr ny = Regma) pee oy fo a tex BL Acne phase, and diy 247 2, The foquency at whish the delay 5 half he mas, oF 122 yn ee ao 2, The eee delay bandwidth” i thn ty = oy < 0 < te ay ot simply 2uy. The oper nd ower hall bandyidth pus ca be ovine aphealy by deawing a ele With center at ey and rads |The ioterections of the cele wil he fo ais ae the ha bandwidth points, a shown Lo Fig 68 "2 Fe prods of the asim Slay an delay andi aways 2, ‘Thus we wish to cba ge delay by placing zeros or poles eat ‘he jo ni, the elie delay bandh she very naow. the dy of uns ps unction s wiee te dy de othe ples stone “The ely veces freuen curve forthe poe howa ia Fig 8.4 We see thatthe deliyrbandwidth compl A ooly well fora rough Appronmation, since fhe delay yrs Frequetey characteris ol Tals soit To calesate the delay versus Truoney characterise fo a tans funtion wi © umber of poles and aeros, i convent to ‘brain the delay curves forthe maida singular and the toa the fepurate days. Ils nota dsb fo obtain the total phase cesponse Sod thes diferente peril. inal, it bool be pine out shat enelope delay only has mening when the pase sponte goes through he oni, it doesnot, ther is frequent comporent in addition tothe dlay that i hard to count fc anally. Amplitude phate, and day 247 © Wen = 10 $10 9g = =10-— 0,19 2) = 17 bos, OSCE att Ch nie ce eo i, Hohe ape and pine opt healing ei a omon~ee OM aE Onnzig OMe he ot that Ka mate poste gue, Se Gretta eo = m0) termina he pie a plato ein ts ofA BB. Sow tat smytt tit tpl arcn t 5 yasam fhe voor rhe amped hase esse oma Zao ont ors @ ton scie eu samt rant w ro sae wn DO HEED ORO CED [AS Pot on etiog paper the Bode pos of magutue and pase for woe » va SSE SD252 Network nasi ad spacer le ping cine oni th mann ad pow is a ‘iecreul@. Fst ie gun cmt 4a ecto coping ‘ir erie teas erate an ta ower pitt ie iQ: ied he in comand he oot oF Scope sor nissan o roe 2 © FO = ery TH 254 Nacwor ashe and eythanis Foe ‘Twowport parameters A gener tropor etwock, shown in Fi. 9.3, as wo psf vata ‘aren elaowhips ‘The vrais are Fy, Vy Iwo of se ae ‘dgenden variable the other two ae adepndent varias. The mombet ‘of possible combinations generated by four vais taken to at ae [Bat Thos there aves pow ste of equations deserting a two-part etwork We wil dice the four mow tal dvrpions bere, “The = parameters A patcsar set of equations tht dererte a two.portaetwork are the spares eations inn de Vem sal tale In these equations the arabes ¥, so re dependent 04 J, J are Inspendens The aula = partters Se defied by e ro Ins obsered tha al he «parameters hae the dimensions of impede. -Mereover,thendvidual parameters ae speed only when Ne curet fone of the ports i er" Tas eacespons to one of pors Beng ape ireied cm which the 2 paraaeter sso deve he name open ie |g chapter 9 Network analysis Il 24 NETWORK FUNCTIONS In eectie network theory, the word or ha aap meaning. & ‘pom may be regarded a8 a Prof tral nw the cute in ‘retention ogc crrent tof theater, For te one-pot network Showa in Fig 3, f= A ooepor oetwork is completly spe ‘when the velag-). ‘Conde he flowing example. Let us fie they pacaneter for the unloaded network ia Fig 925. By npeton we have 100) “The, for losing constant « = 4 the loaded network is shown Fig 9.26. Im pall ith the capstan Cy Hf, me Bove an aditance eC = bbe 210) In parle withthe cxpaior Cy = ff, the astocnted admittance fem eG Amo 0.10) iL Neework ays 277 ther te no porate reistanses astosatd it be Land C. Sine, a gh rsuenies para fons do ply a8 portant rae goering System performace, we Tustascount for TNs inldeatal sption nchow. An efoive way of exounting fr parse esstances Ifo “ad Gowat" the pure ladocances and spactances a lnsidetal Gisupation by asodtig esitance mses with every indotor L, nds forevery captor C, we aodateaesior whose aaitance “ipod fe Fig. 924." Suppoue we call te synem function of the ieiwork thot prac dsspution (Fp 9.242) MG}, andthe ste Fenton oF he "oaded” network Js) (Pg 9.248. Lec ws eomier the the elatonsip between A) s04 #0) hen the dsipaion i unform, ey ima manger such tat a uc, here dh cobtant el and posite: "Wen 9 ermork fas aifort dhpaton oi snmly loaded he sum of tmpedaces nay mesh of the unloaded network 095) mmo Reale 986 os mya Rob ebit nt ee torah SRAM FO CTS oan 10,934 ers) Lot eee eeworkansisi 279 by I 716.926 ond ink == Jr ies with the indutorL he ave a sion sabia Now ne detemie they aan for he nds be una s sitierpeierD -be Mee 10 y atetaey state -(" espe em a et tt 105 34 ANALYSIS OF LADDER NETWORKS. In this tion We will comsier 2 spe method of obtaining the sstworkfoncions of ler network ip a single operon? This method depends only upon relationships dat exist betwen the branch “Sic: a G. HL, “An Tete Maid fo Detesng Lae Nemo ann” Pos, No 10 (Oc 19, DT280 Neework asic and synthe os ee cartens snd nde voltages ofthe adder, Consider the seta show in fg 321, where al the seis branches are ven a impedances 20d Alt the pari! branstes wre geno admitanes If theo denote node ong tnd {deote rane caren, then the following relationships. poly. ey bine a y= Hien bn 109 “These euntions fore th basis ofthe method we dines ere "To liste tht method soos the setwork Sn Fig 928, fr which the fllomng node vollge nd Bask curren reetonshipe app, Vd= V0) 1) = NO v40 VG) = HO) 249) + VA) = 11-4 249 HOVE) 40) = HD TE} 1) 2109 = WO +H Yo + HA) 60) LR) + V60) = EIN +214 TAHC EZ OD upon examining the set of equation given in Eq, 9.106, we se that ach equation depends pon the wo previous equations ox The fit quston, Y= Vy, of couse, unneeeary. Bt, a esl eller, itls elite starting post In writing thee eyeaions, we begin at 1 2m Newer aay and synthe “The Sey point in ths dso ie that we mst we he ttl impedance cor admtane of «batch in wing he equations forthe Inde sample 9.4. Let wf he vtage ttn YP the eet rai al the Input iedine = i oe ttre ip = Pf Ye Imtwoct nig 124 Fast ut represen the tes aaa genes {dhe sur hac nemtancs, sh won fo i900 Th ao ‘Stet od node sag eto forthe pawrk are t ae * — vanes ho =m Hoo 309 41 68-1 1m ty -260 0 oar tee? res 22) eee ae ear ad h oteseas ° “hee hs ° Kowa i eu) ® iia ° ants ample 92. Find he son cit ite ft yy and 9 ft the rework in Rig 93), To obtain the sore fuss, we mast Mot ‘Sout th 22 Then we eps heres tanh impede nd ‘he shan tras stan sot the ening ewok phot , Neenerkanaye ll 281 ‘the 22" port ofthe ladder and work owas the I-1 port. Each sue ‘eding equion takes sno acsount one now imitans. We se, that wine exception ofthe ste equations, each baegent 's caied by mlsiying 2 eget jot preceding it bythe Imitance tat x nett down the ine, and ten tddng to thi prac {heequation wie preseding For example, west tht /4) 8 ai by mlpyng the prostig equation F3) by the admittance Yi), ‘The nest mitanee 240), We bala 1) by mulpyng the previous ‘sunion J) by (9 to obs Jy: hen wea ots prot the ‘Sstion we proceingt fa) 10 b4in Ve Ie Za Fy Theres ie hen euilymechanzed scoring othe Fong vue” (1) senate ‘ring sode voltage and branch eaten equations: (2) the next equation ‘stained by mlipiying the preset equation bythe set imstance (Gane work om one pot tothe othe nd adng to he proce the Fete of the previous eqution ‘Using this st of equtions, we obtain teint impedance Za) by “siding te equation Tor ¥0) bythe equation for) We obtain te Yoliageratiotanser function YAA/F0) by dividing the Fist equation Vaniey teat equation Wn). We obtan ater network Foetons ich ss teanierimmitaces and creat rato in sna ener, Now tha ‘ery equi contains Vs) ar factor, Ln taking ator of these eu ton, the tem ieantse, Theo, oor anal can be mpeg ite lt) = 1 ete Sit gustion of he act wore aren variable 1 send of he voltage V0) the subsequent equations would coma the curet Yrs Tig) ara fat wick we would aso normalize to fa) = 1. An cxample in whic thee equation i eutet rather than 4 volage equation Inay be sen ty termining the parameters of torpor Betmok, elore me enbare por soa meme examples, i important to note tnt we mst represet the series apse iypedancrs 290 the hint batches ar admitanes ‘Suppose the sees banch consisted of Fesator R= | in parlel with wcapactor © = ¥f. Then he ipedance ‘tebe brah ie fy = BOO 2 , WOT CER a43 ean sand ust be considered as single entity in wet the equations forthe ‘sod fnaser Simic sr indectae2, = en the natant af the Bane Neowork aly 283 ed in Fg 4.82 Te ete eto re ‘A numberof other contibitions 08 laser networks have appear in the reeatItratre. To ame dot fey, tte ae the worke of Basho." O'Meara" Bubs Walker aad Duta Roy* ve aan, Mano ate Moe al Theury, CT, (one 1961), 168. ins eas ee nem tna rn” sn aor ae ar Se ne ae neen er Oe le ae tats matic hea ta er ern mm or aa Te a ep pte ee284 Network aly and synthesis Because ofthe rsusve nature of the equations involved the digital compre esl ol forthe enya of ner networks. Tn Chapter 12a sad decipion is pven of a digial computer progam based ‘pn te lg deserted inthis or evaluating ade tor Factions Probleme 9.1 Pin th and 7 parameter of he nto sha it he gars, ‘Sons of he pte: ay Bob ee fpr eu congas ie 92 Pin te ao punters twee show inte ete chapter 10 Elements of realizability theory lol CAUSALITY AND STABILITY In the preseag chaptrs we have ben pinay eoectned with the problemat deermining he sponse, iene exsitation andthe eter {hs problem les ia the domnin af setwork analysis In the next five ‘hapers we be dling with he pepbem of syatheringw network ‘ven the excitation EU) and the response lp. The sry pnt fOr ny sys problem rhe system fenton p28 101 449-48 con ur tas ito spite a network Hom a ten syste Fenction, "Theft step ins sptbessproedure 10 determine whiter HC) ag be realzed phys! pave network. There ae two portant onsiderations—coualty and sgily. By cAoalty we mean that @ ‘otage cannot appar teen aay pai of Termes Inthe network betore a cortet iimpessd, or vie versa. In ber Words, te pulse ejponse of te setwark must be aero for! <0, tha Homo reo 02) ‘Asan example, the impulse response Hy eo) 039) ‘suo, wheres Ma ene 4030) ; a Nesworesnias 285 115d te «pra ft nian rg eit in the ges sot. Conrail shoe ema) = QF 9 For the ce 4nd ee ccl aPos 93 fad hey Fraetesn terns of teats Ys HZ am Y= 35, bet my heat i a wae inp pease 2 = Fi te Se = prunes ep te a te ond ao = Hlemanesof relay theory 291 0 men ” o 1. 101 Nona npc repo, Reine apabe pos, 1s not causal. In certin caves, the impale response could be made ‘eliza casa) by delving i approptly. For example, the inpule fexpone in Fig, U.te aot rabble. If we delay the respons by T conde, we i that e delayed respone Mi-— 7) is realzable Fg 1. te foquncy domain xseaty i mpd hen the Foley Piner rerio ssa forthe ampli useton (ju) The Ple- Winer itron aes that a aesesry sod sufcent sonton for an emp Fonction lj to be reinable essa that [esi ac (09 “The following conditions anus be stisfed before the Paly-Wieser ‘Sesion i wid Me) must poses « Fourerwansfore jo); the ‘quae magetue fonction [ja must be etegrable has, [iimaeran < c (03) The phyinpo ihe: Wi ction int hep Imo) of anal ter mano esr ver ne Be of fetes Roo oy lig tte Pye ont {Nn ion cane flow a er han eget Src "For etnies wp tein i102 ae Sse Sond the amie ao The ast aged ae agen) =e 10) sown in Fig. 102 ent sale decuse [Hop ton = oF aon, THE ALG Pay ad NW, "Fore Tamm n he Cope Doran” anti 5 Cl, Pos Ui2 Neework anys and synths is vis +50 that the integral —— 10.8) et EG an isnot fine, On hor Bad ate eon ijn = sot 109 ee oes repeeet a resale setwork J fie, the vont taster fneoe afte RC vetwork in Fig It hos an amplitude characteris ‘oven by IAL in Bg. 108. orth a er in Fig 102, he insets transfor Ki) has he fom, iy tenet cow where dy 8 comtnt, From the sina ere in Fg. 3, ese that IK nonzero for res tha 2, That in ores to make HA) cst, Smet be delayed by an inte amount, pets, however, if me ‘ay Ho) by a age Sit mount seh that for F< Otho rmagaitae OFA = ess than vary sll sy that Ke-wgice reo wh 294 Weewoc alae and eyes Seton poses ples in the e-al plane oF onthe jo ais nly. More- ove, he ples om the ais is be simple Asa fev ofthe vee ‘mon of einple pots onthe jo ui, i He) len ag Foes by ons) then the onder of the numerator ono! exceed the err of the de- ominatoe m by mote tar ens fat nym

9 for304 Necwork analysand synths The denominstor of Re Fo) is almays a poitve quantity because. MAIO — Nido = Milo + AKO BO 0.5) “Tha there isan ext J of Imagnary tem in No). which, when squared, goes ~1, 30 that the denominator of Re Mj) isthe tn of tro aquired numbers ands aways postive, Therefore, ou ak eaves {nto the problem of determining wheter Ato) © Mo) Majo) = Nia) Aion 20 M6) 1 we cal the preceding fepetion A(o, we se tht A) mst aa have poste rel rote of the pe shown n Fig 107; hes Me) muse neer Ive single, re roots of o. However, a(s) may have double root (ip. 103), because (0) nen not bese negalive fn his ase. ‘Ava enemple, cover the eeiemens for sta roast On Fe bbe tobe pr. Fit we know tha, onde forthe poles ad aes tobe ia theft ple or on th Jo ans, the coficient ab, mun pester for equa to tem, Secon, If Dm 0, then Fs) wl ose pole onthe fous. Weem hea wate Fs) se Fo. 95s) Feet She cose, ‘Wo wil show Inter tht th cotta must ao be to when = 0 eters ih etd many Re) 2, om trenton M9) M0) = Nie) NA) 0 aos we have oat ++ het 20 038) hich simpliie to _4(0) = (ah + ge 20 cost) {seve chin nde to prevent AC) from having postive ral roots of 6 must be grater than or equal fo 6, thats b Sa. At cau 505 eework ans nd eyes “Thor are two stations in whish Re [FJ] does havea simp eal 1, Whea th quanti under zheradiralign of eI 68is2e0 (double, real soo) or ogve Complek root). 1 ober Wore (at ohhh 50 «os a (a+b) ath Sad «ios tatty —abi20 «anes then (a9 +4) = ads S Way 10.69) or 2 Wa — vo (10.70) « Gerth <0 Gon then abs — (ay + 8) S$ Wade 07) be tA rah coca lth) — COD ein ah 2 Wi~ Vint 099) 2. The second station i which Re Fj] ote aot have a simple seal root when ot in E9106 aga 5 thatthe roo ate mas fry, Fhe stemon focus hen Nay +B) ~ ht ~ dah > © 0079 sad Gena <0 1026) From Bg, 1078 e hve Oy — lath) > Nad> (oy + bD~ab, (10.79 Thus sah > Was VR (07%) We tes ae tha Bg. 1070 1s «necessary au safe condo fr & igual oneson to be piv el. Ife hve ah, = (lag — VP 109) ‘en we will have doubles For Re) ‘Consider the flowing exam r= Bahn eas 108 Fee 16 om Wesee that, eee ah=2x52 Waa =WH~Vi6% cos so mat Ae | Elements of reazbity decry 305 when 6-=0, then @= 0. To sums, the condions tbat ret Be fale in otde for Ft be pose real ae bekeo ™ One a on rans (oe noes aay sre aot px. Asa second example, let us determin he condions fr the ipa oncom piuite 062 Pabst hy to be pr We wil asus tht the oes ay, by Beare alle postive constants, Lat tet whether) poy es ech Feguie: Tent the vesond etn. site evefflet of the desominatr by and by are positive, the denominator mute Hit Sonya if pote, weave no Poles ‘nthe jo tn Therele we en gore the second condition. "Tn fied toon can be chested by Bs Snding tbe even past of| Ray nbd Fo Cee + d9 abst pron Oe AA Mers him eb tobe pgs) Ear ba “the rea part of Fj) in then ne Foy) = = lite bd ables ahs gasp Cott BS ‘We see thatthe denominator of Re [F(a] is tay alvays postive so i remains for ut dtenine whster the numerator oF Re (FU) ther goes npative. Fagin he maseator, we obtain bp Geib GT RIDIH A 069 Elen of ela theory 307 ‘The examples jst ten are of cours, special cates ut tty do ‘ugutrat the rosdure by which neon ce ested forthe pe. property. Tet ws conser number of ster bil points by whic 3 anti ght be teste quicly. Fis, FO) has pls of the oa «partial Faction expansion il how i he verdes of thee poles are poste andre. For esas, (1082) 4085) sow tt evict pls ats = nae, Tee A) Sipe Se Epes an mite of pee Sinisa eos ac pf, we ine eof or of of ges Sit sce rt or ung he pore Fat ‘Sip 40 and 20) ae pe eben a cli Fok pes as ne tpn a9 = ;BiO24, (2099 Sis the oti f tee npn pel es te ‘Repeater to a 0) oat sob eee TL sod ep oman en FoF Fis) = FA 10.85) OF O ‘ imutabo pr Comet, hfanco ro 086) Tes and r= Ke aos, whee a and (are real and postive quate, mast be ps. We then ‘heen that onctions of the pe see ry=tt2 ap20 Dares Pe on (08 reat ite aust be pals,328 Network sale and sate inly let devemine wher nya kz 03) wag ae! fps. Wve writes) a 1090) swe 4 hat the tens sf and afk are pr Therefore, the sumo he {he terms must bsp Sine the eipocl ofa pr. uci aio pr snoconeude tat FU) 6p 04 ELEMENTARY SYNTHESIS PROCEDURES hehe boy bt te feng on SON en lee it Te ea tiie pt pee a) Mensa TB) G08) rt smite aig ap af he eo 2 no be a ter teats) mt Seer el gainaea ead ace tor agy cg a 2) anager ean a the wee ae Merson 8 os 90 Some 2O= pe be Et OT OO con ce ine sine pas tbe ae Sea ee esta ind Se my ch Sean eos Ba m=24m 920 Hyg +209 ees nan 2,961 tem reson Ko t= 0 1, Zs) mst hve no pole in he ight hal pan. 2 Poe of 240) om the iaginary xs mst be spl, and thir residues mot bre und postive : 3, Rez) 2 Ofer al 4992) 310 Network aise and synthe a bare both Zand Za a Now Tews “remove” Zs) fom 20) 16 fre wre tomainder Z(2). This removal proces is Masa in Fi. felt Sd shows ha etval corresponds to sys of 2) eample 5. Cone the ftioing ps fnstie 109%) We sett 20 a =700 +240) cca 1 wero Zh Zo, bain Zp), hic em be show a esto in prt wi nator useted Fg 10.0 we samp 16 «9109 te 19 sft. Senet mak by ft eemvng mings M0. TA pacar hgeseanbe ey ned Renny We we tat te esis f Re (Ue ory ak 0, and is eu 2 Mints Mju} Let then remove Y= bho from YC) 08 note panes outs) mens friable theory 209 ‘Let us examine these cates one by one. Citron 1s sale Bese the ples of (9) ae so ole of 2), Cian 2 aed oy ths Same argument. A simple part facton expansion does athe Tesies a the other pots. When soy Re [ZUJa)~ Dj] = “Toeefore we have ReZdp) ~ R20) 20 096) From th forgoing dscusion, it i sen that iF asa poe at ‘porta asionexpenion ex be ade teh hat ne ofthe tera oF the for A and the ater ers Copied sl ean pt ‘Ssimaesrpument shows tht 2G) as ape tt ~ oo (hat fy Sm we can divide the numerar by eM denominator 1 give Sodom Ls and semaine tee Ay, ga pote 8 Zi) 88.240) 210) ~ La + RO) = Z10) + 0 ins) ere 20) also pe. 12) has 2 pie of conjugate imaginary ples on the imagaaty ax for example, por a += jn, ted 20) can Be expended nt paral faston 0 that, 9 = FEL + 249 030 Bese wne(B2 <0 cas stat 249 isp “Fina Re) 35 init sme ota oy 0 i the value of Re Zio) = Neas shown in Fig 109, we cat removes constant K = K, from Re 2s} tht the ensindereelp. Thissbeesne Re (29) ‘wi tl be greater than or eal oso fo lvls of Soppose se have 2 pr, fenclon 24), wah em deving-poie im prance enetin, Let 20) be deompose, as Delors 50 that 219) = 20,4249 098) Le ements of resbity theory 311 the reine a6) ashown ia Fig. 1012, The remain anon 6 Be fea ne heey he mia alps 94M) re (oo10 {ede sey wen tat 9 me up off sir is wa aa postr That Rewer ha shy nF a mw mo, a ample 102. Conder he pt lnpedane spay sre 20° a0 “Ther ptt ones omar elo. Removing acre of 1, wr abeain (Fig, 20.147 " 249 =m -1 =F) (09105) “Te respon adeitance 00106 0309on a me seca buns | ' and ten ty removing the em with the ple a = 10 ge a eas of Fieaat hunt wth ra) low (Pg 1D1S. 7) now oe 19 Weg coy “Te repos of 8 | zonned com | sich cay andr of 3 a ai lh capa of 1 nd, Pe Tal neo nono Fig 1046 tess poten However, they dose the as ehniqusivoied, Tnibe net chapter, me il dina th problem of symbesizig» zener ‘br hinds oF vets, eer -C, RC, 0 RL networks. TRESS ‘hess ecasges valved, however, lB he sme “These examples te, of coun special eas ofthe driving pot 9% 104 Teste folowing poloonal forte Harn propey Altre — —_ w seaars? o Abete © paehees @ Bhateses? © Bawete 0 PERE ae sa at ae tee 14 Neworkanaa an ys atoning tat are imal font Syubie, We gees Seton tpl seg Re ae ® a na | © weD | © pa | eee © oe lemon ofeetzabity theory 313 102, Demin wheter efi ations ae px, Fate fonctions pie demir ptm ol on eps o roe fth ° PO eS Fw EET © = STG) « 20 ~ ERST ° ro 3 103. Suppo land eae Bn pt, Dic he contin uc ha FG) = FA = Fao 104 Sto the proc of wo ps fantom ceed at ter Abosow thatthe a of one it fasts to anche ty pos be p+ (Ge op exam easy Abe 195 Grea 20) = 3PM (6 at ate he ions on for 26) Be ap fon? (Fin for Re(z4p to hie sont one neo at = (6 Coote nc alu or Xan yin 2). IME Prove ac i 2) aed Zs) ae bh ps, zyazto 29-70) 520) or 20~ ese mine Zo] a sytbesve 2) oy a eorng in REZ 108 Pero conte iin expansion Otherto femesety FereeeT w= ‘What detent expsson pif Ye eg pol aditanse rapa ork? ete the eto rom th coed Eastin chapter II Synthesis of one-port networks with two kinds of elements Tn this chapter we wil study methods for sythesng one port net vetkeith wo Kinds element Sinc we ve tee eleent fo cbse Teom,thenewock to synthesized re eter RC Re, [AC nek Wer paced according tothe following pla. Fis we wil Se he ropcits of paral type of onepvtaeowork and thet Me wil Eats. Let fst examine smn properties of Z-¢driving point Suncor. Jk PROPERTIES OF L.c IMMITTANCE FUNCTIONS CConidr the impedance 2) of & passive one pont network, Let us repeset 20) 38 MO NK) 20” Maisie 68) Where My Myst en pts of the numerator and desomitr, snd I Me ate 088 par ‘The average power dsspated by the one port ‘Average power = FRe[Z(ja) MI" (nay whece che input cutet, Fora pure restive network, te knows that {he power disipated sero, We therefore conclude thy the real pat 2p) iezro this iy Re Zn) = Ev 20) = 0 ay where 7) = MAMA = HD NS) one a= 0)316 Networks and settee In order fr Bv 2a) ~ 0, that, Md M4) = Mie N=) sites ftoig eas etl M0 % ow % Monn, Tee 20h aon wan antinae nyt ore We sie fom this development the follying Wo propos of LC fines 1. Zhi) 9 Ya) te aio of eve too or 088 to even pays omit 7, Since both M0) and NCO are Hawi, Bey have ony iaginary ots andi ftows tat the oles aad tro of Zy) OF Veg) #008 the imaginary si. Consider the example of an 2-¢fnmitace Fon gre by aut oy = 208 19) OS bbs we et us examine the constraints onthe coricients a and 2, We Know fst of al hatin ode forth mpedates tobe oie ra, the cote {Sens uit evel and porve, We tino know that am inpedaace fonction cannst have mule pols or aeoe on the fo au Sine Is ‘eb to Be onthe joan he highest power f the numerator andthe Sznominster polyemis car difer byt mos, uty For example if the highest ofr ofthe numerator 2 them the highest oder Of the ‘enoriatr eon ete be 2n~ I sothattherels a simple plea 2, fF the order can ber 10 tat thee is Simple vero at F— co Shahn, te lowest ordre of numerator and denominator can ite by toe unt or ee there would be mulple poles or tres of Zs) at “Ascther property of the muserator and deomiatorpolgmosf that ithe Highest power of the polynomial is 2 for example, he next highest order tenn mart be 21 2, and the suzceding powers must Aller y two orders all he way trough There cannot be a0y msng 318 Network anys and yates (Consider the folowing expe. Zi give as au etiag rj we obtain 0} tw) = 4) Kea ta 2) 1X0 at be Let utdiaw cure of Me) vertu, Beginning wil these at =O, let us earns th sequence af etic equndes encountered «5 © incense. Sine the slope ofthe X(o) eure is always posting, the mex Sia! Kgueney we ensounter is whee ou} becomes tae es the pole at oy Are pate oy X(s) changes sgh and goes fom to = In gtera wheater We pass though any cre! equeny, {her isalwaye thane sign asc Som he yj Ya) writen by the last egeton, After we pas tough sy, with te slope of C6) ‘tvas ative, iti esy ty see hat the next evel equnc) fhe 20 fata. Tins tan ipediace function i ay L-C imation, the pols tnd terns of the fnction mt alrnate. The parla 12) oder ‘cussion takes the form showa Fig. Sir the Bight powers fof the namiratr andthe denominator aay dle by unity, ad the Towest powers ale lifer by one, we observe that ats = Dand t= ther always gta! faguerey, whether a geo 9 a pole For the example jot dasund, Were ero at ¢~ 0 and 320 at Ths ei Sequence ats =D and = 2 ae clled extra? ‘eal requeacn, wheter the femainag finite eal fequences ave fefered fo as ternal Thuy io The preous example, 408 ‘sre tral eva frequencies. "lly ets summa the properties of €-C impedance admits sustons 1 Zee) ot ¥yke i the eis of ot to even 0 een 8 988 poly au) om | ws Sythe of one ort networks 417 terms, no to adjctt terms of ter polynomial may ier by more thas two powers. For example for 20) gen in E119, hh ‘hen 2) wl ave pots when bat 4 Bao cu, 0c he poe will Be 44 = Cana an (bfemom eons un Dy le Gay sen that nage of the pole ae eve on the fants {ting on ofthe ssc properties fan Lc mane Non From the properties given im. JJ) me le wet agence 2 Impedance of aditance a8, KOE 4 oh? tot) ---G8 4 a 29° EF NGO) Oba CMD xpanding 26) ino pari factions, we eta (y= Meg Beg PR ga 25 0 He PE PR Rs CD) where the Ke the residues of the poles, Sine these poles areal! on| ‘he asthe residues must be real aod poste In ode for 20) 0 Destive rel. Leting += Jo, me oe thi 2 Jo) has tro eal pts to Ea hus be writen a. pre resance Xo} Thus we bane 209) =i(-E 7) = 1a ang Diego ope oe MK 5 Miata, uy de att Bo OE Ste ae ee a poi, hr Ltn, Hs 9 ou8 A sinter deetopene shows cat the derivate 6 fm (ol = Blo) [sats postive, that 2H) 20 any Scie sf onepore networks 319 4, The hightst powers of muterstor abd denominator mast die by mig: th lowest powers so ie by uni 5: Meret be ete a zr ot pole the origin and ity ‘The following faction ae aa LC fo the esos tte thee, = Kae to Fre ar 45 wea 2 = BEEN 9) Cae HD on the eter Mand, te fneton 26) 8 Eg. 1.28, whose poleeto Sagan a Som nF a. ran Le mane ms mite) w+ a 20) 2 %) 129 20) ay 112 SYNTHESIS OF Lc ORING-POIT (HMITTARCES Wes in Seton 1.1 tat ZC imitans postive rea fenetion with poles and ars oa the fa ony Tye parti acon expansion Of nL fnction expen poner tm = Ky 2k rey = Bry Be quay ‘The symesis i aecompited dicey fom the part faction expansion ‘bystcting tenia ermsniespunsin wit actor deen € 6) an inpecance 2s, then the term Kg epeseats egal of Uk aad te ter Ky tam ndsann of henge ai Ke520 Network analse and sythene & = ap m, ‘akilt+ i) ls a parle tank rei that costs ofa capacitor of Fee turds in porte! with an inductance of 2Kjn?. Ths = pata thision expansion of gneral LC pedence wos! yield the network own i Fig 113 For example, conniger the following £-C function, us) A in pio 020 0 won make ge, aap ‘We then bnin the sytheied network i Fig 124 “She pavilion expansion method is Based upon fhe elmestary yates procedure of removing poles onthe Jo ans. The vantage ‘Wn 22 funcins i ato he ples of the ation Ui OF the fo | to that sat emo al the pols ialaneoudy. Suppose FC) io Hy. 22's an edtance 1a). Then te paral actin expansion of Tp poss eal conisting of pas bance shown i Fig 115 Forename, =O t ety nas) (ree) - apa * tiny ae Ween seta 74) nara oat = 2 which we can vet and seme. Ths pons continues he einge eEach Ne ‘SPrenove ple we remove an nd oF pac depending spon ‘hsber he neon San inpeunee or a smite Note tht Tit arctre ofthe setae these 8 ner whose sess ma inductors sod hove shan sr ae eptcton, shows 9 Fi Coser the allowing xan eesenas 1129 29) = ous We se tat 26) hs a plea += ih we cn remove by ist ing he Jenoninnte oe nero to ge x ute 2 808 femaidsr 246) a0 bonny ILA. Then Weave 42 + 100 ered ‘Observe that Z(0) has 2er0 nts = ao, Toverting Z{s), we again remove fhe potest infty. Then we ele acapaitor oj farad an nemainder YAP sea be e011. m= Ke (139) (0) 28 atss deta 3p a te os Removing the pe at = oof 74s) = UY gies et inde offhand 2) 2401-4 caus Syohets fone pore networks 321 Li we ae The pata faction expansion of 1 is +e AS waa eT fiom which we sytheze the siwork shown fa Fg. 1146, The C ntwors Sythe by paral fnton expansion sr someine ald aner ype networas" The ipedanc form = somes cle 4 Foster sees network apd the sitance form i + Foster pall ewan. 'S wel property of L-C imitate tht the nitrate and the denominator alway difer in depo hy wnt, Therefore, thee aay ro ort ole at = 2. Suppose we conser the cae of an oC Irnpedance Zh whote numerator ie of degre 2 a8 denoriaior is of degree 2r—1, ging 29) pole st = =>, Wercan serve tit oly feoving i imedne [0 ha he romain on 20 w= (029) 240) = 2) — bs (an “The dpi of the denominator of Zs) is 2n~ 1, but he namerator sof Agee tn besnuee the momerator and denominator ast ii In ate by 1. Thavor, we ee that Z0) haste algo, The ine 2) eve Yl) = 240 4) wae a Pe t= sich ne can aan remove Co Be wenpucor Cyr 900 ¢realdet Ye) whieh = 140) = Mh) Gs (1125 ow RCM Foe Rectan Then” Bl St T. No.3 (429.26. Sythe of eneport networks 303 shown in ig. 1110, The admitance ¥(9) = 240) bas po PU eMich we rfuove te pve «capac off fred and ender ‘yo Ms which repeats an soduetor of A. Removing he Se distor pes us ara femuinder. Our sates thee complete and the fin network show a Fig. 1-11 ‘Since we slays emove ple a= & by inverting the reine and dividing we cola that me can Stes an -C ade etod iy a conimied faction expansion. The quotients rpresent the oles st Pe whish we reve, and we inter the renainder swcesiey unt ‘he mainder is er. or the previo example the cotiaue Tracom ‘pansion sae 4 JEP TF Talore Z et Be Ge STOTT Mes Y seh BEEF ANI ez sek RFT Hees ¥ _ Miler a ‘We ss that the quotients af he continued Fraction expansion gine te clement of helader network, Becsse te continued action epsasan324 Neework ana and nha sinays invents each eine nd dies, the succensive quotients alist ae betnom Zand Yad then Zaain 28 show inthe preceding Sipunion Ife inane ise ipnce te sooo ‘leary bron impedance ice tes fall oom sane, {heat quent an smite Sine the lowest ges of anecor and denominator ofan SoG dpc gre by wet that ete mate 89 + fol at 20" Hr we fll sme potdte we ba jst lis Iu senove scene pole acs el have a erate rea ‘Rion ima lode niveore, To ths by cominied Fats, We ‘Srtge th momar and devon nang ore nd ie tele power the denopiatr a he owet vet fhe ame Nort thy ae vert he tanger an Gide ag For stag 9 ‘Meco te inpeane we base nig = @ENE LD w+ 3 “re costes eaton expt to the aerate elton it 24 BEET Te en PEE Raley ete PTAs te SSRs e ‘Thetinalyniheszed mtvorkis shown ie Fig 1.12, Tela aetwoes teal are clled Caer Inder networks because W. Caver discovered the ennued net mehe or ates of pase network tet for bah the Poser and the CCavenform feazaons, the timber of ‘Semeat ots reste han te nae of nea ie ego, bic me dst os) co oar 353) revouly 8 beng all the poles and 208 rie unto, excuding thaw at = Oand Fe. ae oro. Without ging ito the pret ofthe “Wien Gan “Te Reon of Ungeans wih Praed Fegsy Depend ren 15825, 39. 326 Neework ane and synths 1. The poles ofan AC dvingoint impedance ae on the neste sea! (a) sft cane shown fom parle Fee form a the poles of ao RC admittance fnction ne alo om thee We can ts once that the aeos ofan AC inpedance ead onthe == xi 2, The resides af the ols, Ky te eal and poe. We alee ter ‘thatthe property docs nappy to RC udmitanse. Since the pots and ses of RC impedances are on the —e a, let sw examine the slope of 29) soos the 9 ais. To find the slope, sah, we Hs et = 0 Zs), 208 then we take Whe deat ok “They wit respect too. This we have ‘ ketch ey ss TRG eta eee Wo) =e, we Hy By amy 1136 ae et eta et ok a 210) eis clear that, a0 139 Ao) <9 aus {Let us now Jk at the Debavioe of Ze) atthe ro point whee the real ans andthe soapnary sate, namely, ate =O ad at fm sn This read) done by outing the general RC network fn Fig. 113 thee wo frequencies Ato Oy (6) ithe capacitor Cy {sin the cr, it san open si and hee ape of Zi} @ FG is notin the eat, then 0 snp the sum of al the restanes 200) because ail the apacitrs ae pen duis at ¢ = 0. RAR AER, ang, "Ate = eal the expacor resort cuts Th if in the iru, 2169) = Ray I Re i sing. then Zn) = 0. To summarise ‘hese list two weet, me have 0, reset Ee, Cy missing w(t Ry mising sR present 1 we examine the two cates for 2() and 2), We seta 20) 220) 19) Syste of oneporeneoworks 325 erent, it can Be Sid that Doth he Foster aad the Caue forms give ‘he minima numberof lemats for # spesifed 1-C driving peat incon. ‘These rations are rmetimes Brows g cota forms 1a. PROPERTIES OF RC ORIVINGSOINT IMPEDANCES The properties of LC diving pot impedances ean be deied from egwn propetes of L- fenctone hy a ptose of mapping the fo as ftg tae ans, We wil not rot 10 this formato hee Tasted, Se wl assume dat al diving plat anes thot exe reali wit to kinds of coments ane eealaed n'a Foster form, Based upon this sumption we ean denne al he pertinent properizs of RC or RL Srvngpoin functions Lett cer ft the properties of RC ‘ring poi! inpdane tions, Referring tothe seis Foster form for an 1-C Impedance given ia Fig 13, ey ean obiuin a Foster elztion of an LC impedance BY tiapyeplving al he inductances hy reste tat a general RE Jimpodnce ould be repented a io FB IL 13. The RC ipedanes, heen fom Fig. 1113, riya Bees 0B Ks ‘ ans where Cy ky, Re Key C\= Mkiy Ry~ Hil, and $0 on. ‘ves for Eg, 1.34 to represent an LC devine poi pean, the evans, ano, mbst be postive aad rl. Feom this developent, fo major propetie of RC impedances are chai, apd av ted the flowing 6 « ie ae & Law ca Ti Yan Vener Dred Ma Merk Ste ob Wyn ‘ste Yo sh. Synthese of onepor ecworks 37 [Nex fetus see whether the poles and 22t0s of an RC impedtnce fuetonalierate- Weave sles esashed hat teeta eqeny ‘eae the eign ust be pole and the evita eguncy neces. rst bea ero Thao #2) res ov “ 76) aoe) (40 erase) ‘hen, 1°71) is Rec, the singly wears he origin must be 8 pole which 6 wil asume Yo bests aye the singlet) Tut rn the origin must ben vero, which we wi ake o Bes = Lat plot ne) etoile ta cay, (reese eros —o, boiating t # = 0 and eiending 0 = on AL = 2, BO) ual oa postive constant z0)= 288 uy Since the slope of Z() is always postive at ~o ineeaes, 20) mst Increase up the ple sro; reached (Fig Itl8) Ate ay 2) hg sie at mez wn eel igen feasted. We s0 tht ths test ens) frogmey must bee 16, foe, ‘Since Ze) iocreates fr inresing er the thet ei feoqueny mtb he ple # = oy. Because 20) changes ign at the inal uel squnoy mos be the er, #= ~oy. Beyond 9 = —oy fe ews becomes supmpotc to Xo) — From ih tals wo oe {hatte oles and zr of am ALC impedance mat alta wo tt for228 Neework analysand synthase the ase being comida Or amar araZa” cay Th adsiion,weseetiat E> 1 aay hich shows that 20) > ZI) “ summarie, the thee popes we weed to esopnae an MC Sinpedance ae 1, Poles and ero i on he negative real axis, and they stent 2. The gouty ea 0 (or ab the origin must be pte wheres the sngulanty nearest 10 (ora) o = 20 must bea 200, 5. The resides ofthe pes most be el ad pote Anexample ofan -C impedance yt Mee 8) 20 er De +O) The allowing finpotances are not RC. arenes ores (42K 49) e+ 2 MSD se+) Let ws sssanine the patil Faction expansion of & general RAC wi rE kee Be Instead ofeting FO) pret am nipedance, consider the cate whee TG) an aditonce YO). It we associate the Snivdua ems inthe Expansion fo nebvork eee, we then aban the network sown fa sss) 29) 2o)~ crt us 220. Nevwore ass nd sachets #3 403 ‘Aut aeate method of syatexs s based on the following fat. IF we remove min Re [tj] = 2) Irom 2(), we eeatea seo ats = Tovthe ronaindr 2G), fw insert Za), we then have a pleats = <2, rich we ca remove to gi 24s). Since mia Re (Yo) = Ye If ores Ticoh we would fave 4 ery a sop nai, Whi we spun invre and eemoves The prove of extrcing (2) 0 YC) and the removal ofa pole ofthe resproca ofthe rain inole dividing the numerator byte Senator Consgucay, ese thal the whole then prces can fesoed by m continoed Faction expansion ‘The quoi cerean he elements of adder sewer ot extnp the continued action expansion of Fs) in Eq. 148i 4 ETERS wet 9 SRT Ie fe Sp Bier % are # 1 Fa san inpstance Zi) the sesuing network i how Ha Fig. 148. Hee} eanadmatance Ye), webave the RL network of Fig 1118 = 1 Sykes one-pre mers 329 Fig, 11S. We se that an RC inpedanes, Zyl, ao ca be rsd srt Fel admins Ppa). Alte properties of RL admittance are the sane atthe properties of RC impedances. Ie therfore important teupecy whether a futon io be realized as an LC pedsnce Sr an Radiance 1A. SYNTHESIS OF A.C IMPEDANCES OR ML ADMITTANCES ‘We posted in Seton 1:3 thatthe Foser frm retintion ee focan RC impedance or an Radiance, Since Foster networks are Sjtheizd by part action expansion, the synthesis sesomplsied Uh ease. An potan pol f remenie that me met remove the ‘ini rel pat of 74) inte partial ci exwoson. He a be ‘own tat mn [Re 2(u)}~ 212,30 that we have Uo remove ZL) SS rresstor inthe part acon expansion. Incase Where the mer: ‘ior of lower egies than the Wenomintor, Z(z) =O. Whet the omrtor andthe denoruaatr are othe soe depen, toe 22) cat Ib obtained by dividing the denominator ino the Runerator The Austen then 220) Conse he following example er ae+) +5) “The pas fron expnasion ofthe reminder funtion fe obi’ wx m0 69) ayn tetas (a9) ms whee Flas) = 3. 1 FU) is an impedance 20), it must bean RC foe dence ants elzed inthe Sree Foss form ia Fig 136. Oa he [tie und iF) wepreents an seats, we rele MQ) a6 a8 AL eto he pall Fete fom (Fg 1117. Vin viento bet Symhuas of onepon neeweris 53 11S PROPERTIES OF RL IMPEDANCES AND Re ADMITrANeES “Th imitans that epee 4 stice Foter LL impodince o& @ pull Foster RC nde i piven Fin Ror Ry “The sigan eitreoe between an RC npedance anda Li dance ir thatthe paral action expansion tem forthe REC” out ile ops wherar Sor the Re ipedani, the soreeponting term rust be mlipied by ans in ore to pve an RL tank ac ooetig of essor in pall with an adc ‘The properties of RL tpedance ox RC admaiae ertions ca be etved in much the same manera he propre of FEC stpedanse funeont” Without going into the derivation of the properties, the mre sigsca ones ate pven inthe following 1, Poles and sof an RL impedance or F.C abtane ce ented con the negative rest sais hy lena "1 The singaariy nace (ort) the Origin ea eo, The singly ett (oF) 3m 2 mt be ple 3 The resides ofthe oles Mut be Fea ad apo 30) Because of he thd property, partial ration expansion of an RL impedance function would eld tern oe ws “The does not preset any trouble however, because the tx above dacs rot epeset a0 FL impede ac all To obtain the Fete form of I-Litapedence, we voto he following artifice. Let we exp 24 nto pal Factone C26) am AL pean, we Wl sate without proof hee thatthe pal faction expansion of Ze ies postive resuer® Thr, we Bate cs) EA Aa he ein a ig Yn YeB52 aework ama and stat where Ke Kjes-pu 0. If we multiply both sides by 4, we obt yn the deed fora for suthess Consider the folowing Function: 20+ D+) 139 0- GeDOFO, oe [) repreente am RL impedance OF an RC stance because i Rises the fst to estes ete, The paral incon expansion of ro aes roa2-~ 1.56 WAP Te ae ove thatthe residues are mgative, The pall Fraction expansion of| FUpin onthe other hands FO) set uss) aT aee nero seed +6 ee malpy bot Sides by 4 we asain by dea de «s6) MOD THs 15-9 sepetat 9 ispdnee ZH i syabesvd in sexes Foster fem ving the Ro netvrk a Pig. 11.20, 1) an adeitance YO), ‘hen the euling network she RC aetock shown in Fig. 11.2 “To synthesize av RL impedance in Inde for we make wie ofthe ‘at that min Re (Ajo) = 20). Ar we remove 2) fom Zi), He femaindr function 2) wil ave azero ats 0. Aner inverting 20). 34 Necwork aay and synthe FeneitherI-C, 8, nor RL. Nevethles,thefuscton sabe synthase’ by eoninued non as sow Sees REEF H AZ Shore SED eee an Spee lez ae! “The natwork desired fom this expansion site in Fig. 11.24, ano ce, he ples nd ery af he lowing adie re all con the agate el ats Ba they donot aleoae y= EERELD ais rea “The part Fnton expansion fe HDi sau rote bask ow Sic oof tn ses agi, we ant wh expstin fr Seite ect eel nel etd a ee Binpike ce anton yo wot : sa ret ete en Wea we apy bys bn re -3- ty & a1 ary tee Note that 1) aio has 2 segatve tema, If we divide the denominator of {his npative te nto the puerto, we a0 doses of ey es swith mega Sn. w+} cs» Symes ofoneport newark 333 acca wea en emote pol +=, Se thea 2) baad By aiding et pe deem aoe we oe taf mane te sates cu ce ou acon inion exesony araapng te sumer snd Sonar Fe tom engage hen ding. Fores along Train ether a Re ingens o a0 RC ate 20649) 64m 2F FOF) "ems E ‘The come facto ein Fe Fo) aus Deut eReTA 6h aes pe WERT EA Rew ae fee te 1F FQ) ean impedance funtion, the eatiog Networks the RL etwork Shown io Fig 1122. 1f or the other band, FG) ian RC altace 1p) the wetwork is syntheses in Fig 11.23, JL SYNTHESIS OF CERTAIN. RLC FUNCTIONS ‘Under certs condos, RL-C driving pint fanctions may be sym ‘test with the we of eer pat Fratons or continued Tastons For example, th fenton Spree? Feet! us 20)= Synthens of onepor networks 335 eZ ea mw, ne Dgoy re tas The pew a ed om he panded ton en Fi we tye expsnd 1) 8y continued featons, we se that negative ootiets reat Howees, We ean expund 21) ~ 1/7) by conned ftston, although the expahon nt as simpler stalgtforward {nthe eae ofan R-C function, sno we sometimes have ta zee the order of dvion tp make the quote ll postive, The cone fracon expansion of 26) aa det BERRY ST Als ft ee were Rae a es Sits ES 6H sys ‘As we sce, the division process giving the quote of §)3 involves several of the aeder of the Polynomial involved. The reskin adder ewok is gen in Fig. 1126. i ve ang Ao336 Newark aa and ymhasie Inthe bepssing ofthis ton, it wat stated the only under special ‘condos ean an R-€ divingspoin ction be syatiesied withthe {av of ladder form or the Foner forms. These conions are not ven here Beau they re eather fvoled. Tread, when t psive eal function given, ad is fond tat he Fanci ot yethezble ‘by usig two nds of slements nly, ie sugpest that 9 contin ‘Macion expansion oa pal Dani expansion be eed Hest Problems weil} (© Wit erdeobving tama Cag inge? gp BADE a GED 20 remy WO“ era (© Syotese the eae impedance in a Foster and Cue fo, 11.2 atte perl forma te to Fost 00 he wo Cove twats tat coal be aed ate ts feng ae topeance 4 Nt + 91 429 20 AO “There cose to elite he deve ale of efor moors 113. Stes te 1-€ cing pl impedance Wyorea 200 Se ln the fr sbown abe gu, dering he lee ae of he network 1 Reena ar 11.8 ro exits an Ceo with he ame dig pin pean te newer Bown thc gree state Ptwere boa cola ony fw comet Fn thir ear 228 Network nay and synthase mpinte fton haste poser pater sw i Spt he tpn i's os fost Caner frm ‘aor Sra nt Fier ad oe Cer oe, Fo he fllwing sins, pik he oe wi ate AC nt wet hey aes ty, wr Gmey OO eeT AME M4D yyy rE vortices 1° Sera ligarse te nein at eran een en © ay © ey ENED 1130 Forthe mort sho, fod ¥ when eeres) BeeeGrT Byte Yate LC ude, ® fl “ 41 Sythe by sitive’ tons the fenton vo ete esti SaeeeaT Synth of oneport networks 337 on 7 1.5 Te pat mp or the newock sown i wea Wilena Lemon: (Fade rein or 2, Spt 230% 114 Inde which fhe lowing foaions we iter RE, Kobo LE o 20-583 o 20 -feett ° 2 © 20 tees ° 20 SE Synths of one-pot networks 339 1112 ied he setwaks fr he lowing fants a pe Fost a re 10 FES roa tteeee 138 Spt bing ec tee roegneth ay ae z0- 14 Syntesie 26) = EE BEM seg he fom shonin the Syms 20) = {FEED in he form sho nf. ae IH co 1145 OC be ie poles dgrane town, pik the daa tat sett sn edane foinn a aye ieee Poon340 Network analysand athe 1686. Strsoeadrvnppitinpeden, ith be Inthe ie in ny for yea a Us dm oad at Patoeng elu scene epost oss ra Go AME AES? A te FBT BA ao es Sis nto for he enone above Whos ng mpc apron ea 2 Newark analyse and yates Eyes | Sheets “The trac amitance of the over sroture in Fg. 12.268 are ws sed = 18, Wheto ps natn eo sown a Fie ava silageani tang Fr «8 ‘Other transfer fattnes nach as eurrentratio tansr Gicias ea seo be dried in tem ofthe open ab sborireut pares. Im Chapter 1 we done the yrs properties of dig pa) imped Soc sich sy a qe THs cape deals nth he pope fe fetter nmianes for pave report eens coain propre wbieh « esa fly irate tes of pie SE MBSSt| a ve TE meneont th pe clement oO We denotes tgs fascton a TE). 1, T(iarelforeels. This peopety fs sated when 7) 2 slot etn with real eoetileot 2. Fe) hs no poe in the righicball lane and 30 whip ples on 182 jo ats, TE TG piven a TO) = PLA/OO), the degree of PU) cannot teed the degree of 0) by more than way. Tk edion, OH) mie be 1 Haws poymosa 5 Suppher A) and Ol) ae given im tems of een and old pats, atin =H MOE MD Tw 0 MA) + NAD) © sete M8 een 08. NG) 0. Then TU) Malin ae) x Tue) Miia) + Nia) ee “The ampliade eps of 70) it Petia) + atuayy* Im eR a wo een) — chapter 12 Elements of transfer function synthesis J2) PROPERTIES OF TRANSFER FUNCTIONS ‘A ean Tinea sa fanetlon whi eats the eset oF votage ont port © the eareat o vliage at soles pot. Ta Chap 9 we ‘Siscussed various descriptions of twe-port networks In tars ofthe open Seo pacmeter yd he shea pores fy el th foe the two-port atwork ven in Fig. 12, the open ral im alan sy aby ere deel 4) wil 4 why Inyerms of the open ici taster imgedanes he lagi wanler Simei i ie as 20. (22) In erms of the sortie params, he vollge ratios shown 0 be en th When ee etnoc i trmiested tpt tw By 3 restor Ra shown i Fig 122, the tein impedance ofthe overall ewer is os) un aR «24 eens of tans fenton synthe 243 nd isan even function in, The phase respon it ‘Ang TU0n = arctan (87) — wctan [ MAO 7) =n (HS — a (ST arg 717) =o, we se thatthe phe response ah od funtion a Now let ws disins some spi propertis of the opens and shor cous parma. 1. The ples of (9) ar lo the poe of (9) and =), Howene, no al the poles oft) ahd ls) te he pos of 6) Real ta Chapter 9 we dened the = pares in temas a node equa, 210) Ou s 2369 ays t= 2 3 uheeis no capslation berween ach numerator and denominator of fn andy tte the foes ate he tot ofthe terminate Rnctions have the same poles, Conder the yo pot network Gxt byte lace Coe in Fig. (240, Coty vy tnd nb he» pares ofthe network Let us examine the case when we aah the fpdanoet 2, and 2, to puts on and vo, a5 shown nF 1248, Tes porters Toe the mo por networks Fig. Ab ave ant Wis cet that the poles of inode the polos of 2 the poet of se inside the ples of 2. Mower the poles of sy ioe neither the Peso Z; nr Z,Conseguent, we see a athe ple of sa al Des of ad sy. The fever no mesa te344 Nacwor ans and ayes 2. The poles ofp) ae also the pole of yu) an 0). However sotalofe pte of (9) 258 ya) are the poles of il). Ta pope? {Sealy som when examine the twonport rework in Fig. 128 heynieimees are y ny ay, mann Ye ‘say the pos of yf do aot nade the pes of ether Yaad Ys. Contd te enor i Pig 128. They parameters ate wine 2 as woeten nih mer ha ad lve il 4 = 48 = reper Pap yl eh ul a ent eL at ete ae Re he Sut ps ent see Savane ome rigeWin pgoe sri wey ete Re ork op saaeh na Tat a0 ou) Ts eqion aoe he con. Ft emp oe Tecan Neva aS enti ata a LESS, Sats taal eee sitoaba tanvene bated oda ted a a “Trp me Mn ln a as MT a 16 Necwork ana nd eyes aida bere «sco a. This isle seen wien We examine ihe sdaionhips bevecn the transfer futons, For example, we Rave (21 ond aay, te adon, the voltnge- and curentratio transfer fanctions can be pei inter of te and pastes Yom, bate Chapter & we sa that transfer Foetions that have 2s of tame nso ely on he fo ans rf the e-al plane ae called inna Phase functions Hike fac has oe ar re arin he rg bt Flan, then the funtion imma pase 1 wil be how Sew hat ny tenser funtion of pusve Tepe adder pork mst be nim phase Ceaser eer ewan x Fig 72H. Te ees oF Tansmision ofthe adr ctor at the pols ofthe srs bean i pedanes orate acon ofthe sunt branch impedance Since thee Reanct impedoaes ee thomsetes pose re te Pte a 210 of these impedanens cael bef the Fig-alf Fae. Consequely, the tans rfnctions of ade netwrts Dt be minimus pase Fr the betwork ie Fig 1202, tener fonction mou Rave two 2708 Of ca i ta or eee + Elen of anes uncon ayaa 34S (42 ZEROS OF TRANSMISSION ‘ero of tansinion seo of «an fncon. Ata roof crass, tees oe ora af he ee eget. Forte mtr in Pig 1 te cauror han Sen cet w= 8 SD'tne bi ato of Uapmicion sts =. Fr fhe sewers in Fi 128 and 125, the aco of tacoison cn at 8 = ajfV EC. For {Benorwork in Fe 120, the oof ansmision korea =~. pal athe anf function ofa pu eck at he soe sors of tanimssen, ep nr sec cn For sample EO hus are of Canton st sy tan su), FADO Hey, ame ements of traafernconsychess 347 wmisionsts = coduetothe sents £06, Kewoukdaio aves to of wanamision at 2 = 0 de to Cy, 4 3ero == I)RsCy dae to Ihe panel R-C Brae, aaa omy of tamoion a # = jae foe to the LC tink cei tS een that nope of the amon coe avin the sph plane. We vo ee tat a ante fneton may ‘poses mille taro the fo ae Ta Seton 128 nay he gen ha Itc and Wide circuits can ely be onmiimm pha. Itc ako be demonstrated that when two er Detvoeks age coscted i par, be fering structre may Rave Fighhalpanezros* 124 SYNTHESIS OF Yq AND Z,.WITH A LO TERMINATION In this ostion we comer the aythesis ofan Z-C Inde network with «12 erie termination to mest speled tater ogden Ly. (oF fener admitagce Ts terms of the open. and those Pruett ofthe LC cen, 2) ca Be exes 2 (245 aa (rus) and Yy6) myo te 219 itt 5 depicted ie Figs. 1213 ana 1216 Before we proceed with actu deals ofthe synthesis itis ecssary to discus to important posts The hist deal wih ce eto of he et {6 even oF een fo odd pars of # Hurwitz poyaomal QU) Suppo e [sl "War Vata po CpeHB Neework ante an eyes 06) i ion as 0) = at) + m0) where M(9 isthe even ar Q(), and NG) isthe dd pat. We kay hae the costa Fastion expansion of MLN) or NGYMCD) should $e all postive quotients. These quotients can, In ttt, Be asocated inh oucances Pherae ie ola tha he aio the even too oF The ol to even ports of a Hur palmominl an LC devng point inci "The econ oat oh dicated isthe at hatte open ores Impedance yo th shortest ander admitane yy of an oC eit jean od fonclon. To show thi we mst remember Chae an Doe ‘Seu ith steadystats pat te cures ae 90" ot of phase withthe voltage This the phe shite Between the fet orreate and op ‘oltaes or np voltage and ouput currents ost be 9" out fp, «aay Artan HD 9 Pn r Hee Sad cai Hl a4 2 and rote fil = Eas 29) sothat Ref jo) = 0s Re ajo foram L-C neta. I ore forthe bel puts to Be opal oz, the futons = a Yq of a8 LC to pt ‘etwork must be 008 ‘Suppose, now, tha he taser mitance Ya i en me the quotient of to polynamas rye Pe HO 8 96) M+ RO ‘where Ps) is eter even oF Gd. Kow, how do we determine the sn. Cie patamstrs ys nfo he Eq, 12.20 10 pat ao the form 0229) se (2p Te oy “The anower is quite simple. We divide Both the auctor) and the 1 5 increases, we reach x point xg ubere C0) 31 9 that 1 (yt = 339 1) om (B97 Wert = eas ) a «ox Within theater ol < 1, jolts aout ney ac hat he ‘Theta in deceive as ranimom vale and te aim ic), Oats inter Lous = —20 ng IMU) Coto becomes ery large that, sw acess, «pat willbe reached (339 where Cae) 3 1 and [jo approacbes 2eo very cap with furtes neta ino. Thos, we se that [Ao in Eq 13345 net fhitable approximant or heel lwp iter characterise TFigue 13 shows a Chebyshev approximation to the ideal low-pass fers We see that within the pas band O-< w <1, )) np between the vale and(l +e) Theripl beighror tance between eBlog + 20108 Co) But for large, Ca) en be approxinated by it leading teem 2-40", Loss = 010g + 201og 2" = Doge + 6-1) + 20g (339)S76 Neework analysand synthe atthe isntaey apc dee tab one secre rate meg nts een seeps oe ee ee oe ae wom /6 Fw pg umn, ve / ert tg in [| 0 1432) palais 083) iss 1 2 Fora ractve network |SUe)| = 1. hit property follows from the tact Tat he power sipated ns purl enctve network 2. we ste that 439 il ‘The sattering matrix 417 resistor Ry as depicted la Fig 143, ne Wel show tht when e choose the Feerenceimpdance My 1 be eal cn Be ot a= xh 4 ye “The proof falls. By defiiton, the noua Jocident parameter ai ren a ony cay From Fig 43 weave; — R= 7 (429 1 cay ond "Re Subsitting tee equations for V and int the expession froin a, 4a we obtain | M4 gilt) + 2] (429 Cconier once more te expreision for te power disputed ins oe por eto oa — 1 (ua acorn te tm oa ram win he et, bam (8 el 20 =! 0-189) sea — ist) oa wat men a say The seatering mate 419 5. For an open seit $= 1, a fora shor ict $= 1. Tae shoe to be fom the equation (1436 For an ope circuit =o, a0 that $1. For a short sitet «= 0; therfore = Before ne pried to the next propery let ws consider the Following Anton ‘DEFINITION. A bound val funtion) i defn by the con: sions (IFW SK for Res 0 (0) Poi tat when 3 (a) K denotes any postive el constant, ‘ites 2)R, is pose rel function, then S 8 a bounded sel ‘The prot flows rom the euation, Sace~ niet, From the postive real condition () Res) 0, when Re s 2 0, we se tat Him) = I = Reto} 4439 Tan) Rea) sothat poy flO + — REAM gay ™ Ol liar te Reston ~ ‘ when Rez 0. (4) Whee ase) ea. Then Se@-Die+D rust be real. ‘Ths the satering parameter fora passive network isa rounded sel funtion. Two.ront NETWORK 1 this sexton we wil extend the concepts developed for ontport ‘stwotksdcused In Seton [42 to tworprt ntworks Ta the two port Istwork shown mn Fig 145, we are concerned with two ses finde and ested parameter ay) athe 1-1” por, and (yy at he 2-2 pot ‘Theo parameters at Soed in silar tanner as Tor the one por Sing Bounded el fom420 Network analysand ynthess F115 Sting rms fore op ewe network, that i, 437 where Ry ad Re St the refereceipedsnce tthe apt and output poss vopeatiey The seatring parameters for th wo-porwetwork a given by the equations b= Sua + Sie Sots + Sut 1 mais form the tof equations of Eas, 14.38 becomes f-E SI) von wf ey {scaled the satin matrsofte ewosport network, From Fg. 1438, wwe se thatthe seating parameters ofthe two-port elmore can Be capresodin terms ofthe inde snd eed parameters sth etl “tL. stl (435 422 Nework asi and synthe Impedance (e, Ry = R). We seas a res ofthis dscustion tae he onltons 2, =O and a = O merely ny tha he efeene impedes ‘yard fg ae chosen To We eal othe tring restore and Re expt ‘Net, et ws consider the slatonshipttwsen the ving point imped ances a prt I and 2 and the relicon coccete Sy and Sy Lets ‘eno the dving point impedances at pots | and 226 nab nal v4 ine ath 144s) From the equation L. (1446) Wes wete Sy = MOR) = Jana ase " = Nn Re) + Reh) wo 2-8 ic ees eny ty = 2= Ba 144 6 8 BE, we Simiaiy, wetave Sq = =A 1 payne 0 ae wo ‘These expression ell if we choos he refrence impedance at sven ptt fo equal the diving point lngeaace st that ory the tection fueficient of that port ni be ao, provided the ther por aerated Insteverence mpedans, ‘Net et us dee some physically mesningfu expressions for the forward and reverse tansmiston coefcents Su and Sy Consider the ‘aton for Se [As we have just seo, the condition, = 0 mpi petance Mis eal othe load impedance Ras stn a ip, 7, If we connect a eltage source Fy ith s00re impedance Re Ry ‘The scattering matrix 421 In Bap. 14.4 the parameter 5 Is cals the spa reflection copes Sait tt fornad tronomsion oeicont, Sie the fvers rantmaton sapien and Sy the ouput reflection cefiiensObsrve tat all four sateringpararetrs are expressed ston of eet to fet Non lt examine the physical meaning of thee tering parameter. Fit conse the mpltins of tinge ncdent paar 442, to rer in the denny elton in Eqs Le Let use what the con: {ion oy = Cilio the defntion forthe forward estion coset 4 Fuse 146 shows the exiting seston ofthe wo-port network of Fig. 145 with the parameters a and by of te 2-2" por snowa. IC We eat ‘he lod este foe oneport network Nh eattng parameter spn Boke 44) Ra Re srhre Ra ie the reference impedance of pot 2, then a and y ae reat ” Sh aa) ‘Whe the reference impedance Rit equal tthe load impedance Ry, thea 5 bones Ra Ry Rae fo that a, =O under tis ondton. Simsly, we can show tat, when 1, = de saeronce impedance of port {is equal to the teriating asap The setering mirc 3 then we can expresso ie asst te us an0=t(te+ Ja) sy from which we obtain He = — Jy 43) Consequently TR 4s) Filly, we can exes th frvad eniiion oie! s Live aR, 2 In site fasion, we fn that when port strlen Ra = Ry and hen volge source ¥ywithsource impedance Ryisconested Wo pon, then mB ‘We seta oth and Shave the dimensions ofa vlagerai tener function. Indl sy Re hen Sand Sy asp vole alin, Wis een that for a passive eipoel network Sy ~ Se [Now let consider sua example the satering mati of he nto ‘ea ansformer In Fig 148 cal at for an eal transformer 0650) wea nenth «sy Assuming fst that fg = Rag 1, ftw fd Sy 7 crmloating the 2 portin a 1-2 reser, ar thos in Fig. 1488. Then ee (43 thet css)424 Nesmork ast and sete Lk ye = - 9,148, Demin of wasn peat fr sone sothe anbe 459) From Bg 1448, we have Sy 460) [ext we terminate te wedi for Si, 1 potin 2 1-0 resistor Fig. 1480). We obtain, i Sn 1461) ies re 406 Newark says and synthesis “Thiers isnot implausible, because Uansnisin ine terminated in {is characteris impedance has 2ero ree energy. To deerme Sy tne terminate te line i Zy at bath ends and cone tthe I" po lage soure Vi a8 depicted ia Fig 149. Since'the tana ine tas zero sessed cong, tat the ase rom the equation (se we obtain (87) In sins fashon, we Beat Sam ze 47 can) sving, fined the seating mate of «two-part network i Seton 143 le ws consider some important peopeis ofthe scteing Imac. Fro the geerlrvriction fora piv network hat the net power dlvered foal posts mast be poutine, we obtain the condition Pm Hows? + ane —bih*— bbe) 20 (1479) Equation 1673 follows fom the it that the power delved tothe 1-1 pots Preto — hb) 479) sd th poner dled tothe 2-2 prt is P= Hoa — bs) cas) “The total power dlerd othe network is then Parths (379) swbich sexs theoxpresion ing, 1473, In matrix otton the power Jatvees tthe network is Pm Here] — FIO 20 am ST ‘The seeing mex 25, ‘We ots Sy connecting a voltage source Vy wth source impedance y= 1D atthe 11 port and terminating the 2-2 port wit reste a= 10. a5 seen in Fig HS Sice VF, = te egulent cut ofthe ial raafomer a eon from the voltae source a 21 pe tice in serie whan oho tance (Pip 148s). Then Yeon Be ‘expresed in ets of Fy a8 (sey ass cs 0465 ‘Therefore the scteing matrix forthe eal ansformer is gen a5 eat 459) +h ‘Asa second example, Ie us fad the seating mari for lossless ‘wanseissio ine of engi eran ints caratrtic impedance, a8 Shown in Fig 149, Irwe ase that Ry = Ra 2a en te retestion ficient are San PHB on 54 sen ae 2h The setteing matic 7 ‘whore denotes he transpove operation, and ol : 47 o-[*] Sie 8) = (Sah hen wr- ers (ar Buon 14.7 can sow be sven at P= (OP) ~ FST (tae —— Gag = WF - SFIS > 0 “his then pes thatthe determin ofthe sac th — [SFIS snus be renter or elf 2 tat Dect) ~ (SIS 20 ssp Consider the spect bu, nevectils,importan case of Lossless setwork, In this ese ? = 0, that sts}= cas) ‘A rst satispng the condion in Ea (1482 i anitry, For alos {wosport oath wot [ SS" SH] [ 9] cae MN Isc swtllsu salle dS? ron hs ation, we hv te loin condos oe eating SyPSi.# SuSE ca SiS + StS = 0 4s SuPSia Seta (489 SiS StS = cas) Note that Eqs. 1485 and 1446 ate conjogtes of cach other Ifthe netwot ie eiprocal ther Sy = Sand uot + Saar = 1 [SAGO + ISuU0yP = E (488)28 Network nla and synthe {om which follows tha fora loses seiracl network [yj = Iscfjl 1 an [SG & I Abo dea hat when (SQ (ie when there sero of tansnisson), then [Sul] = This ‘Sondion sates that al the power tat has bon delivered othe tor tom port 1-1 is etd back to por 11 TM thir point, might be profuse Lo discuss why we use satering rmatices What are the advantages ofthe sattering desrption ove Sonventonal deipons? Lat ue dcase thre major rearons for the Seatecag formalism, . 1. Many networks do nor poses an mpadance or adiance mate For example, av ies! traaformer fas no Z or Y matin bersue sloments reno inte. However as we have stn, te ie tastormet| fem te dsb by setering matt, Cacin Sate that all passive etworks possess catering matte, 72, Atighfreqences, incident an reece parameters play doiaaat ‘ees in problems of transmison, whe vllageeuseatdesciptons ate ‘elgaed fo the background, ‘Thon the scteig arc ences the ‘mote powerful description ofthe system, Not that the vokage standing ‘wave aio (VSWR) is ven in terms ofa reetion coeent Sa. von = i as 4. Te neworks where power fow isa pine consideration eg les), the scatecing mtx is yery useful. For example in the network given Fig 1410, Py represents the avalible power from the goeator aad Pe isthe ponerdspatedintheload Ra then wecan show that the magaitude squared foneardtansmisionesefient issue fs i) ‘We cust ot in ee ein aso 45 FHF Gl, “Ts Sang Matic in Newck They” Fa IR, C3, 0.3 ine 9 6 eo ane OG 480 Network ana and ayes two-port network. I fy isthe power disipated at the load before the tno-port aetwork is insted, andi Py the powe dspted after nse tia, then the insion power rato ofthe two-portnlwork i deine 28 wate 4.96) we take te Logaritum of both ses, we obtain (4s) =o f2 whee i the insertion as of the worport network. In trms ofthe ‘Seat give ia Fig 141, we can eaelte Py rom the relation tea gage (498) Wal Pa = al 499) “The power disipste bythe lad afer inetng the two-part network is prenby ue alt = (14100) TTT __ i ; Theseatering matric 29 In Sion 144, we decid the Forward and revere tenamision octets in terms of vollage aos. Pecups 2 more appropiate Aesripion of transmission coeiet ri emt of power eto ater tan a vtage rato, In thr acon me wl sbow ths |S.) a [So (jo) ene be exes in terms of power ration We wl hen inrodace the very inportt concept of isertion less and Bally eat |S) 10 ‘Conier the equation for Sq in the two-port network shown in Fig. su CE cus From esgatn S30) = $4084) 490 — yp = ag avo ThGeW TBR, ee 499) where Psi the power spate bythe load Ry ad Pg the available [le ofthe generator Vp. Silay, we have Isuuort = (499 Pa ‘We sex tat both [Jaan |S jo ate power tater ration which relate the power dspated ata eh port tothe aval power inthe ‘ther port ‘Now let us examine he iden of incertae, Conse the network showa in Fig 10a" Between the tinal nl and 2-? we wil set & tworport network, as shown in Fig 14110, Let us denote by Vn the Voltage acos the Toad rssor Ry Ufo inring the two-prtnetwor, find by the voage across Ry alter inscing the worport etrork A Imeaste Of the efet of iseting the two-poe network given by the Insertion vokage ratio IV, which ie deine wea te 49s) Another method of gaging the eft of inserting the two por network ‘sto mearre the poet dispute tthe oad before and afer mserting the The senerng mare 431 ‘The insation power enti san then be expressed as en PaUlt _ Pe RP In the spc ease when he soure afd impedances ar a hat sia the resqeocal of the squared mupsitade of the frwasd tansmision eeticient in Ey, 1495 real ote iaeon power rt (aio BR Ram Ry (103) When 8, oR then (4109 Inany erent, We se ha he magitodesqutred transmission coeficients [Si jo) and |S ju) canbe eparded phyla quae ineron| Dower ratios. In Secon 146 we wile he elationshpin th ytbenit [St doubetermintd ise network, Inthis sation, we wllonider filer synthesis procedure fist proposed by Dartington ina csi paper in 1939" We wil me seatring mate notation to deste the eseno of Daslingto's orginal work. Out ‘overage il be ested to the clas of low-pass ies which are ter ‘stdin equal sour and ood impedances, Ry ~ Ry ~ Ry se shows ia ig: 14612) For nomatzingpurpoes we wilt Ry fe oq If. ‘as Chater”. Math Pye 1939, 25-39, es Pee eto i492 Necwork nays and syncs Recall that when the source and oad impedances are equal then the inston omer rao equa oie seipocal of (Go, bat Sara presi alee ection, the insertion pore eatio is og 2 = -10i0g!SAGF eb 14106) In circuit design, the secifetion of an insrion loss (Fg 413) equivalent to the specication of te. amplituse squared tranamision consent shown in Fig, 1.13. One of the most Ingenious txhnagucs pve in Datington'ssyethess procedure i he re ‘ston of insertion loss synthesis to an eyusalent -C.dving-pont yh problem. The tecnigo an be developed rms of seatering parameter” Our iota season in term oF [yQj. Foran oe {wo-por newock| (14305 [S,QorP = Y= ISG" aso [Nest Sy) is obtained from the magnitude squared funtion SyS(—9) = 1 ISU (4410 ‘Then from the qoaion Sy = ZB (14.109) ‘we obtin the driving. pint impedance 2(0)= REED (an) 1) sown in Fg, 1.12. We ten ayes the network rom Z(0 ‘We wil retrct os snousion hereto low-pass fies given by the loses ladder stature terminated st both pts by 1) weiss ut Fig 1404 Theselow-pat filters ea take te form of«Baterwoth of {Cheyer spesication for [y(t i, Isucion osu The (44 Network nas and synthe We ot pron Cdr expan for 20) wpa Baas te SSE eet 512 Gate 110 5 oso Gast oss 0209 oon 6 088 O8i2 Ose O36 O14 Oost 4 G38 OF 03M O38 8 OO oo [Note that the eten onder for the doubleterminned Cateye rent given Theis beanie the evenser’ Cheyer fies do ot ‘met realabiityconetons fr minmom insertion foss at = 0 We ave ony gen table or equal source and lod terminations For other powible ransom, te reader should cout. Weinberg excl Wee emer Ana ad Sa, Meal Bok Comp, sory a p58 “ty Cape |195 Neewor ans and oynthons Problems att ton cost fort ene pert network smn Bo a » | 142 For the ove pet pte in Ig 43,1 &y = Rye I the Peg Vet tes parm’ aa tks showa, the sxaring mati for Ra = es Se wis Sp hae chapter 15. Computer techniques in circuit analysis The adver ofthe blgspeed computer has made cowie any of the font tedious and difialt computational aspects of ereuit theory. Dita computers have beers widely wed in cut analyte 304 feequeny-domaia alysis crit (fe) design, and optimization or itive dasgn, We wil dbs Wee aspects fn gene inthis seton 1 rooeeding tctions, we wil deus sore spelic Ceet-anayis computer pcan. Circuit The prinary sbjetive of «linear cruises program sto obtain respones to prosibedetaton signals, Thee programs te based on any diferet methods nodal analy, 08 als, topological formu, and ste viable. Mos of tho can ane active elements sich as tanistors and ios by meas of equivaeat cic eel “The statevaae programs based upon Basow's Amar forma tia! petform th clclations destin tbe tie domain via numeri Inteition and mtn iersion. The oat ofthe progam provise toa and stp response in tabular form Ifthe excitation sea were fren in dae foun, the sttevariable programs would alete the {exponse de the ie domaie Spc 4 TEE a lg wf aos o suc = » Isat = astm Sb a tind ean ypc ao kee ‘boop and " ” Computer technique Ince anaaie 9 ‘Te majority of stuivaraysis proprams, however, perform thie ¢alelations nth frsensy domain ‘The progam was only equted {fo speiy the topology of the network, he cleat vale, sod what teaser funcuons he wishes to obtain. The computer does the 5 Tt falls the specie anse Tunctions in pyomial frm xculates the poles and seo of thee functions, and can ana provide tranent sesponse and stendystte repose, if dese. Wit versatile fap ‘output equipment, the output can alsa provide weshemati of the original rework, wll spot tine and Fogueneyverponse carter, Time and frequency-domain ansisis The tine and regeney-domaia analysis programs can be sed in conjunction with the chene-amaiyts prograst or independently. The Tie-domain progr depend upon rlvng the convauton Integral440 Neowork aay and sates rumeiely. Thi approach obviates the necessity of fing roots of| Fighorder plyaanins Ie haste advantage Pat the excitation sgn eed not teed sally, but merely io Bune! form, “The frequency domi propa uly comist of Boding tant and steady-state responen, gen the tatfer funtion In factored of Ulatored fom. The program wer mst spel the numerator ang Aenominetorpojnemaalso he transfer enctions, te pes of tanient feoponse he wishes (impale ce step response), 08 the types of ‘eny-slate eepose he wishes (aplude, mpi n ect, phase, Clay, fe) In adton he ust speci the Irequency and tine data points at which the elation are fo be prfrme. This may be doae two ways If Re roqies evely spaced at, Be eed only spec the ‘ini point, the increment, andthe numberof polls. If he wishes to obtain daa at atin ponte mst spp te Is of data pas at delnpa. amples of output ofa seady-tnte and anseot analysis computer program are shown n Fis, 151] 132, and 133. in iy 15, the mago {ude of a ibrorder Butterworth fiers ploted va mio poting {abroutine. Figure 152 shows the phase ofthe Miler, whe Fg. 153 hoe inp espana 42 Networks and eyehele ives the specification ofthe problem. The passband magritue isto be Equipe with pple rmgatade of 005 , andthe degre ofthe iter iio be 13. At we indeed in Chapter 14, ofd-degre,equasppe fiers ontesliabe Inthe he devgner ales ngetous ovicean eta ple to secomplnh the syethess. The progr loge then provided two extra tra: oe fo cnel ther pole and the ote to prod the od dere. Tae extn pole called spel pole in 154 and iloeted at = 10. ‘Fortes eeifeston ll forthe lowe” baad-dge fequeney tobe 10" celeste uppe, 18 108 eyes a the midband frequency tobe Ais 910 = 1341608 x 10 ples, In the stop band, here ae to be 2erov of transminsion a = 0 res), f= c (0), an Tour ite eros tf tenosmssion: on below the pss bane an tre above the pss bad, ‘The postions of tex fnte eros of tansmission are chosen by the dnaigher a idiated by the notation “arbirary™ stop band requested compu In Section 152 we will examine fre det of pal stadt analy program. Circuit (eer) design The ite ean opis ate probably the sos conning Argument forthe ue of computers in dot Gnign, Designing intone test to mec cetain pitade requirments rer contented Clean even tn he simp cses- The us of dpa comptes n insertion los iter design sleary a loge alert, The amount of programing tne for gtera fer sytess propa i conta, ower he ends carta Jsfy the ene when large sombre of ‘irs st be Gesiped to st difeentspestitions ‘An cusandng sample ot dial compu popam fr Ate des fs te one wien by Dr, Osore Seta and hs austen? THe Progra s comple in tat handles the approximation sel 8 the Eyes probit iscapable of dling with lo, highs anand pase fers wi peered er of teansislon (0 cle iene to pea), There are provision free cape or easly fhegpe pse-band behav, for arian ros of Yad to sou i eanees endfor preston sod inital espe, Tn addon, Dr. Senta bas 4 odie program tat saceies Jove and band-ps fiers with mainly ato egatsippepe Slay sip tnd an mtn or usp se op in the apecicaons, the designer could specify both the 20s of transsiion (los peas) and the etwork Sonisrtion ested * It is speieations itl nite, the eompte i fe to pck oth cm ‘ich he advance values ze Rep ata minimum. ‘The program wat ‘ites so thm the same geork could be sates fom both end. ina, the computer pints Out te network conto, is dal, the nortaland element lus, aod the denomald one. aa Provides information suchas amplitude and phase respons, 88 well 3 lot of the reponsx obtained from 4 mica peter, Figures Is 4,135, 156,157, 158, abd 139 show th rss of ‘ands fier yates sing Dr. Stetina progam, Mgue 158 CER SLIME Uh Oe te ek a iby St” Pa Be se Spe "nece fe Pa “Ailen! Snftos on Coes on ‘The terminations ae: input = 60, output = OF which means te fier terminates in short ei. Inti example, the ler onlguration in chosen by the compat, nd ia minima indtnceconiguraion® In Tip 1s thre are, in ndtion, stings f the Bite 220s of tans sion loos pens which the desig speci igus 153 sa pinion ofthe coniguation of he tera sown by nde ies Baked by the asotted element ales, oth normalized {ish coturn) and tonoraced (opt cola), Sipe tere are four Frteverov of trasminin, there mst bemsoeated fou" E-C tank ruts th44 Network alysis and synthe ff aR RRRRRED REE: £ SINE SO es an 46 Network aya yohets “Te pak frequencies re sted unde the on ented “teminaton tnd Be aso F-tank cuts ae onthe sme ine two elu thet igure (56 i ling of a small potion ofthe fequesy respons sw ented aes te tec Had ben sie. Figure 13 iS po of vottag atin denbel veri freuen. Not that 10 Sci host be aed to every frequen value in the sb Ts ‘Bey ret a syerny af th plot routine. Tages 158 an 139 show the eal and iaginay parts of the ing aamftace ofthe ier Note puta the shapes ofthese chara Bee's numberof tse band pas ters wet connected in pale ns’ te pss tunds ot the ters were adjcet ut nonoetapping hen te iput condense of the Slee ster woud be een ‘ua ovr the entre pss and; while the input sepance wold ‘neous shown in Fp. 18160 and, This then ean that ‘toot sdmiteee ofthe fer eysem woud be ral and could then be lain’ ty any trbrry source impedance witout fear of restos. ate obtained wing computer prog af the (ype we have jst eserbed are reply sopping Sonvenional hand apd bandbook (ged te "tne Ger aye programs provide ler that are frees of magniide more sophisticated Chan ites designed by ®e | o 18, 1510 Ee opting sve ap i thant Bed Computer techniques incre amas 5 A — Computer cechnaues in cruieayss 47 conventional manner. Moreover, the designs ate complain mites father than 8ays wad atx pial cont of tweety dollars ether than two ‘Bound (eat inlding inl programing cobs feu), Optimization [Network dein cinot always be aosomplished by wy of analyse means, Quite fen notnera are degoe’ trough a ahandecror roses. "The network Geiger begins with ast of speciation’. He then sits a network conigration, and shes an inl gare abot the element valuee Nex he elsltes op teases the desi responses tnd compares them withthe spacigeaons. Tf the measured responses ‘ier by wide magi from he peed ponies, the deen hanges the vales ofthe elements and compares again. He des this x umber of ines unl Gopal the mewared responses ate withthe spect exponss to witha pst trance “This proces of et a try can be made to converge, rometines quite rapidly i onesies a metho of teupstdascent® To get 2 rough Hes ‘of the seepest decent method, supose thee ae m arumeters inthe ewok Let us reaed each parameter 3, a8 a dienson sp an me limensonal ewsiean space. We define 9 Tanction fly 24 ty 2-29) ‘hat asian «fonctions vale to each pot ofthe easdean space We then as at point py, what dietion motion decreases the value of Slows te. 2) toe rapsly? The funtion fe) may be dane at “ust uquared efor, or ara seo efor betwen aclated response land speced response The ren of eepest descent the eeston ened by the gaest, erent wn Tet nl ot ns pri bya 3h say a, whee C a coitnt. Afr al pustmeters have been changed by the Incremental vale in Eg 15% a em gradient and new incremental valet te obtained. "The proses continues ua the optima ir obtain, "An eclest ppet by C. L. Sega decries a seepert dront Cs Bain Mei fp Deen Md Moa he ag lnc acho) Ger erm Bs Cy Ne asp By Nesta Tum Coonan Rs 08Ha Newwork asyieand synthe Fortran program sie for designing dey networks. The specications seth ay values gen lhe reguency data pons f- The progam Sccessvely changes the paramees 50 Cat the Squared eeor IR, — Teo assy 3 imi, I 153, Tf) een he ey, a ee fy tbe network wih praete In otdec to use the progam, the network designer must fist sect the init values forthe parameters He mot alo provide the specie ays Ry and the Frequency datapoints. "The program provides for 128 much ponte and 64paranser ales, ft copa of teengreque: ‘ment Simultaneously isthe Une and frequency domais. The designee [Shot rested to eqal ipl approniations or inte O requirements bes fe to inpote requirements each ae nonuniform sispation and range of valube element values on te Gexgn. For mated methods of| ‘Splizatin, the eadr shuld eer os tut pape by MR: Aaron ‘The concept of reve tration beeween man and computer hols smsch promi in the eld of petwent design Mulipleacoss competing Systems och a the project MAC of Masses Istiue of Teche ology, ake cat ad try Sogn procedure pracicsle The nts IMAC could deseo ether the term malipe aces computer oe ah Imachineided copiton. 18 an ate deserting the MAC compat System Professor R. M. Fano sates The notin of machine-ided cok ‘tion implies an intimate olboration between homaa veer and a omputerin a ceslime eilogue on the sation of «problem, in which {he tivo parties contribute ther Bes spits” ‘A simple muliplessces computer sytem it shown in Fig. 151 “There aren data links an ternal conected to the ceneal proctor. Located at each terial i inpuouputesuipment, ch at tle writers tleypes, ad osellogrphic splays. The sequence ia which the cera processor ace prorams rom te teal controled by builtin queuing log, ‘The man reaton t mulipioascess computer Is effective is that the entra pocesior computes thousands of tines fser than the tr’ feacion ime. When awe eds ia progr sens oly a “momen oi ge ag rel trac SRM, Fano, “The MAC Spm: The Computer Uility Approash” IEEE ee eae 450 Network anne and yates [reper Computer ecg meant 48 ° 2 fe] 1G 138 hd dg hing pal mule comping, before he gst the rests throm the tetypemritr or ososcope . The only difeee is hat cetin choses Ital to ates rh uiycoupled col nd thes witha “Once the tro of Sy) ate chosen, the inp impedce ofthe Aer iethen ed ass) BOTT SO i wera se roa |e eee) eet tin so tin [een oe 0600. Joey Pa Pl. tt. Sa po. nds wan Mata! oat” Trans IRE on Cet Try, CT, December Comper technique in rei anaes 457 pled oh ot Tee 19, 1517, Hach gene at st eo by ose Output ‘The eoeficients of te voltage and current plynomial at priate in Segura’ frm, To eet th toma cone ivede bythe normaiing agian ciel fo the poner of the COT ‘ponding exponeat. "The poles and 7e0s of the Yliage and carentpolysonil ae in Srequeney normals form to Fcitate zero-ple poe, Froguency respotss appeat ia denormslae! form. The Hequncy vaisle fin asians per second. The ipedance evel isin decibel the pse in degress The pin and pase of the tear ration are ‘spied sla. I54 PROGRAMS THAT AID IN DARLINGTON “Two double precon Fortran programs have teen writen thst lp inthe thesis of oxbleterminatd irs wang the Dacington pro. ‘cn. The mathematic othe prograns ls esrb hee ‘Given a forward anamion Sse, Su) = we as) Computer techniques in cel araaie 459 Program descriptions Wetneat posed ih rf. decisins of the (Wo programe. The fast popam fs the roots of 6) Sy) ge the rots of NO), MCD, DO) aod Des} A fw cart for he apa of he progam fem inPp 15. Not tn me trend in ble tos AG) and Coo ai ge conte aed a 3 ne apt forthe rote of Band Die) The sna CN Bint ie Pom “The second pogram pans the computation in Ba. 1515 fr stent eminatos of rs Sy) eo the ac ha the os of Sh) zd ot eh chan plete peius pope fa {he mos of 6) Secs) We ma chow oly fal he umber of pis for Sy () Caran combinant of eon f Sy) Sul) ‘Eiteswith coupled als ates do nt Ione ites fo ® Iimbe of contintion af ts fr Sy) te program hs te fy {Sena him odo so He ted ony sop thon as of Su) Sys) inte rhennd plane, C0) +0 nd f cosa (mich freee 1D or "Ls tha he tor af Sy) ny te repesetes se SC) 486) = Nt) 478). “Te Towne forme namertor and ‘onan pays ofS) ytd sun= 22 516 12 |i atten Tencin tr eta i oe Sutures) Ting Yin any ate ahd cSt ney [pierre ey, Teaescy [ite car cece ser carbs 2a FIG 80% Laut to Z4( op.460 Necwork ans and synthesis and thes computes the mmersor and denominator of Z(0) 38 Su _ F= 600, TF Su FOF BG “The inp instucons are summon tHe How cart in Fg. 1. 20) asin Problems 251, api» oar x stig made apne ee ny rang shut "82 Woke pogo cle te dy of He)= of Rapa Pot 1836 aa sero wit ai nd ee Pn “The roquncy pois = St" sipporeygu ie ce th seo aoe fe pois 0 84, S2PN I Bie gale wo forge Ise The Sin hey Mit ee ate Ss Wate t poper to aajaes feormh week ade wp of coy bad C emt i 18 Repeat ro 155 or ol ms 187 Whe a yopam cals ep a np raps of ee en wns sot ple eo sr 153 “eso 87 toi pa on os 189, Wihe «popu o eae he ea ter fon with sli tne lp enh esta ron eso bee appendix B Generalized functions and the unit impulse GENERALIZED FUNCTIONS ‘The unit impulse, or deta function «mathematical apomaly. PA Moire hepsi, ised tn hs wong on Gunnin mecha He dened the dts function As) by the egpations [loerdens on 0 for xno a) ts most ieportant property ie [lrenriens os here fle) is continaows at = = 0, Dir clled the dela fonction a Ingrper ncn, ecne there ext no rigorous athena t ‘Heaton frie at the ime, 1950 Laurent Schwarta published reatise ‘ented The Theory of Diirbuloas, which povided, among othe hing ‘uly igorous and sistctory bai for the delta funetion- Disibaton theor}, homer, proved too absteact Tor applied mathemati and SPAM Dine The Minis of Qamton Mesa, Or Us Pa 3 aa, The der Duns, Vo and Memon i, Pat, 180 appendix A Introduction to matrix algebra Al FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS Mati tation emery shorthand thod of algsbaic symbolism that enables one to aety at the agsai opertons mere 9c} “The seory of macs orga piri rom the eed (0) 1 sve Simuitaneoor near equations and (2) to havea compact aoation for Tea rntoratone fom oneself vrais oan, “Aran eagle of 2), conser the sto simultane linear eqestins| oust teh to} ata ost Oak hok gare wo ats Ona y= “These may expos gener! linear tenfrmation fa the 9 the In genera sem An example where the gabets of variables in the tg sts are uel stat spring thisedimensiona Set two dimensions fin a pecpecne drawing), Hee, m= 2 tnd w= 3 Definition ‘Avmix i an ovderod rectangle array of auers,gnealy tbe ecticents of linea tanformation. ‘The matic i Senet by ging file arent, andthe Toeaton ofeach ‘Thematic ofthe equations a Eq. AT weten a In fonder mm. (The fst umber hee i the sumber of rows the Aopendies a1 ysis, tas not ua 195, when Gore Temple died mre Stes (ahowgh no lenge) hey tnse et see ‘ed feconththsnon bao aad mae te On ete of prralieé ftcon ibe ted ot einon of he geal sep fston dk dete he iepele The tesinet ofthese nts Pts does he Saat “el ane Lig “To gaan en of wba peed fen inconvenient oe ‘3 taog the ation ofan anal nombet bn secs of rational nucnbers 2, such that Sevens oa ier he init indies that he poi yon teal ine omer to {he pot epseting Al aims Spt parsed ie ial umber ety perme ee) Seng canal ink of a ural fen at ngs cae oe fencion wich when muliies by 2 te fenton and epee (Coe) fis tine it Belo we octal dee ened unions mpitan to conider th lion pa elsg ees and (2) 8 regular sequence. o i DEFINETION BA anc $0 oes Cig € Chis one tat) Ss aiereniabeeveyvhere an nam tines nd at Ch ohen oe say ft derivatives are mle hy ae fo ay pone te bk im #4O)+0 fora m&k>0 > ‘Any texng function ea Function of cs C ample BA. The Gauan function «9 a fapcin of ds C. Iie bist ita icons af thal i ates bog ting 1. ESE Rh Aon of cen rnin nin seit he ay of Come Recto” Aaa Say, 42, ‘ea 8 Lp dsc ce ek to P bine aee he tart hated td on Temple {Th hn il nate acing he Cat deo, Fors no Poof el Pe, Wan i on Cap ea ee ray, Ctl Enea " *enumon eas sn) etn fs Cs RETO, Ame et inGebain[ soKnd exists Note that it isnot nee tha he sequence conterge pointwise For example the sequence (ex) appeoaces nity a8 => oo at {he pont #= 0. However, the mit i fr 9) ens DEFINITION 833 ‘Two regular Sequences f) and (py) ate gue Mem HN BES nis, §) ima 8) co) sample B2. Te eur equnes (a) and (VT) ae quale DEFINITION B4 A gerald fiction fis dfoed a8 a 0 oF compl, lass of equivalent repuaesquenss The term foal implies fre tha there ext a oer equivalent regular sequence no belonng {orthis slats Any memer of the class for example) slit to {epresent both q and the total cat of equivalent fopler sequences ‘einingg. We denote ths symbolically bythe orn g ~ Frample HAL of eqs eur seqess eam fn, fet, een spent theme gerald fntong ~o-¥ DEFINITION 8 The nner produ (g,¢ os gentle function, and a foneton 4) € Cis defined enein fesoane oo e-[teoaoe a ‘Note th the itgral hee is wad symbotiely and does not imply eta interation, ‘DEFINITION 84 If ¢ and f are two gentraid fonctions rep resented by the Sequences go~(g,) an A~ (i), the sum gh {eGo by the reprsetaton + 8 ~ Ug + hy ‘Note tha the st of sequences (5+) represents total clas of quvalent eglar sequences mage up ofthe sum of sequences defining nd hy thteore g++ his «property deed gneraled foeton 414 Necworc analysand syrthess DEFINITION BY “The giseralized sep function w is defined as the tof clas of equivalent reps sequences fu) sich that eatin flan dine =[uosoe am -[wa here a(t the unit tp defined in Chapter 2. That (oy) ext is [pirated by the previo theorem allowing representations of ordinary Elston by geerlizod fonctions. Hence, we witew meted] ee am lh pote in Fig: Bone omer of the cs of eulnt eple| ‘Rhone which resi be pons! ep uncon Fm. Toe goin ep nue) DEFINITION 8.19 The snit impste, or Dea dea function 4), is defined the derivative ofthe genelizd sep function 4) ~ ( Appendix 473 ie defn hy the repeertation 9g ~ (ty, DEFINITION Bt ‘The derivative g” of + penealze! Tunction g ~ .) etd y teresting). ample Bs. For the sneaed fnetn g,~ (EC) the deve ie needs) soi [ (Semone ao In Defitions B67, nd BA we have defied the operation of ain, rkiplction bya ssl and diferentation. Hrmut be pointed out hat {he operation of moliplation Between two genealzed functions isnot (ioc m ener, We nant consider an important theore, whose prof i sven in Lighhil? which wil enable us to represen ay erney func, suck st sep Taption by a geeralied funtion equvalet. ‘Trem Bl Given any edn fant saying he onto for sn > 0, thre ens enernn anton f~ (ff) sh tat coo <[ pone aun forall $€C In ter wor an oi fnstion syn Eq, regu Tenis ene af nes prods ton eteand fasten Solty sete =f lyn tion, continuous a an neal, ten La fe potent intra, wd Furthermore, canbe shown tat ll he operant of ton, se npn ditecrson poe oh 3k at fot Ai = 0h + ah ow en siferettion i permite on he ordinary fto, jpop Seon 23 st ipa ony pmi ng, isn en a my tae gn ee Le ee ee [ona [lao doae anata fuowou — a0 amb Faso wa -(5-) oy fn Fig 2 ioe mumber of the dae of gual cesir suet: wich ‘pects th ni ipa Other mene of ty at the goa (et) and fF FG. BA. The eid ere.476 Neswor ase and eycheie “ret nga pny be imple the ting propery cep sata [Lonsoe=f0, ouire x6 where fis any fostion eifeetinbie ver [fl The left hand side of Eq, BAG dele formally by [osoaets [ “The proof ofthe siting property i obtained by simply integrating by parte 2 follows “ego ey {a focorina tn [esos a =tmesnso = 10-[imetore was Pctoshily we represent AO) by 4 spike a6 shown In Fig. BS. If the inpole ie comteat t= a then the sifting proper i ven syrbalily THe oftyai= fia) (abiBl< =) 19) 478 Neswork asp and wath Fe, Ba. Funston wih dota. Since ff) #08) sats the condion Sates foe sane Hi: we can represent these ordinary futons by senralzed functions ano +o wz “Taking Seratvson both sides of Fy, 27 yis LO~SO+ AW) ery hc sbi can Be writen as SOP 4x) (029) ‘We thus se that whenever we diferentiteacros discontinuity, we ‘obtain ka Tanction tines the ght ofthe acon. amo. Tn fn RCo nea Now array om soning se Tepe on hynny —heeray oo sation mh ‘Appendic® 67) href) must exit over ff. Note that when the nite of itegrtion reife, we ntl meat, [Laonoa = tin (ao s0a 2 In hesiting prope, bon P> 0 or #0 et Poona (aay ‘The proot ofthis property is similar to the orga proot ofthe siting [Opes ad wil be ea an enrie forthe eal Integration ‘The taining equations ofthe dts funtion scoring to Dirt are [Crow (a2 ‘These ate actualy properte of the dla Sention as viewed fom the eecalzedfustion standpoint. The proof ean be obtained dist fom thesiting property. Suppose we hae the ite! am snd we = 1 Tew [five en 1B perth ao Boh are hn ao, en flava 2» “ie propyl ply by he condos) = Oar #9 0 Differentiation across discontinulty Consider the function f) = Tip Ba We we that /() has a dizon fiaty of att = 7 Ue ef) = flO fort < Thank fi) =f) ~ 4 ort then we have MO=$(0-+ Ae) (029 Apart 99 ro ® 0,8, Dilosntse soe ini. aaa pn ik ie nt sed area acu pena et weeny [romero ounce 2 “The profi cbained through sucesive iteration by Pal. [vor in [esorou ow ntimeosof tba Peo roa lim WC) = 0, re We se that ince iw) oy480° Necwork ana and sythenis We 8a Tso, Westen nets by at ei so that [Cecoroa= ~imerf sin Patoroa = 70+ fo rom =-r04fp—"0= ro In gros desatvesiing propery cn be ste bby [low osoa where feist ove fa 8)" ‘The generalize Tuncuon 0) is sometimes called a double The torial eeeserttion of doublet given iy Pig BS ‘Other properties ofthe unieimputee (35) nse @36) Dirt and hers have obra «hor of dette concerning the wit Inputs, We wil merely give these hte witout pool 49 = a0 0 s-9= 8) 0 14) =0 o 180 = —H9) © o HM ~ 2) = flo) 800—2) o ‘The proofs of these propenies ze obisised though the inner product nth etingFesion iN EC Fe conto nf ian, batt ey. 462 Neewor aay and synthe Expunding thi at equation by Exe Formals, we obtin se reoe D4 sind, «9 so that sree © “The ale For adtion fortwo comple numbers igen at CIDER GOHEO — CD en wo compe umber are mpi, weave (+ PM Heeb) + fol hs) — C9) wie f= 1. Ie expe te compe nee n polo Fo, we wr (hen cw so (440=ne% cw ‘ico we spy theo uber in pl fom, hn vn = en cm Af wie hss amen pola form thn ne nae » ne ne eo 1 rectangular cowdinate, the operation of vision canbe expressed as ot +i — 1) eid (eb sOKe= H) 4H fer be ~ ad ere Inconoeton with he mols ofa complex number, its weil to note ‘he flowing rales coy where 2 the complex conjugate of x and ie ded at 19 appendix C Elements of complex variables Gu ELEMENTARY DEFINITIONS AND OPERATIONS ‘A complex variole #4 pal of real vibes (9) writen as +0 cn ce jean be out of V=T “ic fatan scl her fs, and isthe imaginary pt of wien n pl ntton wove FRO mime) fey ‘The vr cae ltd cos pif rn corine, The Teel gecut tes ors an todos they seems te pn pm wich xm ye plod ned oe ce aa anymore complet rte uchace 3 3 8 Seema atc asealendnaginn pits asborsisy MeoesC of he come ne ew on so tay pit Festaet fom nongntoc iain y perere eee ) » sn stam th me of The pe wh str oends Bow Biker oer saemur'h 8 Leting @ arg 2 and r=), we an represent = in ple coordinates os pert co noe! popentixc 483 “The fllowingraer deal with opersioninvlving the conjugate dein Braenttet Gueatnt ery Finally i sandals of unity then aah ey The operations ofa a complex number tothe nth power, or king te nth fot of complex number, ca be dsl wt na ety y ing ‘he pole form ofthe number. Ths, We have = (rs) = re Jem png 0,4 (c19) to ach = = = jy, me signs complex amber w =a je then ina function fe or ware) oy The following are examples of comple Fantions,b etions of & complex vale: were wa toge wets ean wees won We se that w may be comple, pure rel, or pace ialaay, pening ‘pon the paral reins wits. Tn gener he ela iapnary arts at both fastion of» andy. That we tw =a ws u=fley and 0=fie,y) (cay ‘hs example It ind wad forthe fnction w= 4 veces ee) ey Simpliyng, we oan year tants 29404 Nexwork nays ad yas so that Bayh A and pe tey (29 "The derivative ofa comple Fanction fis tne at re=tinet ans oo ore ests the deton or path along whieh Ae approaces zr, then “wehave what it known as diction erative, However, i complex fancton i to posse a derative at al the derivative most be the sse toy point eer ofthe diction in which Be approaches ze, Th ‘ther words, nore or) to be deeb at += ye mst hase 42) constant cy forall aietons of approach of ‘Conse the to dacton fa which Ae approaches ser in Fg, C2 and C3. For path 1, we hive Fonin infet8=I9 ay Te we substitute * ora tetay em io 4 C24 mon fo) lt BELAY OL= LEED (ep JO= fet ba + jay co sie font ea os Fer emurertjet ty (em 496 Necwork amass and synthase (On the other hand, fe) = 2 i not analy case and ee —y a & cx» Bow ae Bac 1 fois scaly within ein oda in he ope plane exc sca pits hen) ana aed gry ey Soppe)n gun step ten wes ped 0) sont Lowen tn tbh bale talent tae vem cnt une SMS Sutera em Accoing 1 the dition three of the peas = 0 og sample C2. Expud he ain fe) = se ~ 1 abot he pole ate sna Red hrs fe peat = wee wtp eee eH HI-@ nee foc 0 < it~) <1 Hae, the ese ft pole =| ‘equal to -1 eS Tab te mete ee ith pn Aopendicc 45 ve finaly ave at ay cw) Since we assume thatthe function /() is iret, che derivatives must be independent of path, Thos, have (39) From hts uation, we tain he Cte Anan ets, wih ame wee 29 um oo ae We have just seen that nour for funtion to have a detivative, the Cou Rema eustions nus bol. A fintion wich sng aed tnd posses «ungue derivative is ale an ante fonction. A wt of ‘aint condlons for analy fs tat the Cavhy-Risoanneuations see obeyed. For example, consider the Fncion sonees conn Pes analytic boca ae ay 2 (ey ay Apendicc 487 Example C3, Find te reir of the pos als =O and = 1 ofthe fo ~ 3 ay “oti he ede, we snpyperarm ptt aon expanse sowz2e hy 3 (can oo ‘Ths the eve of he po at += 0 =3, and tess ofthe pole at Incompieintgation th ateprais taken over peewee pa (Candis defied a he init of anf summation = [uoe-im Som, ess bets fs on Cale the proces of een the pth alo wich we tke the ftgral makes dfn as tothe uit val thee. Ths he negra Ero ctw in genera as dfteet valu pending upon wheter we choot it {re along path Gyo path Cy a shown a Fig C4 Twenga along 4 clotedpat, say frome and then fo aaghc, we are interag long & che eoncur. The path shown in Fig Cis an eng of ecleed otout. The allowing theorem, kaown 4s Cauchy's ese herem gies # meted fr sap ertsntion of ites on slaed pat, jae ‘Totem CA. 1a spl oad caren a domain 2 win wich tut eeepe oso ngaes tse th he ep long408 Network analysis and synthesis heeled path cis Gf fonte m2 ta to oko (can wh epee he site ofthe gly ample CA. Conse te neta Sagi slong te cil i = 2, a gn io Fig. C6 Sie hr are wo singles ‘HIME these ty So ane as =) howe race are apctely 3 TaD 1 bn te negra along te cs fem ean) oo CS. Find he integral of) along he desl contour shown it Mi (Ci The fncon 0) pena att «x FFD Jon appendix D Proofs of some theorems on positive real functions omen D121) on 7) ae oh pte ea he ZO ao pier ‘row When Res > O-boh Re (and Re () 2 then Re ZO) 2 0, sit. When sre both 20) ard 17) at rea ene ZO) se. Se Zig sass bah condos of poate resins postive el ‘Theorem D2, 117) spose weal hen Zh) poe ea "ref Wi) = is pole ee ose ZO) = ZC) i posive re ‘Teaem D._ If 7) pote rel the 1) ao postive re Mh) =n pie oe 0) = HEN py ‘Trem DA. The sum of pote rel fant spose eat row) Suppose 20) and 2) me bth pose a. When Res 0, then Rez 20 and ReZ 20 Au, nb el oth 2; and 2 aera. ‘Te a of to ra mbes fe sre oumter, There, 2, 2 pote waren DS. The ples an seo of 2 ennat have postive ra pars Gleylelate right ioe pan, ‘oof Sopa ter sap in te gh plane Let ws make a tet sre pan about sat She mado he ‘Appendix = 457° ‘A parti ation exparsion off) shows that Ate (es rrr errss so that he reides are | and2, The vale ofthe intel long the closed fat within wich both the singlaris i ten Groaerqienens 1 i analy in a oma with no sings, than the nepal Belen er fpoee0 eo “This eulis known a Cates itegral hare Appendix 491 sere meal and ie, Int neighoraae ofthe ple, 21) ca be Spores nmi ‘can repeet 20) pol fomy abating ea ten ys po Fm; Tine age mat and en = keh at ao-Kere, semp-Eoat— sich seen Fig. A. When vari fr 002 hesigof eZ) Wi shaage Dr tnee” She Re) 20 mben Rez 20. ith sen that ny ‘Riot oe 20) inthe ight hal ple wishow thal he fonction ot foutbereelTveoreswesnnat haves pein the igh plane, Sige the ‘lion 124 x psn ea 2) poate fet sobs hat ere ‘tothe ny mre in the mg late ao ‘ee Daigo si a i ont on ‘Pro Ava consequence ofthe dation of Tere DS, en tat rolesny cus on ho jsei'n = and ¢ =O. Tecoodiion n= ties Tinie potisinge andthe conan 4 = ofp at theres pote hd ya indy sen ta ero he us sao be snp ‘Tere DT pe and m8 of 2) aero ocr conga pi. "pf onglec poo sro et witht cote 21) exe real sve Av rtf theorem and Theor Dissent toh te muro and dena polyoma f 2 rst be Horwi. ‘Teorem DA. The hihest powers of the numerato poyoar ‘Boominale pj of 20) may er by at ot uy. raf be Z0) te wien annette Lye ontes AO TP thee OO492 Network analyse and synthesis yy 4 2.whens = 9,20) wlhaves mo oforer or pater ats = =, stihiten heye. Snrty i'm = 2 heats = = 2) haves fete f ac moa See 20) ct hae ape Po ‘Teor DI. The lowe powers of Me) and may ery atmos iy, “Po The prot obuiel tia Thane Da by sly sbtatng s sorsanapromediage rte. ‘herem D1 rational nin Fy) hel oes postive rif: Ta) Fl) ie ashe ia he gel plane (6 Ter as oe coe oi hy ost be spl and have eal ove (© Re P(e) Zot al ‘Proof Wened ely show tat these hes codons afte same requ mnt ts Re20) Ofte Ret 20. We wl ae of he unin as ‘hea whic sae hat ie focion is arate within «en selon he ‘mir seo he el pvt th at eon he bonds f tat teen. Tho region nh wien we ar conuoe the ibaa ih ‘Shunde bya emia nie raga and the trary a wih al "ettot for tha ple Ft ncn aon hore ttanreo ten Re 2 rl ose ber these ihe D2) 494 econ als 0d yothets Suppote we begin wth a rans fantion Ge) with etn defines in sample or phase response Let wx conier the tant function Of corrective network 6) such that the product. Gui) = G9 6) «ep wl have teuer gin or phae sharers. For the purposes ofthis pape, we wl eset Gye) to have the form = 96 Gip=e' (=D where Cit a constant, and gander ad ol spiny, ia the second quadrant of the complex frequency plane ith cometon fnto be apie at suey hig Requents such tats ars «2 oe @ augment ay given ational function de the comple frequency plane “The added gin in dct, de ots please par 640 = hone SE co) re wen ese he fl of conta Cin Bg BI k= es cos to |t=a] «6 For fied this i the equation of a irl wth inverse point at and po leradises «© ed sag ene cn gpa ONS Une Pe ox appendix E An aid to the improvement of filter approximation “he jnrodution of nao! pole and rn the sso quant rte compe equ ples, nt the conr loenton aa Be ple or pose cometons oa iter sppoxira over some deste teaser egensea witout signify hanging te approximant a iter teertei However atandty prover fr fing the Bost Sins forsuch apleano parce oer Avital aired EScin nich seus the amount of labor requ To make modest, concn o i pe a ‘Coat pine to constant lps ein contour for the coves tuo ples pat are ltd oo tanapret oes Ot of hse oe pce vera sup sled snr of anh paper opresning te ‘udp egueny plane. Fhe the gir shapd pas and in come hn lng the jo sae Ht byte teens of the oe ontous ih is ani, ‘Conseions wack Bes rece the ors inte final pponinant ae he sought by variation ef the ove poston sree ti ether pas or ampliide may te comet. Hones, ‘Es not aiaye posto sane prove oth th pase an th ie chebetriies of approximant by = singe pursed ed oe IE rms ox rei Ther FF Koon M Kru rep ‘choy Bombe ep 0-4 "Tiber, peste coe. Append 495 be «9 Thea em ey ee 5 the midpoint between the ole nd eo, ad thei separation ie Wistasy tose from 4 Et that the cote ofeach cel of constant {um is externally collinear with the poe and zeo. For the purpose of Aang the fnuly of constant gin contours, we may lee the gin ‘ot corgnats andthe scl ator «may be tet egal oon. Fertermore ony al the pater nest be dean Benue the function bas nope sty with eect to arefton abot the perpen lear Bastar ofthe pole zt pat Figure E. epesnt pole at mo atg and an acitecy pont inthe complex frequency plane, When the pole and 270 are aoe to ‘oret a ven phase characters, the added pase ats ¢ em where and G are menaced wih pet to ingle abiary ference Tn Fig, EB cio as ean dawn hough pg and 5. Ange is © o496 Nexwork analy and sess alt one half he subended ae p/9, There, the ace gop 8 nat ps cot The i a enter of el been nt the perpendicular Ssertor of chord pg ao ext 04. Af Ul ‘ior Contursoessuet pas ave el cones ons epee ar "Note tht minor rep’ is alo «contour of constant phase, but the ae sae " andor ex is neat, sina the cocks eoation from #p 4, THE oenon fr pote atone hn taken ote counteccke £4 CONTOUR DRAWINGS Sts of constant phase and const logit gia contours are drawn in Figs E and Ee eaves are ymmetste abot the 20 ecb ne eset he gu crves ar of oppose in. Theor, ‘nly one fo ach igre hn been dea, 498 Necwork aye ad thesis 0. £4 Sip ote uC dpa fot oly hal ofthe symmeticl puters har been drawn, The sighs may be ‘btane from Pip Bandar inprtant in seleting he oetation of the polezee pai ES CORRECTION PnocroURE Ia coring gen ppovinant iiss sey ol he ered ‘apie nr phan oon wa ery. When te cote fig, 20 E3 areola on soond ss represnting te comple, trgutay phe, be comau tons with ote Ideal he ‘estections tht wl sel beveled ‘There ae srl vares a the designe pol. The fit she nance betwee ie careng pole an sre the tn of te Sontours in Figs E2'and E38 ot specie, te eguney tle of {he wodengSomples plane deters the dance between te pole nit seo, The sand cg varie te lation ofthe enter of he fleero pir. The dstane ofthe cnc om m ge bandon the fo ‘is Semin ego of te coco hid varie ithe entation ofthe pteseo pin, Figure BA shows how te ration ts th na pleco “Ar Simple example sppow one water fo have sro ave coneton a {2 1.0, seguiv ne conecton above and poe coreton low {hat eqn. “The aac would fe fo poi te seo pase ans = 1D withthe ole rerest to he ais its ded have egal ase cretion thre und bow = 1 the zo pase mi sul be vient pall othe reac he come equa plane Ione Wishes to ave more phase corona w = Dan los blow the Appendix 497 0. £3. Cant apn nd pa coms “Toe model ine he perpen bisector ofthe ie spent inns he poland sro. eis bin contro nitrate J te ough te pole and zero 20 phase contour. Tope, ae penal anes frm a uel fete rye. The is ofthe ost in he fo undans formed by tee ese sow Fees Si osetia in Fg 2 and ot cary lsat bree ter phase ai should be rolatd locke wth ep theo et "ethos se that by varying the equncy elf the complex frequen ‘ln, the positon o the cero he poles pul, ad the oes fF the polero pi, the pleshaped oreo ean be ma o approx tate he dst correction, mus be emphasve thatthe method sgpsed herein 8 aid to cutandstyeoreton. As sich, is esr fo se the method tap to rsiny st down rls Tor appiing However afew rate gener [teen maybe bl Ustes the pote anda Doth on he el 8, one must emembee tha nots poland sro ae lasted a ont porion The 0 tribtion fom both oleae pos may be aed slgebrally. Tn most ‘Flore ny ne poeao pl wi normaly contrib sgnianty any go. he shape and magnitude of the sie correction wildcat the way ‘nwtich he jo amines he corstion contour. The bonne ofthe Geieécoretion wl dicate the proper cling ofthe fo ath. anion fo i are eed to x ep ad ro oon for tebe el bs found that «worthwhile conection can Be made in ete he pase or te gin characters Ont fotitoodly can ty be proved Eimstanousl by «single persbaped coreton sample £1. The amplitude eapone of irtonder Buterwoth ies ther bythe vali cur tn ig Ea Tt deed to expen the gui cot arin ct reguency oy =. Tis doe by nrg the es fost low cea een desing above tat feguncy. Figure Ee nt he ype ‘cotcon cated gue 7 showss pole part wheve hs pe ‘ssyecton, The gin = | eas tshange by tigre coe ‘hte pot puta ath mode! Ene at» =I bu ge any Iti soton boa tt pit nga be ud, at ee ig B show th 2 diteon plese tne deition of th se tte phase espose om Ke sloe at = Tit raped cree doves he per <0 a te or Figure E shows the deviation ofthe pase responses om nar phn, {eile om Figs ad et that pin come appronant as 2 poocer pn epoca he rig, whe he tne eve nproximant FS pete ah rol ha he pa“500 Neework analyst and synthesis 1B, Angle gn of oe an nr ater fle “Tis wil no sis oe eprences tr de. Cpe, homere, ‘Supe cones A well apc is abet a aig the fit concton rib oto bd ad hepa covet futher and fan inthe spa coneors jn dural sca be doo ty siting the poe sero tog lover ean nd a0 by experimenting vt nonsense i = a" \ FG. 6, Antec oan at dee Barwon S02 Neqwork ans and synthesis 4 CORRECTION NETWORK DESIGN A few words are in der concerning the synthesis ofthe equalizer rom sn plea pir obtained bythe mod Serene, ‘revert povdeoptinum power ese ad to faite cascading the coretion news withthe orignal ie the coeation network ‘Should be of he contantesitnce pe, We wil tit our dacanton to the bidgd'T suena in Fig, ose vos tant fonction Fae Mok Ke) 7) provided the netwoek& ofthe constant resistance type a piven by the Shuation c= on 2024) = RE ely “Foe aorsliation purpose, we wilt Re Tet te poleasecorestion be ite a genera Heaste ks O= FEBs +80 oe Since the carson has minimum pe, we know that (a, 2 O) Ta {Raion sins te de gun cannot ete Ui, by > 0 ‘Wevan express te pedane 20) fo ter af GC) in Eq i as fey Bay EEDA — ae y= 09 ap = 5 ares em Sine 26) mut be poste rel te eoeffsents mut al be aonsegatve rothat ee 4,050 em) Bo ado {a} 1; G69, Rg Paco Appendix — SOL _ eo ry PEERY “ENE FIG EA, Pot duos oy ope tof. Appendix 503 spe ~| Le Moreover, inorder for a biquadti driving point immittance 10 Be ‘postive real the following condition mus pp)" 1% alls concering the sate of 2) ae ao gen in Sass pp. Telopm pieopancla(bminig Eo Neat et abe loentns of te oles and sroin term ofthe pr ate fh 8 wre icasanes om te of 98 Rak has how hat tae fori and los 0 Be ite eo em In adion Be has shown tht for an unbalanced beigedT. iret if tras [fl then te lage the ana the larger the n-ad es- Th parle, should be lest than 70" 10 eset tear Io resfonable proportions. If one eosides other nework configurations SR hack pa coment‘S04 Nemes analysand ayes seh ate nr al a Ras ton it ented, For lab network deg, Weinberg method applicable? toupee api, he andl ese We have presented ere a simple visu aid tothe ooreton of the mpilide of phe sponse of fters The method has the adage | {aakatng the commonly used cutandty aproorh to ts probe. I as the dadvanige, in any case, of laling to provide smuloneoos fmplite and pase orections i sg ep TE Wai, "REC te mtr” Pi IRE, Spent 195, 198118 Bibliography Goldman, 8. Fegueny Anal, Molton and Noise, MeGramHl, ‘New York 1988 Jade Mand E Brenner, Anse, Trammson ond Fern of Stas ‘MeGrav- Hil, New Yor, 1963 Lath BP, Speae Sytem ond Communications, Job Wiley and Sons "New York, 1985, ign 3, ltoducton so Free Als and Generalized Paton, ‘Camlvidge University Pres, Ne Yor, 1938, in, SPF and HJ. Zineerman, Eerone Crt, Signals and Shem abn Wiley and Sons, New Yor, 1960 Papoutn The Fewer Integra and les Appeation, MeGrawHil, New York, 1962 rove, il Ey Sips ard Noize 4 Communications Systems, D. Yan ‘Nowteand, Princeton, J. 196, Schwert, My aformation Transmssion, Modsaion and Note, Mera il, New York, 1959 NETWORK ANALYSIS albanian N, Pundomontlrof Cc Theory, Ally and Bacon, Boson, 96 Bok EV, The Transform Analy of Linea Sutms, Ad6o-Weey, Reading, Massachusetts 198, renner, Band M avd, dnl of let Ceults, MeGrawAil, New “York 1958