tat formlydstibued superimposed oad ler ei load om state imate heat Senth of headed stl coenetor ‘om state ui shetr seth of bade ul connector in he presence of tion Uformly dstrbued dead oud ifemly dtbued dea ood of he aching noe ‘it weight of the sel svture a a emp bide deg ond of he upesrctre ‘adi of ain the sone section abou the cetroia ai, rau ff carat, wir ston os Ios! bucking stent esq support rection ‘riommetilcomponeat of he support acon ‘aton 2 apport | ‘imme suppor reaction ape rough bottom Range pate ‘yal component of he support reaction ‘aos of erature of the aaa enon ‘Soper ean of beasng | Sport reaction a he sion aucher oe yeling strength seston module ‘Bodie! ton ods Fede sate ary of Dipper Scion J tine, koe ‘Bletner of the bots sab or Bangs ‘omeactondaration Tetra prod of the sg Semi neat ‘etn pod ofthe design Sesmic event doing comstton ‘hikes ofthe tp sab orange Web Bie ‘onion monet pete teaser mate tetoeh the rose sctins / and k reloced tranfer sex Between he apport sto J nd lotto ove end sd connector thes fore ‘ert milena ofthe lunching testing ‘wenismmetneal componet of vere msplacemeat of funch ering. Syme component of vets lace of auch earings ota phe work fora complete coruzaton lsanoe of he etl rom he owe se gesceeseprr. oe hy stance of the ented rx he upper edge le, coset of thal expan, dimensions progresion ol Ina rial dimensiones progression of tunch ape, estat cutie ‘iernce tne to vale Tas of presses aime cthogeal sin rep sin Srna sia Into angle cee coecient ‘pete weight ‘feta es amplfation for for dein of usc devine esi safety ator for ots inst ator fo mates ‘sign sey factor fom wconeoled Sig ‘ericl deacon, mpasfston coarat Sstotoal component ofthe ersrsecion deformation {cron componente he crotsectonalormation UE characte ng, denderes ao [BEF characte nl forthe cll of dstoronl age Sess 1, ‘Pe 15. Dicom lsh wth mob Boring In he fst exer of income latching, the we of» spc Ianch pretesing was andes by rosuang-Suacng pane with two temporary ‘es par pan and by song ep esl sues temporarily enol by ‘inforsment and pruanenl voided ty paraboe pesrens (Fp 18). Tn abaegucn Jus the have teen many inroremens i is constuction techigor Siding fatty eoprene Teflon (oem 8o0) per nvered tween the peste and ed auch tearing th danitig the nd [ering The rot caniewer spot eves ange ron se or ont neh ing nous to ablertyed syn Ties devices hae vod towards compact tion nit tat puree le sty marge nd ooh uel thank othe coined se of highprenure hyde and digi conto Pst continent Pie 16 Pal rrangemons of pressing tendons he Ro Cart Bridge ‘eam soir algritn eit sy eauation of te sees and deletions of he supersracture in every launching pase aswell a of thi emeopes, ‘Altioush the ncementalupching construction shod was iil -m span irecbon and adapted to vaying-itherosesectons oF varying plan carvaturs, ‘when deging 2 Sgr (end = launched tide im parka) i aiaye ‘Male to pac the waning curate none eutide the bige al, Tf & transition carve ats the end seston ofthe sopetetre, the lower cores ‘ofthe comenton (he oly anes ofthe rpesrucur hat com i cont ‘ith nunc renin) cn be deen wth «constant curate Then, th faa Slgnmest of the deck si ean be ation! by oclladsping the tal faotleves, sce tanstion curves tein with cai vasatons so smal hat ‘pponte shunts wih snl cove pom covering mor Ares a ‘urate. Ar an akerave, the carting ard my sometines be pled in ‘ental sand seston onthe opposite se with ila pan cores, ‘ih optintnsmortauon ofthe cing inaeon. Th fact actomeatalauetigivaes some consti hat the dese most ogi: hs permit eaten ht were meal just few Jus 480,andthe tenclgl impcatons of thee hgh sch cotton methods wil emlau orcs the Gogn apes more and mot 24, Launching techniques “The handling of 8 PC ype inva enormous forse andres the fidence and contrl of lege volumes, Alough igi, pide basally lavolves the same igh protiens, aod fone thst forces af inthis cae ‘opal mc nee destions snd rottio a he oppress "The force csr to sua the aperture proportional 1 Wei a8 teen eta dhe gal fe iby te ro he “uising ace sea enc of In te longe PC bigs hs fore ean ea xed 1 MN lho noe cases onl a few MN. This eal the sme ‘tenth a pressing tendons eee the fst PC une esr was ‘aura ose the pricing murine Sd eylpent lead aval inte Yard. From here came th devclopment af drawing Serer coped fone ‘oe pretening tks sacred wa toupdaion acd aetng ou sands or bar cored othe spectre "With ing, some aconenenes fhe deawing jst stimula the deeop- meat of thas devs, some apne rly nr Toc, some mabe for ighr loa As 2 cootequeny, the uaeh equpment crea ed ‘neal characteris, poner and cost so iVag as fo substantial die Se eit of wanton (1. Th ue of winches ted to he htt Ios (Short tel socture) and peopel bing abandon. The les expense je Svcs appa tow fore by means of sta ara are te for gh spears aor PC bigest ire wth ooo plte ok ce for composte sopersctres contte deck sibs Inunched onto previowsly Iveco tee ges). Intermediate uncer pes apy the test force by ‘eltcampng to Toga sontiuoue ett dar tab fr pesto ooo ridge and meciumlegth PC mperrctre Pinal the moe pensive devices transfer te loch fre by neon aod ate goway eed forthe movement of lrg missin short tne, o ose parle ote ‘equemats fhe use rea, Sinton ues ae extent apa ‘xtended amortization contions may be sought in short PC Fes as wel Second-hand lmchepent al pe ely taal ina Be Todepodea ofthe vassmsson oddity of th unching fre to he spe structure, every fpe of launch equipment reir: the prem of an anchor ‘lenen staal to the ground The foundation ofthe sume fen suitable {ors se, snes uly densoned to resis most oft logit erie loads Wien the tuntang free cst th aps the abutment econ ‘ot ineqoet in the fal puns of ul uunching of FC Wid), overdesion ‘an te tle by ing te foundstion ofthe entng ed with he buen ‘Sata urge sontete bol that cooperates by Facto. hese of ee, Bower, {eee fenton cs rhe och hen wd te peso of my 2A. Lounchingof igh supertractares ‘Th nh ef tt pets Gat PC ie, amet pte ‘Dagon cen ng ote Bat for sowed compose SSUES s ones chanced tye me spe equ, Pease of Tscbe ita oan the enya nemtng tad mano he ar ‘iy aad wih ow com roving y mean ef stein bronx mes common ton snteugrt ra sone Sarastag psy when ichigo hd Sao Ine ray npn wae ior sl win he ‘eaters othe wet Ten ion conse 9 Theor, nh ‘hunch srue w ow or teen soon paren be ty Niacin Insng or ok igh coracon of tiemer npn poem ucontbe! g “un acthee ong tat Savor made wp of hydra sons hat act cay apt the reread tthe spears by slaping ‘Soin! keto by Scing i st novel to sr Les In the ce CRC etree tompone ge hawtets sgn temper sees casing i a or psa segment sty. tn th ce of ‘ii, Bo ate en yon for mcg, 6 hs on ‘Spe sad tit oe cps By a oredr he oe buen, ‘Sieg sans seem The una ss he tse wk pnts ow ms ben unching steed pln, None o tas dente pent mora he syste Mae of eee tans or tach prob, oor ang ‘i ncing dove Theos, hox mash tens shoul be ted wi proses 2A Towspens lini pestesig ars and oll tae aks anchored to the soe Sood i 210) rte tabi Gig 210, ve eed may ie Sip anu per toe Mase foe of 3 to sou 9 NM “Toe score of convenona sk or prrning br, ly sat ‘on uses pig sao ak nr (11030 th hy are ‘Bada tok ef tbe ond oe treo eta Bendy tal {ete vente istered tr srk aonb el hit ‘Siento the got sm oe a how tenet bo he tu ‘Te sg it jak wth ar ing hc of ch ah toe ‘tau be ke osm haf lnc ace The sot ees he Sir brenog so in exh es th engtes aoch dao, he ‘Stns yrds ne er cngron st esonig may ett nese ‘Serle nono tcf hc he ks my be oe ie'erting, wih un fine sco of stout tm 20) Thi ot eso ahogh sort nse le onc perio1g. 210. Te vinjack bck tiatssem forthe sel Urgier ofthe Serotec ‘rig as dese foot force of 13 MN and 3am tnch arokes author In the cate of lashing opi the sperstructure mt be losked during each ead lad of the supestetare usualy allows vblzation of the draws ‘temas or hi parpone The sof to ck on these ac Fig 210 aod ‘ny pobin, a detonate ot eleventh cae of ng ack he ears eve sometimes hon ded into coupled repent log the ack stoke ‘When the eck vache the cl of estat, te bat locked to an tchorage, the ack lend tro eee, te sper ba ent mined ‘he case of long-toke Inch jhe and regis «foto tar couple. When them ens! sales tht permit bar anchoring at thei oat ad aed Dranbary replaced ude (ig 21) one the sopetctre (Fg. 2.10. In the eue-of hgh Ioocing foro, dears we subtted i eadns of ‘ofthe ack th ao of forte sande alway being pote. Howes ee ‘se owinary19TS pesesing jacks with adequate safety factors. I ceded tis eter to incre the smber of enone twa ths exes probes of load Snark fosting wth reasonable oach soci, Stas in ec endo ‘Re. 211 Longke br ask ncaa abmon (reprinted ih pormisin, ‘Dawiee Sytem nrc) ar ogvideay petnsoned before the Begining of latch Gotensioning by ‘oning, Homer whee ping auch dons with convention Shor tke pretence of stone ofthe tension ce compromise he inal [ovrsong an rere coretons afte frs in fe stands arin aching ‘Atthough thee pera ace erly cared out te bx end nd do not featur dhmaating af fhe sume jac, ey case sgican tne fous ad Insole some ns ste cn fp lnonch rade. The ogee os of etd iowensonng ass aopton of gh Safe factors nen deine suc Ther are mumeoue posible hemes fo apn the thos fret the supe secure and pos pre for oa rater. The offen tween the Sapestrectre sod ie cor pits of raw tendo abla y hyo Samprason sin i212 oy pretense sing te price require minum deaw forces, Thr hr oes ot een eee mn ans: ere other tthe rer sad othe sipersacre (Fi 210) o¢ thro pit (Pawns. ta the ce of «PC bridge, tee lodtraner dee ince ghFig.2.12. Fon wager ofthe rat force by maa of ya compression conta se rion prttie tenant od ‘ye anceps of reg Tt, ae ola oe fetes ensayo Perl seforenct Abe sof ch “Sono ute emi dev at sae utd a ‘hte aa th teem te bmg Bek a ei ‘exe weigh shpat Staaten ses iin ony te dopo ofc cm mates wes bo ‘Tae probe of mitre op ning ene as with rant, yloig ts nthe rn sole ages is {teprmnag hahattue opt and cme eninge launeg ban] ora tea, F218. Prin wafer of he ot foes by mee of presteing bas Pe. 214 Trough pn lash cca be uid with convention anchor plates ok sands a te hd of ech tenning eT aio oes man oes DE Gos 01 Permit contllo backvard sling ofthe spestrtue i ae of med. Asan Sera is pombe owe to ovraddraw cabs ado ae avantage of {helicase btwee sch and locking Fre by eleving the rt tendon hile Ieping the nso one temsoned. I other terms, to tno re asa) Tor Isanching. Bt theyre ioe so ht ont tad suse 0 prevent ck ‘wad sing withthe cesta sly factor. Ts the Ravn ide pera ood anchoring the sopersctt by snes eft da tenons nd fo adopt specie teonlok deve. Thee nance 2 higher safety when i ery to replace Some ands et re quite the dre tendons tease of sand spp nthe ck Fall, fteton lacks ae always neesaty ding consutiono he ew sent when Fectonloc deves stl nse hosing of he mperutire st the sutneat by meos of ck equipped ni our cool lt eo mobe 1 high fon oelicent gut te Bom stan of the superstar. Thtlocking stem has «vying eftnenes, locking fore beng proportions at aly tthe sin ote, Buss ot continus beam eppor eaton ihe wbtment Ts vemsine paca constant Gung mst of anching but ‘reser considerably eS pases, jt when the gt movement Se uphet andwith the ing fore slong the aah ection at i the Tn rome ene PC sopesuctes, ton anchoring hat Been stained wih hort Jack fring agin! te oposite sd ofthe tim ay 0 tat the rane oking fore dees ct depend on the miport reaction of he er Sct tics, lock sfty depen on contac prc eon stl fore tht ay Yay oer Hine. Thro, jk shoul aay be eine wth ‘Sly ine ms al the time depenent asses shortening ofthe boom: Sb Sous te scouted [or when deernng the mininom rans vce ees) in th cae of ap dope ican be convene to launch downil malting the raprsracure baked, he kang force mach sai tha the ra Foe required for Up naching con sorting favour of equa Ia 0. ower, the possibly of paling the aupermctreHakwards shoul be ken ‘nto coun when Sing braking tendons sce dis nates bth reese of the veporny locks el the sapetutae andthe coresten ofan assent “Te draws) eet some lint when the bias cure! plane sent ashe toch fre app log the cord sted by the ck ad the ‘raw Woon anchorages, nd ot lng the Il tangent the bis agnment Jncsand atthe anchors wht mat be furl by devin devs (e213) Tn hs case, the sands cant desde devs ton mole nese) and ts esa to plce fhe unc jake atthe rea movable score as coe ‘ig. 215. Deis of dram tnd and ude dvs oe mr he ea of ved pln ligne (e216, Therefore, enon dvtrs mast be progeny dsb 1 pe tue ck ping ven he low fle ppd an he oeetent hows ‘Ed cas dit phetomens nthe spruce wc se proc of tary ree 213) ine flv ae ily, te revbarvoreobes ‘not pad dei terete expen aon because of fred neni) they ch th rege son he extra seo thc. “Toceai,n geoff spec steno equ in pri ae (top nde cu gent) tnd an opie ses, ow utes ean te (etapa and mos tice son fr thc fst PC bes a ‘henna set ier They sue engl 9 eben ad aes) 0 Macintyre, yd pitonscane anchored ty he "en thrst requires anchoring tbe lunch pistons at many fosations along & contsinat xin The nga hak sport the forming tem of Siu inate or te peat nents of semen beso resting Geiratretaoa by mean foe noble! by Ryda compre 246 The mar amch.tnfor he Tia Bie ws efor 32:48 ecified eh rach nt ne of th a el rere Sed to hr(Gig 217, As an aerate, a continues meshanie!oootrst (Fig 218) in fate expeaive bt more eae int ce of ep aestng "Toe ue of slFlampng ystems gerald to ht strates aves songs horaotal alignment a the high thus fore requed fr ben sup Sraures sep grades cae several ieee 1 Polig of tie spesrctare backwars i pracy inpssibe (a with he tow sates) 2 this woul require biiconl acho devices ete he ‘brat pions tnd the supersvtre leery comtracon jaa. Therefore, "eoery of the etc nears Sesion of lene! by the siind fa neoon pad an cxeely dete operation, nd th wong nero of $ neon pc rues boing ofthe sopersincire Both these opens inerete the avch arton a asc aour onthe os ‘+ The presece of rea psone slows dowa the fortawock stp and Atle ‘th he dbaton a he jt eilosment ad the preteens Fig. 217, Rear tha pistons withaae lamgs Pl 218 Rear ra pts with mechani contrat canis rack The tural ess prof bythe nian of the hast piston sugges “ancing the whole erosemton, and te use of pied fms (bottom slab and webs inthe rear formwork and dec sla inthe front ‘ne) contig Tectia yd aoe et ety the abutment tae te triton diet oandaton. Ths cae are oations in the ot sore Rtucen te sopmets ofthe suptsucure, whose reduction ee ‘ies fe werion of trporay ler theta spun, ath aco) Alte begining tc oe, hgh tr ore ai tn) pid {a from he abn. the foundation ste of th casting seb 0, ingest te bunch momeatprodoed by thi lng Iver am my rode rotons that oars the verti algnneat of ie whol casing rd nl expense nie foundaons ae weothe cae of ih rote nunca along hero gat, bowser, the seo ear thrusts fers ome atantnge oe ow stems. Lamchig 12° Far thi ist ase tae ectne two otis pope are sess a ee Sepport point daring the Inch td hour eving an sn over the Bike ‘St af ach equipment. Laoach earn the eof cored plan agent ‘wall Final the we of an anchor rack prt dai taking of he supe: ‘rose daring dows auchog The Dang stem of Fi 29, anchored i, 219, Rar broking 1 for sep slope dol cing IMac onan spe fn Bea ‘On the nok, the ivesimen! regu hy tee tr doves, cetsiny funcional for baht medu-ght bes, nreses gly wih he weet ‘ofthe mperttire and son bcemes speonsnia. Tht optim fel of ‘ston ined to medi eng PC bps, lone Ue for composite rads and peste cops brides. lone Pte the ea thrusters ‘aye combined with send caving tems sae fer kt rise 0 that ‘epioing However ong ani hery PC seperate sgt dept oooh vor baa on taamison of he sas fore by Teton. 2.4.2. Friction lunching of heavy superstrucures inthe tent bps het te ened yin sig ooe or more aim of suche” pled ur the wee ofthe supose Is the get Neston nr cpposed feral jack posed lng «obra sce byt boetlpcen Te pat sets pit oundation lock Asoo the penta he ps tren susegunt cs (Fp 220, Tn the most advancd venom, 4 fistionlaocher #2 monolithic derce composed of sledge ontuinne the vera jacks. The slp ses beenlongi gies soe ate Teflon tase under the rut foe oro stone ‘ted oa ears eck (Fg 221) (oie thee of sua Haig tat a8 Tesh eacbed ih erementl autng 7.8). Further deals thi aia uncer can be fund in Fig 222, wich tastes + sing he veil ks, the operat isi few miliets fom the Support lock ofthe aches (or placed nese he ancher) Ar onsaames the suport recon ofthe sntinous beam transfered fom the spor “+ Using the thas piston the sige advances by aiding on a ow Gita sve, Tie tht fre raofered tothe spats by ftom, by ‘eae ofthe suport resco of te continuous Heim on these tnd the ph ition coun betmen he btn sure o the upersncte sd red tet plates paca above te aks When he piston it stop ech (er an ffi tok tht vas fom 0125 to Lm), the superstacture is Inwered on 9 te apport lock By Isving the homing jak, 4+ The sage lade, returns il othe intl potion to wat this ese ig. 221. Pont sew of a etl Inacher for fu bly rast stn Rating ‘ay BF BD andthe tat fre 6.4 M(t) ‘ip, 222, Work lo eto amcorFor the superstar o be ra by the averages essary that se Fone Ry teed tetween he oper each beer hah, of the spectre. Otberwis the bisiag saps wosld sip under the spe ‘ocr, damaging srs, but without sedi fn vig festa en The vet fore Ry sth comiavous eam apert eacton ae aus. launchers with respect tothe ajicent supports, ta very lang PC tries, therefore, hip tira forces eis sipniint dance bomen the abate eed ‘thru andthe ont support of he cng ren Ths regent est the dsrbation othe temporary spots i th curing ars sad the sequence of ‘exis growl sclted by comeing aligned supports os the aucets Siperstctere upwards can inva this ean. The elated sess must be arta curing inthe case of easing in St Valves of Ry, To be ale to host the spersoctar, even wien support ms Fecnentsof thermal pads aces Ry Ths piston are desaned for The bps nc ist onsen the Boa in the atlas Sed ‘he lanching tearing and in th uncer themes, n non tte teat Iempitaia radint of the unc trae “he ate of = iro cian sneer anchored oan buss vole some fomvork om te abuineet equipped wit acer The ned for «pees connection Btneen the Inching note andthe sapere general” Solved by mntcircating, Le by tommbog the Iunching nw spunat the Fro head ofthe former Th eues thelunching ose athe oat Feacionsufcie to Comiaue the lua by fon b eta. For ths Purpose, sande anchored othe luning ose an ote ton launchers Pe sing the ts piston ofthe ater or bse st nck pe wel (Fig 229, nthe nt pases of auch decree un teraction fhe contin eam end rppor is rence The vers fei fener ion to Stay the hgbot threat force demand (21) By fasion, epealy when ‘Pig. 228 nial lac phases of the Aone Brig. hese etn Inches hae en deen fr a tl rating pay o 68 MM and hat force of 128 MIN reston on the aunche of Fig 221, asecorded daring the al lunch phases ff the Seio River Bridge The comdnuoar ne dete thy thei ‘elon f te contabos Beam suppor reaton, Bask dots have bos fsotded feion (Cy =01) fe doe, andthe ef of overosing (Grcing) teteen 13’ and 4m om teen of uochareevident, When the ak of weal fore aes tong use phases opi iuaching slog 4 ep srt) econ pi of fon laches ay be led 8 more vanced sopport gemraly ash per). However, sjvonization of Wo or ‘moves of uncer ater ese ah epi when tears ‘ut When the ack of eral fore ft cly het anes as, ‘onal empleo es tel er-noe inet with he pester and nner toe uncer fy dew stants Fig, 229, as eae, the tendons ae dese only fo share thee iit oc, th continous eam ass sapport eatin fo ctl by icon Fig. 220) Ta addsion en fhe rear endo the spec apPoaces the bet, anching I no Toner tle bythe enaron ron rom he forms the ons the porn esi of crn res together eset sia pertain to ton), Asn leave he eno fot Sawing ih ‘ry (Fe 220) ahh ith Some nrtence wth he brsig ste fhe2.23 Daa nt gport ect thea dah pa of th Py et Rare cde este od {F226 Pol ron pling ofthe Peli re Souter} ‘and th ela eoraper sod coupls, cos ooo lomrstion spore. Tis nis ation igh ane ator at invote oven of eget an oper dae, Frias tac, a Te contrary, guaranit abot tansy, athe wot coneguen: of Ieshanal o tyre fats ato he neh ab cnt a he pe ‘race oo the tempat supports near he ances, che Seong fo he supose wt fe, dra la fs fiston snunsine Theor, euient exo Be deed for the Teas and can be meondatwithon exci worry eve of Uni +The eotrni onl ofthe Adan plat pets seshronzation of the (Gome types of poometrie errors modify the support reactions ef the continuous ‘Ra ts Soeur a Secton 252) sad fo cre lho tors porto tha ‘oma By ting yt sng ee superstar possible {© einstein the nite mods te youn Smee. The prs ting an pp for th ist fore permit sic proved rod, foc tas, bythe pide-comn sarin of Eon pad The14.227. The mmeriocontl boar of the sion tamer of Selo Rie Boge ‘ocd peering and ene motoring of tech pamelr (ores ad sake may wm idiuou tin titrate frequent ad potently very Aingeros, tte ris cotieat resis dental when pasting from 2 [Detect Teon came fo tee-nepree ont In addon. er wees "ofea sobopefl of sss emoving the ed pd Gn most ese hs i {racial impos) hat neching topped when he pe soi “stove lamcbwatds that bess beating” Withoo riction lashes, pling tn ripertracat backward i iponibe, Theor, every of he [Einar par defccton eqs sing, ond te hina fons that ‘detects the ple user the hating jk. Thee meraency operations ‘Sure exirmly crt posers and contol owl planned foe the ‘ery bese 4+ Latech ele atomation by mea of estrone enfstate ever feats the operon tren more, mic can be sepersied by one cia ‘ont and icene th uch speed, whch am cas sach 10 mi 1+ Labour oot are ently loner beste ofthe hie unc speed Qauichig imatiizes wo tothe ope tach suppor) and th posit of eiiog ‘om tendon reposting al atcbong a te supentasure dering these psc. Moreover, alter ninshing the castingasemb} rdf nme rey for he consrston ofthe next eget «The inca pcs ofthe laser sedges tho ac, by fet, a8 tansverse Tries copeseacue and seid the ned for fret loa dvs and SES hcor demand Avan atratine, bovere, the hosting acs can ie to sit trasveseay (i225) As wth the daw or bck-thrst ‘Stes is hs posible fo auch by tion supesctes with Yering 1 onder to tent the trast foe without ses concentration and surface “hou th comet pnts the ton launchers ae arenes 81 adap {o the noerature Th uy achieved by connecting the ack ofthe is e228. Shing lmchrs2 BRIDGE LAUNCHING ‘ng dp in erie ad by ping them with ballandsocet aps ta the case of PC serous the cont pst should ska ety al copes for suc egal ofthe espe. Tl src etl egret ‘spp ection ofthe unr (Fig 223), 0 that te thi plats ts obnined a tae thr by being The oppo argent ght ely ea te overt srface ease of ns eooentzation Siar doign comps cre be ‘we fos the auch of sel te ou, nt he hot anges of {Bos der wl ie a ps ples ue wring se ‘The oral wertabtoad-ased ection Iba: have eve into sve erent scenes ‘The auch sam ont forthe Olan’ Rie Bide ae somposed of longa thst pos ting om ® movable tamom laced nde the supersuctu. The tanec of the vad ans eped (te totem sh of the PC sopescaure and erexed te contac pss ecesary Tor ion tsmision. The work jc ier tht of 8 Yertcabond lnc, involved chasing of the pete hrs ees and uasom ten Jo th intel potion Not pending the cris ea sopport recon, this ich ha te wang of to anny te len of the csthgassembiy yard and ot beeaking dow he fa ‘Fe, 229. Contes plates for FC mipertcres haus, Thi sem spe sted for hrzetl naming: completed wih fnsbronied nk ak, an ewe inte ae of alg Icing a8 > (Goth dowel and up) Friction Insc ithPsrauti cmp ae often wed or he ach of set _prdon [9 linogh tir Watt der olen daape pat lst hydra ‘es clamp the Fat ange of he tl per ad he uch cle fo that an forty Olan River Belo U8 cas, lncking lone Sncboed ples ers pence abd exer 25. Launch bearings and guide devices ‘The ach of FC, fete Composite ant cowvemtonl casos brides tees eet sof neh Searing tht comply with he pee chars: {eis ofth web heopesrictre Launch Denia af acted a peli hapten to teeter ype bade "rl gud reso meso ie nig titi ort pan ligne ofthe supentucre and 1 Tate mee force rode by ‘ind an he Soe response dung eonsracin The prevaingTncton of he [sea pis erated oh dep and rns Othe spectre aa 0 the phn ago ofthe bsg Large oases soa a tne of PC bt ‘moe sony ite eid ding lncing.expecaly when er pce toys cure Stong ge are ao oer Yo fs the ane ponte of the secre diag te designe crake (DLE) fr castntion ps the eee ot ean wind we erly mode Convert. Sig of te Inter pie for hers pers of compose gs ohn goer "al of agent pare equiped wit nal pie dg ace ing alot aren of rest te apes cots a 0 Ces Uy ean a te poms sat th Ft elf hci af at he oon ofthe Seer th ene : tthe um sbutneat spay with dey sens) 3 tte roctmon pr tot the den of fe mubcing noe at Rona sith the nw pe. The deen lo of lateral sue ofan empl, bate based on the fore testy 10 or he supesictureBy acing atthe mo appropete Pons rng each atch stag, To soca! for the ned foe asta nthe bree Signment drag nnehing some sant for PC bes (AASHTO, ZTV-KBS) ‘ie that te called hota owes acting o enteral ges eine 1% othe al suport econ ofthe eontauous Beam At Tat of he ‘ation spor recon souk! Be wd whe ashing te se pdr For = omposte brides [9] "When bono or upl aching tks pce log an agen cared in un he eter ater ples aso abject fo ria fore ng fom heloa restion to the thet fons, TS system of force of elac autre and ‘Gerfore proportional tothe tare fea sis ofthe ples) can be tusod by ing 4 del ofthe soatindoas Seam pao! o sie tpporte ‘The orc ths Otsinsd rad to hse esate forte iment ajrtnest ' uperstucture, When anette dow terpenes bake, he ‘a auch fore he pentose ts frm compen fo enon, the ‘hovers penis overtaking etal sans much eng than 100 te cena ‘pan's daipned with exeadol pestesing the dovatoa toes fhe see tendons maybe ol ung aching to deve he eaorary sas ‘voton ofthe lund stress in he superstructure. Before the contac ofthe nose Up withthe per, the tye absoh mow ofthe toon neste momen! log {Hom te ue of shor launching ose (Fp 251). ache pi hs be reached, the stays are relive to Inch contin wth the nos on. The action of he yea that of tt ntoching os are aggro over ine and ae aot spe Impose o cach ot. Therefor, the launching nose and e stayed ssem ca Be ened scoring to independent ees “The length andthe unt weight of th moo ae emia Hs. Then, the ‘optim Rear ifes is Seed acorn othe eta examine in Seton ZIT Asalrndy ded th anc owe ant coata tendo auncth ‘mows 0 i coneneat fo dia the sapestwcae forthe EOL mercent 8nd the action sf aye s0 at 09 f eked thi deen van in the anever fenfgaton Atte ging of unc the ays te unsred, and they are not oxcesary ota etal evan Ls tha gost egal moment the oat por ‘Sion en io Me eat Indes orm (217) 235) ‘yond ao th action of ye shold eit he apprt moment Af blow of he POL moment nil the soma wh the pee. foray << 1~ Lyf. By trang th ees of Mover MR ith stays iniaed at ale wih eget {othe boven ope bt the oon equation or th adusinen of he all Ta ws] om dean “Tis abe iol pny ne he ccna tn of he on ee ce ste un, oe hn te li {Erte mnt be haker tno mms ve tht ded othe ete ‘omen po ofthe ont cpp ston, et we hs 9 sia vale {Baluandn th pose mene psc of mapas secon ne est {no spon Coneqret ts snany to Some he dro of te man {Sot atom pl ayer tds poton change (240 ow oe Seafarer ca s)he eal prose of pl den SH CsUs bawen thee to cane If ey ae eet coe oF ey ‘Rone tipsy ene he tl preacing mh owt ae fe ‘Spectre hc ono ete nd poste manent cry. "fete dag contin ne fl ent ie tech sop The elon fe el ado th tne edt thar splat ce atc of mao ul eine ‘i, 240, lait the tay (ick i)shown in Fg 26 ‘nce he irs tee ec, he etc defston ofthe nos ip i eoneed ih jks o hinged racks wth Ryrac psn oad eee tee (Ge tege and inthe tomer 2.7.3, Temporary piers The it nunca brides ete bull by aig the ach spar wth temporary ers Since then tha soto at bon adopted more an ate sey ov om [dee made up of ver lon vasa pane Onlin theese nat ca the ‘eononics obtained by reding the Ianch smc ad wath them te ch Preresing, cover th coat ofthe temporary pis hei oundatons and the Sioa! manpower hy ei. “he temporary pls a erly ch more aes than the pease pes bectie af he lower es ond an the tempat ate Therefore, Ue te ‘me inech loathe ral tlement ofthe eporeytsy re ah ‘Bat ofthe peemany in th presen of a temporary pr eh sp, thereat selene =m es) ert a poste moment inthe dock weston above the pir sa 8 meatie Sonat in he spot seins above the ajacent permanent ps Ih a DS ‘th ples of slr eight ad Sal pane, these santa Ba er west, a8) ‘The ltd ee til sree aay ex epend nly the deck depth ad ate nat by te crsesetonal momen ‘tera, Since te sypestacueisdsgn! for pemancot pas hate we aon a the unc spans the high dptho-pan ato rng bunching elf si ‘ride reson to ferential stlement, mith nigh geen tee hat ere pal ieee n nach peteng. The Imac ents onthe eporuy Pies ae sometimes shined ne oan to cre he een teen do red he higher demand of neh peste To the most date cases Te launch earings ae diy paced onto jack for aime hsb ast ‘et ofthe support ration Jack bearings (Fg 265) ae alo ery fics Contoting the orsonsltortoal ts of tearing mipacement ond canto: on lero (hes fet ar ao ampli bythe i pone of the Be). Homevr ack bearings ae more epee than conven aus eis ad The sae eons courage te we of many empiay pi it ach pn, Tn fact erase selon sl te cnsrrton tee ie is td the pensrctre rele te atl possbility of otaning tsi sport ‘eens ata pls With! expense acer the re edton {Bacs hora preci un temporary sin esha ry sircak Os testy, th te os temporary prin each pen mao led Symuy aces nde 4 ho der acing ite baths nnfcemet and in he lack peste Catal band Syne exe pole ns) Th sings en oe he os te (Capua phe oundtons and he adtna abo hey rue fr ‘SRESGY ad mtn, ring ching, nd to reve te Suppo eins ihe be ony eof ct in he the permanent pe (Pgs [42nd 1) ots obuned tying cons o ia aed ere demoted on compton of auch, Moe ree, modsar frecatwer ine ben se, compo fred Conse pil orate i dai) postoned under te dest webe and braced tery by eel Witce Conte modular Senet ar ruse, les deformable than sed De es senive fo tempore carn, and general Iss expense ‘ic lm magi On th ter hand, se tor a her and can Be aly ig 251. Temporary pe compen efored cnet moar plates coreytraders fom one lunch slgnmest the ote in he ete of purl brite he 26), ‘Ste! lovers re 0 Baile hat ce absorption ofthe hore une free anchored tothe ground is often wnavovdable, In this ast case, the ulin the tas i ‘itn could by jacks equipped wih ammeter ot icinomets fo ari th lsunch bearings as been overcome Inthe patil ease of Fig. 2.63, the state Symmetically stayed atte cap to avoid fexuralsrests inthe foundation (2627) ‘hentai tse in mpg el tbe to 0 the ak ta broken sand fling on te ely power ln, Convento! rather Uinatedesss peated rotation ofthe pier ba “The vere elem of settee ca que ape Therefor, the teat puon of tall porary port net idan but ugh Bete i {he pemanent pe ert bythe een ofthe emporry peti ede Oy lng soe elanmet, thus aking adantge ofthe dk Besar sts 0 ‘trang the et eap gun rtation to improve pit sai. Fal ste lower tens ierta causes sudden diferent thermal stlements, For this re ‘on when eit ection ot pine oj este bes he apart Piers are oe led with one ‘Fig. 282. The omgorary pero th Sci Brie hare ben hie from oe lan to ‘he oe ne (curry Gree) Fig. 283 Hinged temporary pe forthe Mian ae Beiges (tir) Fee on long spat muy be convent to reduce the deck slnderes (For ‘with a eablestayed sytem, in both cases without additional supports 274, Decklounching ona arches _ ‘Rha tthe regareneats fey of woes, scar eco, ih ti of ump append teams competed with concrete sab cs in ts OF 4om BRIDGE LAUNCHING continuous FC tos girder, The hte flex and trina iene box fe, he mah sale uke of bearings and the abe expansion joints (aoatens apa), sige edoptin of tis ast chee. A eostimibus borer ‘ek aloinproves the response the ek-ach steno Belass a theses ‘demand ty providing adnate atte ck eT aes the stm evr sar to thn of eckson ath od toss ena end ee Imonats at th ech pins whence ners of he ach [12] ‘camino FC or pre ca sb or a a wi ee coniion ‘+ ncemertal anching om oe sben ova the oppose one spambyspan casing ia ute wits movable tering stem MSS) + stementalpesacting with unching tra teases. Incremental deck uneng or the ach ake ace ith comeniona contac. tion procdares for PC anche bige. The deck bullied ating yd Pinel tind a abies nents song bal sant ines he evel [Strepton i the eating posers and hte snot he iertent for {he foun system ‘Deck constrain by incemental busching fs grea el of advantages. (One of the min dein avantapes isthe possbliy of neigh spacing of Spandrel coun and ofthe ps ofthe secs bs iho th retain ering om the teasing costs ofan MSS rs anche aso ras spent he {pan ieeses Ths permis optimising the deck ch ieracon and er the otc ete a cuved or polygonal deign of the ch ‘oad asmetry onthe eh dng deck contocion might be avoided by launching to syne sopentytcs fom the oppose abutment ovat ritapan Hower, the eewace ot symmetrical fade on ony 4 part of te ‘pandel columns caer bending ees the arch ad the cost of to casing Darde rely mks this seme compete Tetloe, anhing wa takes plte from one sbument towards the be sk te span pen season ‘ian MSS ora useing tras) and te rch has enough Aer sess to ‘et th amet os = Loa sein onthe ach maybe Blase wth temporary ay or cote weit or by ling teach ib with water Long span aches alway ae bo tbs ah daprapme tthe ase spn! clunas- the dpa 1) ‘Show the ol fori they cat erly lsd, ling the ib sos with water ‘nay crete adnate alnentout Te conde eesti forte ‘ormit of the Mba anh of the Hooter Dam. Bridge Bypass Prot (OS Deparment of Tramportatot, FHWA) darted fe Fig 264. When the ose-deck Jolt racer the At panel con, the arch Hs are led wath trtr by pumping inal ch sco so int te losing shee that Unfrmly tebe and that propel nceass. When th ach ul i ‘ere the tess pote he ate ar met tose cae by th pe ‘hare (wating wo 10% bene thus te deck bt worm ii PL ben ig 26, Arch tation by mes of wate fling slong the arch stead of sing concentrated the spade! clues). Then, the “dis ruched unt races eco pnd! coma whe water serps Sure rch stor been tee to cole, 2 hatte dea od of te deck ‘pues that ofthe ater, Th pre Gcemeatl deck latching on #0 he ‘andre! otungs aa Incremental emping of the arch Sexo between the ‘Sandel clams) tepeee lancer ual the deck Inch complete {Fas comtroon methad edu the feral sensi the ch and the Shpertctre, Jr ot repute pended counterweight, dost not generate usenet Sack lunching ow 1 the atch genre sme vere! lod imines hoa seraatne costucton meds nr no comtrstion quent cs tothe eloweiht of the rapertrtare. On the contrary, the hoon fore are Iner de to luoch ston, Launch ferer and oud asymm uy be bland th temporary sta a Race te lls spade clus Su the arch iby pony nterated withcounerwephts. The say sens ae “aly apcore tothe es woot ppp at the deviation poi, that the Tors on the opposte side ofthe ples may be detent. This permits the ‘pean of boneoatal foes ofthe hans of deviation fore. Temper) Siping dose tt alles comtrston coat moc sow tbe same stands and tahoe sed ring cater constuction ofthe ack aze reused doing Tteehng ofthe sierra Sine the oeracioneqlpaet for munched wide imoch fap expene tas aa MSS ors sucking trum the os ‘Cnprary says dee not at the oval competes uf th tenet Inveching contcion method. Inthe most delat css, the tse of une Fea (able to vend appleaton of any horuontal fore tothe spt ms) muy further rece temporary ys‘The uncheck spas Hoh th ach ne aces ays oi ength my te @ ain Fig 267, the eperucus sles thot aay itrenton, and o rae tthe fre Fm ‘ected ul In three, xin ale te oon angle be wed for cations instead of te stat ton ange (0) ain the mos! Slee Fi. 246 Pr cap fre for aa grat ofthe ach nace smal than the ‘an rion (028) ‘yes should be isl 1. Gth css, he orion fre taser to the pris OH = OP Eo) en “To coscude, whe aunhing pl th slope dso the itn, the rat force fin the hoaontalfoess apple hep re ee, bot the movements of the sipnsrctre are heer coawol. When aaeting dmb the orcs ae Tower tat snteling tem mo eal and Stet, asthe ecto Ae ‘outcent of ston er ress) mn change the dain ofthe force tobe pled yn pci durin te tpe for contin of new segment sing doa taut th dks anchored oe ach abot od thermal conan and, oa ke nen trp and snag conte) case te specie 0 ane Sah pl te pr ering Sac the sop ad he ton at ponte‘Pa, 267 lr cap fore forall pain ofthe anc ue rete hon he sie con (2 8) _Sreions during lung, the launch aspiration a ey nl ay. ‘Therefore, dot conacon mn xsl seonr these esa Sflson sod ae {station of negate con’ in wich the fc foes aa the ope So (ont at ithe same destin Sometimes alo acer t pl te deck ‘ackwards (pil) recor nich eo For lof he reasons, he ie should age be deel forthe lope ade ote fein, ingest ft pam Inu destin, "The Roransal force transfered to the per may ccdently excel th tee! value bused oa tion and slope. A pial a got nein ese x theinserion ofa neo-fon pad up down, with Teton in omtac wth he super [Artur aod oops a Slat wi te func bean co tl pe, itis padet fo woe arine montoragsjstens Gnctnowets) and emergency stops when the pier snot dey supported wth horzontal brats or ake ne (nce te sion offre appl ote pr ap bas ben dete, he cece oft apelin oat ith pest other aan be vate i theory he geodon pa shoul sae fr dtibwn of he Spport cin song the cotta, at Ry an astm ceed te Intnting braving ntsc te evchng aig nob hit ockwar Se fom the ier at fo cee 9 oud sensi, abe 1 rede te Moment cute tnt pes an hye hon componet Ho he oe ‘ppd he cap. Seng hy sth pes Bo, he backward cy Soe {onc he pier bs moet mh es) 1m rcs, the neil tlc an he tpt plein fhe ach sting and ie ck sr male the vera force tee to te let ‘So, This ese mado, hoese ggg mt ee fee by es on the ar of tele the contact sac of tench ‘Suite conpund wth be longi er meson Pale pr at 1 otter seriaty (peli bull wi ip frm and he Sep of cm ‘Set ner oer each ston grid yt Hot force pid ote pier ap "The erica ad ase to the pe i also een a the tase teeion aoe of eve token hte itactee ean and gone imperetions inthe spear. which oper gett od ence ‘Rlven the two bangs Tanner ret ofthe suppor encton ely ‘Stat nthe permanent pes, whic edd fr fl tre lad SSepoary pe non sean, my be conrad Wh kas set {Siete fondo nthe operat the ling ave bing the Perce 285) or gts rep Iech gradi my ess) 0 pon throm tse pe 1 tr bt the rst ston (Ft 28). Foot ‘aye ofthe ponent pc gpd with ists ener ano ‘Thr enn gun wie ow rus pce on taped pe eo te develops! anc actors: Tse hye Seve hay Sf Stal eto ences spi otc sopra tt fe eat thet ‘wo tere ee combed ‘ith the fel oder 20 that 0 esting orion fs tose tthe pe Too dvs are Snel otal tye neon to make thr sponse natacosand fe rom he thea pubes ofthe min lacer.Spnehretaton of the Inch reactors ‘min thr meme naa oer anchor Tesemay ees the ects do ot ach thee o sok simultane. Forallof tee esos ter devi re qui exes od shoul be reared forthe most rel ene. ‘as regrste elton te risa canleve prin fel atthe bs nd ie cre ys he col athe bona es ypeie. 268. Pe fiction tras and igi say often meer for serade ‘hil ching top. Consequently, pe instabity mst be assed during nunc af wel. The leseree ro the pi, es) Where ri the cxoss-sesonl rad of geaon endo i the elective Senuth (Gout the pee bitin he cse of a pee fed Opin and ropes) Tongs the epee ont denser), When he senders a at ‘ey high its suet to cnt te stressing the pe detection and to ‘heck the cial roatonstons orcombined compressive and bendy Ses il the ampldcation feos prced by codes, which ae peel bated op les ‘al os a em ur xe en i cklat with ros elaiemacin o acount forthe rap det ofthe per ener bythe constant spon fhe Torro. Fall if pr lender a deformable, he ese mite ‘dco hy sscouming forthe Isncwarde defection, i. Witham Sly “Saverio nt bec ot inthe tan deco wll hi cass, however, te low gue force apple othe operate at equ oo lear anaes andthe torsional set of the rpertracar fen rea fo ‘eile roadons ofthe pir cap. Therefore the eee it eth ally Aepnds onthe wanierse moby ofthe super andi Ey asp stysh aesy erm onl to one-quarter af the longitu pein the nso a petty fed footing Impacto, the eral der ofthe temporary per, ined of ig the sopestrotur, re may sine at sabilng the lr by retraning Feexpin the eanree reson, the cue fl tempera) pe hls prose ‘ry te ed inthe ogitial econ aswel. By placing our nnching ber ing on ach ier ead of to (Fp 242) tx ponte take avant ofthe otra sti of he pest (ot the pe cap ais rotations “The tray pe re fen sain! with longtin! tysschorl to the footings ofthe aaceat permanent pen. Mosoltue temporary ps geet tne stilt Rexel eng not t eque saying nthe ase ft pals OF RC pls red under the deck nee he sae conte inthe longa ride plane ofthe rps spacing ofthe prs he ow tanner foros abl he shore ene ngth 25) panera aidan) ed for aves sys Coney the sel rosa conaoing the piles Pi 243) mi reat te easter oes apple fl pir cap. le tty of th temporary per nox wach aft by the pe of pl (pews RC plats, st bes or composte oes) since nay a lle ad Thirbeacng tem fom spt to ease akg fen the ‘Sear street cunt Ihe Xe fhe trae inl! angle rom the owona pls, the cea load 3) roe! — es “eamactestore Bi the elaic modula of the brces and yt ermsecton. This cquaton i based onthe sumption of estab occrng i he ee Hl, 2 tis condom mst be seed by comparing the etal es (6p the rowrscton of xc pill) es wih te yl ses. Towa neatly mont be ase as well. f the pias ae hin RC plates (eg 26) of width B ckness caste moduls Band Psson's rato the Pine pans might oct By assuming that cross racing debated so 2 10 Hinge the lng tbe eral ees the ries Tad [54 ryngh Bl ass red Ts eqon ya we te gt of wpraryp tos han e ines th pla th ad tatty cus tel Fly, tempor biercompnet a sl anjr cmon hci sed ie oot Sea: Deuledinoroaton abou te eng of comp ies can Bud ina 29. RTM method for analysis of the continuous beam “The dasgn of hunched beige reyes a eonserbe aunt of cltaton ‘tse he highest avching Sess nat he Tone within an inne mamber ‘ST anppet cont gra pace, ths restch ie done by rtng the dak movement. Bening ‘moment and shear foce grams ae led ot mune of ly Paced ‘pportconfgratons to multe te course facing thane ei. ‘Then the bighet ale are tied by Bnd eevee ‘eps that are hundred of mae lon agus he espe of andres of rmomeat and shee fre diagrams sch ealeted forthe worst smbiaton of "herman erential Seng lments abd permanent corns Boe {o-cep. Such an opeous ask ques he wea pal compuer sofware hat ‘over ubvvtine tom te sbseqen support configurations Teel Ingen that there re several mabods for cling» peste sytem. fa moat ues pt ro ar of ymmety or shee slo eh Sans these methods re thts equaent sce hey areband os the ame Sterna quations and requis te same numero tegration. “The prc inte of metod therefore depends onthe we ofthe same Spe Fiera, on the posity of wing so ape ad repeive algorih tat lis thes of mists, and can ely be anpemened ta computer prog ‘The easter matt method [6 mess Both ofthe eqs, ads advantages ‘ne needy the repens of he segments tha ual compose uc widgs I tsoiia formato, hover, the protess of hunch ness the ‘ombc f redundant ed penalizes the enya simply of he med ‘Te edoed aster mtr (RTM) method [57-9] overcome the limites nd baie an eat mpl And econo lori + tis exact, bose dees diy fom the intypation ofthe cate Beam Altai equation hou ny nepali or Hera pocdare + Wisse tose the procedure is Psd on the repute manipulation of smal sqare mats ht taker fall advantge of the repeiees of the Seat that compose tocol Ses + Tiveconomia, ene is carted oot by mulipving maces of constant lines and tpg ds of es of the gst ap ven ‘tk sal compare Contes nec ostanus team conned in he ~ plane a el rae reese wih he ano he rity as of th ea a othogoal a), {ny contain constant on mca osrsesion th 4 pal ax of nein ‘Stine int place teach rosso, he sate of sess defied bytes oes Nand andthe moments My My and Mo, the sate of deformation by ihe tee ‘omonca ote dace ted aan 9 "Amin oly recs fen ocr hog tthe x —y plate and veal sols thot place se, the ase components rece then (Stcrnvacton: othoget tear fon = 7, bendy mtn © My nd tenon tnonen r= Hy Tr eternal work walt orogoal vot ‘ane paces y= be xia oation ® = a te roa ion ofthe roses. ie hy an reay ies as, in most cases, tsp o moderately cornea, the adoption of oper (vo gh trap ssf its {ingen seer con when te ronal moment late fag th norm, Sight am tne) & pcralysioct Tes ascming eal ocr are "pled along te i, Sntnown deformations ae only nao gt wnknows ‘tad ers ar ony an in PC tage th acon of prreing sould be comided. This may be crated by apr» ste of equa forces compo of dss hops! Kade lng te ced Zones the odons ad concent ons tha anchor "The ochorag oud rods: shea forse and ai fre. Ail componeat ae ‘alice by the me compontt at he opost codon anchorgs and by the i esans of dined con The sens of fons (eslaced ‘Ste foreach tnd) do oot ode indeterminate et, 2 Muteing ‘kanes eeptng fico oot reve xl dfortons ne ek “Ther te soe of rtnng maybe compu by apap he use compecsion, dy deoucle fom the ts) re Ginga om the Reval an hares fhe coupe aod oon Fors ofthe equalent‘sem, The coupes ae prodosd byte cenit of thee acs rom {bevy pose The orthogonal freee the somone of consented nt Aine peesing las. ‘Sool ore apr he asic stn ected by 4 stata Snes son son of oe te wef e \ as ‘and be linear ein Bewoes the sae of to sabaguet econ by malic (7 wh, anrng the defeton o he ator cle Waser Trem te cig Seton O and Seto ofthe et (he eer ston of he team il edie BY 8 pumber, an he supp won by expat), me fave (Sh= [Me ew ‘Betwsen the wo coi of he begun be eget, We (= (IS ax (= IMIS 9) sus 4 beam compose of sbsequnt Segments, the elaon Beween the {teary af te two cod secoas Band Wy popes” muliphig the taser matics of te sale segment (Shoe (7 XUPRES on ETE ET She ex scan be sume none taser mate: {Sig TTBS ew tae by maliiag (r= (7M xR nx EIT ean “The ems ofthe asf mati 7 betwee thee Seton of he ote | team eget of ng Land cestant nul Bare aed rom he litem fect egetions ea fom the expat oes, (patie dowgmads and nelestig shears a typtbei eceraly acepae for PC hae bu often sppronmate fo preset composts tes) which are INCREMENTAL LAUNCHING OF BRIDGES ua oe, ew) “hes equations ar fled through for sboven ntepations. ners depend Gn for constant (icy the statearray ofthe ein wc Odie ace vs Mora Yon the mesa! properties ofthe Beam sepa, ad 00 the seo on = lay SMa Ly Evy i. boBD a6, ee ee My =p Ub Aled Ain LED Hates) oma for, iis maybe ein ay [ta war EEO] On wel elo A aeeeny ds, WP foo FF nnn |*] > Th fae 0 1 ane | Und, Pig olc es alee (Thx {Sh ro) {nec he th ows be nt oe the rar ai gue All {Eterm oF eit or aan Sgn on neil td ome ste ten gt sd th tama he th la depend 09 ‘rn! ns nl mesa nd Seed oper of he ea seme Tn PC ces te contro devi aes ae rests yen typ nds copy fe ny oe or dated ad pape wim othe woe 01 element by late Tat Tym ot ow, Swamp ny. the WAP T= 28S os‘hatte tems Ty are the suena of th pf) ation Gide by ET inthe fit oo, Thc of dstrbted oad apical to portion ofthe Beam segment oof ‘arable ean anys bested by stegatin Tn practi, geal epesiet "ove he ea een int sebsepment il aeted bythe dtu oad ff soit emt en hah ee a by mai ova preening force N whos coset varie linet Grom on action © to em secon I (parole rosesing oF sight prestesing ut Vanne oston ofthe centro), the eam kegnet faded by a moment tat vases fom Afy= Ney to af) = Ne, and 28a Ms MetMi ry For lear heal graien AT between a warmer oper cfc ad 3 colder Tower sac, th cosa vale of te moment (vee H the do depth aes ‘the cet of hema expansion) Te es ee) ‘must be inuoduced io Eouaton 268). Thana graces may tae signin lose during anching sins the Ss ent protested bythe permanent vine Forastnc, fora uote supersrctare DIN 10726 ques conser ion f Een hema ines of 1C and SC fred brides, 5°C and TC for cumpoite biden apd 10'C and 35°C fr PC Bess. BS S400 (2 euiesthe ue of more eed noosa «fom the lea origin an sitesi subsegnet wil be edad. The 0» "seemed ito thre sb segments 0 ett» pt and igh» ‘wih the cenlsubsegment td bythe romans immediatly 0 he lt {nd on te rit ofthe secon meres bythe copsentted actions. The taste ena (7 vas obsine hy malog (5, = (7 tSIe= (TB LTR TE 1S am an 1000 a © 100 40 010 aw am van eat oat ou ) LaF They maar am oo ff ano oo 0 1 oo 8 8 8 he eon ston os rom casi nppot (les with dierent Bight ‘oe emporry ers aerated with sr Hal eos) nd therfore i Ra ay=ty ew eet +t ener mati comes roood 1000 igloo 100 ey) koo10 oooor econo bem i sled by aig support eats as eum san Fi 26) ‘Sing fom the fi ack eo 0 the deck, once iti defined by serge snutgeon the transfer mrix 7s bane he ends of he st = 4 ear Ssoneat is 1Si,= IME 15h 076) 1a th se way, onthe traf mati [Tk Between the es of he fi pan i es ie (Sle OTR «(SI em ig. 268. Sac ste of the contin beam‘in whieh (7 indus te uaknown support reaction Ry ees te exten loud swell. Conegsenty (Sig= (TR xITB «1S ar Proceeding in the sme way, ne oversteps the st suppoet Nand eshte ot freced ofthe lencting noe sign I The elation tts he aes ‘te end soon (S)-= EM EMR TRE x em ‘in which each apanty-span taser matrix eset (TI contains redundant, ‘known, Ica be summrian in (Sh= M(t. es Without tee relunhns, Equation 240) would be four near gutions with Sieh unknowas, and fost addtional equations would need tobe obtained by Ingouing he Soundary coniios in he end oto tears. "The pseoos ofthe urksown support easions egutes Geing an equal um ter f onl equations The may be obtained by ealeltng the apport ‘ecton sinters and by posing toe dein (r+ dette lace {av ofwttement For thi rson, tenant sf egoston progres ieee ‘long vac owing to te ew suport lated by te beam, and te Sluion eques an tae algorithm, geo lonee thin the det sluion. Most, Importing, boweve the meod srs whole le ety aod epi ‘She adios!vaknowne ae concerted the support ection sates (wt ey conatutetheonly posible comin), the ane nae tho ‘an be improved to operat oly on the conlauows terns ofthese aay (be ‘otton etn the hesing moment Moca the remaining nes na cod ‘Conder wo subsequent spport tions J and K ofthe continues beam tha lit the pu span >. We Bae (See Its), ean hat ie Me = Mit Tal +I ee ere concent the ems te tram. J and K have et Sfecon of aot prac beter ons constant planet Wo ake Ferd movements ating need tps the -fon pods, fo reoreDeaigs fd to alae the eos of veil placement of uaching Kearns) ao coun Thre, we stant ne =F =consane ey By extn rom he ist equation of (232) anf subttingt in the other thre a diet elton bates rotations aod bend moments inthe two Support sections may te oan: nor ge (ie- bmi) +t 14) #7 ue rp a Mg = Tu Ze + (1-19!) + FE fhe he Ts) +79 86) ‘Therefore, ccs defied te rated sate (Sx of th suppor section eas) and the tive redder mati (RTM rom the tid ad fourth eqetion ores Bei. fh ru) +t Be(—f-1,) +t | ex ° ° 1 in cominuos Bea wih spt spp the rton tween the ed teary of te en sappors (Sad Cann a Seha= ED Sa en so me veo egutons with or unkDown. ‘Sethe bodng moment Ma and ty se immediaely call, the wo sofas tod gu aretha apn ems, ad Eaton (247 san be immedi soe eed Tra Pet om ‘Knowing gy at therfore, the rdtcalsate-aray [Sy] aon and benting ‘momen sch apport scion ay beled by Equation (2.7), andthe ate ‘hear foe 7 may be tod yg the send equation of (288 Once defined {he spo tection steamy fs asumed Sostan), sha fers, Denne‘moment, dfzcton ad ottion may be obs never crotszton fhe eck Ij mean ofthe ter trix een he oton ate a tenses appt Ts edges it by incemenal unchig he RTM etd allows one ose thecontnvow brain ab aac snpc and economic wey, The pros ibed fn the reptve manipulitono squne mates composed af oa en Yang ‘ems sof which age way xpresed bythe sme equation, nd for tat can ‘eatin iar imegtated in cose form, even or the tans on pen, “Te prosdue abe fl araniag ofthe eptive nate ofthe eee ha ime ap nonce Pies, Sic is aed ot by muliing small ate of ‘Stat incon te reptton of bundeds of ek of te sgn ap ‘Seo wit sal compute. “iwcalclatio fread rien cch cosine ft wel. Ih ufc to nonin the ems ofhe ater mat btm the ete Sor ‘Scion and the secon atime 10 fee the problem to a simple mat tulipteto, Pca ppcason of th RTM cate fond 7 [an 2.10. Shear and bending moment envelopes ‘The we ofthe eoelopes of ending toent aga (nd fom the of the velop of the ee sts) nado handed of pane pit defi ‘Mrntngroue. The envelopes tea foto at bas Ses al fot ume of Preset composte tides and tl ids tbr es ae es la DC ins and are oien assed diel fo he worteas naan For both ‘odin abd ber, e exloperreume the elton of lund tS aod aight the deck repost oq signe "hv bending moment envelope ding unehin os ke Fig, 270. Tis carve takes both end load and Munch pessng nt coun sins the wd the deck gravity sir Gn laon to the uae sonra) emente ‘restesingeenties th ifene teed ses agrme, a the rear deck section Gnshing procds to the ht of te Ge), the nation of the ppt prams peoeater regular lito in he pe ‘period equal to the spl, sins he highest moment are enced ‘Shen hee beaver sons ae in miaan. Conga he eaeope of the Prati moment bas ts matinum atthe support stone andthe eaveope of the eater momen Bas maim a the span sans where the deck ‘Stappored when aprapms are mit pen ‘The udustion genae by the support dapragms inte moment envope sepends onthe concentrated load 2: corresponding the sgt ates of he Slap with reset othe Sunda erosecton othe deck. The ape of ‘hee undetiooetaproxnatl Ms sa0F ew tl | 00| 7 ‘ig. 270. Dimesiones beng moment ete teers of he deck Gr bath te poste and the epi tment Sieh aon wet fhe Sipe dnkeos my nsesenoc peste Hb oninn eto “nuchal nye ard on he cen ax of eee eSaon Tene, comet cme ee sled spot Seine Saeos Sftely ove! keaton ft ose ecto. Ths cee hc tomen pa tt my be agian even ih bw een wee Pg a Thee mano fs, howe, Jo imei es eee ne rite mes chr nome oferta of hese ose SESE Migs cave some enone i the oats Deh he lsu tw os ng bce noe a Fl 226 he beng ad sear eles ce he eft of tema alent and ise feng sons, se he ra ma he teat’ ei sass toe pnts hag ume o lel combats Teor, Fa ncn cace rene peal tations and then se Tre preset Nera ere ceoope asad yh dees dtobiy of sooete ised kine helo thence se iar seco ef spn sae snr in he noes: The res of a ts gun spacing trots te cero the le Sk se aes sve tt pen. Ite longer tan se te ch ‘Retmeat fe may nse oveeagn ofthe bole sopesietar Tce ae trem pon, ere be we of Homogeizng temporary fe with prs nimton 0 be spor 0 rome the al es may be secon211. Verification of design assumptions by monitoring ‘Theta sess hata din nent igh 8 to inten te bie diesioning.Corcqeyte dog spo ind he ‘ctl sections about Mwnng. poston tolerant, eal rae, tie depen ad 30 om mas besa eva, See he Sey tte conpttnna ofthe poet nthe mos drat cas deck monitoring daring lncting permis checking of tte dein asso Tema abo prove llomation bea tect moos cont the coeticent of tema ean. te nbenc of opopapi aod font deft, tefl of tikage ad ge, ad the sae diboon ‘hon passing on 1 he urchin beings Wseapelat to hose he sto estrone aoa the most ses ome Laine ot sean of te peter The ae permite era ot the itd, Te as monte yh st gs ld veep Fe 2.7, chine incogrour dat. Ended sta ee a the lowe de ofthe ct shoul te alge nore deo ooo ened 45) wo menue longi and ver compressa el a gente Sects ie pan on he bunchig trarig. Sin pag soe co ‘ive maybe complemented with exer exter at menue titans Seven ho pits feos aed oth dot nce Te alow mening = ‘Cetin cen ars casing The eof ghd aa page abo cmon Fracce when onto the nae! lncng of Sel siden, opel ‘hen ong use At wells he mestiaon ach ras A ositrig can be ane wt sanig the tiesto of Sac oi ee he sain 1 fret iin chsen fo te ow se Ost he ial oppor ‘oagratn ofthe superar “Todermie sss fm the ode sitet csr o know te ste ‘nado andthe cot of thal xpansion of cone. Sua sain poo "cum euippe wih emit) he ema ram ae ‘sompat te esas adenine mow Fhe cern Las, iat eal ie. 271. Sample fe strani section ‘treses should be epectl hen the intrest scton par on othe asc inp begs A premnay bie cement als ofthe sopprt region of the deck tony define the hort te bution and pera a er compechenson of 2.11.1. Elostc modulus of concrete Keoulde of he asc modulus of cocci fname iors forte ‘Sledation of stemea, "The saat ode oqations hat ate the cite models the ompresine seni f cont (ee ff) ae sory to aproinae to nase the Bela. our otra tions and diet determing i eer. soe of ihe peat inten of his parte othe eal convent oe seer eth at the ine tine ‘Ore method oon of messing he tring of yada species abject te moons sempre, Howe, te smal dimension of specimen aa the ‘Sera crop conto prove on approximate data ad do ot lead to real el. ‘seco thd ie bse or ensini of prestresing enon and cores tte wveraze storages by ny eteasmetr dated lon be sec tin withthe Total fre api by todos Aine mite red Seely foe an after each eon esoaing in ode ol to soperpos heal ine hd theft cp sie on the iaataneows gas onr The mean of ad ‘tli, welgtod wording othe wri of nem oft exesometer deter ‘mie the sera deration pline he setion. The nil sirsis poe ‘ovate om ths average plan, Thediferenee av highs when rrdig KC frame doe to tensonng of hunch tendons when the concete Iv mie ‘soung than wien tesonng he paral ends ob compan of och "Although thse devon do at af he clan of he ete mods, they inate tat IM mewsrng meted tes 10 bene Hmpresie ab Oe ster of tendon ncwanrInfact ths method ey sal sie ht reacted by measurement error and een te asupoe of comeraton of ‘ioe singe qoetionbl inte fensoning ase On the oe aod, ‘peaig singly th be ifernse between the al eeerape san 28d ie ‘tal om woud intodss sin components doe to ere, hus derestmtng th dae med "tind metod is bsed on tering the root support ection in 20 stnegoeat och tages (Figs 273, fas fo alibi ealiog ofthe exer ‘ily Eaton lou dy Citout san thrmalgacins) oay ‘fete ty he poets slo inthe eopetrostre and the manonter, tolerates of he meting jk. Ae reading te font suppor reactions Ry sh Raga he wo sss nonch postions, mie nrametel saa Se May = Ran Pa es)e272. Braharon of the cate mds of cancrete by menage appr, ‘esion two sept lah aes in theft auch poston and May = Rao — Pt 29 In the seo om ich 9M = Raz ~ Ray ex) 2 Br ofthe steed eto at tas fom te rset cent, {he deen te fexural curvature propor oth sos measured he ‘ne sep poston 239 eon) 1 practi, the fot sppot ection shoal be mete in eer ch pier (Ge during the loch ops for repoutoning ofthe tude) to oan a ‘erge vl of lsat bythe gee tleraors of the sujet ‘Obie similar solutions ar psi. On» condy da) the sins Sefton ‘he Inching now may te streyed ln subsequent Itch pee When ng ston anche dak rang athe uncher ny te cnc ws he vert ows eter bythe iting jks, whol 29 nes for trating son ‘When the methods ate combine, ne sscng proves formes ne ‘varition ofthe elas mols of cones oer ne, ws he ston neers [ovide average dts about young sone nly specimen, lug es representative, permit mest the cite mode lus ety. In al oter easy, nat detention ofthe asic module i Mfc y the userany of the acta erossecton ofthe saperstract. 244.2. Thermal crracton of rests ‘Thermal cortion of th rel pind fom dak monitoring 2 prob tte ihr simple oro te uot sine te elton of tenperasre a the ‘pnt epee afl the mented sine Ikea Se apeosched + Measuring sts foqey dung operons tht take Tong tine (eg tendon tendon) sb interline ie dato shane. Goce te el Sormation har ees estat, 15 posse y cael the eels fal tine dependet penne “+ Messrng tempera ine nstruentd section and leit theme ‘tpamion abd te ftaton to determine from thse the sll therm arse and then btrating te ltd stale, Tie method assumes const! dtibton af epee along the Soper and aoe ‘Sipvo the cutee of tna expansion sd te ease mus fence 211.2. Caffcentf thermal exponsion ofeancrte ‘Kaowlede oft ent of thermal epson of ont is fondamen when {alg seting oer neta por otitis nee for dtr ‘hestnins eo cop Sd sbikage when he staaneous sain sow (65). “Te cote! of thermal expansion mst be Ged ci by ea ice i pens on many parameters that ae hard to deli suc 4 he mlaalopea ‘ato aggre so he bam and temperate fhe sont. The o> Sint erate by eoring the straps sano the instrumented ston when tempertare cenge Ths requ & ston) di) ith ph thera! feet ‘Sue te cote of teen expanon goers both th ean expen ‘nd the rlton oF he earseton, the aerage Sino he eta Bre iSonen wed wo ec heen of grants much spol, ZITA, Shrinkage ‘Te timedoyenene sins recorded by extensors combine the fics of Shrinkap and cre, ad the cmpopeat of sein deo sings can Seated aly by mens of pce esurn shia A fat method cons of bulting «sample enent ofthe sapere, tegument and placed vere he Bdge to guru ma Irgrometi coon: A econd metod const fssrumenting a cone ck ced imide he once (ig 211) wil an immed sia ge, Tote cain stage Santas is poprtonl tothe rato he Sing pent fo the cee ‘ston aa Teor tis cyto dimension fe coace Bock wthhe ste proportions the superstore ends to spore he Ingomar ondtons, In spite of thn thc conte a pouscd seca sige ‘whe the saperstvture has proce ineral surios. Do ett sé exposed (0 wind and tyne, Theor, the mesied das ca be ‘rpms + Aid metho coms of sinking asain up chanical lated the ff the stint eds cose aa eating need te Esch matting method confirms tha hikari have a mare seatona obo, with horning in ry periods an egtening in the hana! On 6) ‘This cotadets bortory dats and oles producer sot sake nbd lee than expected, 3. PC bridges 3. Presizing ofthe superstructure The mort cheat spn Signing lun brides heme 1 bao the sees dhe wo the temporry suppor copigratonsasumed by the deck Soring sec ictus that rset 10 many ad ferent Joe! coadons ‘ae cre pressing, tava exesie Ses in eof he a Ie ot fee sge, bo wou cove prodens that wold tou fn 28 overs Tie xual apaiy ofa FC set is govern y the dp he ofthe cen sore wich depends og th eral een) (213) don he ttl Sah Hak the cotton he qlgient on he is ann eg nea ig Mantra 5 hore he peri wiht fener i the coset aren an 8 he ‘Sun Negtiog thermal atts and iret earn eer, wth 48 pimiaed osocing nese k= 016-022 the deck ont one and = Oia ts in the ea 208 Taunch prestesing cam avid oige decomprson only if the moment futon (32) muita esing force win the cal ore Theos, ‘he nina atl pressing Fu ay Forte stme span, Fa depen on ded ad an iverson he eth of ‘hecrossusin sd oie etBceey. Coney» kr ine ah so permit ang in proses.“The ole of as ephasie by egesing te minimum presen faeteay ht o Src Fag 6 guadatianton ofthe reiting to eee the ater mich a pou Tors nto pene he exo eficieny (21), he ection in area should ‘lowers he roto the tnt fei, so that he radi of aon (21) can merase onthe whe Seat an tcl contain preset ‘owsive coseccign hlning, ts alma always ness 4 nese te ‘nome of bern wth Same ie “kr Gied i Seton 372), he rotational ceo shld be oes at rach pose to eine resin Uo nets amet This abt be ‘rise Mp tckeing te boul Hb DU then the crosesctiorl ares RUE Ince an the steal sees 8} el desea. Therefore tiger Convene to take advantage ofthe wie top lab and to incre ke meet Of Fact by ncresng he Sok dpi, Te tercntion marginal at econ ‘ecto ar the momento meri ease ith he quai to abd the {adi of ration Hoey The ante eecy ieee asx Of the ‘hie casong cape nd the ental eeney ene ae wel ‘Ata deck dee ths Yoon he wearer of FC ies ie by fill gp crenata aching The ner tend le the pea Sede sfconinuou bam dec ese ote loagset ys, ablaze he onan iuok of simply sported bor ides. In case of aed, Rowe, te ate of temporary ps my ald the asthe omeguees “The dimen npieatono th al sun nr lavoching tind have been stadia soe ait nase 635 The nar egrenon othe cs Sse depth fo thn bss Gn mete) nage tsk 69 ceonaret aan ste oo for PC tides but by oer methods (64) In raay bras tie fen "Toe see ft of hipercrosrantin ca brads the we fap seb to vod sarod canteen bs oding the sce ete fie Concrete hisses) to doin fae omovk scat on he pound Creston trumeredanensons cond ths eno nsnched decks, the ati the en lever lengt-op sab with sequal 00.2445 compared to 027 forbes bl. ote techniques bu tea of he tonto aa Wit aay ea Yo. fependnt of spa ad ohne. yen the ie dept tao pie ee he hike ofthe top a ee a ty pn snd rnmere seman the ea eed by eeteseendo) Forth op of highs) ips, (unin mee. End wing he symbols of Fi 3, at BD it inna ale of 23-026 m pening he dsc enh wb Teldec shee tamer pees. Te btn tab kot et eon dst tt comers of oneag te ad 1 ah at pose . oH o-13(o0-58) via ia 4 te pon aly ni ac dyn me ten ee arhn nome to mm es Bh Secon ae fan a wn te ath ci na WSS rt anc yn he se san em rs neo ‘Sides bit ast ecu Inthe case vay bres with nero reseing te bikes of eash we ye ee Gi me) mS os) Fig. 51 Cooseton balend with external preteniog 0) with minim vl of 0m. We sifeing a th ermine ppt eSo0e Irrarety aosesysnce the prabobe tendon eons on colton o uh) Fada te shea ore othe web, “The we elke of mad opan soon of lay bride is bout 0.50 m fr contentions ps of 40-30 di the spor son teaches 090-100 “A conse of higher deck depth and hha webs eset consumption fate. An wpperboutd yale forthe cnottequatt) fay (0 of te eral vote of eon, inchdgsifening aad apport dapbrags, to the top aah suas) Io larly pretend highny bigs nvcied ow the fall, ‘pan uy be obtained in me owt he 202545 ean) ven alay rides thes 0 ag = 0404 6 Prstesing tl alot nays sand it ety ones ine empty) 40d) Rum ip highway edger and sD 70 kuin In ralvay bod erent 0-150 pm i hwy ls 1-10 gh aay 32. Deck segmentation and yard organization Finn of dak onarctn Gln of cag rea of resin ‘hea ies feng md of ae ap, se) pot aghast sae sma ad bag a Ge ‘ek epee opr a opal “Te bee neha Ea of fstsaion of tie ang ad. "Long bridges are compose of large numberof septens and permit smortztion ll {rite nvmentsncoay toad he efeon ois ons Sora wpe ee sie agen ase SETS SRE aca cel Tepe ‘Ded penning oy gh moh tine aaa fr conan igang nyo ont ‘Sting eas Tne henner ope isceatapnt obese eg tes ‘Frost pga suey nae se pec When th pn aS a enon mt be sstye to opal age cmepeds ean reo siStacion of nba compe’ ofs hg mtr tort a pn ‘Senne my be loge ws hae ean of oto {ons ant llbw es ofthe meiner oma. A thes nc: the ‘Spent a shor thn he pe Su ot he he aan {Sites th span ay bone alr oth hep nso Bees write of etal preresing ora gen span ee tye ote tose mach shower pont ung mre sees on Cnto¥s ‘Spor a avochng hema hole ‘hese mumbo ments composing the an is dts poo of he cont ae ied om strap en aon ‘Shecoumre pts ne al syport configuration) td he on eset ven be fay te intro rove. f te Bowe 1 ‘Thoanted ty tack extn ough the in eon. be phragm sees eter ith he a fh son (32 elt mit fe placed ‘Say fon of th pram tht most te Foes be ‘Caer witha tateton Tike segoent sbi ino cing phn (tom lab and wes tanh tog ath covey cern ats on hem ale for 12 tp sy ad the Jon cn be pre snr, proved tthe spor ‘Saphrpms ar ap A an sera, daphne cm be it ond ‘fae ce flr plo of oucing, by men ating ies hohe {Gps Fay oer actrees coped stead fied by ‘Meuping th wes of te cops Sen te torent of eri fhe it ‘Soon ch tho soul cad at te santero Te moat inched tages, ech ec ima ple api the re vious one and nanan ofthe ole a tees ings o he formwork ‘Wnt th abso seamen an atin ss yb, bldg eatin te feast tie Imes to vol contain the freon sits at mit te pce stew Tet, redo «oie no ral rate neal pros calor palpation oT eT ‘EStumoee ver than mage mort pst anchor bck fo Peso San). A corm nding coe eet and te ef over ‘Shoes Sil svn or pu ‘Fe. 12, Comtrtion ot lcatin for mona ementsIrie umber of ements ih and eoogh space alls coast torre peanembly tea fr moat ofthe owe rail (ent br, ducts ‘tchorags, ert) to ease ter if the formwork tea we, tncorage snd minor forms Pentel permite extracting thaw aces By separating the casing Sard and & presenbly ae, 1 titulo, the torso can te cased, ele and prepared bout ‘Scominnts and cape taaer doesnot sompromie ret. Ural, the of tendon anchorags, and after transfer ofthe cage and nsetion ofthe neal The presently enplate can be adic fo th omer ox ear fom ‘ts advancing into the formwork uring launching of the supersieacture by meant of pendeat an smi bstrhammerng ofthe consirction jolt and ensoning of Pig. 33. Cape provembly fr theft ‘crond he ral ome ar ea for phase ofthe Serio Rve Bridge. othe nor (oor) i Cage asl ca ao be done by transfering preasenbid web cages an lb panel ia te frmvon Cs the pene tena simple (Gig 3.0 and ag segment hdd with coment tover rane "Yarnton fete ued foreach ety, compere with comentonal methods, Moco operation a spied, be nanbe of workers ite arow formwork ara i ftuced to 8 miu, te fl wlio of Feu! pert hy paral acts petal ang conse hig, {Ent ermwed ca be made tae! a more drab nahn toner sam ny eam mame cor Mok Spestnd consracon ups) Ont the uncer the icing nose and ‘eof the rw arc lor conoton meld they ae ea 33. Casting phases Tie conte eye a segment i the seguro of operations tetween the thing GPSS Sabu SEEN Tr duration general vai om (010 ato dya ough it expent fo each Tower i 0 thatthe eonerete ‘meu oer the wkend The magne of operations depends onthe casting precede, onthe eet cage pres non te tae red for eoatte wo each the sng ‘teaty tn tenon lis enone andreas ach sees. Nara hardening GF SEM sete taey somite within he dauon Of 2 weckend andpropia devs soul be wed, such at past anchor ods, loa heal ‘es wih electri ies embeded around te craps. or eam cng of the wht eat. Therfore ftes convenient to dey ices the deg Stegth of coerce atherspected value allows the ec sengh ah ‘the cheled tne and at the ane ine bles tbe supercar and ‘edi th sfns of lnuchig se, unex evens adie dependent heroes Whatever the horn soliton maybe, vison fhe ek it segments eb- sgt and cartes pases alway ives th pees of contarton jit [ence he meas: The adoption of vera ot ita, de atom ional joins os seve avantage, Horio joints restric the quay of ‘rosters day and low the exection of subsequent operations hon ‘tase interfenace, he ang fhe nel frm et an phe) Sitha tone cane ad the ear removal of bbe Nerantl nee a {Be tops evel they also pel supon of the orm ale fer he op tb ‘he els and ai he horfotl cae tat fen ft monolith ating 8 ‘aloft etemeat oft enare Ate wee The eda onthe er Gd ofthe ent pment cast saint these ands sure each at weaken DY ol Tn he be spent shikge ad pert adevon tendo rode hoon ses erbonona othe fae. These cracks canbe sveded by Bost-hammeing or cgping the comet Sace o that rou acts dba sear hee by wetting te Jol Porto casting the ew spent an Y paca a vere ire mesh ea he Joint Thea of pecs se faa i eneonary, ice with spell egal "ite of aboot 1 sn the ate navemente nce to mobi te sted ‘hear tee ve sale tha hose equa by Concented keys and thereon bs eres the jot Freres he sear sent "Te diferenc inom ete the cued spe ad ht the tng ple should te sedan tl enptee as eche the senph eet) (0 ‘that the reinforsameat and the tributed shen esas ae Pst {belted theres is able fo contol cack wth. In pata See ‘ltt can be meaty to mati the teperte in the cad angie OF {oats rearend to 15-25, and oa te ating concrete ofthe new ees ‘Themed for thee measures depends may on fs hea Ryan of cee aNd ‘Shighet in the ce of portly mater sch a igh perfornans con 6 3.3.1. Mavolthic costing Tn prop momo epmen castig aopted only for bed abe Fi 3.9, 1s fact the operations invaved i monolithic sig of Box pee are ater nips, having fo sus roaitneats of cage aly, copcee cme, ‘sation and irl for dmanting. that fen soft with cach oer ‘Thefore or long segments scheme so iid a oi tap shor chive 10 long spam matay res, whose ieant deck depth ea he Su tothe hor el ig, 35 ibd labs are cay bull by monica Eve the cot hale ate i at of te ee hs coe sie only neringlcnon andthe denim for concrete ern. ratio, oc presen ten noi and th leases the at of iecarung a and rue eee handing eee “i nual tings former eon ssa of he soot ges Theor, the nena formwork most aye erating Reco te ppt apres ate mes of Raa ioe (he ee nance wth pesos tng oing on ee Oto pne nthe aw casing potion later the presen cage STanctow spent hasten transfered noe formwork, To old ome ee at mh popu he spe ote rato, the el cee roma tal pe ht en igo, ith Sonal Fhe on fr refi foming tens and ey bing sapien vores signin inestnects Toca te amor only non ep, a ope SE tera be ud wang Be mec ee Sa nope te spn, and oman ee o the de nth (Semraed eck pment tam the conventional ne al of te pa ‘Bay Gn sates the oration ot of Heig 36: Rear en of elfexacting hurl formar (author) ven with the sae genet pis posto singe 0 tre diiren construction hemes hat adopt short moods eget: + const feat th he nn ch a te extstion of 1 Sanseoton i a mtilefomvork, with lnuec oy afer completion of « erin abe f spent “ Seaciiec fie scee ee oe Inthe ft stems th fommock ea casting cl sia to th ‘chon enc pein he 17 spel nr eet Inet as raindance th eine The constuction depron or {nd ie pn nach ape ae ae of npr gen Ease cto ethene enn en ag rte Te pres o longing ales a aout tte deny {caring form produc sc long dead eso ake» gh ind trad yrds. When te pnaedmunber ef ee at aching Dresenine api oth woke eck soon sport oo eral Tord The crt of endon achoreg hi soludon rege sons tans eer te aw reccoaaey te supers in the tak span cn Be combine with # temporary ier © ‘ince te flr sees he nom esuese pron ofthe TpSebstre, "The vanes of thi scheme are & sl stomated formwork, epettve putin, ands wore ein eaton of abt. The dada te a he hein of ihe ering rate ns! for preci repsaioos and conto (rors ‘Scomulite wih the umber of ol). tr mlipcaton of nc operons ‘Tar Banas owe and te dente hung rege forthe back tres f ‘egrets not comply curl ad pret ered he ante rgucny of anc operations over raves sete obth the main ncomeience of he Bis scheme Tn thi the ‘Sting a tpors econ of ops as Fog ase whl pan and TORN Gvecl ite song the tl fo cast be subsequent went Fig. 38) Haare dk sean ise, toch preening node none wee ft emching ie llowe dase edotion inthe numer ofbe bnpa8 LAUNCH, aunt in SSS Sa Pe 38 Shing moor nd comeniona lack leech oan and pris movement of herpes Wot ise ‘fora owe an "be pope ane ee sag ‘tee i) sy rc ction ltt i lng brides, whose constuction may te or fcustlaed. ig ‘sings ten convent, Whey ere are mas aprapms bn of eral regeing the crstrtion jogs berween he Seamnts cn oc withthe {lephrapme Dusen an be cet peer wih jc segments together ‘ih be previa xt oe, oes ha steel apr house solos of Even nth cu contrction roses in am opposite ses to urchin A the tnt seg jt othe loa tne do enorge 8 contin 0 adopt recs anchor lds (sin Pi. 4.40) oo atte soma, Ta Test ntrsentin practical envoy n the cv of stra! utc preter ‘Sn ahough it comptcat omer tie eal ormiag sem of ol ‘gents By pressing in he peat rection (ower une) once rly on ‘Srndanshorge sb thes sopent ait bjt te, homopeneoat ‘Spee sees: howe, avery f intemal oem pore soaps ‘Dramas sap abou and eqpment an tet fy he combiation of shor ieee cating wth mobi formwork, lsnteg of lone neerstctine ‘octgor and tanner shige the whole sperm on competion of Insect er the ating yard linest othe conto of eons pall spectre "To Tsao Brides Akan, aly is «200 bide compo of to parle box seers Join atthe lop seb lel apd spun fur comlauous Shim tape har ton bu by sifing te 10-m formwork shown in Fig 33 oops Sem esning linen oppose dain to ancing Insp eed eaten tons Gena och tendon ad enema sews presresing), ee ‘Pa, 39. Shing former forthe Tino Bride, Rebfrconnt i semble in parle (atorconstraton of thi rig equi minima investments for psd cost: "On compton of lash of the et rach of the super, ter shiting tok plas afer tensioning the polyoma tendons of erie presen as rbstng the Ted sepprt acne atte fou tesnporny pm on of whi stone ia Fi 310, The idee! Inching sade shows fa Fig above the Rgbstogh mor al fo tense sing. Lomited ‘mores pasate heen ini Hwee he anes ale and he Boom fing sao he nunching salto lock the "adn cing omg deck woncing.Hloetransvene i these capone pads were opis wth Ate ompetion ot second rash of he spent, the to BOX stole with astm pao conuou kerb sly the fur egrets, incl aloo the cating yard agen to ave the ogi lone a were 7 thd constuction scheme combines the danse of the 140 previous schemes and aoe thle mek pists (Pi 312), The cing el Bed snd plied a he rar ent he crag ll the aezents comport # Spa ee tty match ating and progenies laced along aby tose ho the Ast scheme, When te le eet of the sp fas encod the neesry ‘cet, the hale puoi by back tr ote are fe ter ‘ost o whch ii conned by & oer ome. Afr the seoducton of bee od ig, 210. Toner stig of heft rach of the Te Brie fahar} Pe, 41h, Brett lei sie or wonsrre shin eth) SSRRESES Mgt he what spate sane een the casing cell LIRSRIE ocean team in he oetone Seats ney main unc gobi to proceed i tect ‘lon of aditonal segments. 1a tis case, therefore, thew ditional operations do = nih ceme anges fad an pteiay aon dant dat a beg sxracon launcher re siple a = an he oar ont Ugot thereat fhe eerste sons eumlatn of some sae eee tue dantveniage ale he long caring rh th com ofthe ere te ae Kath cee ths comes te Sg i it ses about ens On te oer a common aan RRA Mehocg uch rearing eyed! fhe potion of eae ieee eco af adon echoes restos alse “va clon scenes nny be comet ae cn Ptcesnwhh he vestnent equa y 220-3 former a or etal lechag compe cone! withthe conten SESAME heen ot extra! pestening. ant partly i he ase ofey oe gantiever Satter BS Sepa teunehing pi touring oh roe hc (312 Ped cating ei, emt lnmchby bck tt, on mento pra {sso Inch wns wie uronic eens sin ‘it Svan phrase we thet ewes obs ee is sr tng rides Plas appease oie ot selenet orn sndasknt (fy 3D, ce feces ml aos ‘Spyro peo tengo ps il tonne ie pte ofthe on equa cx ton dtaton i hn the sane as or odin formsorts. A balan formerk eat St eh ah wet oi permit aly ropes if south fos ing eee {tha diy Sse Gc ore me Con por Seah dwn ep ‘Sm wih yl tl ce pmenty pts ae ote eed concrete enor prs tor ovr ete Pig. 513 Aerial ating cle omperry pos 2.3.2. Twosphase casting ina sng formwork nite acting. the ot popu cating method te two-piece td the sume formwork th 4 horton ont the lew! of the tp alah ips) Th ental formwork dot aot pet pata problems ein for aie st by mi fied ee fr he Fe ‘The mast expensive pe of extern formwork const of et sel frames tinge at he tse Fig 319. Heng dened for spe coection hie ‘arly seuable apd is adoption sod ony in fong Wigs that ake he cost ‘fe whole amorzation lower ths the bo nt ha vee Tes gene formnrk const of rodlartomee tha are acl wing tier manual ajstnent so of ters appored en tense tale ‘mane bysde lation The simply ofthese chem od teary anor ‘eatin of he formwork nanny ihe bor ot ih i hoe {0 hon bride. ‘A inmedate tp, es expensive nd more adapabe tha he est voles ‘be ue of modu owes tao eens aor apport by hye ack. Lowering ofthe platform fasts spent Saoting, he owes an br Feast with ae eros-econs and thir repaints mrs eed Ol wh he Term poor is beau,Pe, 3.14 oops csting i th 220m frre the ali Beige (hor) Ustt external form th saps ofthe iter am depend onthe acon oftheiona jt When te ots are lea the apy odo te cee Seco, the meh fm i edo side panel or sade 2 Bottom slab unter othe sae of ey sloped wab etal i Fig. 3.10, a ahot brides, the tp sb formork i made with mater hat ae tin pace (pit cone plank, comogned sheet met! or lr plat) I get Unidos eel or plywood pear sed supported on shoe tomer or tsleopprtng sel fnmet sing slong exo at aocred tate web Tncau of joints plc at the loner nodes ofthe coset, nc orm wrk Siar to that for mond ating ad therfore ater expense Ins ae to ilemesiate int Ye wide rds in which the deck a i siened bY teasyere ns, both yp of eral forme ca be ad ‘Compared wth monte casing o th mole coe ton, the chong of ‘sce areal kes restne, an by preasembing the sel age i at na rescton atthe ues, ad thi itane can Boome eu inthe ot ‘eatguraton on compton of atk ‘Si the st eget of he supersucte ever ey Cue ised of oy increasing launch restos it preferable to mods unpre Seppo [twee he nt caingStppest ad th lanhe. Tale upp sap hed rng he previous laoch sages by 20 erage Ao pa ee ‘ens themes. nly the kim fesve mou nthe sk = pan eta somata ine “one the od span oer shore thant icin os Howes, the proses for eet, {be addtonal prerasing ofthe backed san ar the ame 3.73, Service presrssing ‘Op competion of lash, te losin of Lien and steed crostsctons fray mache he test aga det dead Ton. ach psreine tend tobeeaesane, sce the bet dnbtion of eu on eds one and Shee lng with spc to hella enrelopes,a he ore stb ofthe ‘mecca caryaens oe romans rales he ee sis en Oe Tn this conten strstr ant be modi fo et servis lod, For hi purpose, sional sented tnigns would not be very adventagous, an itis [eleabeto shape te aos! dons oat obtain the bigho sett oF ‘he reli foe: The importance nd the eevee of th otton depends the qumiy of ceil prestening that Fema nthe sopra, a6 ‘Berle on the Lpching this Usogemporary plore, ack present an be relate lom aod the soretcn wo todic ae ach mora 8d ‘fective nthe cs of fll span auch, op the contrary, lunch pests is rer 20 Biph that ony afew tendons can be ade, ach eno! improve Sobsanialy he eine ofthe Anal pees ls ome Ione teodors are To rvlnate he iiscy 0 para pesresng oiting perms! asd ‘he earl eft proden can beasiated toa dtd upwards oad ext whee Fi he parable presrening fore and R,# the eat cial tendon ‘Theliting actin of paraolitenos balances spat of permanent end ead toad gad suptinged ad lst yg) ad te Fai of the presesing ‘Seat fond fo he pemanc ds £7 fod nda of the dstbton of Tongtol see in th superset I covet 6] ach at | pie ow eas) Tien ‘ut sles of about 070-080 ate prefab, ting the creep deormations Fry theses lt inthe unload rete to approach 8 eto “Sensing th get day. ‘ie dona elon can be ange Inthe cross scion in seve 295, coving to the tt fe pened in the conventional pole aout ide fhe wens pelygoal eel yoo deviates by pages ses, ori exer pe yout conte ith te fatal suc fhe wes ATA, itera! etons “Te aol ines tendon (Fig 345) can be vied int panto tendons teagan chews cop appt tendons plas he op et pr enon usd in he boo Hb Part enon can extend over sve pas at in hiss they se high tnt los. When ted oxy one san, thy canbe anchor at he mo Iroment oe facet pes 5 that they vey te spt etn. Ths Inyut dbl: theresa tro of both eee moment aaah Dat ‘Reboot lh se free Ara mate they canbe nepal ibe sts by mean of spel ters (Fig 3.0) In both cos, overapping regu croningo toons and anchoring beams oF ‘tery and ths mae parol tors ae etme. In adn, sone "anand se tht pot ensoelng oon te wen be cone Cove oft Fen 15cm ote ede (Fig 5) aot to ated the ipesion of sport Inordon he nce dig Iasnc, a hs rg! ees the ee arm of intl tendon Fo ale ane, ono the bear sere be eee DF the lcloed pon ofthe fendone,aional prestesing segitensnis Can Be tld wah oe! sah onus ‘Cap eadons ar if toensen. Howcer, hey ae aly indspensabl snce te prboti vlon ne aed to he eda hatch reste bd ts ‘ml enongh to cove henge mowet I contas, pan eons pled io {he botom si ra) foetal and more etve Bate of the age ver tn en the avila Tey ae eum ed nthe co pas of he et {trae epeally when nt posto reac the length fhe pn wth feo tee ral Ont. Thr scandy cara lp ordain the ed foncap enone “Te ntrmal teadon afin! on competion f auc no ao ik of corrosion het sande are ivr indie before tensor, Sine th ‘tu are eed in he dc uring conto, they ms be watertightpe te ees ‘Fi S31 Webber for sine of poli edo he uarterspa pots i. The wef sienngpaleylee pips ised into a the dot before ‘ting td then emoved ob eed inte et teen, ava adable 427.32. fsa ede ‘rm peng adopted mr and more faq nae conte, tetas of bth the fete svingy dig from the sort diatom t ‘Sourucon sod longer sing tng om Meer aly. “he nb coca neds hte ary he ep compen ewe Tuo he dot on fe apse peal ticle spt, ww te we on aca tte yi or tn tn ant omen ey toch presen be otal! wih fv por edo plain the sodeta th cow stim wich ano opr ae byte pao enon ‘ned he a hcinne and aos tendon counter e no ‘ton sachor beam td lay, Te ste nop of exe im eos tan mp itn he at sei te pestering foes ced ee sone yon era ‘So in nc Guin ct i lt a et {Enon an be ad empoarynsanagonst not he ed ad pn tenel on compen fierce. ev inlet ete enone ma ‘ee peeing ote gry The ow ral in org Getvng rn coe of mo of ech eae aks poo ot ste pee hm tes wich deo Cnet in monte wise ong tan ence contig any St Sic ems on eae se don ad compat Bisby coon tetra pote eto nd for, the SEU tenet ene, rie cat be opine dation Sse Sanayi hse, paloma contraction improves a tet tee ef por ses north. Stra cme endef rade urs iota cnt tetas on andie evnrtd is aows aed Otel ead corp, Beate teow peste ine ceeeeee Sve ite be fat ft), ths eds wo ger wee ne seat ean andere er ion of ere preening Low ‘Tosh uo tendons longer sera suns nd es O50 Seon cag ad tenor ot a eat and bs et Ramee aan is ce on Compton of ua, ad tos ag Te Toasty seuss nation, he Tou ce Psd 9 SO22 perms stcorge fe) pec eo ‘eae oe emcee cng (ie inten dons, shone nso! ih he orp eat cul) pode a Yl ESSE at ca preseany, Seamer aon Cone of esa sod rene cre atone St dons ca eines ely ey a he ene et wees we song wipes at) hs soe open wl aig the she ev eer lio poe the robo ety afer ad mets ar we NSS mor celta thera presi de oth TEESE Ate doce doe eon, andthe commence fig see ies avid csc cng of the box The splot Fae reser dos to mushe sent tn hee to eet ‘iittnunro sia onan not sae for bth monn td set 8 terme Tas tocedoe soe oats, thas, i ov ie The sa a en ont the foe aco er he ep senso wetter an heen etd dtbton oh evo i 3a Shara te eden fm te sport ton, iis oie bin ¢ er doa dow ethe ange an ese ie ong eae iontce te fear pam perc eds Te ef ‘esti la ch pes brittle hows ae ae SST i see eh ng ee om 1n Snkegm can india or acs stg sor. =e arn ah otra hve he me pre mY ed tats ety to rede tang devaton ite sles eoer (2 Se'sSpore maou peng he neg anol ein, ae 1 aldPi. 152. Shear force reaction i th iperctare ‘Sethe den od of dvr segs reduction in tau, the don layout fen apecoiwith ony two Inceneiate eit poised ot bout ood of the sp for fel reso Tn tis eat i nt post to ‘tai the opinum lou for shear, nich requires Saton pow a he ‘uate of the spn, od te wot are ticker “ery power tral nos have es edi ong pan bie, They were stad 8) dean he sande with ade ashred the eral suri he wes asin Fig 16 Afr avon bet etal forms wee ung the srands e wt eerie ages ad then inetd wih cement ro ‘hesherrconeeonto he we suas ws obaioed wth tite’ ep Bet uring ting snd then sped or wth ehtrength Bas Ut gurantee ght pestetang of tae Lets grit he web iting he srinhage eck tte gro 27.33, Tanverceprevesing In sapere ner tas 17m, ances prestige tps bein to De orto dey adsngoay or mide one 7-18 etn ‘ere being ert yee lads depends On the square fhe deck with [Att ame ie, paste lies uo ohare meh te rte ad he Soto anchor prove “Av cerain rus eg io bs penal ned fr dtd reduction mak 1 fet wants retreing et) una, a eu in ten Ook lb nal, sl deformations, caching and ee sess Mtns in enorement iy beter cote “Te lvl of presmasng ca be chosen fy, Total prteing i set nd ft ota ince the Lad neh ihe than the dad ad Pst Dressing often suet and th rane ee sis do Pema [ead and or stance 39% ofthe He In am be absorb wth ely Spaced (©5 to 10m ligt ends 00-400 EN). Tel small anchorages Go ot ree ‘he sa hikes, nthe pling echorge ca be teased wih he ded Doe e335. Tt case of paral lng presteing, he tassios tendon the nepitie boning tones ofthe continuous beat ze adserny afte by ab Sacking.Wateqroot dict sch as red peer pps shoul be wed in these ret ares Fal an snprant contin of nse elsrcenct ira mossy a the fret ayer of brs prevent obanng an ado seny of the ramen tendons, ese nthe 20 rom the we. ig. 333, Alomaedachr shone for raver pressing of te ab200 artboe LAUKCMING 4734, Vercot pressing ‘The import of pdaltng ie auch resenting fe peeves moditon he shat force ng wit and each comes of he Soo oh fu tage sen ses. Conse the wed sents at be atch 10 ‘inn te pncpl compres stant low ie lovable van wie ‘owe wafroanes i the webs conte Gack wth peed By prepa ‘ene ese Teh ppt i tet xen se llowabe vale in lind Yes fhe eck othe tha incenig the wed thse with expen adjiment fe Sexming sytem, ca be pec owe oa veal grrbaing Tasca be ‘land nh hiphatengh bss oe Usha rane neha othe op ab Cg 3. "Shrine versal presen oe change comply teen tte ia the vebs, reing cr climining the pincal tae ures and voiing erchag ceca preston Joe ec th eb mt eer dep, nh ite itsaoptono longs bale Moreover some degnwecteains e oe Xe detente seu sess ad venue he ena ee trees ith eb) by tect pton ote whole dust dametr nt Cas, he eo ‘Srl perso sy ees dines ‘eral hrs saad te Shot tn epee ty stall. Tet fei er sopra berate ofthe anchorage roentey, whch makes te ttl sab tion af serial confession ule or tiar aon i expen to ae ‘rial wes preening oly et the peaks of ppl ensl ees and {eae le ening she wath ccoseins) eforemet. ‘Avan aerate he tse of peas web vera pests by adhe stand makes pou fo rich Sstraion 200 pening sy An ah optima ae of re athe se ne Fig 354, Vera preening lh shaped rns ancora he dk lb 37.35. Recent wents [Aton te tea xeon eunched Bridts i ute ecet the pr ‘ela feasmat ofthis consraion eed ave ead) resid sloioas oinmovave so pent te ou tent fexcaenes Bide prstesin. "For fs spatons dsloped the Hen of mined guessing Hal tit intra eados inthe comet potion forthe fal ate lems, temPsry Sah ioral antago nda eave cmplon of inc nd pol foal external tendons ancnhed and tensoaeé on competion of fouach (ie 355) Compared withthe omscouona seme nyu fateh resting fn tbe aby and pao eosin the wets) this rehome pera ptaing ath he ab nd he wes ‘Sulveghent ada sw al inertl ceil presen nerae with surah eure endons an muach Fip. £ 38 and eomesadon completion “buns th sng cop and sansa ton ol lyonal eral tendons, Tn oth ns, unc presto obtained by Siperinpoxng seven groups of terdins aearog tthe ec epmnatin. Ths ake poole to alee and ‘ioe some tos on compe launch Inthe ened cas se operations {ie avon by ung eaprury oneton!Ianch endons. ut thei removal fey rege aio f tome light eons, Bos i he poh and te sper Pig. 355, Fina urighe internat end, agony sigh inal anton fends te), ae point external en22 Ribak LAUNCHING seorary tering stressed before aweting ie, 558, Final inch tendo inert ih tegen dnc todos ond ore ith tera tendons a pool eter oy Otte inaovave pestesing schemes dese from the evluton of poem ‘oases tencon alexa and zal fewer lds The Prabal {etdons 003 exeuae betrction of he bo ‘Ths cabcepl a inproved ie de Walt wih totaly external pretresing [s23)A shre of the polygonal enone tendon a al poston ore 1.3.7. nl natn compas ch by nape eral inde carpeted wth right nd planta nd tavoch, competed by stagont tendons and inte by adiona sagt improved wih teeter! sat tendo48, Reinforcement Jot boc pier bul by iocemenal Wutching safrcoment is distributed ‘ota 9 coments rosie “Two eethopoal bar ljts ae placed atthe eds ofthe tp stb 1 rest longi sd anevareHeeme def te Permanet Id ad he ve lo, Sscandary sees and datorton Two smart bye st pln in the Bottom Slab to sss te meses (ie load apart) and to dso the sopset Feacons towards the webs. Fortis purpose, tbe compres sats mist be ‘eked alone With the orzo raaforcement forthe tebdon rod action ie 30 ‘To orthogonal bar lye In the webs rst the praca tne sees ert bythe nt andthe shea ors. a wll th oe ese ‘eto tases bering teal Badets an diteentalshinkage ‘oes nforemest fay nee ores tht foe, wich depends on the typeof nue, Usa tion stan, spc Uo eit be se ‘eal rns prouce bythe contact Paes When ing back Wasiome ets ‘i iy necesay to wast ol coma oes an to check the webb ods Jr te sea ns oda the tha "Tanne reftconent getty composed of tight and tea bart designed scoring fo the asing pst of the easton, Bent hr ae more ‘expe, bt nese tain he el ape, ating ee pce of he ar aes nal a good practiced we mesh on enol exer waa he ers anon Jo te sae he sel ap at 1 it the conte cack Gost srnkage and taal gradients. The sson of th addona efor ‘met may Be sboat 0.1% oth ack tsb ecton ad aboot 0.9 th tom. 1.30, Dispersion of tach ape sacns pros a srutandse action sh wh ae ih rete tt ang ni and i ee ; age itis fest cage is wocessary both for transfer of preassembled cao ra nen ras poe nena at ag ene Nouns Pincers ge cone SSE May oka ead cb score eden4. Composite bridges CC rrt—t——~—CisCS ‘sige ons Mal aie te eins a SER ety an rn go Se ate se th nl ae hn pl i gl anton ong Tier grater coh yh tremens coniettnanen gate mune oeeireanaeoe | icine ter oindy cans eyo serena cree cece tee a ot Rue ee Taqutane peel ape ptt Tei te sera eg aa gs ce a rem ape Shayne ab teeta amare fy mae Sui tt oy oi me Lr hr SST pee etesae hae nbaly ee het hh —™—: nyo ine ans Supe dog ee to Set ett ce, Sahn Sk ae Se aa re ES tiem fds ute es urea Sn ee Sache oe "he Si yo tl eg ee fom ce ang mie ety oft salons iat alain he ce ma _ _ 4h cat ar prin in f= 80/3 80d 9 CL ——sa0 BRIDE LAUNCHING tee ciency of tt plat i mich he even ating io ing, a Fe 310 EN-ToIDS ste plac with f= 85N/e racer y — 395007 400 And therefore 2 tines moe een, though neubiy ed¥es compresive ‘cen. Cosseguenly, compose tides ae mote effet thao PC cars 2 Tinr masses ae more distant fom the ivy ni od thi ners he eos ‘Seon Sear! sens (13) andthe mae petformance 8 ch bee "Te opin fed of ization of compost ton ste sm wapprtd beam ns cotiow bam the pst moment gions ake feladtatage ot he ‘ompoate ation, bthe isan native momen epee th forthe ste pres aod forthe coasts. Thecompreie sires a De ba. ange qe ick tes or closely spar ieee o prevent i, the {asd ah connate othe compote srengh on th efron nape o tne problen, te ay admanags ofthe cmtndos be cere imost slvaye fad tOvares this loon ‘Consnienth the Achavinr of ‘Somposite won ner negative men in thn wed rede the weak pints en nessa ft lie 42. Conceptual design and deck presizing [As cus in Chale 2s he most curate dein aspect of bps but {y incmental loustng i the ned to et ain teh ses it ee sian and in rm he al tes ste nthe te The reinfovnd cont ab of composte bidpe repeats 785% of he tot rosection! wept Since eh stress depend sly on dead Id the et rameo compote tessa vs nach lone, othe ener {la scat in paced ont the el rate oly on competion of neh "xcepton ate pose: +675 hihny bers ben ule Geran 4 ty detaching the Bal compote dc, Bath eed the ef ter ly pier the cos of hich sezopabl oly a vey parila fo compote ride Two pill 10 Sige fave aco ee nuncbel with complete -imponte scton og the UK's Wet Cost Mia ine las Bt rue ‘rend web platy to ald buckling eased by migration of apport econ. ‘When te el re last logs andthe smc eat tt tel frame mast be abe fo fs the ded ond ofthe deck before the ont Sie i aon fou es alr hth teria of te ee Fame, Ne tins Of tg sem avai forthe ‘Bunch tes of teat. In ety, compose brides are compete fr spans teyond 50, and tes sya vat he el ider wy cosa ep bu yg corto, ‘The ange dmensons andthe web aches ay slons the ger song tthe Alena and sear stegth Semaad of te composie de, no cla Moreover, esi the deck sa ses he pray ns ofthe compost ston, whch snes tbe fal dation of nual tees For a hse reson the loch seme the el frame ate anomalor aad mportat ete the sea fame i mich lige than te final composite sac, ant local sve ‘Shnsnton fare competes the tation Tsp enc tes rely afl peng othe ame, which i dimer ane carn out acotdng Yo conventional cea fo composite tid The, loch requvnnt th pre deenalItnch device snd sss, ajsing some deta ofthe supertucte "The conntonal design depen en tecnico ra of te compete secon on the wep strat of he st! compet 0 he Contos Sed acy cont ofthe se ams, on he eae Seems and on the {5 set for oon ses. AS ihe coors ab fle theft dead lon siflcay,s hknes is 2 ime dng preter Thea ticks depends on Ye eck wt the pre {ered sung of some, and esac te of the compose dock Chosen a provided tonghow the nth of th rig. the Ok sa ‘eee fumes ribing feral ste, ad eons ih bh ps an sete being te conse compost ‘Whor “oop, the deck sh olen fuly coopera slough tome standuds que the we of «iced efive wih Io th ase of 9 hin {lie to acount for sbarlg efoss. When cacti ses Sow moet Teoving omens the compact stor cost of hes res IS the Again sa foramen ‘Gncomplon of tun of thie dr, he eget sing quence fhe declares incleating these ean) ds pid separate fo these ir slon, ote shorten compote sation, ad ote Toe em, emmposts seston The eroseanctional pepe ae evant fom the ot 4 i re) & eee ii ll stl ang coset Tine dependent aa ken ‘Smarty mo recolours hn 0 iene some sel + Kiki ese Ree re pnt eth ‘indo C89 foretampl Krell otter ow 05 or Terme ct 10 einai a 4 er thee eh Incl doom re Fe sis Wt Ge)? fa permet ato, sha Spi cme RPS ope 8 tor pops peated mods a 4.1. Multgrder systems “The chnescon of ft compote rides ose vera tel ir that ‘Soporte canes roa: Nowadays te wr of mult Ssensra, a theo cot of he her Sa he igh cosa our peas wershup 4d ei sey cvs. ‘Cos even pretest oo a mashed sinpitestin f composite Wige omen. Fiat, ses Wot baton, to the alvanag f so late webs ‘Toon mide ens were abandoned the ndtntngeo! western (oF Lahaye sist or composite box tection tthe Sse Of ther torso seg dana Ta mute eunposte big (Fi 4), the eld ps in sds td ‘eter the Beth the acing Sens an the cor ae rghie erp ‘orksop and self potions fn aan the pate der ae rely sed {ed thi eet dem of we tf ith aiona wel, Insp of hese Rest go, te alga iam re teretig fo ht spans ad wie dk sb, ofr very seer Bdge ith 1/39 whe yb he otal ep ot set etn ate Cane ny pie ‘ide Sine the cx ea swag esa ‘sem wl net te deeper 4.1.2, Two-geder systems “The nbvatcenin wating erosqer of hick ahd vy dik plates pemited the ewopment of compost bees ted on tepals Fg To te ates aps om the 0-10 pcs uf costo) anche bgt ‘he teh tug pass of eablstaed Bram, Compared withthe mpd ‘pens te tp sltion alos he sbeebs el ls, ‘ostsmes abd bation ene ‘When th ec i 1-20 we, he onset a cn sport the tin rds i he loop! ine, and on Hoobs spat abot tthe ves dstion. Ths solton aly pes aopton of cota tins af 0-24 cm. The ala le othe msn gers ad obey headed st conti, Wich are wae tothe appr flange wth sont rooms ‘When th eck i mirome, the cee ca be soporte oly othe an ides, wich ae bh nse qu aut 2 = D358 (Pig 3.) 28 jad rosea Bes cts 0.25 mim mp aa 9.30 ‘how the webs) pets teaching ear othe mates ‘Shout Tm, ad an veal deck its abot [Dm fe cei wera ‘eph ofthe ste gers may Be presen = 2/38 ie A Malt re compas rte ‘courostre seiDaes Fie 42. wort compte edge ‘Teeconcte ab shee tan wih mide sytem 2nd han ait he nant spans On he othe and the ros ea ze te ae he Tonal ceton, about # mak hoe he crt, ‘She anda riet he lon spacing of roy fame of combs {or cut rer, Fo stuns, AASHTO 9] ees hehe gh op pore! fine termes sta es or Gaprdens be sort than 35 Une “hsp ge mh eon nt fhe aso erste of epic “Tee flats ms De net pane aoe sabi tn nck ing and he lon! pcg of ates acing seme hol be ara Inde feat warping sree dr to on-unfor toon to reso ‘ls nphapms nd tse races sow be ore cst sucess eave increas. The allowing ats se soegrd 4S mfr plan curvature sae than (im, 30 for gD 130 meurvte, 60 m or 130-30 ears And for ‘atari ae tha 0 hte pena rae of «toe composite ie, the ose Bees ae prime naaryng mire. The inedon to rue Soa an oes [ede ad roid ntl spot to te compres anges a het they thoald be atch dave to he fang his pricey assay cared rte night Oger ae eget jet he ain dee ‘ea te gta ofthe sel rane i 2), inhi the via wb tier evga Yr thine fame scsng Ths sls expec ld es ta vet cesrtane Bete the Coto sure of he nate ee the ape Bags of conte Ut facts the seo ling for tbls on ta csi of conte 8 Cresson ie este the gate bennett conti by es fers eam fen when the sane Den the bee Aang ofthe ah a the Soto Rane Heinesen 0 he tein with ‘A colton we ameter raze de rates spa of he one a ie ane see of sosandtylngtucnal eam icy support a eae Des ‘omeiames. The fell sphees etong te fon! singe an rose ‘hoa pray be ble to aed the fue protlems e+ waded jt de to tbe eieene nts orn the onptnlseinge ad te pers "hi Aor 2 syst ten combed wih the We of pret conte sank ta create kt epce fors forthe conte Sab tt ay fea BRIDGE LAUNCHING proent not 1 ak his fraing me into asout in at bath of fara ‘eng ofthe compost tion sof cl eng of the conte sb {Conventional thekoss of frost ans for sch spans (about 3m) 6-6 ‘oe soy pliks barn este sia, le wa adanapeuS hy one sors spas: "Woes wo ges spor once sof xhntonsl thik the seta ss of te composte ston tnder a postive moment mal jst ow te top fang ofthe pede, sd He nti conret ston i compeeuc. Thence eratot ef the conrete sab ip the beam prope inser Te compote Someot tier, but soleus the dee tothe ete tension re, tnd te Soion moth a the oso Sat near only moder "Fra mor alse epost acon, he roses ae of bom Bages ‘oald te rg than tat the tp eoupresion Ranges ti ao lover he ‘Goto ofthe compete neton twa the pel sino the sel Bde Shan lengths suitable fr aunhing ays equi the ue of weed ate des 2 cer er we oe i ange ed Bike And toa Boge Ta th past ie fecal stag fhe stl gids ma adapted ote enn ssoment Gagan by sibepesse cover pats ote the hse Bante Nowa, ‘oth webs and Ganges of welded piste gen ae bla om pats els Supes withthe desied mesons Tk and Yry Wisk ps with ed rene! proper are aly arable sd ae t pombe to ede he er of ps 0 yh a ay ety atin tg te ‘Varying thc plat range bees 20 a 150i, the vation rte of thickness sally 5-7 mmm ad the msm Faas vriatonIs aut Ben Te iter ia ring tiles oly ad iced cone fe Teent yur a hy pret svn mail a in weing eo chal, ‘relig cone, gromsing fa) Merve ful penetra Bt ol wean {lost in ss teed ares, an both eer and ate ear pore Foal bese of vane kent ton anges rel in Fee eh surface, cove lates we sae Ta te suppor repnsof the conus Bess, neste desde ve loud 5 posine moe tpn It he conte {b's not compread srl (by nena preteing ens o by ras {ret sdjuting te supp ie Suing Comat), agtudon eae ‘ree sed the tele seth af oer. To ths ev, ely lot! a ‘aforeanent ott he comin to a0) composaly withthe sel a i Caley the ross ese sng the ment of ct fo Sesion ‘aleulation sdb ties fico for continous team alse ‘Apne ational ange te ofthe wel pdt aa We obtained by welding ‘over lt to te Beam top ton or by asin ker varying ees Aone its Ect combinations of ples and foray bare may be deve oped by Sing the top anges the laa sess, andy anding ose tars th bani caching he septe moment apa equa by service Toa “Th ws of we hn ange psi tied whe he ange azide by varsing te pate that han the tne, povided tha busking cone alos oer tae fe ples ent with ad vay ces {Poerth ptr she tne Spies boy he for aes fr the conse la the el ech ds To ave anbiliy the withottickns rao of compression Hang should ot excel ie ee ft a gle organo imperttos208 i) ‘ld seen A oqen roqeneat for sat ede (1 bea fe (aa) Hof “ whee bate the copresion fang wid and hikes, reel, Bs be hse toda of es tnd rt carne yl rng ‘When these fre ef conte brid is aserbied sy in fal ponton, the Bonet oiasons of Equton (4 aft the oto Bana in {he mpnne nomct rele and tb op Ones in the postive mown eons. If thes ame mcd se tons af bot apes re en ed Jere "Fhe estos ap ose pres, the ange plates of which ar b- “eced ips nnn sone st eon tn ape with, the co ve ‘Brera sora sean denon ator rion ad elated ested warping ‘Scop lone sieve ou the Mange with ad aed ylng tert fang ip cnc udder eas the ucting concent. Therefore, ‘Sewanee th llwsble ntsc ay or the allowable ‘Snpenrve sen th ange, AASHTO (91 Kats the allowable compres Stem bust om the Tenth of unsppored ange Between croseames or dr ‘res, the eis of an suv of te er Web, Herds of gration he dh compression flange, ant he ao abe rato fe flange ip ses cane! by nour son to thecal bende ses a ‘he fang "sing fo Eapton (48, the wth of «compresion Bangs wih f= 255 ‘inn! samot exon 31 Ges for tieaee Some codes Pesbe onal ‘Pome tos ytd oe distant Bacwen the ead pa countertexue ‘out continuous et, wah equa: forthe effete ane wih 1 bed Freahetaions aly, te demsennssf fange es pend ch rep ‘nea onthe dition td th fps eonontors, to the ental ‘Sug seqieees fhe consteaa Ara cet ol ese relent be with abe top sane wont rare between 0 sid 400 rm. ad the with he ‘ono fang ase hm 3010 120mm wen he deta sp ens fon 30 O10‘he ior web te almost sys thicker thin the minima sear seth ‘egueaeats 1 int the umber af vera sifeners The We chs, ‘Souid oot tel than 10 ma got to affect wh enh thx sma ‘orion, and to faite plate handing ding fabretion. I practi, eral ot es ha 12m, The cent ent info a Eng of web pee ower sine nd to ‘ate potbckg stent into szoun in dei, Tesfore slender sone (Cit sections accndng to EC3 ae oen adapted nthe peer eon ‘nem ad onsen comiadous bie nd the brpding mom etibion duet cacing oth comets apd fo web Backlight i ae Soul he ake into account ‘Both EC¥ [6] aad BS 40 [SS] provide ontroctins to acount for the ft aspect and the fects of web fuel bcking on srsecondl popes re ‘onead for section sassemen, But ot forse aoa I ey, [pre compote bid wis Class Sport sons wil ikea Dee the postage atte limate lat sate (ULS) snd a dtctuon of ending momen! towards mov depos shouldbe eget ‘Mors edition depends on the pla rotation othe kere sp- ot selon, and etn amount of Sly i tlre needed. As hes Soc snease so dow the moment ratibation tat an be ative, up 1 {eleva of redebtion tht corpends tthe frmaton fs ple lan Wii he tate moment cone soon ders oy wen eeting woh slender gasbieoston cpa) chang sbrply Wing he we seep iret fom Cus | to Cat 2, 20 sewer etons often ot Bae ‘stator dt feast The to of tet ep ofthe wb pat le beers ans) to tices shold sch et aed we panel natty onder te tt of campeon ane. This made of sab over y severe sands. Acordng 0 ECS Do use te fu Ba (4 4 bet) ® as fe sass [tote (1+ 5 as) ‘hee A ad 7S We Orne wea OF he we Ainge, respectively, adr te fai of laa cate of the ir web. Int ‘Magh ger wih y= 988 Nn” and, Sy, A= 24 the it rato aboot ah in patie, hoi rarely eee 200, AASHTO [9] 2c a per tof 170 tor crv begs wit erly tied we panel, tad sass re the inodstiog of lonely! stienes EXIS [7 (avast for [385 ima) sets a upper of 10 fe verte iene Webs te suppose ‘epom of continous bem and of 240 for mil pa sosions. Thee mit Inset to 250 and 36, respecte i the presse of lonstaial tienes ‘Crosse ae often welded girs, They a paced t aboot when) seat supporting the cont sa, and ubost Whe they ac aneere inpbraps. Web tite 10-12 mm, Fangs of tassee daphrgms are 0 aod mm wide 0d about 20 ek, Wien Rootes diet sport the onset at ths upet Range sao! 3am wif aca ssbaon of {hehe sa sonnet ial te oll dep of ros-eame 1510110 ‘tite anise pacing of hemi it, When rene cusps tgs be slo ave oe he eight ote seek rated he ol fice fh concrete Fora 80" ‘Simos bg ith ren des, telnet toni (Hf may ‘eam in ee 01051! 100 46 ere La mie is he mala an of onions bem With opinae pan Ctataon 4.3. Compose box gedes ‘Avon aera tothe migra the tmovgder stems composite box Side can be sind by placing a const Sab on ¢ Used sel pide ig 4, ‘Tae Upier i pricy ete in ceslg te eure crs ding unl ection Scns of wid tom fing a improve Intra sti “Thelow posi th cented a the ide competion Range impeove eet Imeent apc, abd ee idee thrlre ata satbleorlongspan ituhing ith shot ones "Tie coed shape ofthe compose wtion provides cose igi ie seting torsional ts, and th smb tt th ae of ered geo at eyo £1 very sender spectre. The osesecioeal sian 0 ‘Gorton higher tna inthe two grder tens, and more nif along the Ine Howes, compote box gees ate loreal a dota i ‘a nly afer the onto omptesto, an temporary hotontal aig i ‘rat tthe top ang elo lose th toon fy Bt ang vahing of {heel se 0d dev constracton of the eck "adn evanage of te compose bx de ar poo creo stance (theese fas ae sth a einer oes ae rotted ad pena ‘utc other and. compte box per we more expensive ta the two-pider sje oving to 2 pho quantity of Sewer, ore completweekshop and el cvs, nd higher anspor costs. Cost irencs can te adil welding st th milo the box ea be vod forthe whole iar snd 70-80 tones it weight and a Gamende girder may be suet for & [Demewiecomposte big. thon gd of steers nesting conden of sha’ gad ou ‘ipoos, and eon fll cre developed i the cuts pate des may tor be rey extrapolted tbo dr In ation, terse eee between Ihe ay of erect aod pert plated rca, and cael lr tec nt tiscrory i the presen of lil geomet impsetons a locked-in Brom pate hike pnrly vai fom 12 mm in mip to aout mm ‘Msregaes thicker ange es ow webs and to aoa nga wl for the entire bridge length Sings in might edo! seal eet #28 ‘hace oe ange bebavour talaoo the ger melding ors this siege pat ir expen bs ae ae nied ede the tran (Fig. 44). Tis soluion sight increases wodtshop costs, epcaly In cared eile but pros asthe edu the searing ects sm perc Sen Sion and facitats con fea bockling. Kalo makes possible to optimize Suess inthe roses ith elated ag eects tbe tp ange vey aad "Compote ation canbe ted to aces the buckling seg of the btm inte inthe support reson the continous bent and to deen shes {Mo Shea: ng prt see ihe repos omen ly acct to pple pot of cncntso lod, ange plas hat are wen elton 0 Ur etc length and im fange sts that ae longi seed. tn ‘tinuous bor pide, thse Gruner ocd and then neat exp Senay bigh teerig ets nthe boom fange ove incre sppor de beasags aan paca del to alr th ppt reactions dest. De ad couneenre point ofthe continuous fem at ompresson fang abot 0% he ein span andthe eating spi ‘feed aunt baking nde ongiodial Smpressoa obtied by stilening the cil sepprtrpon af the consaow teenth ‘fred onsets albeit inst lyon tothe ttm plate (Pi 43 ig 4 Ieral ining of ch Ui with inclined webs (cbr) cots, with lowcost fe anes and minor comaquencs onthe dead Toad “ponfsmposteacian DLs rey cv in esisng nega moments the “oppor scion isconttin ay be extended to oso ead ond els By ng th otto slap fo the deck ab ody pecrpresang th ‘corey aring te spprt eve! of he superior as deused in Seton “The web plates of Under are gery more hey sti than thse fr regi (Pe 4, Tha cao aces 0 control cfomatons dang wedi lin sembly. On theo hand pate chs cab mths case bt ade to ‘hretural eons Inte aca moe ated by shear ses, te ticknes ‘twa pues maybe pee Gm) #1)Pi 43 Cores Botta sb for date camposte ation e108 an ror ithe total width ofthe supra and the den spa (bth sae) "Te sppes portion of webs ines fans pater, the deneasonr of which depend o the nual strength relied ding Wong nde the spent ‘ting lads ofthe conert sla and om he ype omneton th the conte Sa Top dang wih a ary fem 60 foro pane o 100m for oat ‘ans and wie deck sab lite dhckrs wares wih sina proportons, and can ‘uch 150-200 ni npn ese, ‘When the compresion fangs restane by a Ue, the tunes frame silfess andthe ance moments apd tothe shear comers ae more ‘fom along the menber tan in oper sens la pit of ths, stably Tens. “When op lateral bracing iro, the ston econ lon section Bore the omet of composte acon, a ths pare) efeie bth dui ach ‘ddan segmental ab casting, Soc clong fords high torsional ity and {nthe ottonal plc ofthe box der Teton Freres ‘th warping trina placenta thus warping stress. “Aloogh tic prota is moa sos fr cured big top ange bing ‘saly povided even in Seight pes for handing ad nubbig” For carved ridges AASHTO [9 reurer minima cron sctonalaze of he agonal of ‘Te reno conrte Sab ie geeally supported only of the top fangs provid tha they are ot een spaced Kay abo te supported oo flor Frame obtains atonal piste ction the dk Sah bu rane suppor Complain eorety ofthe intel frm tae Leti-lace const or ribbed ‘Shs plans ne a ely when the Ugo iso thin to make sory of intro forms excsly pene the cocci ey wide the eof tw oF several purl Ud écremes the guano sel of te bottom pate Tis solton i aiale ‘oa for abet pane sd ery sender bridges, peal when nceenta Bunting ofthe Used can be cme! with irae siting "Pe tll dpi the Under can be peesozd by heoke as where iste over width ofthe spestracire and Lis th design sa (oth Ther), Some coves sume tefng the ato te oval depth the composi ‘Seton clever pu concrete ab) wo th opan enh above 12, and the ao 1 dp of ol genes spent sve 130. Asin peseg stage ye elo haves idx of te ui weigh ot mecork tered to he ll surface ofthe spurte For compost bat ‘ius bees te following ston (}mus te ued Gn ia") a2ssLess a where £ (in mtr) isthe mae wan of canuous Beam with optiman pan “tron. 42. Segmentation ofthe steel girder iid at for PC aperture and for atl fame fo be incrementally nunc on tothe pis re cope dient, The baie reason for this ‘itr the mate ele PC versus TA awk rig bt on te. In mos css the ridge cast int by tundng aml owr eaponents aon, forcement sta). ve Inte he bridges somped of rss segment, hve wre bal in a casting {Setptange tea ag td on he gp wh baac nde ARSHTO ihe ste ee Ceuta tot ean pte tay onl con of ct Sontag ang mart beer he lng sro op a 08th op Isl dagen ‘room aa in Uhre to minnie dion roe nd castaway sees or er saved ps, AASHTO Bl vie ‘risen fr ting th main pcg oon td he ‘Seto nh of nce Ti inom a fone ‘ongitadinal distance between cross-frames, and the web plate tee nese retin Somme “Temper ay aus some ican, bt wandardaed seen (25-30 m wide) ‘ener enue ony minor probes "Te tanto eect or the se fame of compote, and designs indeed byte faction tbo rom he very Being In fc the Bsc Ines created food, transported to a workshop whet died pulse in 2 put sop, tantored Yo the fl and aly asembed 0 be Bunche Each of thse ep voles dinesonl rests and ths esse the importance of sn ecnigues aod th nla nth ocx of heSundar dimeion of sel plates vary from county to county. Maximum plate with dtemind by the cll dh ofthe cong mil, ad Prope i [eer shoot 5m. Maximum pnts length and koa depend onthe volume ‘tthe ingot to belle, wich tar depends the foundry. Maia com ‘mel eth can need 30 for pnts tne han 20 a 13-38 wie Maximum thines aot oie! by vole operations bul ai depends 08 ‘eligregaenens 120 mm is geal ao upper tresbo. Moxa pate eit is 15-20 fons, and minim weight 3 ones Stl pl ar dered by ck oral wagon. Manin standard dimensions se about 2m in length and 27 min wth sometimes ae cha 33 tad 2m. Commercial dimensions are seonply ince bythe Handa of inal onmtnes ‘Stel las uw prea in he workshop to crete he niu rd com poset te lvacestce of which are ncn! Dy the workhop hendng Fie Workshop oreanzation has gaat inunce ou the fabaton cust ad flashes lf of he tet tractus, Te fbvton eqns it erly a flows ‘Fabrication preparation programming of eumeiccotol quent, planning sf asemb sequences workshop orion). ‘Working ofthe nial ompooent (pace mating sca of pace pote snd postions references, fame ct, pnding alee pepraiondeilng ‘roles, sanibastngnd cea 4+ Nemmbly of epments(postoning of th nid components locks sn luceelding of late, ge pebeaing, welding saigenng afer wing. 4+ Segment completion (weking of sins, mitor plates aod feed sod connectors, machin of suri tbl ot), ‘+ Fal clening and pointing. Gooner and mld cto are datibuted slong, the whl avalon poo ‘ge semen re aly traniporte othe sembly oa ori er corse taniport i adoped ely exrptonl ese. Track tarpon gael ‘be mom Sable slstion a permit eching mot sts. nth case, the ot Paci! waht fr bidge camels e200 tonne, depending onthe Ope of fer and tbe form ofthe pe. Maximum leah fe bout 22, may However cxrpoml anspor ean ced these wehts ad dmersions. Whee the ps eng cla, the kent cava 39 lent min high $m with, and 90-80 tonne in weight Whee the pee with i aia the leant ean reach 25-27 m of agi, 3-6 in ith, and agin 7-80 tonnes in ‘Sei Ray tanner sabe So ore singe alton, big co ones mst be plas! stapdatd wagons. Maximum leg ls about 52m, ‘eight about 3m, wiih abou 25m and wiht 50 omnes. Te fl of rato i abe determined by the posiisty of ulonding wagosin a lard Fay pics dincsons and wag andthe ae pce gre the ds of they td te cce of bing epmen. Denn sass fel sls afl te resentation, simp cata dacs pte te, htegip bl spe may Be wey toe Sc tar ants ween the cross, hey ae fen ed hse poste othe ded lon surest poms of the continues beam. Lasach arene inpes te oquens! at the spy pits of btm flange ae {mpd of pris th dont afl hese! ane tp sow the web ts Hage en ed ig uc rng teh, Inert cae nove flea a wl ns epee se they onan vontags rm teat apd mutans ot. Sie ing ies ot advert alt the Stoners! gh Bld ses can bo be Stoned meetin he soc. ed ps mr nev ing la ag he bat ecto lanps nd tes dos not prove the formance the pe ko Ss to pre th nad suntan propery Rome ating ad ling ‘Thon ses etd the same pt An incre avanns to etd Tbe et rls o flan fot waht he eye ofthe py, eee proves beter sport wich the Rages we amped opr for temporary port drag sm "Fo an orbital pit of view, Held cvs should be ede 10 « sina ach ore ial ap eget cay co ements {nt rt weg on st an ne morkopeovoanen. Manimam pix ‘om sd sy uate oan ee re to ement ng ‘et ea as posible, te jit wenger optinied Feton of cosron ns for ey Prpo Comeaton oth chlo! and sso roqrnests i wel in sac hereon speech to optinen proprio ts ges Consors ual work tn dst eee opm ter dese ‘Thewna epoch to tee seston cartes ts geno Be Inmet a sea The nob depth aumed conan, nd the aumbe of fg ato point as wala the min neh 2 nh ag Pte ar ei rom praca com “Naor Enc ops iret septs bse on the numer of pe catof rand the tape of te mamest dag. Fors apan compe on gider eonen e fedig mame tbe ows ox be ana BONEN ‘fires eel ch ent : nr te ttl et the flight ofthe gle ay be consid an eae forte opinion prose. Most tear chze he weight he ‘tan parent both spe approach can te flowed on x cos at ‘Asoming merical leas wih cota web depth (Gane betwsen Aunge te cnr) ad kes ut with aie Range plat he ta ‘ihe fora span Lsanr(urefn) ws whee she sei weigh of ste, the eros seo eof ang, ad sth gi ofthe appropriate git sept. laa optinized propertouing, (he son moduls 5, vlad to he alla ogee sane an racing 4 rom Equation (11) and combing vs ce rfiaes $ Ciel )] an Because constant for ser with 3 chown wb the wiht 0 i minima ‘ten th ale of 5 [fh ad onthe aes value) approaches «mau, [tis tron spel fo al paso he contin Ream, can Be how [5 that he summation Af ofthe ales of 5] for al he pane mst ‘es minimum fo yd te mater wep ‘Urals, « twostage Kea procedure H olowed to misinize FA “The ft sip ito determine the optimum eatin of theca plas Kase 08 te mimber chosen. The esuting npr pte ets ae independent of te ‘pum web height, which sdetenined ee bp eosin the Bal ei To efst stp ofthe aay, the beding moment gr i tein for stumed lagi I tesco stp, the vale of momen at et neha tnd the spent ng are aed to inane OS: ith sere prom ‘he ew value of Bae ed tack nto the ft age 1 recat the memes “This followed by the sondage complain to elute spain sod ht rocedare een ses ate compte wth the vals of by i egued for the 3a ZENA ous here the sums gt al pans, sting 49/h ‘eb ep ors cone ike a provided, home, ht the depth shicknes ao air he ester spats Dy te applica standard. Tas open method forse dest sy aap to async oped with ere Mange plate and vet or {end webs ar wel st Ue “Arps be bending moment ote wed for akulaon, a composite ridge ‘wit oy ictmenial ncn ated yt Slates of ess eeereemiaepeetmae tinting Petreneemeuein es mein enaatneminba sancnigters meas meer le aeruercteremae Fee niece aoe retest ener tea mapeataraeacmntanir teres ieee geemeteme » SE ana ee i Seemacrapere cars iomaupean tra aoatecente See agate 1 copa nein pt Reerecoa tte mote meee Pane peerage mamta foe heaton mt nanooee neg agmatine ed Speers manera TS pyr enta r ot n seer CoE cen ea 43. Assembly yard organization ‘Tie eects Fors sd fume tobe But by incremental unching may be a slime ine the asi ofa new Seon ofthese rane bebe the sume, andthe auch ofthe Who rer ‘Seton ont the is “Testy yr fen nica ng the ed sp ofthe rie, o contol covering tlre he coat ofthe hot uncing pe with the is pet, Whe ‘teroetons bate ee svat, cocrascoutrgts maybe aca {be rear endo the pier ocean he ney factor apa overage "The ssbly yard fea confaes te ier semen The length Sider nk sul pce enced 30m rede the number of el spi 08 | Tepts conan as ple avd stn thes Beasioes With Seeie, 4 Wheel gantry eran for ld ning (tor) sexment yard epaiation, daring poconing and eomety coal of the sear fenment, the anal see weed an the front spent pit eld delve i hn cin hee gcd working aes (sty, wing and pala int) maybe ona at fd Ianto, the lauach pe tea og a3 ir ‘Semen ode ag the angele nts gover te ane ed eh Propane, OF couse, uekveling of Sid spices duap astably mist ‘Ssembled unite towards he welding ra " ‘Avan aerate, as wth PC brig, the Inch tps maybe slong a sera segment Ia ths cv te ld etc nerere wth each ter ad tus bel omplted before baci. Du ms es tie wate in nto operons, Wen the bg sor. the sel der maybe etl seme Bek an sutment a ten nce i jst one open The tenpory mpi the Tarr our efsoreaby bearings can be storieed lo mores nhs ne the ‘oat avng the alignneot sn asch operations eno be sian. The wntvers with fhe sembly ors oat te wih ofthe ste ane phen 3m las on bo efor acts td operations of te gant ean stverure, The sliding plane ofthe tel irder is often moe elevated ta the evel ‘St pemmaneat bene the lah Pains mist met schnloge rege Beam, dnd tothe jst ad ttn of apport resco ta inet he ‘Store coeplton of enh a when te ing mre hg tha the {inna ecole arent at Becompeted befor costs of the “Goth der cent pel on ajntable avembl Daigo a dhe {o ease abcet to the overhead welding ares of bottom Mange. la the case of to en te my Hea a pnd iy ue ee, Whe Ge Uris compona oo Tei ad a cenl brio plat, vo addtional ‘Soper tins a nay, tnd el welding nt ee tse ss bat {1D inde wo lonpdial jms log othe whole rr Ta this ce, the ‘Shemblybaaaps ny Be wind tase soporte he etl Btn The vet igament of aenbly tessng is set scoring to the planed pean fading sro Ite eae of carved ep tas ‘eve shoe of bearing esa cotemporeeouly. Then, te pe ements {epee ont he sans ssn tothe oment th (ih ves wth {ic temperate) Yo Ky the at weld eras or spies constant. This lo ‘Bite pone onapet the poston! taerane ofthe upp Saphragms os Sen of unt Minor get crmtons ae ade ting oar mp alc theese ede tbe Bel pes. To ‘Pa, 47. Ausable ably bearings for Leeds witha cal bottom potede pl eet ttm oh one ome) we — epee lod by sandy see we yet th bas fant econ ih uch nage oe tt spine olesasgnnce ny rar ns nae Sapa ee tanec eos roaeasn eee ec eto, ina welded tu jun ented not cused he as of O13 tne ene IS TESS iy See ane te arte ay tet Senn aa sey se ee FTL Mane Toe ee Wa cy wa See rt ec eee cg so wt cy Sms aaa aus coach SSumlertse fits face ssneecnyane econ Taso cabal gs a ad Sperone cnt cn ns yng ly ets Sree cosa ee se el ae they Sa Sn ney Sage ae shan wei en Sicha eto tae na + Wall rcna pone roe Vref hangs 191 at ‘plate thickness) full width, : ae = ReGen ese Vi te wo te ab 2) + Cee eg tt fg Fie 44. Wel ogee for eld es comPOsiTE BRIDGES. 2 + Come the wating ofthe web, For deep webl the eta wedi is Scmcimes ded int 0 of ore scons ollowing» Vc seize, Fouling in a more uiform wanes shrinkage fh joist. “These sogeaes generally Femi deqate contr! of therm srakas of wes. Mon but js 4 apes of eb rete eagle Vp, For tick webs (est above Hmm) Sole Vat maybe ssid to etx he amcunt of ring abt luce beeing about both ses cin nga stor. Ton, Designo lng bt ons tobe e-we® epends on ange hoes. A ‘te based onthe geometric carci ofthe ersssectin and the Fain ‘sem armel the fluro sonora ‘At sscued i Sesion 3.52, esac lnds deft and rotate te box and distort the rss setonal spe kewaen eral phragm Atboesh dstorson ‘smal in terms of dplsemen, may gine rie to icant anwvese ending {nd oaptudanl warping sees. Seven Sadar provie equations for te "lyr ofthe ee tw "Ine oteral lad Sehavou of te Bottom Bane plate of « U-ider can be predicted nh an eter! Lrgctstng shee Tee a se itis diel to maser. vhe sowie imperfcons. Rul sree have x ‘relomiant weakening fie ng patel plas ia compen. Anayen ave ‘owe that geomete imperfection an rade plate stent senna, Dt Clndrel oetotpase formations hate ule wethnig fiat, Test wed {atthe Wane lt welds tetwece plates se aphrgme 80 ot ede Plate stength and thee & 20 seucnt meaerng io oval coe wile Fpping butt wl, purus whee thianr pit conaese, fos seco "The approach adopled (tas hat for nisl compression the atin w=) 7 whee fi the yl strength, sth ciel bos esa isthe ati of {he applied ses to cause ft sac yield fo the yl ses. The ator Fi ‘btinel mt lrgdefocion east anlyas and rs wil the wido ‘Bikes rt ama int nperecion ad the dee fend ean pret For all thse reso the dara of lon aomal sues othe Suppest ssston fs continuous Ud ies rom he hore Naver igram 8 ache mh higher values a he lower ea. Some of th nue of eres ao Tnearity depend on the tbwary bilge Img at lunshing bering. ad ther ‘lft ar therefore ea in the oat por sina men he nse prac {he mest pier the end pan ofthe ge shorter thn he intra sans, the Jenath ofthe auching new yf href ast eae the stile Fein of {he it neal apport above leon per when te none pret he et pice If the sues de to ths long caver ae exces, the nose may te [Cotbed and the tiene repo a he ew internal apport may be extended [Stncwards ah anal rose fas. Ava alternate, 4 ght oat aayed spsem ney be ied 1 soto the eres of epte momeat 43, Sees vereton Stn ene sings oe on of wes soc fo 2 ene res Soler oases Dein ep appr ae icf itn ate tues ful st ae et ow EDU afte wae teamed se pn oo and he es ‘eng te Hers euton oun faa aee tot aan, ‘xn be dil compared wth he allowable res, "Ihe pital soy sd the tral compressive set, geet ty dapenine ct apport reacton have te sue sign and dss ong the web Sms Paco te angen ss Tove at we edges tha at mii ‘ae to vats of ona alts rays raced eu th et wes of web 0 rete thap, which mt therfore be cost scuately during abraon of ne pide ‘Sitar coasieaions apply for te boom ange plate of Un aan fot +32, ay ‘wet drt ofth ain noma es depen on weil an ‘eons fSetesranet spn ert theta grata sete eg when inch oan ng sre The coined ret of SSE ctbet tae eros soma ere ea oer, ae ee crn teeing cba acomertvensina cts a lita te srs of ee oe oe ent por estar an deg sr fes rpc ow eee fe pat ar eegh fe soporte ihe st {Betrengteeion Ga) Se eee sunt 26) we the mtr fey fst for tel yn = 1 ations sir (429) TSS et aig sea foes ter tan 50% of te pe eae ‘Balch nt when he rl ath eerie! aie i gare Rel af tm Hangs and we wha anaanyrt econ arent cet slon web For his eso ee ‘Stace tess sold be ie.445. Insitu casting ofthe concrete sab inns cn refrac iho smpote be cas in son fompcton of lunch ofthe se pide As he sel gre hs abe se ‘thiviour vices the conceit afte by edepndet enone, ‘Sew ration acre inthe str ve tine "ihotprsteing cricing ofthe conte ebm pact waves Forage ox ete tee tees ate adie inthe coe ad ring onstruction ven oping sci eer of penal sine he orton of ded od resid ah compost acon alte supeinpwed dead tba erent tense esse soporte of cnt tea. The re iene ncrene ogre cing nse eve tu onptal ne sts are ‘en pret eee in mip bee of dying a thermal shag. ee and Ste rdauvey low compres sre reltng fom conporte acon. Fal, Tenia cracks ovr the ete bie teat te gut ate Sib exons ‘veto pdr in he ee fon tel ave Sub casing fa the sae cover of the op retreat. A cracked sibs subj fo the adver ef of ater an desing i anh aon Spartan Severe when the wenig race comatts a tral pat Ot ones sab, Tov most een an ap sue eds 4 proton, Dt ‘rations cont be antumed even with 2 pone menbrane beweet {Echaland the cotta, Stra mand sites reed Com “se inet o top rence to provide fer cracking and eck wea ba hs inconstet wit he pai trang he fect ue of he Sab to contol caching: However sn the conte si dete corre Suck wits of about 03 mm ie paeraly unable cae crea of ‘foment see Sloss cracking cased msn by Sea dese and conse tn sever stands prove ons in bth te ston. Aton of i= ‘mu renfoeemcm rats inthe sb repos were te tele tees exe the ‘Borie tne stenghaf concrete equ. The niu freer {atone st tb ofthe promcroscconal sb ee ineed to 315% thease lon the contsuns bam Ta theses neste Sereelorsnest ited 9 60.10% of he wae ee eto fate fontelcrck with, AAU! provost re gully aod comes of ore sree vate sat a thee fis al se sts Inc: hot cc stents nd permet fener ‘Gn nth depends aly one ane oth ae frig ar ct peel tthe lane orc, he tae: oh eta a an the aera {os strana the ot cone Seer standards (EC? (5) BCA]. BS Sato (8.96) provide sists for esting crack whan for aden) ‘pug the son bn arate cons sf expe or ttn for ‘emia conse cote ta exredig 50 mn, BS 0 [59] deteonins maxima Sar apace asl on the stew in the enforement and the amount of 45:1. Casting methods and cracking contol ‘Te thsun ptr or the conrete rib ave echnical and coon impcn- ‘asad shuld hrfre esd and psd careful Conse angcan osm oa a 80 8a: om temporary or fing forms ong the ete ee Gh Sonate string stem (MSS) tht foows segment easing eens along thes pt “The cot vod in Sab casting ona gel fakework sapped ote wrung See Sai in veo pat ann and in mos css te aework eset ein pao oma Matra forte as permanent formwork 2 BIS comccte acting omposiely with sel beams or tis tat are nay embeded inte over int oneete 4 gaiunind pro ste! sting lone or weld to te! Beas that ae ‘ental sed in the i st oarte 4 foe paw eve Soret sting sin sl cre mst este open sin om cing ve meri Ua oplennre eg smeot toe penn) and) ~are meds pease ‘Seance, Suu) har bom funy adopt Ja fap 795 6 oba retin) Ftc pe cof weg sng nd te posit of ‘3iSneneson pct forming ferent se te es et ie tach is solani hen Ke oan pn of 428002 ee cert epi than pret one lls Trac Toms aman a ih pssst lk suport on er Mine and acd with os ats or nce Ue hat eee gidcome constant ad pave wbow eee ‘en Fr aks may be comidered s tersuctulyrarictog with the continence undo te soon Ln nod onthe ab fe SSSR Anctnlly nonpuraine In fot cs, Be cope ab Sea Ginette om proc planks syste tothe pn propre of ene yen tt recs a ST ane ane, Dental djng snag ay be std wh he ce ran psa eve mode metod Ameo eating th cts ‘ieee mucin allowing pes nd ay cay dato ne astonfwsn peat kas i a one “vis smpeat ton wen the rst plank and hen tab ed nih sip the conpote eee sl st ay eral ose: sae ae nat to bel rein On ee an, wed TRERTAR hc pnt planks sty an dry of enorsenest a eneconcer in both he trnsvese and loop diretions. Tiss especialy tree ‘rhe the ride as pce pr wou tren longi singe at {ate atonal ppt ins for he plas Difeenal drying and thermal rinhageafets structure darby, nce uty pasig tous fp cracks thes conet in the pesca of detos i te waterproof membrave gates a his cack Intec. tthe ‘ove and below the bat gs, te overall plek shickase soon, bom ‘rcsive. Even going shrinkage cracking atthe intefice betwen the to {ay lye, a mut per cover nett fr plank cobs vader ‘sing Tonde 9) The orerllthchaee reeling fom & mimo spper over ¢rafrcmest gid deine for tbe tua overigesase it tbe compte sab, and a Boiom cover comphing with coe oqurements, i ofen "Thick plaka ret in hii st as and fe probes a the rane ‘seit een plas Longtail eontny betwen pect plas may be ‘chicted wih png einforcenetproetng by unt, postnionn, embed ‘Sel pts to be filled after plank aso ipstrength boi A thee Solas ima beat by fatigue pobiens under repeat nei, reson ‘od involve aft of el pies Por all ofthese reasons, the precast Plans te ‘ten cnsdred ax seturlynewpertsptng ‘Whore the precast pk ae stuctrally om-partstig cout soak! be take fh eto iret srnkage or compost acon ht may ave fet the srotar, Some suagarés (eg. BS 0 |) presctbe that queens ‘sed ignoring tbe presence of he plans. Moreove th car distance betwen recat planks and refremet embod in then sits soo xsd the Inxmum soil se af ogress wed isthe et coat Ti requ tft sige, since poms the leer am of teers rnorament othe Ile ofthe spa between he el sides However, tbe weakest pot of oo-partptag planks is stag. Thi ‘dina load does ol prods anyadvanag in terms of fear sents of ‘he compost scion, and soe tauached planks for varyngckacs abe ae ‘expense the consanickaes compose sabe farther ese ded fa of he dee “Te crassa a coninous compose Wipe with Gm sans -0-vide kan to ger sped abou Tm, might be composed of 25.on i ate sth, Sem non patting (nip poppet planks, and stetvor for 20k) the se compoote reiting ecton weighs 0250 lonnin ithe Proeae recast plan, and 0425 tone wibou them. I superinpowed den and ive Ions ae about 0.750 tonnes, he dein load ofthe bide increases fom Sie 16 Ken? cn pansaveao epee ti rine stn du anger and suring Sn en amg ie ea sr aa ime nen Sot hcl sanion mao be gen tothe prov of «stable al Wma scoot ant te pens omic te pony of cocoon {Stoton ee fhe tp and sealog ene nal ot, Several GER te sree tet be rou diced a Secon 62 rca plas ae oer sae proce rom ene abutment ora he ca ee sates nce worig se Sa ences may ¢etinned he see ecton start ar nd canto ein Sean dso te most inl a et sn Whe i Boa ome hepa oases en the ange 130 MP sae pete a toe cnn Dam pat es we SP "To int ee sec and elt flidepth cracks, sepmetl sb ating i cin es ctng ote donno un: fi 14 ch he rte patie momen ene ect et, flo by pi ees ee tae eur et rs enn te essa he scion hier eevee are cei compote ction set, ‘Shvcpermpaed ed tle oar fle te ope oe Th ng sear armor een ne conan cng abougs peri sit Efi svng he shor Bsn of he pope cot of cmnponte 2° ax dept anes fsb conan si ice wen 2 wk aig en nore hed a te and So cfema ie prion san valent pene oe ped 5 nm 1.414, Segmental caning saeco the concrete hbtewoen the slab segments. Stes evolution inthe composite structure daring ‘onstruction andthe (eof loading. and using a eee slab with compable ‘ith he expect shat es ‘Arse aerate, petals casting can tak place na mobile former In nei ength igo reasonable agi fab Segal (ay. about on hid [the span) exes ametation ofan SS, which can hrlore Be of eter gay. ‘recat pan, tough dicontinwcor ala casing eaves aces robles hou nay ch 250 kif horton form rca snd the prime svt may te 25 Sle, Stepending te form esto thecarnang uteri ete trough tase reduces the ttl wept ofthe MSS Bu produ peat aur of bl athe once ib ad complies rorenent sweny (Fp 17). The sa dmrotng svt transport cots am toe ern, ty al depend ote ‘ei ofthe MSS. Although tecotracor' simorteaton sty vet te ig A5. Discotims a casting (thr)ace Arete np tte aay wa exenmee Se See ees Ei cieeeine iis ciestomtes aie nt tenon eee nce ee iain teas genet oncrieae ats ‘Without preventive intervcations, the concrete slab of « composite bridge tends wy agers boc ear Sea Segucaess may be peal once ale hannig thee ext a et Boe Sie eet enema Bis Saas aeercegeaees sitiiegonneme enteameas perp tperer Eas iebes eign So dey ee eas meeenlinarrenaarmrta "ata ee acer st ror cameras te Soo eae woneethenpencnte caer Soe Ech cereireme sad riremsaers meooreemne Feet Seats toesn Signet rmenen ees Sommer Sober ge ceases eae Saebone serine nemcyremare: es pa pe ee Foret ee Sragaiva ne cameltoe Ree migeiceoensareacane ayageme Ponce craeinigrnrmeaaty aha Oa 428) “Tecan end to ede a ott he capens of incensing the any of ‘testo ih the estat enn hat be ste gers exer onthe cnet sa, [osc te pact rlrance othe fet of teal srs “Tl acs force tor bes increase fom 0.08 10012 when the deg spnactese om 30 tot Laboratory sts and uma rales {Ins show tthe elena seo nth coer baer bration {hres the range 05-28 MPs for cas with = 005, 12-15 MPa for f= (Oe and 1-20 MPa for 02 "Tew ene sees ace sgifennt wien compre withthe tele xen of ‘young cone (20-28 MPa and ca nd fap caking of he once {apna ery ge Thay al fede he avant strength of omer hd ances toe seth fg shuld be ied when considering the stir ‘tte comporte ston, ne sana rnforoeeet fo ing coer {gould be detmined bused on cose equtemets Gf woe sng) hain es 429) A snr eatonp between he rsd tne tes he ont a ant cane expeed ith fling eatin [13] fab Fa) " © GET EE Bs) on wt th xc femal examin of cones Fy 204K athe Tear sto for sate modu soe dig te baie ps and cooing tl mapictE bie casie mole of he sel ger ad te Pesdmas dene Btwn amt abd concrete enprte daring ene etter cluatn of thine ff 0 th fet of hema sinks of “Ste ais to he flowing sieratvs Hyation facts ave Bite ‘Sass onc aking for P08. Tor 008 «Ps 00%, ral sage ‘SG tn facets eng feo (429) and producers idk PGi For Ole 201, horton els oor theese tle ‘Sen mer merely, iy crcing probable sa atine for reicng TSU tenes eld be content. For 6 > O12 byeaion ele ‘Soca rts the elctie tonne neh hgh ks of uri cracking tu seas ding esa nl tes sold be opt Paabe comstneslea eal esd fo on ORT educa nh coment Covet (vie ht cent aly sees on ‘Shap aut inte wntrsosement 0 10) he eof lots cen, cong of avin ding barn by sole. an sight sting fhe ss fides borat chowed tht tthe te fob cement nd on ein cam ln ua tne ssi he concrete aa oh than 1. MPL ven ao bh esa eve (B= 019) Fort and comer aso ower ot of the teins tue imped the cane soln coats Of cal doe 0 pastesnore oth ce, allt ciks Wl ope anit wil lnot ays he npn okey thes width bow 87mm. A sale eng ofr eer 228 ton wal yom lning he uc wh fo O18 a Oma, bt ick ity increase with tine brats oar bond eeroaion tthe ick founda duet atin fe of tng an pert rao, ‘ith epreuion on sete dua. uted smnarian,aring thi crooolgeal onan he coc stabteestesesin the negate bending ones of compe bo 04) Reus tue gen for se sonnet icy oth see anl at hn eons Ftc om te tt hop ooTeeot ‘eral temper ano mean hy ar emestly repenie a oe Sere cc sd ot for fap rack The foe sn act Wale ‘ranted fore sng 2504 ly an vas of concrete sage esd eo Ieatemets mae on comets Ths bs shows te porn fs ‘teas dfs eft ad te caing secs n compu air cos: Coser the low nse of con ya he ese ‘tees thao ae Hit fone caching i theca sat OF ‘isp gn and tocar sigalg thao Smaps 45.2. Longitudinal prestressing ofthe concrete slob sth prec of dius fp eric, the et poecton the cone ab ‘othe we af watrproot membrane of god quali, omy anchored toad once coer with ow pees, und pet sled he ont ed at he Ite re. A watrproo! membrine cena tie two man cies of mot semi and phyil presses afsig the duabity of sci ep pot wikis noes ad ck and water Feng and thawing sje of ening tls, pensation of chemi eggenive agente kal sic eto cori nn td afoementeoon asd fo e te ‘hos 1. However, the staliy ofthe protective ato ofthe waterro membrane ove ste bse concen. Dept all recto einai wl sooner te ‘tie clade fom to peneate nto emcee i the di rch te rte of entation is very hig an depusation cous ql In thse cunt race durable conti by coxroson depen Seo ew of Some Pie 418. Tena sess (MP) the cancree et termede rapports 20-40 yer ar sometines mention, bat hs shold be confined by aon recur “Te oly may of impronng the daabliy fthe conte Hab i hen ty pressing, Sub peeing can rl, or it some cca pees, he Eraking of comet der sri nding fcr nian the frouton af sel from coreson Sb pestrming cen be apc in the [engine dtecion in the tates ceston, and cosamperaney a “Te reosnn cone flows wo philosophies erie fom PC bes. + One solution it pete the sto contol ering under the combined fects of he lot, det and speinposed dead lon, end reed iafieoes Such as creep, sitage and dere! eepertae The bin is ase 5 Stayed ar hemopesousonereke ston ah thy stent conte {eal prsteig although anal tense ses ay be allowed ‘+ Anema pata esting herby toll pretense 0 we ded loads ad longterm rts wih utraked sab we sane rk. ini come pd rh swf Ln Pls onthe ack opeig ty npg ler Yas To tele tress force sel Howe, the rk of progenies in cea th enn of gue fl ip bead eal ongatinal pressing ofthe cone i may be achieved in may wa: “A moment ny be apo to he el eu in he same ecto ei will ‘tin he compete sear. Ths tension ane i thon ened In ser ‘hate mace esanol hen the concede rng “+ Hcg can be uel t alter the ete sof the seppore ef @ Few-span omenaoas a fe pat rte Whe of he conte ab is Ben cue “+ The concrete or seston of the aa can be prestreed By eons or Jacking hile independent of th te der a equ cee ‘+ Theta gir may be pesrene by tendons before concrete casing. The lendons ay or may atte reed ater te concrete has mal 1+ Thecomponte seins may be peste 8 enns oF kg ‘One mato egustly wid ioe the concep of vert airmen of the Istameite spport, Thee ae rd before sa casing an Lover afer th Sorte has cued sid se somos ston has been achieves. Bendis ‘pom ar this iadased in th compet sce an the conse rowed inthe negative moment ont. The efestvenes of cuntng inkage ‘ops the Geni se Blase by cme Tieependet ste a bution within he composite szarare depends on the relat ffs the mre ‘ih eel ide, he gir the sb cmprsion ot ove tine, There atsytem of sib peteing i ae) wed or ie with tre sel stons F013) petro extremely ME, esi for won Did Other mats ave empory preening of he ste Beam Sab the ste tem dang press pe cose. ad the sess te stork nl inconat at cande shold nt cued he slonbl sess pesrbd by ‘andr, Wiss te sb is compresed by wag a tmpoary proses a te Shea ham S540 [5] requires that the sooo es inthe concrete ‘tase (fore loss) dom nok eco Of, hee fhe cabe stents traf An lose ap to Gis allowed vben the rnin ie presen Sal before ten doe not etd 025% the crmposte sues Pretend yan exer ten oy nds ot deel Doe othe cone [ceiaton of presennol sot ote oration of who ssc ‘onal prescesng wih ital tenons in te coc: sbi som ceplayed beats 88 consriy ote dg cot Atough tse sab reazeing may rein some eight abn. lonltafalprsteng prods kan sacar advantages sd ston iy for Gost) Poros Praveiag teens wre ao eqed forte compoute couse ful Sewegih atthe ULS becuse the sed fant and te ai rehforesmes e ‘ue to parts the ean fo gate moment Turher pos date om sicking a the ancora of poxtaionn abi, nd tom ta dificaly of convang peso ons oe he compete Seton Apr of pezeing i i th ae Beas t tenon, pees ‘igton fessor tne bao of cones cap and baking prevention ‘eauie ioa ine othe gir wa. Sins te time dependest mae {baton of protein fone depends on he ele steed ompti en yt gap hgh abt 9 Alhoug composte tis have become senaré practi in wre counts and stands and seats ae snl fw ine povson for is ith logtdial Psa In ot ace at ttre rer 1 aes, Tor PC aod situa sok xprience indrts Ct nose the tal ‘Sly oft composts ton the uate monet capac soul form the tai ‘ate tha allowable ston, tease pesto abl ape els such 3s ‘lop and rnaton de nt aes he cimatu enh. Where eet Fins lin oot b pede bet elisa (ison ay {ees strap ben the web senders inten rom Cl {to Cast Seowling tothe ECS [0] caisson), sty aprnt th fetor shoul be ‘Sted In ain, he tee sength mast eats bec he sss {ange controling fea, the sp shoul es he ie ead tls. Ts Ire important i highsteogh tel rigs wre oceans seth Shou expat for he ipa el tw des ad eoestons For al thse esos, the prea tendo sor tenga a pts nls depth resigns contol, ere sab racing mst be prevented er where oninuty mst be proved for «concrete sab compaed of precast segments However imc of the concete sb ont he stl team sole ost of hee Tita ad ks longa pressing onch more flora 4533. Transverse presresing ofthe concrete lab Teh od so ote se ty et gh Sepa moment, and te wei sing ad handing ruins sneray Meth nao Uprder (109) Consqocny. tbe ar calves of the ‘Stara sa ae nie! than with order Rel frames and arene Slip preteig may saan “Pusmeepestcsny by psrooning cabs stow! to cnt! lng inal ching sad sp Eeoratns ofthe cnc sib under dad at ‘pepo dedi Ear Spe pra peste maybe oe. "Framer por tenaig expen bas bra ae xsl or ie jor Wir eine whe the dock with oh 1518 ma erie een ihc wentee qt nn ides a the comr dnb evel p01 me ‘Seower tus tb ave ebacel 49 Pstestfuseandhe cot of ee ith nee pore of PC bride, done ess powe oe so TS ged won i pring et of 1901605) (erste ted (0-0 cn lston fe dautuon of renee tnd te IRnty ot saamare Reon sven, The we of pare pethecostd tpowsrandh wih hem spacing mp apron etic he pase enor Met to 250 he dwn ol eA theoreti a {Brean tn he peeing tone ae oft doped witha sight host ‘Tnsonng crap te asta placdon Boh sf the cote sab ep 3S Teast pete of wie deck sabe an be etaned with {Caged endow nce nner ib wth atonal at-acion advantage Tetmtng he conus onto el Ream pers tds of) forming rote ried onan ib 46, Incremental launching of the concrete slab onto the steel Beam tn many anos te conf eins forms and MSS wacrants consdereon ‘Sf aati Baad OF TE coal oF Pet od ‘Scones of show enh eo wien ele, wide sheet dock yr ‘Stapttve soon. Sent rasig fr th tana of ements of PC via, oh damental abit def log caring, eat dimersins {En high quality sling from insted easing process, The main dad Snape of sb prcang he sll tepmet ‘wth cervng fom transport Trattenets Th ntsc the amar of coast jms the desk ith ited conte ad Gabi probesoneal stound Aud crates Spel gate using alone the be further ners the ial ost For tee esos special preatng mai) ‘olin ol counter sch ar Rain, to minimise he smd of el Operation Involving res once (107) "An alerate constracion method for peat sb segments ivaesinyard sstracton owed by hing onto the sel bam, Comstrocion of heck Sb ‘by erenetl lauching inves te follwing main steps 5 1 Cas given lout of concrete dab (20-25 m) inte bridge xis bend the Shutmen 9 s¢ milapas, depending on contracnal conven. 4 Tce ts stb section oto held anges, thus Hbectng the casting be 1 Pepe the cig bal for contigs new sla pment ‘The fished deck i roduc! in ei of spent i incremental esting ‘the in place the continous slab pate thi obtained ir cones to the se iden by sea tachment The bass advantage se *# Thosanefomor ie ed rept 1 Goneeepourng i done afd lation 1 The etie sibs made retry continous by oveaping he riaoring bars atthe ends ofeach sopnet, using jacking the esl bard la toe ide on ses gs, uly baion standard shape. The fom ae ny be dety oppo oot pout ‘hen the casting done ote he be ony be upended fom Remain [Bers for ttenoe sain “The movement ofa cements normaly ue th eof yale or eis loner tan abou 100m, sing sor se moverest, bt Bele ig recon be deelope rom conser oe aig oc A sig ce faviog acetal eave fr Inston can roc sion comely, Desk wring it acieved bythe combined acon of ema a suary fe in Conjunction with vs cbeking 46.1, Tetnologca features Te moat cxente aa ctf&fedfomwork ple bind an sbaent (Fig 419). The sab composed of seats progress mater gaint sok other with tag infront Sega easing 8 ofOwel bythe unc the sl sec, ad ths sequence coestroin of ew segmental nsch of the ene et i repented unl slab sonatrcon compl Wik It onc ‘he sn placed nos ial poston on he sted bea andi ally connect to the pide fangs Ta the sry Er applications of hi contetion method, the cone sab wat Imad det onto the oper ges fangs, When the slab ech at poston, shte comer were wee othe ange pe within predetial Spang (Fi 20, whch were eeu fed with 9 shink cote ie 419. Segment a eating Behind the eument andrei aching ‘This soon, taped ay fo the Rusa expenses with preset mental conction ofthe dct sla [07 aft by the mame tao, Cont ig of elo rt along the et sass ene fu equi protested hing. Conston fre ae conceal he lab ope inp an ths ede fo cate ab ekg over tne. The cot of Bld WEG of e420. Die a anc ome th fae plate and cons common‘ear onnetr int uh ssn ih, andthe shane of concrete iets Into wich he op age icombede srt date be tral opp ‘i compreon fang consti at ew pos eum sd aching cars ew protien Toe bh stig fiton slong an inacoible lao saace genres Atomalos ses the elders an eres the tf tht deve “+ Shc he prcamberd versal prof of the sel bam wane by oie Sugano shape, the apport nes of the conet ab ep, Th furl sles f te comet sa sgcant a3 local level an spot irgulaniies pert ste coneavtions that may cate cri Ae tee Penomeon ae arly anil the remedy is generale ttn in {la reinfrcent Moreover, he eg Ladng oo te sel ie ease: leasterse bending inthe opper Rang, which ma require adoption of thier Aang plates and veal wb fers hp ne Wt este fangs oct ger pcs ‘Adoption of spper Hangs: with spb plate, Bole jolt and varying ‘Bietnesr pater with Uncvinuar oper saree, tempo, snc the Imoulries inthe upper ings srsse compromise longa Cota) ff the dak sappoet s. uring unching te conc sab suppsted on lush shoe that side along ‘te flanges, andthe iribtion of lunch trees pends on the raneese it) the abing sboex Any est show etl eee than hal ih fo nt tasiee tending of te top Mang With get ecomris, ange eoging may become ris) "The flowing stroses In he ot ge oes lcching shoe: 1+ ong sess inthe tp ange and web det the logis ext fet ofthe den ead of he nce dab 4 Serica compresive ses gonad by diprsin ofthe sppot reaction { etinstese bending ste prods! by anmene snr of he sport tangata sts cased by shear and trae ‘Anco shoe ao cata igh twist ofthe Bangs oly al thir ad 0 —sising ora linitedang 0" ‘Sk eset) deta acting must be dete belo Booms dein tal An sense posto of he lavching shoes canbe ave if the show are rovied wih nr gud Unt take contrat agua te Hage ne, ven is Frets tir oe Sine the soe nlx comet typo lng the Feam the of we tee sot prac, nd Backing tbat be ‘sierel and interpreted with auton Te an, the neoducin of ets ‘eb oes nip ot be atin vente temporary antares lady "Aer some tit, comimiow neh opening ed wah eo-tink conte on compl a lnc hae os atodoed nthe contt la, Tht soliton ewe cotton of bea psf eae oer he ‘Satie Chale ham hh aanemct some 21 “rcimost open nel sem of ano es mgr saclay Semspcaon ag fatan coe theme ea ot SSSR SSS aly scones melt Sane see tow poten aren rest tan hat oe Be ZeGjcaes mee sly oft bal ee Ses he ea ee TSR te umes farce emerson SSS Mats icra popes ore hee can To"Cipenin tr at hte pled tio ln By ‘Sage tneer nbs ra te aie mene een a eae fo one ee enocrarclaipctaag) maf RENSD (Siindeoopenes ins eaete ncn wb a sapees wren ini 4 Pal cbunh how ut fed ah as oh ns pts ths cuss meer ear a aoc ae to teed ie re ls ot oral ee pte etd it ot ee gn en itn ato ene ng Sec aa ning, ptr owe ech et He) wre ecg ig ct tty een {i421 Diet ab Lach othe flange ple nd cine cmmesionporto, he el plate can sport heed stad conser, oF ae ped with Feud ole ostain Soneete owel con (108, "This sluion avid unch openings nthe conte sb, ths improving strc tera drat, Te abo datibutes snnecton fore uniform, snd faite fate element fhe ont sa by uling it ackvard ler well rnin. oeves thi ston res stringet mensional okrances oth tthe on ‘ete oinh and inte sel den, and eee oerbad welding fom mote Pirtorms with aon! Selgin and somos, Moen, tral flee Ineld connection prevents transfer of taster honing betneeh. the concrete Sab an he tt ders, and ths mit ig fatigue penne (10), "Wiesiog the ach epenings a shown in Fig 422 permite workshop weg ot had stud congetas,btcomcnats tesla ach foes ate eee fangs sles. Silty ofthe cantevr abr slo worsens doe to lone son petion bar inthe nash penis nd nse ead Sas sv sane traverse briny sci ete fom ea point ofthe niga stent and acres the fox sete tp ange anda the filet wes of web to fange Ply, tex hardly be app cae ides, a he poljgonalalgnneat of top fangs recs the Wamierse ‘dh ofthe sb sopor ies exces "Te danger th soln examin vo fr my be voided by launching the conrte ih om 16 longa Ics supported on te tp. Bags (rg 425, The coinsus ane leat wee 0 op args wth 2 contin Sos sna whine of te pats 10 44) Sot ame mip tow ie och pear and appre nach ‘Ei Susy tcao, Dering hs. the dnd la fhe cone sab {ranarel et main sie tough he ramen Penns, he uch soe {ions ales rng rat “Te feu andar ils of tanrne eams eases taser of ab suppres Ton aot xe stiles, io eoopertin wih sree {cPtvbeemen, ods init of cstleve abe sol Sits i rotons ‘aus interna ae avo Ge efor aor rang ‘oct hie “The bn ie ofthe anc acmpet or ange sua eels (pe ges bt aryntsines fags angus pean dient (rey dt coments tench forested tote mai ef both sal and ames dson ts Sinping eas of econ terry aw ene “i louse adc en wie cg upland cont ton when tsungdown sths psi uch ee ah ow Fees nthe st ie ane! bales esd ce Thee aay bev with ‘Sted tat opts wh teres shown nog Tito, td 5 he ‘enh sae eely se ey ore a eased Fl 422. Dire si lnhing wilt headed std oonecors welded in wrksop ie 423 et tb achingPi, 424 Detal of les On completion ofa ncn, he neti launch pening ae compte wh renfrsment cages, ad pouring of sot cnt fle the slab 0 the Mala pdte witht ondary sen Fling comete ct hve Hed coven let, ied watrtoconet rato and igh ee seg, sot be curd {nd protect as fo conte sb casi st. Det of te reforcemant cage for the comin kets depend on the en sory fac re oe anh Wh te nh ae fh lates that deal adjust the vere alia ofthe contte sib. The ‘earings of the snc ral crstes vera clearance ha may orommodate ‘tanerte eiforement fom the very beginning of the dab noch 110) Coapitaial eaforoment may be placed oo tothe sirops bore unin, formay bed to the wansee beams tobe dba into uch pei ‘hou deuce. By inseing coupng tas between te btm bars ene fiom the sab and the raed Uses it spouse to oi the compression ‘hfrcanent with lover cos than wih theatened couples or weed sp, ftthough tuner Teams rst most feed tee In the proce of leannere presuening, polyline ated sands oducts ios the opens "Th corte sab may tobe connected wo oat ypousng coor to teasers openings hat ae o to roebeane on completion oflaunch, The op anger of coche, ped wih end! ted connectors, ar aed per ‘te fo ocr crn, Figures 423 and 42¢ sow oper Baws with headed stud connectors weld the workshop, This scheme itl fect, and diferent typeof comers \eteans, Tebean, Boots, books with shears pate) may be wed. The Tauro of may sta = enneton devise hy cing horn tds ot sh puoched hoe ned at poduig a conse dower shar tans te very og brides ced lab may te vie into sions separated by teanmene pnt om aking prod rltie movements Bete the sb se {for ta are wed fer ab gnmeat oto the pers n abe af high thermal or {imedopendctsfomations Tse frporary lat re ao Mle with concrete tn compton of sla adnan The case of varying plan carat may be ‘Svcd ty bunching tesla om th oppose abutments wi etal cosa, ry rendering ym fom he ma ede in sabeuet postions to anc lb sens wi ost crate, nate pene of any U-indns (Fe 425) notte a as wide tthe deck snr be enced ty laking sport onl sede, bu his ree wid form [lett ic aro amore insu eiaws Paral sab tps maybe Blt by ‘Biting asa orn tbe the tavern deco, aod sine sb pss mst (EPS Se acet beam for sab, des shoud pefeahy havea Cuming Sree re rene 146.2, Adsantges wih respect cin stu costing Thermal Inuneing ofthe cnet Slab ont Bes hus several advantages (hc caning i stu Safety of worker, constuction cost, arotre gly, ‘Sri ad etic re all improved ty ob ne, “The x aentage le avidane of th cot of «mae formal. A hydrate IMSS i eget, and short apd medunekength Brdge fen Go not peat Sle cument morteson Un cota he estes for sab eng SERREAG Storm ate sepported on the round, a som of lavch aleand a Bret urate ack tht apy he hn fr and can Be eal amortized in tae promt, “Tarra an MSS my ao be ave wih tina forms, ha ees pans ar epanane and incase wept tevork. In cota the Iced [aber ent rercng th compontcosesection elo ren, abd the seh of elon estes Ene plesting tae cos saving veda o he (Gator pecan plans and tht banding sy coer he equpeent cos for ab Inna eve oso ie "Sab nchag offre aioalaantges. Stace darby improves se sean ramones more ble han wo yered compte sa, he ‘otows gnc cover may te ter, an adequate tspection and mewenanc of aa aad oat ar segment exten oe re Teo and then oe ine Impvectons and defo can be medal detectes Fig. 4.25, lb eng on many Finderssets ih inom ots nd oe extn epi any Since sla cart # ed formork the top sirie cn be ished with a roompcig wit. 93, Rol compacting exp he Deeing wat fom {Se top yr com, th lal tong the water cemet rT increas compacts snd tne sng of he comets ont op rere ‘ented sods fees, th eae poteon, Rl comping sa Fw he nunc of works for conse Sothig, and hs ot ving Soe Covers the vernet for eget Sethe vert profit of tp eter Gags a prcambered plea is in si dab casing on pees planks rau a varying aa, whe the IStch cnng lhe sab agnment rele er Ainge and en cond on heal ral roo te Sk ‘Reve advantage ot ls guar. eacen of plank rom at latcen unpredaate lak. dfonmbiy, 700 epi fom many joa, (ite colors of una alle thar sips compre Bdge asc Moreover, placing pens isis cored brides ante eld space ine pr cme il is ca Mondo ae 2 regu ted dre ant an Bunche Tomi adopon of plese Fat es tl crc wah i ut aie (ending. highreite washing) is ess form sping. and dept Sires tihng odensting, cgave ttre) expense Bats of {besa form dines a bth ts ith poet soto ein etc Soret ofthe ate "Teel aero uch cane ene pres te wok x ont) ot hated in eb pt prove bur ton. Cone Permits Ser Bye hn ig ee hw te beige ate uated, ane perme podvty Benne 6) ‘eter work snd (noo flo onl of me cep bopacing stad of and fa) an epee option, Trveched be eng ost ote dinctnonl vrai due to dyiag and sheral srintae efor bing cone the Ber Ts rein ow eal ‘isn, and the cing aston impede comprson to one. Te {of noice fr fing Insc openises tn radu the esa tse it he lab ara, whre the xpnton an of Sas sonra Ge aab sips gtereea itt compro hal reese otaction fom eetng cracls Creep ste ae lower we ong fe succe of {onion fapter tees ote soc i the imental oy ‘ling fom fone cating tin ‘A lady cl gona! pesteing ofthe corte Hab oer many scranng It inpeessatre esp avn lds SOE ond Iker te sb contibuton tothe exons capecy ofthe composite won ‘Sonne slong eb ge which pie scr tal nd ale more ‘ible Longin pressing vlc nd iy operation ab asin stu, wets introdtion ease ding seen costracton of « {onus Final, rite igo tard tess goed y he ‘Stn cep and silage er owe oh compose acon and here ‘Roch nwa ts inpeovs he sora tytn es ss. Tita peommnce cone (PC) can be te wb ect wor, dito sonoma sdvanos nd tos ts ermal cng WARES ren dren of dion het tn of BC pert ‘elicuteocon inthe dnb toon td [22nd peat bps ‘Sinn soe onc snd with ces nb om Te 9 mispan Oo Sve tne prs hve sat boo ane Robe Bem race Ration apecs ef HPC are ane hate! 81 ‘ie pla sho oft soca! sans Sb csi in te ees sanding nee ts and expos pened eas slow he geo Panta ion su aching connate comtraton aso he asc peau of workers unt tod eqapment on the deck ie ct at inno nnd to eae sms ad working aa on the 0 ‘ei ptf parc dsp shen th sc ie tn ‘tate eo fis ed bo forthe tel andr SSS ue imi stab sng a me y conte crn eae mescaline cating emporay ener suport Permit {Sie oe suing) nor met coctons rmvork ca be shee and ‘Sit we the inward of need sak Thee sab mung ca nly be lated to he hoagie ins sept pcasing Prost eps wih eng enfoecest ‘Go'e jomed wh moi conte and mats semen ued th ‘Spm nyse doc and pene! Degradnaly port och ‘Kis comet show cotton tr eden fh cote Sab is about our nse han nt th per Duna sb aching tad Sct and coset sf ype none maybe yan eo te ‘Saunt qomale Conny dnb aching hou tye ec {ado nlaoraton wth he dpc of te tre, wept as Sub rene nd hve ttn al pres ve. 463. Stress analysis ‘Su teenchng spies ana and mala ts eu move eb, Sinn te sa aed to the st girder sca ogg sees, eo {ising ie contain he sb of eins he frig sft When Toni! peste is aoptd, he coneuton ot the cone aa the ‘Composite acon an coon lng te bi. cons ote sonar th desgh ae elated to th phy procst of ib launching nd‘ te efecto he ntnching force’ the concrete lb and the eal src. tate fal postion the fa ad compoate atin are atin onteonal consacton, abd bese he sea connector ave atated when ‘Bont in nce the concrete wht rind bythe ste meson“Tiki fer ar appli paral othe pla of the sab and mt o¥rcome ‘he itonal ssn. Fora body moving at Tow pedis ection i ow tious ands manfod tna sin of ah’ ad Experi ith sand lusting show tat th shai ee dopendon the mac of thei he engi Ofte ian eke he mas ofthe ste ame, the eat the sand te jacking elit. String the a along peered path nay alo cauethe ab oe ff i vue andi his cs the pth ot Be crete ith the ep oF “Te single ra shown a Fig 26s stun to have wiry dio fin Jad of tn The Be hs eroesecon with Us sao = ‘tina the baum bell leony yt fae at pint Cte ‘nr amall and thon fore ating at ance em al foc Ta th coatiuour bum shown th fop of Fg. 37, due ton C= finer anifrmy Ts! rss 3 ne ete Te mn eh athe evs ore age 3a Ts fre eterna flows Fete continuous beam onde ain he rgnal beam ttt i= eit pt Ca shown nthe me of Fg 27th cy the sly neo fornia he Beam th stl son N= Le, Whee Tg te tal et te ‘taut slab supote onthe se ame, “Then the comnscs bam i ot sb to eon butt tein coupe AM = z/3 spl at he ed a shown tn he lower pat Fig. 427 Forel Sansand conan evar! ses, the beading moment peed nach ston ‘bythe terminal couple May be obuited Goma soon ordre lene ton Forme pm eng mo rhe Manw ce wn Fig 4.26, Simple son an orm ition aig oe 4.2%, Comino am ade ior ft eg wher chy = 2. Using appropri tigonoes Factions an xpreson or Ms aE eeit item of comin frtons Basel on tt aa he otation rato can Se ad et he ore comet din Trae eling forsee wih expert othe lontcinal bea he trsion fore ate eoataly.dbotel terreno mala Bde [Nommemst ing ofthe conrt si cates eral tse shou thera ‘Souund warping oft so wen. Therfre, unc jacks Soul pera be {atin poral by common dati creat5. Prestressed composite bridges 5.) Ineroduction ‘Whatever the soorraoneigu of a yb, the enon of ea iad ‘se pine reuiement. Deb eed th ot impo Tding on the ste, ‘ts resucton rests rovers eal fo ie onde Da lou so povers ‘he design of onsracton ewiment, the amertzaon of which «ple omponet of the consti cn of Grise The ded load of PC tox ger hsm ofthe weight ofthe top ab the ‘otom sand he webs a thee hee sonipoots canbe eed sanyo lees he cose sadon The hikes fhe top so sped nthe eed and ‘he acd to reach adeqateponchngsuogt and therefore ant be oo mix Fedacd. The dashes of the bom ihn depends a he aw Sonia Inert eons, tis dein ener fs etd ‘gtr presen, he we knee gover bythe ed ‘uta and deviate eds, i gam ox ssh me esa eh 50% oF the crwsectonl are [AUT The web rece the ester entra eficny bcs oft ose close tothe gly ai abl cee theenst of materia labour ey ae the os diet amet eet of "he woke ross soon once re sry for sete, tht ea ney mail genom the cael peop of conc. “The cen fra ca eva wt he rat ofthe sng othe ‘pas wight (eqetise 41) A-SI concer oe ey OF fr 1800m apd ow tense enc) congue, hee ese) poo 2 ‘el The ene isons a Fe 0 EN O25 sel plat ast ery = {0m a ying. ity palin the ompeve en. Precing see Sscy more cen TSS ENON rad aches oy ‘= 21 seat 1% lad, an cables eer the mort eft may este tesion. By relating the eieney of socal mates thee pti Wore ondion ota of prestsuny Hs 45MM corel eas 8, and Mae Socogth ste later rnc 2.4%cn am ie minty dig fo eo ann snes cele wince ta et omg aa ip se thusGos pero of moun ingot comprar seat Ipc and bear of aleced cnc er ee oop ciara (Src On ei ants tect oon es ‘Sitemeter elo hao tg oe feats ane hel ety ie ore’ Row pc ‘Sem esa sone Thora pug oes sree of i comet aya ee tvranms sion Samet Sea ee conten ene tang seg eth ‘Smt deny Oa 0 Aopnyhgeptnnnis ah yt ‘density with the same streagth (ie. by adopting struct: lighcweight eonercte) Sgro ens oi nari Sopa SES stp oh ‘noc coor si pl uo ev iment rea the sme ‘Scrtsemmcsena cout ah suit wget es 0 i lina pnie sw ote nog a St eweote boom ab Br deal compose ston he gai tending ‘sonst erly ne! fo te ge aft oe ete, oe ‘iba lacs ott y sows bons ng tet oe Sipe ony be mpnebning smn sana spi ag ‘instability is a main concern, Sena Ge Sn tiny yb copied wih pre cone tin t con rts te ido eH Seta ake Natta Coc Congo of mms fa en ay ad prec ane y a e a o pct set ht Sit. High performance concrete ttc amma earch ih pmo ota th mow wy od ceo bonded creme (C80) be ak Spc he ewe cht f semi oan etl) and ‘hope chem mater of heb) The bec of CBC tere ir osu flys ied yt rodaco pres, mach mre Smieso thn ir coment nescrmis powder pean, hb min, itm, ertacoe, leaden tanto tho oredr one Gly Ofte mar re tbe fo he cnet fg nd sop wore ‘ne comentons gus ing sud per acre ery cng [Bina oak ar rood fr more soponed wor ach he rodacion eal ere ee srs cosy, CHC mateo och he highest canal strength pet eae minim pee of ets pons ne ari miro ‘Mata, ad can be grouped nto two eases: 1b Macro df fie (MDF) materi character by apy clon te ‘Aastha per ts pooeing by exraso o cledeing between rol, “ees! sil parte (DSP) materia, caren by & sore ena cology an bed om the rine of lig te vids among SOREN raul Gimensions 1-50 pm) with semironsod pats Meat ay Ther proven involves both Mum powder pressng and orig str of pis conten nto mous. sates may te further vid into to subtype: th cent ih perfor BerteNr (HPC), and eae poder corte (RPC), wich represent i panbef kal development “C1 oc peoduead fo any coun. Its caracrnad bya compre sintenengi o 0-150 Mf chan by sng the flowing materi: th fly Tow sali content mixed with ior uc ie fy, oe ska ad Histone cones {Serhan hs & on (superpl anders) abl oe sing adit presi ad te) ae 1 o> See ra et aap in ge 0.2600, Se oh te tier). SERRE Soiree cd cure agents sl ane nd Haga a se md at sre kml eg A aa oe chon at ac ran Sonn a ene to ae cioad mail spf omen sae ‘ong mah te tes mechanil perfomance, breve, HC has tations aoe the ULS bcs f te cl wie rote of he eae Ta AENSG ecru actre enere, The ow ety of te mae a ee ascountin he octal Gig and compensated by mean of Stout dcrbeon of reform. ne ref RAC saimedtcnsnag the des, Aowgh scx Foe aas tear are vey promsing Ts slang prod of sa anh of 200 MPs nd duct edie ee ‘cae energy her ha at Sees ante apres eae ose elk Sead tana ef many coun aw he of HPC, wt eee to 6 MP Jape a Swat, 100 Main aa, 105 MPa a oe Nether 12 MPs Germany and mou any hts 2 fhe USn an Chonda “Te adantaps of win vionson ot eer resessn a Mahe {ite and web winced Pea fie HPC in PC aut ig a natcous Te om conse rag esas a RSE ry, Play tis [56 showthot he conc qaatiy may be eed by 25-20% trough he we OF HPC i the seperti, leading to 2 30% vole recon ithe strc rocome comparisons appat 1 pst at contig the Phe Wale pe to th reduced cones solute, HPC ao rest loners ots, Lihning the dct ees thine oe asch testes, th cost singe ‘wth nck eqlpoeat and longer ans hat cnt overcome nitott emp) ‘er Lehigh doko eae the rea quantity of parable eden, {nd wih ite oe etieney etl pests A tungercoe ton eu ‘nore sens and ping vctres ae teal guy of arse 0 terns, although not near proportion to the efi etn ‘Stroctredefomsiiy and protest loses do to cle shortening svn and crep decrease st wel Some andards low sie nce athe ase ‘moguls compare ith conequonal once ate Fans tars ao alow {Sie reduction in te cee cet Reda dyingstnbag ecg and ‘rete tot tuning cesta, abrasion esis tamper vues tee ‘nds improve ctr esate to agpresiv gatsand ina dually. “The advantages of ing HPC in poprestesed compote gg are less vient but not ket spit The exe of HPC eof ged to Raber ompresive seas, which appa polls wea compared Wh he ow ong ‘ada sree he conte da the pstive omat rons. Im aon, ot shorter drying silage abd thermal asa of HPC are ihe has tht of conventional cone “The ites in the we of HPC mally rete 0 sere pecasting of oe esa rt sla casing ts wth nem lavshng ont the tel Bde ‘hes constuction methods are nt Toque adopted soe advantages Othe eof HPC have not ben comply expo “otal shikage of HC nS 10 that of convenes cot, bat oiton mith tne be dileen. With 70% eave unity and an sberape {rossseronal sof 7, 18m, 2-day ahikage of steno conte Sox foal sags, wha 6OMPa conte ith stn fre aces 51% of tot shia ot he sme age If compote action ane a 28a) “hing the ead svnkagee 2% higher in onretonl core ad her srnkage not oem in her ste Se Sees Spend on he esa shrmdage nine afer obset of Compost acon nnd the eat ‘ofa fence, Sse neces with th cb ot of empreive streneh, Temper tne ees are sly lover @ HPC do sas, andthe tne stent sé her “The longterm sep of HPC is saber than tha of comentionsl comet. The creep covet may decree 0 15 without sc ane dt D8 oth lies ‘ime, compare wit 20 for eomentonl once Terai of hore loop nls therefore Sand (Tor HP wipe without ad with ‘ies Fame compared wil 3 for conven const The longterm mot a Equation 42), exo th short em ao male bythe ai sho {erm lingo dst mods of cone gation 4) ifen taken 18 eoenional 35MPs cont, Based on am laces atthe ee Ft of Srone sete sre ete od of MPa cnet 1 Saree uP core, sd te bore modula thor box a he ose rola ua 125 for acO-MPa HPC without area wh es fumes seed of 180. Redon ntelongem mods ae cor 3196 wou lc Tues and 5% with ia fae, ed a ee ely ae oer Sess te stele owe i of Trcic ro the wiht ings resin rm a aber Sb Te reo g-Ia0 MP donot subj the cone hans par acaba Howes, the podocson of Paton beat mux be contre Se ab produce mizcrcke, Te foloning intervention ay baton 6 oem em nc a man or ay Cie ne epcetmcan Sriram fadinemeensneamnoes teers teeters oi inter atiparsn ean come 1 tere emg mt + Tate oer cue Be eeepc ie ee i Fiat oooteg of e eh cones, iting ofthe acs ene and Cah cent ue acim sia iiscrescpanmen arse fancies _ Sim Re trem ete ‘Sennett geccr'h ce seep - Raster cerca Seneca sangre seine Si era Say Sroasmameen roc ning etd and Sa well 8 the 52. ther erates ud whe od cones «Nah ra toe be). Refine ead ees Fe rus the cot ol nramet, resem an ch Suen and ten os we best“The savings so obtained son xed te higher nt of cance. In bigs No.3, con hiheny ASS in Fence (36) tt by fllpan cement unching. vale elneng proposal with Hehiwaght concete wae 3% ess expensive than the onventonnepht conte denn eu fh ower ost peste Tighteegt comet is mote expense than comestonl-weph concrete test ofthe higher production cot of the apteater andthe fe ours of ‘Sop which incense cont of anspor Tas const eal teats 8 co resi sen af © MPa wih a dens stan 18.8 EN [14 Tt an Tobi span of he eabiestyed Sus Bede Norn, hve ighstegth costes was protied with an average stength of 725 MP and deny Tower ‘han 9. KN/n Ite aver adap materials tse can fin be comes, ‘Sh for ridge I tse teas o ey hgh above he oun “The phys properties o eh ngregnes ae rather sein 0 on tals oF the psec mas wea mnsl The fone Pets ae ‘ealoroeat to incre on ups ithe pve a spate nergy before. The ow thermal const of he ih ae {ates reduce theo of hein beat and seat the gout of cana Stet, ota teat of 7-dy to day engine pneraly 08-09 compared totam aerage tale of conventional cont of abst 01s sme ete i tay bean advantage, n eer ces (box ges cast 80 pte, ack ab oF ‘cope dpe eat in cota with these den) dead once Going ‘nay rue opie casting procedures to reduce the eft of themal shrinkage ‘Shrinkage i abouts! bigher ease f the lower ity of aerate and cece i about 20% higher, abd is farther ceases preset loses. The tele rent (which aft adhesion tren concrete and enforcement 0d Serle ‘Ge outer nd the width fers) 15-30% lower ha Covel cone “Te eastc model 25 to 0% lor and thi incense rea lots Dat reduce! the safoence of secondary rene BS S00 (6) presebr a ein la the cha modus of cometional-ng conte under shorter ong eau 17/200) foe lhe agree concrete ang a ry dey ybatwee 400 hd 2310 bei. Sote codes (BS 5400 (6, DIN 427 [LSP alio prove deen ‘trons for patted ght cone scar comnts 5.1.3. Introduction to prestressed compost brides “The combed we of xenal pressing, enor cont as and el webs realtin efient rose mcton tht mak th ou of resting el nde Tee easyto bud by increment uae ‘Compared witha comteatoal PC bx pie, the dead loud decreases without eslang the caring eapacy, an th setae fen (Eguron 210) Ineeses immedi On a 4-m jn, ¢PC ox ger wth tral pressing eaures about 038m of concrete er sume mete of deck src, which ‘ewan to. i wth te a of eternal pretesig. A pete compo ‘seston cox girder equ only 0.35 apd Uihteang 25-35%, ‘sae concrete i concentrated at he etme 86s of tection the cane co sau csrsctoal Rear ete teas with Sat ee” (equa 21) and peng eae wy Eko 15), Toe feo isn see Aer than that aa tls naps te conse slabs et he bending co i een won evn ete hea fr alt Fare eae io paces, Ech mtr wos ahr aan cat pater econ sts ar eoriy compos an Sere lm saree) wth cect nil GO. ei hau presen! compote hs he wel ae hn ot ch ar Towel 120% of hat of = ee spe eg, and thw ct of elnrk iar ne the see ee ie dng tace avd of weed EET, "iu ants arene) simple. Compared with FC bis, eatng on ES idl” Compare th ementont omposte bride, 6 eee ie of tech oe xe eit 1 hs es nt PESnrlon drm dane nt csing le aig lv Contin a capenve than those for PC begs though es i rural Bes. me cnt tect he tie sie BBO. Tear pe rend cons tn my te ied two ce Bea dens Ycwec hom contig the a J rrumd.neh and spectame brides Fg 51) a6 simed at eliioing Tota or working oe Mech ti heme «Patel bes tect om the hier sar efieny of Compared wih afore cote web of rca efieny oftware PC to pir conte gain, and the ntereing Tied ote savings a mate since BY Shaved 1607) “Te advantage nts Thies oe conventions ope ofthe ets ave nt ‘pleat pect ae ig 5. Space fame PCSot BC hos gre he aly ra web Bost he forming cot andthe nigh dead oad of materia ston tnd he longi esa stern the thts dif fom te aserage valor felt alabon Beas shag To 8 rmdned rid, the web number Is peer inctessed una space teavour sated (Fp 32) the cat apo whic mach are ble {18-129 The uniform tase detection of sper PCS ale makes he IB PC box ide . Ina coentional ox gir (CBC), diferent shrinkage de othe arent ices ow an i eas es rhs he anal woe tpucetnme Wig mth Soret Gngona ti Poomenon red By te ‘ine tickeae ofthe sectoral cements (Fig SF, load ero ‘Sus though seven pat and ina cow fete of « mente, he See Be retbte slong aerate paths aks the higher grade of rand ever, lintaions dete om he contacts method. Migration Pr reins dcourge th anch of trused-web an space cme bigs min 0 {Ge loalcthat as the Poco shards 12123, When the nga Spacing ofthe oto tb nodes is omar than tei ap wath, movable ach ergs tga ith he superstore and paced de he tor 8 ay be usd, although ths fees the sicntin00s aac gure howe Fig 13, A valvengieeing din leven itcenetal uacing 90 392-0 ‘pact of PCS ge compose of two paid Waren sel rey fo OPO sien rand ino dick sab bn opt Fra To boon bul by segmental pearing wih Inching srs Geld sey DSS Pe 52. Babiyon Bie Cepadued wth eriton, Howe i 53. Spas Bride (omrtny Bouya) ridge (12314), Glcirs and Sans Bigs (125-127) or, the ae of all ane is caing on Tnkewock (tts Bie, Fig. 54) To te athors riers mena nwehing exec method has te pid oly {PCS box gr wih sel late wes. 5.14. Cross-setonl efficiency _ Cres nds hs fee oye that of naval PC ox To ty alata: f 76 comiauos beam hr Wiles ith finders wih 2 pga rersenin and inera pressing (128) The so cy has bee alate vig Equation 210) and the cro ‘ml eva cto fn a oe : ts are represented by white dots in Fig, 3.5. Fhe nce of PCS and the ret ofthe ews tae (ak do) dite neers asong the mit aero ae sac beou Ths appears to ate the ws of & os ae Sines nic shows a Average prone the Berl ‘Stoney of aboot 22.ont aihcai ee eee JnFig 56, hewitt eps tbe den od of CHG Goan sepport siaphagne and forthe nabs sags Gk wih of 126m) sod he ane soe epee th ded oof he dered PC, Apu te al dt of cael Me Iwas vate te eof « commen regen ag ik shows eipicee ste edd hl pct ot ih Theisen erie loa (peinpoed dead and Iv ad re repeated long with thrmean vase and te Sad ad oF CBG and PCS pes 8 Fg. 53, Real eficency py of enema bos peer (CBG) and proses Et 7 5 i ae 1. hoses i, 58; Dead a of CBG and PCS bride nly he trl ins ie compaed fo Fig 58 The improvement ranges from abt Ise fr osm spans 7% for Tm spt. Tie beter Peormanse ‘opens new perpen ge sonatocton. The prin cot a ce ‘ing in conse, rnocement ad prestrenng tugs he Mer cnt ofthe ‘a wee, constuction door aot iva partons od sings in quent fates the so expense 52. PES bridges with stiftened-plate webs Theron teva opti oper mes 9 ACB ge wih ee Wels we sand webs (Fe. 39), The supetsrarre has conventional ‘peta enon de inde the box cl, he Peon he dal y . le 57. oad ond erie netI J ‘ie. 54. irc eciney 9, of CBG and PCS es sates el tw adh combine eof fol conte sab and Fit pce hashecn np in omentonsl empower Epc mony appre and el pec dcp te adeno ‘rita ome, aes "ea fl the sel rer bor giant pont of te pretence spre te Sop son Una ale Fame gon tetrenn te ono af tal ae Ayn the Bel Bes of wey The rorion of preening teed yh ert eso A FETED ie flat ci mad f ost at sein Then ais ii Goro rep of concee ma) be enfusted wih on agesdused modules tat ‘ereases wth tine oon, Flees wth ie nd In praca aes 6 Pi 53, Sioned pate PCS reaches 2-25% of the open ce. Tis fore ewan requires the ‘Se aio sient vent woh bac, sete we of ker plates, ‘ten adhntageour an tere of workshop cos nes hings won beet of te Ficheros lvl ener by Sirs analy Is compen ceo creases progresinely devo lad shedding tontrn he nl Eds The rao ofthe model ato With ie als modes {Be mectancl poprics of heen, the potion ofthe entra and the cry of te rete fre wth aceataning ees the migation of resteing owars tee ide. ‘Xensscinneompncl of two ite wets and two concrete abs would be xan formate nd verte sles mut bended to sai web Sant nui bucking snd to afta 9 tenses Resa sts ofthe webs Trt tnt of fe sabe The eof acs el laps or crores {ie ght bat deloabl aod eoacetedaphragms ate excel Men a och ‘alae! src) # asaty to compete the acon ofthe tendon deviation Ganirapme ia cotling storia Foal, loptudnal sieses are oy ear To contol we panel esta Hs ihe mos compres ast, with ‘Sonal cose "Te cooncton twee he il ier and the bot sb mt be sod ‘xc, ap the eles ps of he rvetire. Logi earn ines fave bce foqcnyebmved ate deck poe lvl Usted begs th [eal pate pres jed by a caosete ab soppored on Seton anges. tm 2 PCS bor pier the sont sn ahough only conden wal debe ‘ean tow long the wes and gather a het lower node. ‘Corrosion prevetondasurage plcing tiple cons (a, cove an tt neremaia seta cnet Tees aap te upper cossectoa odes be dea by conentonal mses (migration of estesng Fre pe ‘pons logit ss foros omer ha in comvemnal compost bia) the ower nodes preset pete probins. 5.2.1, Web-slob lower node ‘The node betnen te sl pder ahd the Bolom ab ca be developed by wing Ue schemes shown a Fig 310 “Te simlot slotion, heme A, consis of cating the ab ont the bttom sang and isp bythe pence of tpl cotton & mai str ‘Seca This chee Ye prove by wenn ier atthe top Stace evel ofthe tae Bo mov the ple contact way fom the we. "htecond sluton ff lice he sub uae the flange pln (theme C), This sone tp contact sy ro th wb, ods theta weight of secwork nd ors beter sexe feuk. Cnet poring nd wan ender the rtm fags nay be simple by cning the sider (bene D, wth Deter ibeoa betwee one he ang ateand beter wor conden fhe ames: Adon sot sings deve fom the ena wih ofthe botom ‘hbcotrasn Sifter i, 5.10. Mae ere the tel ide andthe tam ib ‘The steer tanfred bette th il pikes andthe covert lb ate slo to thos of uor-pessed compose bie. They cont of ait Tonga ose (ear and pests mira) af eogonl fore tht ‘eos fe comin bam aft dn esa oe tram Contensonl sear conection may teed Wintec sina 08 {0 the ange pate andthe conection devices for spade Sts at 0 ot ‘he dead oad of thesis ad nt therfore be embedded tore erp ioc rete The difrnt ios of sonoeors ia elation tothe dete of ene Dorin shoul aay te take na acoant in overhead coeneton (129-151) 5.22, Webinetabilisy Tost is «te fete in stl constuction, and to lt sides ae often Apne to sty sab) more a stegth cea” "AD Fr sujet to manly er seses can develop tbe weds fine stati cncused in Scion 442, Hower, contiucton of 4 PCS. bide b-scrmental inching cca by cas the sas i the casi ard andy Tnurcing he aise setion, and stay of ides improves encanly when ‘hey ae ted to cones sis bth Hangs. Lateral stably of the compnsson fang sparatend by the concrete abs, wich at at ciel lat bracing, and bythe coseexes or apg, “hi el rte mn er he ad ibe er eh feifeners The conte so eon trons aay of he compreson Bane though he lsd sung eft of concer, ad poet arg Fretted bythe igh costo! moment nea abot the vertical san ‘by eto sins of te bon ein. “recone sb cannot efi cosa web patel being ice hey only incensed of etait of henge and ee the web poe eth (hen the sthonesC and D of Fig 50 ae adopted). In adon, the eompresine Steam prodied by rer mation were pel aii the woper we ep in mids, an telex wb eon in the neste momen ares “Ths alton secs my mie the we feos Spaced weil NES prevent Bung, a ie slcon! spall tingsnt drng he auch cel peste ds ot ees he sn foes never erosracion ‘hbjat to but pote and pepe moment an alent the oe of ong adie ters oct the hiro the Web one! depth Howe, we pane bucing nt petal dangerous ston hse that due to salty ‘Ender cmpesion members or Inter torsion bucking, wage the once SSN Sithe vere eb fee atin the Wb poe eles, aed membrane Snes the growth of out plane cla dformations after bag ‘lg the nach a Figo ca slo etl the eal nodes of nsttliy scan Scion fe The lc modes dopend on the oval support e- (Rules me ou sevtion luo fb, oper econ ae mach ‘fate tn tessa non-petreed somponte bogs. On the oer hand Sowever, FCS tis tenet pecsmbere, and on ofthe ces of nerd ‘ow easton evldsd, Ween te scones C aod D of Fig 510 ae se, evga suri tat comes contact with Iuncing beatings i atcha vn ig etacton tala for PC beige and oka fee spies Re tvosed aswell Ply, when he tr fle i oped tothe otlom lab, ‘he Input congener of the support reaction doe to ton and the Tonga gat renin st the Bot Sab and do not aft sisal the lower ton of ea “rh ol ts of isa a he application pois of the auch suppest reaction fe te web paicton ol venga th creation a cal ‘Sich in he bow Sang cs sting) (F418) Both meds ae pow ‘Sern pate pesenor fh tom ia, ic the wp ecinas argh tee plates ae thin reste ofthe sat fore etn bla With te {indon devon on completion of Isech. Loalieing and locale Sienth toe be ascued wise i Scion 444, by ast the eth of id pth ada the wth pthc ie btm ange acorng tothe expect covirbaton ofthe cone si Lal Jelling Suto by th Spero f the support rection toagh the bottom ab, whos hiking at «Toa el (Fi. 412). The oom a ae conto nes! Bucking by sag the Drie flange and by [ering te efctve Serra stengt th releving es are dtd sone The entre tig length a do not depend on the lop Spacing of etal escort he thks of we pes amos nett long the Tiga and te deagn of unching Berns ca Uelore he opie for most22. Launching incremental auiog ofthe finished wton i probaly the snes and most ‘tonal eenstacion thd for medusa (3070 m) PCS bid. Compare ‘She auc af thes! girder of conventional composi re nt oad is Troch gett defo te pence of to concrete sb tad the wa ples are {Sinners the Gal shear sess fe redo by deviation of prestesiog tendons Teor daperin ofthe lunch apport eacoot wai th wa es ‘When te oni pacing of vera we stifles salt the ie ‘ap mith the auch st ocu wth movable earings ital withthe oper: Suture 2d plas every ne under the et tiene Tis satin requis te ‘Grontinwoslavch proc of Fig. 3, wAich i more epee and mock Slower than continaois Iauctiag On the tier hand, continuous Tashi islet mito ofthe oppor recone sang the contact suc The Stppurt reacties app far fom the vera web teers produce igh ‘eric one ree inthe we pas Thee Sse a) gover be sin ‘tthe wb pate str person therfore a rie onsen, Eve rom hi [ont of iw some pe of lor nde re once When th ge ange ‘ced above the comiete ab cones Cand D of Fig 510, the sab hikes {asst dopesion of sper reaction, ad the bang strength of we plate increases du tothe smal onal depth. General, bowevee, ths ot sulci {nd dipersion of sport eto sated by tening the hunch bes "Te lexis of 4 PCS ox ser hgh a the evra tte the suport sco of the cotinoas bein re tee sal In ape hi the Sonat length of inuacting basing ete sochang about he anes at {odd the contact sues uniformly. Phe beans ae commonly ed the lane of the sl per of comveatonl conpoute brides Ta ths co, ower, pia ariultuons ae lnsequte, sine much higher rapport reactions ‘eu n expense devo, aod he long cater i he acing ue ee) ‘fat the dination of spp teaons with thie debecion,Selfamet ‘oping molar estomere brings may be placed onto ch a ya closed Indie ring os © crete areal, However, tess of funeing eas Ht by eens reson, ana persion ofthe support rescore {arf ting anion the ot dlzte cans, thrlore, he era ome ‘ie ec ie web liter oud be vate with 3D ie semen ade of ths bor cottons noe abo he aricultd inch Serng. an veri ‘yma proper stacked tthe web pls daring nching Sah eal show ‘Spin of the support acon tat lets om the 4 thercteal value, with Ioclsomsntratonsbve the sf region ofthe lauoch bern "When inchig afte he fico scion, axe preresing i nosey 0 onttol the edge see inthe sb, ané both the concrete His and thee [ders are abe fo form comprenon. [athe support snes fhe conto ‘Seam te conpresae sues poduced by the dead fond bending momen te sotam ion we chit wig hn ton of he ry i ‘Stace compre tnion Change nal compente rere ‘bebe patna tn ate ether “stmt cidade she fol ti co eh ten Svat cmp fecha th a ere hee ‘ievtbene oe tes so ew comporm dot pene ‘Sean nti eins j : met ype aio son th eh rs aot eine ef stem h aon wt angen the ag toe Scars commons i lhe A) ot enw oa he Siva arn me svat ses tnored ye noch tins [EC iin ne tenes of coe le ‘noha nth foot On thes and ening te ‘2 Ser art ss nosy he mperracton ion te Sonam yes wee cue Sigh ca ie of te She chan hf Fa 21 poe be ramen eu te ‘St me She ope of eo act tb eb te HW, octane ype ct erent Tic an thr ao ven te Sow ah love Sab cme Bia Fig Sia) see Dna he eon pn be eed {lesen of nse end a secon ese ions darn oop acne sh ing meses or ‘titra ene pt nt nd pe ce yoy Se ching ne over we ng i 04 compl ntl a of tee Eat Ge ans ate gn ote boon Soe notre sapped mh he wot {Tice nu ses ow in oa accom core SREEa alto woot pom ssw ema {Gece tenes ness pa an swe lm and he aie Pi 511 Tracer ribo of port reatonPe, 512, Tvs dria of pet easton aber Mier equation (24) Principal see the conceesabrae teed by conventional erin ‘After some es ars ut in France (16a mal PS ie (Fg 5.1) wih salons lt webs has ben unt ont snp sported 37. span with tenons were deviated a pan tid Howeve, the ineremental nonin constrc: tom method is erly ppd to PCS trier wits erat ate bs 53. PCS bridges with corrugated webs The wot defect a prestesed compost Sx gir wth tienes late web is {he capaty of theses pres o rental reer Web ile cases mir {on of pestesnng fos spd ending moments towards he oe gees Wibon ‘he presi aream, te webs nl! et shear fren wih almort const ‘angel stem lng the pe depth, td the conte sas Would ret bend Ingimoments hough unfomsil stes acting wih aoa eve arm. The axa fife ofthe ts! prs sol therefor be rebued without fect the hea ‘Orthotopic pts th ferent ext! pope in he orthogonal cone sre commen ated in el idee Fp showe» U-pedr is webs and oto Mange Henly sen slong te ersten of pail Sexual Suess Pig, 518 Salvi Brige (vey Voge “This concept may be extended foal fos by fling he sel aes 0 a8 to Tatts ts plane sil io wthst acing the seat bebaou Corea st! oan patra commonly fund anual and sero saa engmering. and several fas nd wing ste ave Ben bul with ne a coated ples. Wit the ae si, the silent ate webs of PS ton sdcrcan be laced byl plates metal folded so ast create Thee ormiyneenaty to prevent migration of pretesing frees ‘Mma moment and ihe taster ile near to prevent shea buckling nc pci wtost sonal ster FE 314. = ashanti the ert nes PCS oer he snc pate oes [4132 + Te owes ai sitios of webs ode migration of preteingfres and Jina moments and he oto nt rene be wo the sbotsng of theconare ds avec tine, Cone the stato sein th tel webs The fefuton pe ties ert wor dae according t-te ‘rita sod the shape of coupons canbe cose soa oad bucking ‘Kecvng this gol pacteae and esas wien wg fram hick web nes tat te avantageate rac oven wens sevens web woul te Eni fmm tsk, Os the other hans, however, coragled phe wes Te Sly ore exe ie see tas plane we 4 Pare shear srs govern tung aby sea ofthe combined shear Tees ies seve plate web. However, el shear compeesie ‘tes mera aris above the lac Besns.Pi 5.14, Corgan pate web PCS 4 The tanner Rare m onl sien (e suppon)r he aie a| fr dphragm snd perms Sings so malas abd labour Thee Sigs, Song withthe tedued le thskues, af pnely ompeine compared ‘she cost of shana! coryeaon 4+ Fever tendons ae nea press he cope! by and, sh ‘ation fer ear sonst ‘+The sty to Prom Dg de to geomet deta is dsidety Tower The dfs of plsarty mat be compere withthe splede of Be {oe istead of be pe ticked their ets ae 10-2) tne lowe {ocadetematons ie to weld re consented ate! pes ih ‘ior slate peel dep and do atin dion, be unt web atin thee rete oo ome. 4+ Themed feito seer ut sts the coastucton ad improves fet ssn cond = ny ye lanes (the he pane ar Pinel in contact wy suaumam cvp and wed om bth ss) ‘Nats betcen see egos of we plate are slghy mere lequnt thn for plane we owing to handing toguetnts daring pst Soa bowever, most of hse ae sop eld ‘The lover tons th cotrapued web sets nats problem when thyme wed inBox goer des because ofthe bow sect sional Sehr of be epost section ‘Ont the ng, however, he we of corrugated pie eben «PCS toner sige nto be ecenome theo pst nse een repent cover anyone (if cous fr eqpment and #5 inow-how cared by the fab, Tasco ss hgh ome hao mere ay ea + Ed 5... State of ster inthe corrupted webs ‘Te seieaton of wera Ores nm PCS Dox der gees ending moments dah orcs. Ath convention] BC bx pits, webs est mos of ehear feces The sea force Y apie othe plate ofeach web San be assed as Anta dived ver he we, no th he apd tangent io ok a wer fhe web lie hicks ad the web dep mee lear betes aoe ‘ting be the trate dep fe lds (Fi. 5.15) tb asl deformation mo fer the arog eb nan(y) In pact, fi bout 1/100 of BT rebut in the axial defomation Mois pores tbe tetvou of mei tos bth of ease work and of ‘Suit ecw te tal Rexiy of he erupt ates, te mes Jo tBu sea and wo ol and opps ona foes Fin ‘Beans Ss toe nr met 5 ast oa) Forte same eas, presieing fr remain wi the coer da Fie ‘ath i nf es cama uh Fre (11 she ae oat Seperated Te than 19 the peeing foe, and that teal fre Jeol! fy presing othe conte sy coe fe ele fed on the rnty ar oft eowraton cape fon the wo conte sabe Th lonidil compose see 6 neg in he cent! ron of tte tee ye Since he etl wo ao teil fr fm the upp ‘evo he sate este crusted Wa oe of Pr she Tn sc denen eth ep Ota n=O, Bm wo proce soto ~ x a ‘cin a and of be Mi tie aon fs Ope af 6) - “_ t | orene. Along veri othe tw nine orcs F = 6 nd Fy =e ot ‘roduc my lng! lat, and verte has Feaoitevd 69 ts sec long he era 134 Inte nee iin he ‘ton i conpeson Sew eds pn eStore Eo iy acon of be mon Sechenova roo “hs tetas thecal ep oh er oe ans sunelagof conan te cae sa shore pee oer tin go teas det done as an tral padens ate ‘dna sein we en ar anger duo coupby eg astm othe casi of ee ee octane ofthe cal sees Tey do ot ecm ge aed {rye ron convent compos pss ms “Th ange pated not conibt mich 9h el sites ie composce ~tom tr carci! shoul tt eaten pe essen, ‘eb pie ince the taseae wat of ape hace we ced n mim. Theoret sono a geal sat spe so avo kage emp farce Fors ome ee eared ple =. theme ie inn ctr ic tg 6 “The shear modus; depends + aie we Se and Ae onaty G Teo feel eg salen er ooo aR ste gain pron bod ne pan tein etc wo a whe poy let eared! ad oped Scion tier eal pune sede 519. Tosa een area att U 109 hod th the ston oi’ by elig oat eh yz east on he ane thes ey cond fo the ae fh te me ers (38) Axi of napa hg es 8 io ar He 69 the wes that as fa fom anion. ané oa more sscatedtin in Since the cone ibe of PS box per provat Bae deftones sear ‘modus of Egean (37) maybe dt aed io he anal of he eontaoae ea “The aplation of sil compre ore an beading moments box gre wit corrgstepnte eb ates the spond repome of he individ ImateralBose of he sal dtoomaby of he webs the some be eset ‘hewbo ani fore ad tengo The contbtng of he webs to Besa tehanoar was found is fitosement sales tobe mal nd ets toe relate. The inode ona te the high Paral iene of the ‘uesosion in the shen of Bening rst atrovent, fnd the bavioar of ech eral i uiorm tbr han wisely sre ates. Moree, the foe of pesesing tendon plced ha ab emai errata tts witht afoctg the oppoate sab andthe Webs. nor oes elite shoaing at tog teionng dure compress sess inthe se pes Titeclement asses ad ected tht the ng ses etd by the corrgatednte wet re ngipble On the ther ha, they abe Showed ‘hat th seat force reste yt sas, tele a most fe superstore, ‘ace pissy er te cotati fhe hee fore Snr 6.34). ‘Consspning 1 dactnas inthe shear fore apple tothe web he seat dnsity tno delorm te we oa lags, Let redo ‘de gular ional wh i a (10) ‘The corer sa are subj al loads hat et produce vere dee ‘hon an thir err ites opens en lr dicots nthe webs, {Conant lal ems of cognates ie athe Hab ane tris tora he shea ore eer ob he ah lcm arate (2516 i rach ihe ll fore rut! fr the see curate af the abe may be signin sad may fl ome he teen yes ofthe ier. Sab ‘meme ‘tsgtoed awe ee be Ryu tis the ibe sie sna te ron Bh gests, Feces ee ‘it casos of these eal ress the we ae he Hangs net Td the bye wel Uh prams rime of approx thos or their and ealsaton| “Th enomnaen of eae carvtaeis st AV abd hrf scr ete pplication pone of Yeruelsoate fads sch my nuppor reacuos ant tendon devin forse. Sie sopor estos miele dung te Ipc, te ‘Sot need to top Saige a th lng! enocenet i eh sibs Should be dled so tt ea ths oa sets over he ee eg of the tideme BRIDGE LAUNCHING Wonton of sea soe a 516; lb-veb eration nea dann of these force ‘This phenomenon ot petty 9 ACS tries Sim fit aca inthe ‘upgrt regions of nom pete compote bi, whee the we psa thst the shea fortes ae higher snes they ae ey deviation of prestesing tendons In a nom peed compose Hie, tree, two Lc Ids the elses pod Sear canes + Atte tanga intent fe fae lt nt spc ‘ee on a dod ay red wath compore on + Toe lca ston of oes appa pene One sae et of ‘bee are and te hace phe ee eh “The aston that pln scons min planets inten yp of struts ey fe adopred inthe penny eng pases ano Seeing Jogivsinl ening moment ber force and pressing fon a he ss stout tea. Howere, anal ofthe sate ei nthe sla ante webs ofthe support rons and nea the deviation pois of pretrengfondne Fears moe rend appoasoes, 5.3.2. Cross-sectional defarmabilty Ina PC box ser, the ets feet ods evn fr Brith ite ‘clon dt sonal orator he perngotion "ig rotation and diorton Tn eet depend epee om te onal sie of he hos er, which its is expat ote abou iain on the interaction between the frame stiffen of the crosesecton nad the irons fever sifi f ne, whch ter corn dri. pasts, ‘Sua coe wi maton Bd dt fr aly “he bur fs peed ope ber hora wet compa sin tet cs ies ea of ie ss of ‘SepoweThemacene ul lt corp wort at [fom wc snd ecco hore mov trae Te tran Seren sitaro ers ae much ses han hate eer a, Wowanton hetr arin te nat an te enon ec ‘Stoo fame mon ton Ei Egaee 319 wr Garvan wc eum nite Snr ie, The wang crcl in Gem yn Ego 1 deans ered nb yee ad eth oreo re era woe nanny in ona y tne my me ooh Spon oe Sa oh ace te "oy drow, a omc nd Fale the ak a can be econo to edn 2 apd top ns of ‘Storie fe tl nF.) and bot ade Fe ‘nine nl opted tt ame vue, “Smad loi ig ha The ara pi sendy Aiacch ch uted beng esa ib emt feue rein em "Tho etn th sire roa by oi! meet rahe om andre ha ue a moment Temiet) ow “hed hf nh ea an sob ty pring ieee ta ow shri um orn om.) eatin i ‘Sonn wh frp dition eo aoc ‘hori rsa fo ke oom sab ex ohne by mpeg ¢ On, (5) 9 the oso sha fore. Talking into scout hig connect betwee ve nd ib slghlyrectcer hse tear forse andthe tonal ome (13) ‘ahd dectoeeme as vail, although i punane each higher than the theoreteal ce,Under tes Rosana fore, the coer sibs det according © thee inplan feral stiles and he coon Aton steed by crowns Ot ‘Gaphragne andthe ge sess may reach gh vale The nga ton ‘feta he 1 oss! aif ofthe lb ites spernpoae pe otaons ‘on these nner Secon [616 "Te shear orcs ia the to da simran wry feet om) but the ple Rear stiff he sb pes is vey ferent an the webs ae therefore be to lg ner defeton:Albouph the aneere ena less sow the ever ar of els shor, abd he aperi seses may Fea these vales atthe gent sees. These ances teaging momen Propsete tothe sib, and both the connection devs sna ct al force Ie reque a specie desig, Tansee free in the upper sab oes equ, ace (hl ests ther ads Simply supported op the web “Trane reinforcement i he toto sib ay roe om tea, “To mummaris, appcaion of womnre lads to 4 PCS bot Sinder with curuatd pte webs prods spe ese “+ Thetononl her foes in webs an abe are ihe than those esting from the css her f tron “+ egal maps seese ars in oth ib, pecan he otlom lb, corerponding to teding moments Bou the eri a, “+ Beoting moment abou he neti re tthe comestons Dette slab and web i lel local esa beh These eet ae dae 0 Sesto dstorion nd are unfavourable compared with conventional PC boy ore rose sctiona drt most be ited by fequnt cross eames 0° daprazms "ha itegrate the action af support and endo devon sisphrapms. Because of ‘he fodamentt roof pestesing In eduing ter oes, the spacing of the ‘msi diaphragms sould be defied fr opium leon Sevan, sod sortion nt fartber reddy stone dees. 5.3.3. Cenmection beeen web ond slabs ‘Conaecors welled fhe Hage pater ave fo met ever einen 1+ The aren of top and oom fangs seduced 10 «minim inorder nt to comlates fr apoetercontol thermal sskage of concrete wih ‘low tor (Equation 4.28). Wide ange re cesar) ty aceommodat he ‘eb coupon ado conta coe, the late thease ede 10 | ‘smu. Conquest connector mt sk cont buck of omprioe anges + Connzctors rant engi! sh forse a tens ferthogonal free. ‘The dead aad ofthe spend ttm sla ad he lo Ses: dt shea reactions mite urn the isrementllochng te spent, hee Toa forts aft the ete nah ob i. ‘+ Conosto must tater taser tening moneols penta by ope ending ofthe abs en the crone ston Star. “+ Connectors weld tothe Bolom fangs at fest Kel exuralsueses cated by tanwverse eat ofthe sear frei the webs fom th ‘price as of te sport reaction (Fe. Connectors ce Sean searing to covenonal ters (or non prereset compost secon. The lonpinal sear fers betwee the sel der an ‘he corte sabe depend om the tea force diagram in the catauow bea. nic scored by the tite oes of praetor igh ee! of Potioaa restesig is neesay to ede te sear rss the Mes aad 0 forethe ae ofstsia th nkednd rctareto approach ae al compression, thar ara he longest erably. PCS tow ge ge are Bee acre, fad high kee of polygonal peeing aio neo C0 contol Disp ) dtr by te Timosbnk equation vatoae (9) ow Soc the web pants aged 0 elastic constraint and sal ou plane move tes are prs the cies serr sre for loa buco a over French esarbers proposed the allowing expen [12() ow Sts ofthe ec of geomet inperections and rsa srs hve to 8 Second expression fo be cial hearse for loa bring Avsoding 19 ECS poses teas ONES (620) ats 058g = 42478 an ay “Thee shear sts for lel buhlng yy. ken athe ale aod ‘eu ie ater see preva). ‘cond nde bal basting comeponds tothe pe seria of be snc panel and ea in webs with hallow fl Ts csc ya ease ‘Tac wavelength deformation, progr fn the onset nd devopmen the osm of eal busing and snr fo tht of am ert be 1 eat ooking scour in tbe poser! domsion. the coated plate ay Toe the ably omer to veach sar yeldng Ey ivetiated sibel Yekng {beoretcalyaad wih ese on Cm sami plats. Tests os ales ‘hoi oot in rane 15] and UK [32] evenly conte Eas’ eats "The eames xara ies of it me gn tein rt the fold dept shit : P= x5) a ‘The gin enna ie, uc by 2 (Pon 59) + b= attics 00766 ‘: TITS Whe,» $00, (wala rt) ia shar ses for goal oki I dened te Eis ennion sont =m wo KODE om ‘whee sthe net dp the Web patel car between anes. Kv fom 360 Tora hinged panel to for» pve fined one actording to Easy 19), ahd ftom 32tfors pel edo lac bt for if net ats sso to rfl (4 The binge panel ssmption (K ~ 360) alts the eran 12 ‘Cura of horionat ermssons ofthe wb poets rovised bythe com Treat. ntecemostaalies bave shown et ths eit action grea ‘Mere the lool bucling see. The we ofthe oomaping model (= 64) Impish the Rano A S0S eoal tthe plane that the deformation reais oer aleagth of the sme oder a the depth af the web Ina PCS bride, Tih fang are fied concrete sae und ea theefore prove sits ‘eta et to wupog orto rotation ahou a longa tx, Therefor it ppc ht the value= 0. (sed forthe dein the Pont de a Cores) iy te appeopiate "A thir mse interactive buckling) hos ben identified inten conrad ples cr ou Sweden. esa man phenomenon characters ya sha Sap abd sel pasicaton along the fl It eral a wes wth fold of ‘eau dep The olin orm Sted o sre oe ba bern peop for there shear es for interactive buckling howe, ote wang and ‘npefetions were presumably present athe te) toryt Allowance shouldbe mad or nprfcton and estan stones. Prech enh fs 16138] proposed aking design au or itera bukit alto (25) 1206s 625 and dig ale for lal buckling sess equal © won Dita (29 ‘These margins of sft have een adopted forth design ofthe Pot dl Corniche [13,4 pe mari em bal uci fg = Oe) has bas adopted foe {he Chaos Beige Further rctch might ad to reaction or ebneeat of thee rie. The dog vale for lal bocling sess might be based om the ECS Dat provione a= 1.1) n=O, 2) Diet margins of safety have been proposed forthe hee backlog modesto fest th Sierat poste omsone. Whe sob bucklg cee, the see ‘rengthderoes andthe plat masse the args deformations regaled for Sueching the fas before beige lo rans digoral rio orcas rough ‘membrane stn Tet cared 0 race coisa the essen oF pista! Joniion fer cougeed ples weer, the diagonal deformations cesar to achieve posttest ae often exes for ide se. ‘The arg of ley fom gba aod interactive buckling shoul therefore higher than that for local buku, for whch the pstbuetig beavoue i good. Ar ECS (0 alow forthe postal bebavnar of conentna ES nes, the we fq = 1-1 pps adoqt ol fo lo bust “Te se of ier my fart dos ot ave economic consequent a the cst sere or lal and inter baking a fen ber han he tral shear ster ofan equiaet conventional stfened pt I sion, ‘option of eer fla may increase the era tae sens fr global andmean bcting with minimum repercussions in ems of orion oss and shorter al plat length det ihe acs ory. "The dese lite sess tke athe malt of the yd sts in stear (17) tell (2) the lb aes (27) ad the iri sie (2, The shee sees computed in the ne piesa the ULS shoul be ler than tallow for load dienes fetwsen the to webs de to lrsan end ‘iortion, "The ato ofthe design shee sues fo he nds buctieg moe 10 the sie ate in shear fr the ld pti of te Pat dln Corie (ek ‘hes y= 220 mum A= 6, ote sale ators diced above ite Fig Slt vrs hy In ths ca intactve boeing prea Wik the same ‘ort parser apd IDs wel, Fig 19 show hailing eval "Te stuaion ofthe Charles Bridge [iat diltet bese af he sal Aer sie ofthe boo sb 2 610mm compote tobe) and te shallow fing th cosrgatd web y= 150 min) Wi R= 3244 he ihe sty {cor fom Sobel barking adopel ithe Joga, global bucking preva oo Dldng fr hy beyond 2H ma (Fg 20). Wit the fld prof adoped for ‘be Ginn Miya Bridg> (5) (Saco blow) and R= 60, ld Sees in ‘Sear pei he Sn pnts (Fg. 3.21). The shear bebavou of the Copnse Badge [14147] ir temodate Reta hee as wo cae ’N corre pate we oemall desied fo town Spt hy anda knows serial shu The sorption ange normaly Betosen 25 and Tn pate de, he aio oF 10 p15) may Be nen y the nad lat te ‘uxinum fing ottand (132, i ed doe tae ina PCS bo ide ‘Web panel ve the sane Uh Tongloilspd oped iecton to shee the sume sends For fist of tel hes aot tees than 24 Ie mans oS td ‘ig. 518, Desig shar sees fr he Pode a Cor, eb pater ‘i. $19. Design sear see forthe Pant kl Cori, Hm wb les ‘A prosdue Bs rn peop in 135 Assume a vale of ft 1 Determine he real sl buckling sts from Eguaions (519) and (2), ‘The tlt sgn shear stem for focal baling (Equnon 25) svaly ces the el sts in shear an der not govern dong, sae trative oan s more real Fs 16-52). ‘Determine the ital imtacve Buc Hs yy fom Equation (526) by Seta unt le rod sae of or isane tg =0.9) When bog, abd round, detente ng fom Egat (525). Pi $2, Des shar ees for he Chale Bride, om wee[Ss Pl 321, Design shear sree forthe Gicom Miu Brie, Sen we later 1 From Fautions (52) and (24,ca can Be expres ab a function of yy nd h/t Trlr, curve ith te sae in te rd Can Be dao forthe dsied aw ad th choen sae web asig the onc, the corre web ae sujet overcal compeniv ees ‘atte ty the dperson of soport recone Preiinry value for tay Be ‘biel by assuming 44" dapesoa though te btm sath oto Alaop. tn the mow delete cass (hia wes, thi Bett ab, Deuble hunch ‘eng, nore elite ale foro, may bedtemind by Site een anaes, of the iteractionbetweco the nui Rerags at he fver eck vein. The ‘tems of foes apd othe lel mode should ake ito aout difecnes in eevatin of Inuncing beatings and reguaies athe contact surface ft Nottm ab The boundary conions soa be sch slo geet the direct ‘fests of transteenbalagce of the spt resco (len ete oc Spe to the contact sac) sod the ret inde eft cron ctonl ‘reson with tenner eral teenth wt eine adjacent ate boom “alos forthe loa ying atength and he cl buckling seength may be taurine ng Eqanons (416) tnd (418) by taking it sos the had ‘Sipesion rough the tlm aban ange, Then, he lover ae af he el ‘ert eng may be wed to eter the deg lial compres sey coring ote expected od dispersion. Taking into esouat te sher-cmprenive ste interaction a the ULS, the tation har bon proposed J a(s)sun om here the loa ster srs «is deemed by taking nto acount te reduc {on inthe shea fore rnd by web Bone ofthe sara” ec the concete abe Fil, local bucklng of fang: pls i coaobed by reducing the loptadnal spans of the main shear connectors or by a8 Intrmeite Beaded tude Aang ange pine thickness to the With i indie 53: Fabrication of corrugated pl girders Problems of lrgewal abttion wig webs at ett mm thick should be desea to rovie suicet obsess and duabiiy, Higher co of abrcaton {Seserally persed ob the main dnatage feos pate webs [4 Hower, for « abictor wih poflaloving welding equpnent and with ‘perc, the direns bul! bem, inc eral and onal nes tie elimiated. ‘Corsten pines ae fined by welds ange plates to te top and btm dso te we plates ae he eesing to shape Sear connectors may te welded othe Bane iter ror owen the Inter to web pserWed ne ‘Simensoos depend on commercl stars abd i is asonabe to ase a ‘te plates of with A opto aout 3 mth, up 612mm and eg up 6 1S, ae aa for coupes “The lest expensive melod for foming the corragatin is probably cok reming The eb pte forte Cognac Bie were covrugued by oven fhe plte afer cach pesing. Eventa, on comple el orapation was folapened ata time, plang the pate on voles t aid suecing Gin 522) ‘i, $22, Presing equipment ingen he we platePros for stl pts wp to. wie ar aa in Earp The presing fore ‘canbe eimated by acing four plac hinges the pate, Alling fo ea Tardening by sepling the ld es y the simatefonle se the peak fon is) a tee ex andthe piste wok or compote correation iin ai) [148 m= hither oy ot fo= S10 Nin. = 8mm, hy = 1000 mm, «= 31° ad = 300 on, he {otc and work equements ae ode: Fy = 1264N and Wy = 1218 Toe ‘att peng ly pero! bythe time ake om th pat one wake ‘engthfercen each scot. Even the je ine ie abort a 10 the mean ower requred i oly 171/10 17 RW. Atti tug cory of fae 145m lone would tke about 2 min snd provide a 13S length of me (12 mle eruptions nth 120-mm wale 4 = L072). Heavier opment ‘eal fe nsde fra 12am we plate 2.0m wie. Ard ikl tote propor oa be Fo Fg proportion fy, ands Wo be 38 LNs i "The angle is powaly eewon 2° snd 2°. This enables «genous te radi, sch 8 TO to Bead forthe corner, wish io sttes the ese encsaon inthe Mango weds at thaw pine, Fang plate e ‘welded eethogoal to the coral pnts and te box gids with inaed ‘ses ae obsied by shaping the sac ofboth consete abe with cl Tnuoces, Research oo the sss cebnaton it fangeio-wih Wel iin prog in France. Subwrge/areprfi= following equpnea has bee wed fe Franc, and protled gabled let welling in Ata form wet ‘ed in budge Mana! let welding appears fo be the ool alate {Conventional ratiogphie of magasosspe conics are easly apple To there wis, Tasiportrqutnents and the wavelength of wah ls gore the ont, Tenth ofthe per nis ice spent 12a oa hae tes od for the CChiete Bdge ia France, and I0-ldsm segments have been wed for te ‘Cartes Rig slog with 12m sab sgnenis Forth Cian ys Bdee In Jayun Sm per ais ive teen ed log ith Tem sa ements ‘Wb unis canbe ood by oneapng and deal let weg ry sion ‘ip bog with or itout cover pts. The cost of fads tac over than in conveeonal eomposte bndpe Specie produce fr pesnheing orrapted webs hae ben ropese [Mah however, poser re m0 PCS bres ait by neenetal luting 5.6, Feld activites “The iunchig yard ernie for» pretend composte bride i similar 1 "hat fora convenon! PC bx ge, at ont cing and pressing fee ents govern i oth eases. ‘Doubt welding ofthe fll pins of coop webs so inepeasie st thew of bot pdr ona may bey wo dete th iting capac of eld rates. Whee the ng of er sir aye ego he ha ‘errents shoul be het at constant pile to sid te cod for fegcat ‘hing for hte Flaps of ie el pee ad contraction one ‘the ab an of ou be aero "The ue of precast sab pet dos 3 appteprclary advantageous, 0 donne cots oping ile wah cnet cat ns cone ie ontnay force exc fr sos side Bangs Hove, sete connnous onan sacs sat be envsoge ad the longa sea Tres ase Teds by deviation of prosrenanetrdons The dl fr tl pesteing ib the avout of conto longitudinal reforement nthe conte ae sat ios ort. “Two phase casing wo ajcet forms san eve yard oration or PCS bree Inthe ar arn cll the gr unis ze pacl eo joule oppo la and vrs! agent of the ser waits iat’ by thar ‘egli, Along mth in ft catg of the cone sa the aos the 0! for ‘ingen promt okrance in te vor and sper etd esemBly at ‘in Atria the coated paesare dbl filet weld tothe ear end ‘ofthe nl perm tnd ange ry beter but it weld or ef dscontious Pras othe btm sb rafrement Ga the pene af shape wonnetcr with through bare Channel conaetrs ae peel fo this purpose, Ife sani ofthe Teisfreonet cage i expensive defo te ‘ese work ironman an the nnd a work bow he bottom Mags. Ale fompleton of rntrement sly, conse at by covetional thos "The boton frm m composed of wo longi extacon rab and a cet ‘nee ate 13 Serine ‘Shes 2.32 316 ‘Scones C80) 27279 Stee en ‘me eae 305 31-81, 207 Scout tien es ‘ca conn 36 SS pec SS 5 sano ae sty 2 22 See Saee aoe, sath Sie EEE o mam Nikon HPC? 13,261, ween iBecaia ee Stee =e ee ena EE wom {erm exsist 123 a SBS 500 298-299 Seo me eee = Sica ‘act tte Sena SERS cera = eee 20 me = en 307 27,26 208,264, 20 Si hin 206 ing yd 26 Ste ite er 205-306 ‘id late oe feceerneren ‘ce by pontaton 13 eg ‘Spee ae 58254 ‘taste 7 oan 30-3, 4282 oar ‘onan Sela san fai 0 "Soar(Coney on “atin se 2 ‘Soa 6 Seen cng fo a 21 ‘eit nso 50 " hd al ie oy ee tr stn snp moe 19-124 ‘gate emgate 58 cea he Bayan a Sookie compote action 21,207 ‘ce oh ue plo ch CS 292,24, 20,215,286 301 Boesicang 29 Sse cia ‘er 11-13, 1, 26 cl gese 28 es 028,203, er ee 25 a one 11, 2 Elag asao Eihe ‘econ 61,32 need sat mane Ieee 10, 27 2 tan emp eis 26 22 ‘fc, pomenelompcnte ie = 306 eee een sate ast =. = Sem eer ccree an = Sn ‘enon 3 20, ‘os ane inpreteed ompote is 277 ee see B78 tt eco 726 Pry {ecm ch 1 ae 35, 20 esi as ‘ane... He sehesncing 1,14 ne gen es ane 6-8 ‘en owl ara, 12 psig 18 {Paton rater 107309 (reno is 8 Iietona reisanen dentin 26-9 re Ea ans” Siete Baap an Serecatiemtt ee ieee onan Siew tnipstss tk ‘See bens 2 Sines 156168 owe aes es ps 9 Hr secre bp Prormae toeratinbea ata uch dees 3,41 "aca he Sorte 16307 ‘Sas 0.2526 25 Sips en Sieh ‘ne Sa ha peepee 38 ACE pen aay 226103 Te ake Be id conn pt nb aes seat orn Bees” EEE ie ‘ekg are, sab ouncing 268-269 Bxnainess, ttc Bye 9 SFE erat Sciam S40 tn See Pree ake Spore ada 230ach Cot) tps eb 26 nara) 970) Se ene wns Sate ‘neo 197 tor (ent ane 310 SSSR Nin _— ae mmm ‘soe ee B12 ve Pe {eens 26-245 aoe — eee cone ome en wd memes See econ” Sogo eee Seine EE eens Saar Satie BEE ion SESE am meeipm a mmo oe Te one Serene. See TESTES Saar wi ecemmigon icone ee. ear er Bie 225 Sesiel et on 105 18 168 sorctaiees ter may ching ae ‘ep Satin toy #8, 236, ove dk inerain 64-76 87,183 (pe 20-21 hae ier Be 2,53 tere BT os. soe Beier, overt rc 1-08 eae Esha Se on cemanarantr Sean mane ts ee 10-10 enperry 3 692-97, 125,126, freed 78,79 nani eae onde Coch 30, 2,205,310, Focartere298.297, 25,505,907 ee aan ae" RS eae materia ‘Soraya Festa ————remeing no Theme a oa Sega ences ale Seen p30 peel pear pen Seay se echt ps 6 oes pent lu, iowa ning ‘Sw paton oe‘tal ge ‘oe pone ent RFC) 2 rar ten 881 ‘ieee mat RTH mts refed conc, compreiv song ope 36-27 Ste srr 3628 Simp ee 8 signe a ‘ibd ste oso sng 139 Fo Gar nape ss Ie sey facts stb ne 3 ‘Sthaitach Bagge 3 Seal ben 21 aa Seek seheeae ee Rie Beis 48, 4,30, 190,18, snes Ector eo? ze Ee pel shin. teat 2m 27 Spm Siig a 9-2 Sc rig 3 ‘Spee peeing 257-258 ‘se, gt 8 scam cman 2 ‘noietee 3 [ican eign 2650 ee SSS ww EE iw oa ona tae sheers ES Swe alain 206-297 ‘sthtope 28-298 Sr mnie 222 ete 0-1 wow SET a 9, 108, seme ‘ip try ne fan page ee ede "Si ning 630) see onc, PCS ges 2,252 See esto “tues Sane ‘Sonne hnking 2-57 eng 18 pon onda 9 ee rn og ie 2. ” Sof re ats 5 ite 28 aa ‘Rae te PEPE, si Yoton coat ‘Span ost: reel 1 Sep, es, 6, i 98.962. 207vedas (Cnt) em 335 spo st teueesin ys i ‘eninge see eh ase ot ance Ee 20 she cnc Beep cose (ia cpm ci, 12 ‘trl 123 ‘Sot iis ‘idk 132, 29-0 ‘ee haan res sine Bage 9, ‘seinen rae geese. der 15-286 ‘Tine Oe 7728 ‘Seger compen bg 22-297 Ups enti 27 cee ving, pe ati 15-46 anna Sete 334, 2 fete en, tga te ‘Boers king 34,36 getnrpareenares veri compete ses 16-188, 20-242 Wate ie 26, "os 20, 23-344 frie 2354 "puclng 23,25 245, 298 Senta it 4-29 Sie itp 9,28 29,907 wots ne ay be 210 ieee, ‘eae TES a 1 1 2, 36, 216-214-288 ae a Tee spec ater Stak prop 2 Rms St 38 ‘resent ye aig yidig els VK ses, PC dps