PREFACE In this bok equivalent cies (satonary clestso-roult modes) are oveloped fo all rating elotaie machina and groups of machines by ‘means ofa uid physual pietre, without any mathemati analysis ‘The behavior of all type of machioes or groups of machines is repro: seated in th form of equivalent ceuite under all operating editions thot may be exprosed in terms of constant, sinusoidal, or sums of inuscdal cumenta and spends, ‘These operational eoziions embrace, frst of al, the usual stendy-etate, contantapeed operations, inluding ‘the eis in which time harmonies o space barmonins(o both) are, ot ‘the api voltages are unbelaned, or the impresed frequeces 20 ‘rvnble, Moreover, lnstantangous nd sustained polyp oF single blige short eioute, sudden Tond variation, and'asl-ecitatons are en eondered. “lihcugh th equivalent crits developed ae valid fr hunting prob ete len small oullatons wupeiapoced upon steady rolstion), the ‘ketlled study of hunting isnot undertaken hero ut ie fat for futare fansideration. ‘The present bok lys only the foundation forthe even- fal ayatenate treatment of stability and hunting of individual end soups of machines snd taneminion sytems by tho emo ried phys (Sl pltute and without the aid of equations of performance . ‘Practically all types of so rolating machinoe used in the powe! industry are vepresented. Unbalanced induction machines (including the espacitor and shaded-pole motors with spsso harmon), slient> pole eyacheonous machines, single-ghase slteraiors, -o commutator ‘oto, and several nterzenaodted machines runing et the same speed frat dierent epoede ae sadiod im oomplete deta Becsuse oftheir fimportenee, the synchronoue machine and the pelyphaee Indetion ‘olor ave examined der grater varity end more detiled opersting conditions tha other types of machin, ‘The valent eine sow all fundamental end baemenie curents and flows in every winding of the machine, and also the constant and harmonis tarquce developed by th rotor. For most machines both the eoae-eld and revolving-eld equivalent cireits are given, ofton in several simplifed forme. Such complex probs as ey earents in sald voter, tuto-turn short eet ofa double-winding goneraor,“ rerace currents flowing i each bar of « nonsnifem and non-symmetsies ‘mortise winding, eccentric rotors, and space and time hamanie: ‘ue to the winding ditribution and sot openings of polyphace inde ‘on motor ae invesgated in deal “A oscalent cite ere elised wil the wa of single puso of poformancs. The reasoning ae based upon generalization ofthe tions of eesttionary bvo-vindingteanformer only, sided by Diysialpltare of the Sx pate inside the mackines a hy the ob- nvable Interconnection ofthe windings. Iti moved in the Bpilogue that with certain precations the equations of all rotating electric tiachinery may be rodneed to Ohm's lair © = Zi~ (R+ 38) (vith ‘teymmetrieal Z) wader all Soueidal operating conditions, provided ‘hat the equations eoreapond tothe dynamical equations of Lagrange ‘and thee generalizations, and provided thu the correct selerenoe frame ieued ‘The word “tensa” ie not aed in the taxt (esc in Prologue and Rpilegue, but the method of attack flaws steely the basi tenor ‘ation of elestodyamien and the tonrrialresoning employed in their reduction to particular machine. Tn the present ook a tensor (a piysieal entity) ie represented fr ay pase machine, nck by sof mathamalieal symbol arranged ina mate (alherateal modal), ‘but by a st of lesen! symbols (eleti-ireuit mol). ‘Tha paral Ielism between the mathematical and eleticl models 9 loc and complete that the equivalent cvitsthenelves may be employed to ‘rte dows, by mere iupection, the equations of peforance of any ‘ype of machine, not only under sinuoidal operting conditions, but ‘ho—by alight ehango la symbolian—ander renee! an acsarling operation, "Tho physical analysis ital follow th wal analyte procedure wot by the author in hie other works * on electric machinery. ‘That i, Art the equivalent clout of « prototype, the aovalled"peimisive” ‘machine, at rest is etablished, afterwards Ube effect of rotation i i= ‘ded, snd Analy the aquiztet ere ofeach typeof machine found from that ofthe rive machine by meso of tenafermation. ‘No acquaintance with He authors ahar works Geman. ‘Tha book ie calf-containd, though some noqusnsnnes with the underlying piles ‘phy of the tensorial method should help. The aly prerequisite forthe understanding of te book Gide come famiarity with the cometary. ‘tee Appin of Tn the Anal of Reatng tal Mahey”| Gert Bate Reve Sikes, KY, WS; Tne aie of Neer She Woy & Sn New one N10 4 Skt Cue Fw hi fo ‘Metre, aks Wi Som, New Var N10 PREFACE Me theory of machines) is an earast desire to learn it, However, the ‘uivaenteeite may be copied nd wod fr the sation of practical ‘rablems without understanding bow thay have been derived "A word af caution may be injeted. The method of easing inthis book is wholly dedetive; all pecs examples are desivod as special toes of one eer prizcple ‘Now, ta many minds such n reasoning totally stenge; many ptople ike to examino fst each special cae seta np fon ier ae i wih rome plex one in etay stages. Bnginere preferring such inuetve methods ‘Should approach this book wit an open frame of mind snd proceed with fs reeptive attitude, in order to benefit from the author's deductive reasoning: "These equivalent crits have been developed by the author during ‘he at decade n connection with is everyday eginevig asks, Some ofthe eros have already ben published in the General Bletrie Review fein the Troneaton of the American Inside of Electrical Engineers, ‘bt mont of thera apen in this book forte Get ie. Of ours, some the simpler erste, sich a thse of tho ingle or interconnected Dolypbaes induction seotars and the singl-piaeoinduoion motor, have ‘een known for decals, Nevertheless, even sich anlemontary and ‘important equivalent. cuit as that of the sllen-pole synchronous ‘machine nang st eynchranovs spud was not available unl eset. Tn this bosk even tho wellknown equivalnt iruits have. boon generalized to be valid for eeriblefreuencyimpreseed voltage alo ‘The introduction of vaiabefrequeaey f operation allows a stady of sellexctation of systems and simple thn interconnection of the equi= ‘lent ciesite when machina: of varios types run at diferent speeds, ‘Moreover ll equivalent outs bovame mods for writing down out- right not only the steadystate but also the trent and acleaing euatons of pesformance of any oomplex ystems, by simply ceplacing the varnblefrequoneyayenbal feverywhere by —jp = =(@/a). The ‘arable frequency enivalent cit ave ideally suited to establish the transient freer Suietions of groupe of machines, nesded in stability sui "The sbeenoe of mathematis in the establishment of the equivalent eta should not be construed aan ttampt to belie the importance ff sicily mathematieal dovelopment of equivalent ciruits As @ tuater of fact, racial all equivalent czcuits even here have oign- ally been developed matomatieay ist and only after the availablity ‘of many examples di the orgie uty falcons beaome apparent. ‘Wilh umunua windings, or with mere complex interconnection, or with certain spon design requirements, the avekdance of mathematics myDeoome quite» nuisance, and in any doubiful ease a mathematical set ‘of equations must serves the nal nur of nuthorty forte correctness ofthe model. Example of one such mashematia! davelopsent of tho constants of iret given in Appenic 2 forthe shadest-ple motor. ‘The frst haf ofthe Book (contained in soven chaps) forms a com Scent group and covers in detail mush ofthe materst on odietion, Synchronous, ae commutator machines thet advanasd textbooks touch ‘pena arly allude to. Much ofthe sbjore mater ofthe remaining Sve chapters appesssy convention anal ool so highly advanced ‘that they are not to be found in any textbook, ot in period even, excoptperbaps in sketchy traced outlines. Begining with te seventh chapter, on commutator machines, parts of chapters or even eatie chapters may be left out to suit the spdal Interest of the ruder Several mimercal examples we alo ineudod “The systematic development of the equivalent circuits has been undeiaken a the request of 8, B, Crary. "Tho autho is indebtd aso 0.6. Concordia and P. Alger for many conversations. ‘Thane are Adve to Michal Termes fo reviwing tho bok frm the pint af view ofthe interested engine. Gasman. Kos Sahota, N.Y ‘CONTENTS Provoaue Tax Paocorit ov Baurvauser Cet Wot Iran Pasion Coie? (Grt Mode of tating Matinee Diterence between a Rotting Makin aa» tatooney Network ‘Trail ond Acoeraling Equation of Paommance ‘Tw Toor Pott of View ‘he Tansor Geeta Teak ‘Th Tanae a Phy Teo "The Tororo Ensonerng Toa Generation Pestle ‘A "Drliinry" Coniston Poise ‘Tye Fiat Gennalzton Poste ‘The Soeud Conralation Potts ‘The Tha Groeraaion Pete ‘The Absolute Meqnncies Smmary ef he Gnuaetin Postale ‘Te Abn of Maton ‘The Taw of Phyl Models Gaareae 1 The Paratsn Moose "The Parl td Wave Pot of Vin of Rotating Machines {Geetalition ofthe Maso Larets Fald Bquatioae (Caesntee Sye Waves ‘os Spa Waves ‘The Comte Equations ‘Two-Disndoal Vest ‘Too Relrenee Trae er Sequence Vstrs ‘Nea-Viantie Yoo ‘Tye Primive Maciae ‘Tom PhysealRefons Frame ‘raneton from Windlg a Waves ester Ganuazation COnsroen 2 ‘Ta Panumve Macro Susan ‘Sinptying Amwptone Stopes the Anais ‘tl Ensralent Grate of gle CallDeoome quite» nuisance, and in any doubiful ease a mathematical set ‘of equations must serves the nal nur of nuthorty forte correctness ofthe model. Example of one such mashematia! davelopsent of tho constants of iret given in Appenic 2 forthe shadest-ple motor. ‘The frst haf ofthe Book (contained in soven chaps) forms a com Scent group and covers in detail mush ofthe materst on odietion, Synchronous, ae commutator machines thet advanasd textbooks touch ‘pena arly allude to. Much ofthe sbjore mater ofthe remaining Sve chapters appesssy convention anal ool so highly advanced ‘that they are not to be found in any textbook, ot in period even, excoptperbaps in sketchy traced outlines. Begining with te seventh chapter, on commutator machines, parts of chapters or even eatie chapters may be left out to suit the spdal Interest of the ruder Several mimercal examples we alo ineudod “The systematic development of the equivalent circuits has been undeiaken a the request of 8, B, Crary. "Tho autho is indebtd aso 0.6. Concordia and P. Alger for many conversations. ‘Thane are Adve to Michal Termes fo reviwing tho bok frm the pint af view ofthe interested engine. Gasman. Kos Sahota, N.Y ‘CONTENTS Provoaue Tax Paocorit ov Baurvauser Cet Wot Iran Pasion Coie? (Grt Mode of tating Matinee Diterence between a Rotting Makin aa» tatooney Network ‘Trail ond Acoeraling Equation of Paommance ‘Tw Toor Pott of View ‘he Tansor Geeta Teak ‘Th Tanae a Phy Teo "The Tororo Ensonerng Toa Generation Pestle ‘A "Drliinry" Coniston Poise ‘Tye Fiat Gennalzton Poste ‘The Soeud Conralation Potts ‘The Tha Groeraaion Pete ‘The Absolute Meqnncies Smmary ef he Gnuaetin Postale ‘Te Abn of Maton ‘The Taw of Phyl Models Gaareae 1 The Paratsn Moose "The Parl td Wave Pot of Vin of Rotating Machines {Geetalition ofthe Maso Larets Fald Bquatioae (Caesntee Sye Waves ‘os Spa Waves ‘The Comte Equations ‘Two-Disndoal Vest ‘Too Relrenee Trae er Sequence Vstrs ‘Nea-Viantie Yoo ‘Tye Primive Maciae ‘Tom PhysealRefons Frame ‘raneton from Windlg a Waves ester Ganuazation COnsroen 2 ‘Ta Panumve Macro Susan ‘Sinptying Amwptone Stopes the Anais ‘tl Ensralent Grate of gle Call‘contents Magno Gr of « Two-Weding Trnsoroet galt Cia of the agate Pte ‘Th Deal Baulolent Creal, Resultant Px Linings Magnets Pati ofa FouWinding Tastee ‘Trlet Belen Grau ofa Pr Wining Trnsonser ‘The Prine Machine at Standel Synnetied Components ‘Traaarmatios to Sequrscs Ane ‘Brave Cet aloo the Sequrse [Arolber Fora ef the Ssqaone Neate ‘The Appearance of Ties Deine B Ppa! Quan in the Sequetee iets CCnayoen 3 Tx Panes Macttn at Constr Sr ute of he Sep ‘Te "Alsolta” Trogwnes Other Dotntes ef “abeete™ Fron YVatage Bunions ie the Msiee Yat Beutlns i the Egeiaiont Gis ‘To Proto Syncizonos Mactne ‘Toe Prati Plype Basie Parl brbvedn Macdis and Ciel {Coatat Torque Caleultons tur oth Phyl Ase Phuc Sifter ‘The Shlting of Pas Sites (Gneielt sient Creu th Pinte Buchne (Contant Tonge Calton Primitive Netwes with No Phim Sirs ‘Sequence Quetta the Pagal Nebr ‘The Primitive Polyphase Newer ofthe Gras Fal Taney (Cuarron 4 ‘Tap Tuaseronuson op Ravesmxc Paste. CClasiation ofthe Refereno Teames of the Pinitve Machin [Reforece Prenes of Synzonons snd Tolan Macnee [eleence Frm of Committ Slahinee [Reloeos Frees of eternal! Machin Reference Prats of Stationary Netwar Conte i» Machine ‘Type of Equvalnt Crate ‘Shed -Sate Beurtet Cleats ‘Sa-Briation Equivalent ies “lung auivalt Geis Cent Fuclinlage Keaivalnt Geis ‘Sge Convento inv Bauralet Cet SSRRae2Rse2e SHBRBESESeeeaeese Ss SHssesssey conrents Sovera regen of Cente ‘Products of To Complex Nurs L ‘Aarating Trqus ab Physi Axes ‘Aerating Tergus along Soqunee Asso ‘Torus of Several Harmonie Caren ‘Site aed Pranint Vlog Hsin ‘Steady Slate al Tatlnt Torque Beano Unbolannd Quetiis Cceastan § Teovenon Macmns ‘Stops rom he Pte to Atal Maio Removal of Tages of Winding Unlaned Doubt Fed Tun ioe Dechly Fd Stored Induction Motor wth Unbalanced Vans Machines Poipu ‘Doahiy Fed Polis Taducon Motor ‘Standard Plyphae Indvetion Mote Double Squire Cage Tustin Mtr Melee Sarl Cage Teton Motor Usalaed Thm Phuo Netrerke ‘Stadasary Networks slang Sati Reflrence Framer Indution Motos th Unbelanest Stator Lol Removal of Quadatre Ase Winding ‘Sale Pas Syn ‘Standard SnglePase Tadctioa Metie (Chabgng Se ato of Turme Captor (an Sli Phie) Motor ‘One Sater Winding at sn Ane Rajlcng Carent by Me's ‘Toone Impedance wth Mtl Coupling SndesPoe Motor at Stan yuvelan Cao he Shad Pole Mab ‘ASecend Shaded Coll Brake Mote ‘Thr Phas odin Nor wih Seal Wangs Ceasnen 6 Sesesnaxoos Moms “Anevietr Winiogs ‘Bequoey of Imprewed Vlas ‘Shot Geto OpetonalImpedanees ‘The Tenataed Topped Voltegss ‘ald Voltage i he Sequence Newark Tgnarton othe Bask Mesos ‘Syashrooos Mackie Bected a he Fil Only ‘Sip Coupling asa uegasess & Segessace eseusgeeseeceesa CONTENTS, Synchronous Mathie Basted on te Amature Ory Syashrom Mucins Bred ov Both Pad and Armature, Ofratin rng Sarg Catelton of Alteastng Terqus ding he Sting Period Forward Network or Use ht Ae Aaa Palys Syactons Mahin Cusenan 7 Commonir08 Macnee: ‘Troublesome Eatin Caatter Machines (Cale Set Crt by hn Brien ‘Non Sina! Flex Dec, Generaltons of the Bauivaleit Circle Rotation fa Palypase Wining Brat Sok ‘The Ratio of Taree requeney Converter OhuieDrep Excter Stunt Paiypase Cammtior Motor let of Suee Canneton ‘he Intemodiry Maske Ininad und Beee-Cocnerta Wings Supra the Consnaction of Haunt Cieute for Comutstr ‘Machin ‘The Serer Opposing Group (Caleulton a the OpeChet Vinge ‘Tow Seeding Group ‘Tom Serius Maine ‘Dye Dilated Eaelvalent Cais of the bis Macon Physical Bares of ho Circle Sree Polyps Comutaar Matar ‘he Serage Motor Sage Phase Contato Maine ‘The Removal e€ Ona Se of Bren ‘he Repulon Motor Sune Coe Roplsia Mor SBetaten of Carmeator Machin Ceaeren § Sexsiee Neronss Ashtray Cas 8 Two-Phase Networks A More Genzal Darper Wauvoné Great cconrents ‘Bars with Non Ufo Impedance ‘gmmsnly Pee Bare ‘eld Repweenttion of Sold Rotce "The Klaine Gro nr 2 On Dimensional Fie (One Dinesonl Fal Equations of Masel ‘Pvo-Dinensonal Fald Bauties of Masel ia Paar Goorintos ‘Th interoonesion of Fs wile Cote Sttonary Netw long Rotting Aes ‘The Ralston teewon Refrenes Foes Mairi Baios Stationary Capi slong Heating Refreoe Frames Seleetsion a Iden al Synahonoue Machines with Captor Toate CCaarren 9 Tenanconetcee Mace snaps of Intranoeton ‘The Intredeton of Ratating Terence Brame (Sip Hing) in Poly- hae ache ‘The Trearmatns fo Satioary to ottog Referee France ‘requaney Coates ad Refrnce Frame tution ‘Two Pelypbue Toduotinn Motos (Sey). ‘Tres Pott Infucin Motor (Deter Slyan) “narcmneton of Pulphase Seluonous en Tucson Mchines ‘asin ata Preqpaey Chang St ‘The Vaile Phe ters of Unbalanced Minha Invention of To Tabula Tndseion Mors wilh Balaned ‘oad Inoreammeton of Tw Siglo Phase Sys Interorestin af Two Salient Pl Sytrnous Maclnoe ntaremncetn of Teo Baben-Pole Syocorous Machines {omg.Diatons Tranmson Sie ‘Two Bets of Indpendent Networks ‘Sperone of th Vasite Pane itera ‘Mahins Ring at Diflerat Soaals ‘Two Pavano Tuctin Notas Ransng at Diet Speeds UnblgnndMclies Rustin at Diferent Sols ‘Two Usbalanind inition Motors Ring at Dircad Spe (Frat “Sppenintin) Sing Pcs Sasyus ot of Bhcbialsn Fit Apprinalon) ‘Two Totereapernd Sals-Pale Sylvoaous Mscunes Rutag ab ‘Dituwat Speeds (Pict Apprsitin) [Nosrel Koampe of Win Tunaal Pan Dive Ceara 10 Soice Hasso ‘pues armies as Separsa Machines Mactan wits P Pave Pls 1 19, 1 18 M4 6 Me 12 1 1 rr rr ae Fr 16 300° 1 a a 380 10 m i 10 8 1wt contents “Thee Indton Motor in Brie ‘Brampls to be Gosia ‘rma of Polypave Inuion Mor Pais ot Pees ‘Toe Abeta” Pequeney ‘Tee Soqune of Harmana Production Summary : A Mot ofthe Bain Haraoaes ‘a asians Galt ‘The Hl of Speed Ia Cron the Apap estan Ms Flown, Torque, Lote, nd Fors Brot of Stator Sis Opening "The Freeney ef Blot Harmeios ‘The Now Matar Chain of arose ‘The Chain Impede Beenie Rotors Harmonia do Rotors Openings Bent Rote Sats : ‘aronis de othe Comite Perea ‘Mh Nesecr Calton Sac Harmonie of th Sal Pl Mae San fe Nob ap Soe Haren ef Tavis td Sysirona Nies ‘Churena IL Tas Kamsomcs “Asymntcel State and Roto Strats oto efeance Prac Atahol fo the Str Devic to Intro Ratan Rerene Pract oor Reference Brame Atcha to the Ror Freqanis elon te New Frame Burl Cia alg the New Frame ‘Th Base Frogs atalae n he Rotor Wiodings Only ‘ypc Inco Mor with Unalancol Load on ts Rotor Poppi Inde Matar with SingPhwe Rotor Synehsonais Machine wih Balaecd Araature ‘Two Pegs Tnfarton Motors Sess) with Usbalancrd Loads "Dunning at Dif Spends (ne Srl Snot the Othe Unblanced Unialaned Stator a Roto Stuer: "The Ueland Pvinitive Induction Machi Revaving-Flk! Ne werk ‘rie Harmonie Torus Calations m 1 0 SeR2e8R8 Bee ‘conTeNTS “The Physical Refaence Fans ofthe Tine Hanson, ‘The lanai” Rees Pra ‘The "Nomlslora” Raeranee Fase ‘realy Rotatlog Relrnos Free “The Ral of Span” Sn Groin he Apa ‘nimlaned Satonary Netwola ‘Doubly Fed Endton stor wit Unbgsos Saar asd Rotor gens Induction Mote with Sage Poa Rokr Synaonows Machine with Undancd Lous ‘Sale PhaseAlenator Sale Phase Syucleenus ioe "Tonos Colston of Stag Psas Mackinge ‘The Introaneton of Two Mashizas wits Unidad Stato ad tare ‘Two Usbalnaed Induction noir witb Valance Motor Lode ‘Two Binge Pe Blgyes with Urblanol Moto Loads ‘Tow Sachs Machina with Untlanoal La ‘Th etersonnetion ol Two Unblanind bins Rang Dien Bade ‘Too Unbalnond into Bor Rinhing at Diet Spade ‘Two Binge Pass See Runing a Dern Sols ‘Duo Byucrenos Blaha Raarng a Dierent Speke Nameeel Bape oa Sing-Phs Syehroous Motor COuueren 12 Srmoux Sno Cenceres ax Loa Vaaions ‘The "Cenalant Fus-Likage” Thr ‘The Deaton of Sudon Land Variations "The Mecham of Sldn Short Gre ‘The Two Types of Equivalent Cire ‘The Two Typos tf "Pose Short. Cree” eformane ‘The Sra of Stony Sate Phonon Sudden Sort Creu of Synlnonos Machines “rapped!” FeLnkage as Imprsed Vola ‘The Dispperanee of Retna D-s Mace “Tore Callan or Sdn Sort Crete ‘Thin Phawe Short Grout of» Bale Alvenatir ‘The Pine Short. Grcut Torque Clelatone "Thing a8 Ueland Loa nt an Aleraor ‘Sgl-Pase Short Chait of an Aterator ‘TunsocTor Sort Grit of» DoaesWining Generator lisetasen ‘The Dern Fake ‘Detenaiation ofthe Network Rested ‘Aarti and Ved Daorement Factors SERESESEESEZEUGE ES SESES BEE BE. 251 ona CONTENTS, Bmooue ‘Tax Bercrooreauus ov Bquvataxr Cincom 1 The Dynami gute f Rotating Blase Machinery “The Four Base Types of Referee Frames ‘Tho Holasome, Meanie Refeente Pave ‘The NoosfoonmiRemannian Fro 1) ‘The Holoome, Now-Ronanine Pre 1) ‘The “Blcntngnetin Bi Ten” Fy ‘The Now lan, Now- Riemannian Prine sa 1 2, Raduetion af Ue Dynami etions to Bvalant Cite ‘he Alte Tine Derivative Restos n he Equations ‘Restason onthe Resence Bes ‘Phe Dwo Component ef he Abels Tine Derivative ‘Te Abalut Frequency Tose Reduction to O's La “Retort Magheie Fells Restos onthe Lands Arrmeast 1 Ressnasioanooc oP su Taassse Dynstet, Batic ‘pore tow oe Bguvstswr Crore ablinet ofthe Study State Bqtons atabisineat of Uw Tass Baas Si lnpelanis of 9 Spntonous ahino Sut he Cet ‘To Steady-State Sogo Novation: ‘Toe Troon Soquare Byuaioos ‘The Trane Equation long th Pin an @ Asse Avnesorx 2 Dasuar Coneramnsor ue Suave Pots Moron ‘New Typ of Design Constanta Replacing Curent by Mints Eula SpliePaee Mote Armee 9 Veruessue ano Nox-Visuatmanus Puvaeay Vierons ‘Undying Seuss and Toogon Spaces Formal Algo Bese Pye SHEE 2 G28S8e8 8 Bae S85 SSSgg88 & 3 m5 PROLOGUE The Philosophy of Equivalent Circt |W 15 aN EQUIVALENT oRcurTE An quivalent cit consisting of stationary leti- cet elements, jn Intended to be a stationary move ofa rotating machine. Tei in fended to represent the magnitudes and frequencne of the various currents, dune and torques existing in each winding of the rotating ‘chine or fer from them, fatally meray by «simple nee relaten "Bucling those of Ue polypaoe induction motor and ite derivatives, the equivalent circuits of rotating machines ocesionaly appearing in the iteatur aly only one ofthe sbove several reuiments of what ‘atruo matel should be. These sale equitlené coats ull give the magntade of the line enerent only, and sometimes they muy give ‘overal ofthe curents, But they alm never represent the torque ia the correct manner as the preductof «ux deaty and a cure (os iets nesalydofned hy the equations of dyoamies). ‘The torques are supposed to be ealulste either by subtracting the oss fom the pat Dower or withthe at of suxiary formulas developed, ‘The brute-force’ ‘euivaent eres usuilly do net show the uses Taking each winding, ‘ortho currents in ech winding, a tel Troguecin All equlvalent cirouts given in this volume are eve madels of the rolnting machine in quaston within the lnitations dino’ by te baie The cioite tobe daveloned define not only adie: Luce fing i velopent of the equivalent cizoits was to avallabilty af a network anljaes for thei anaton, ‘the author has found thatthe cage of aaution ofa et of equations i outweighed by far ore important considerations. The simpler physical Dietare offered by a true model equivalent eireat (ae oppened to a tile2 PROLOGUE lc) oot ey eps the egies undead bat ao enables See a aaa comsicnted probly that be wold obec area eh alytaly Syacarmenis nd ine hac, a er rlacad poles, ae tbe bani tating machines eee ued an eioed i eqtat ios ar avalible Fe a iy erenlincnnete machine a mc esr o ean colt Site thn fo wie an analyse Son forthe combed sem. ‘CRCUIT MODELS OF ROTATING MACHINES ngnears have developed several pes of model to vise, wader stand and predict the behavior of rotating eleciie machine. {nove leaportant models sr 2 oll: 1, Physical picture. 22 Mathomatia! models (equations). 5, Stationary electri networks (elvan eit). 4, Veotor and locus dagras spanner amt semper ates ee eer gti tet Sohn ata trames wince ca isi, dct ean i afar ds ea pec i sr tan isc abel pa inane Cee acm at ite we vie reget See rie a eid nr lcd Mn it eet cr an nt Shor lnduaen and eyacronous machines ooty pve on negative ce reer ah ee ie i eat al Ser, peter ci rey cee te “ea Seed emcea cere cree cae Soares tier pata strates slo DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MACHINE AND A NETWORK 9 rurpowe of Us preset bool too into the dete of uch representation, ‘he book restricts its to sting up on paper stationary networks that ‘smulat te performance of rotating machine ina great dtl nd in tele an auslogue as possible. Variations in the given cei for ‘ther purpotes wil easly agro themselves DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A ROTATING MACHINE AND A STATIONARY neTwork ‘When the voltage equations of the frm e = sf are writen for any osionery eocie network They ave the important property Ut all mutuals ae resproeel (the impedance matrix Zap i symmetrical) However inthe voltage equations of rotating eletic machinery tho vellages induced in tivo meshes are usually net reiprocal. A cureat In winding a may not ganerate a vellage it winding b even Chough the ‘ctr in winding b oes generta a voltage in winding a. (The et pedaace mais Zn snot symmetial) "Now itis usualy possible to take any sot of equations with nox resiprocal mutuals and to change ter into asl with resiproal mata by brat fore thats, by emote that bens no oations to te phys of the peoblem. In such cas che phys pleture jaherest in the ovginal equations has usually been strted or ruined during the forend manipulation “However, evan though tho origina et of equations has beon brought tov reciprocal fora (gb ayranetial), i ail does ot follow that Stationary network may be established for it. In gooeral,w set of ‘ations with reciprocal mutosls ean be represented by ah mvinding transformer only fll mune eve the same sgn. When the muse Ihave difreat sigs sther the model la non-existant or come (brate- foe) ersten my be aetomptied wa th i of al an ‘ll equivalent iret inthis book as fre of rnding transformers or eal transformers even though they invelve often from eight to ‘heey-o coupled roeses (onlin somo eommutator machines isa two winding sotuel Wansformer~no$ idea! tanaormer—iatsoducod). ‘Nevertheles, the main aim in the constriction of equivalent crits J not th avoidance of traneformers, amplifier, and other artiess ot the preseretion in te eltinary model ef all plyrce abun of Or ripe rotating mackna snd the sutamateestablehment of the med ‘without the ald of any mathemati derivation. Alo, the aim i to ‘we ientnalressoning forall types of machines and groupe of machines. From this point of view, the wervices of any device are legitimate that help asconih that purpose.4 PROLOGUE wax 9B ACCETING EQUATIONS OF PFORNANCE rivet rt tobe aelped uot beset on rans anita etal enact aboot of nine prolenny eh TELE uteri or accatin proboms, abe Tt chops, ‘euch eetn are ven forthe epposnal cin of suen SEETURi a alo oe veviton) Hoover Hf pei rely SEES Soluce ut cena sextepiy oetod pine fn the eran dt iy exh ts cv trnint problems bo, cae Safar anlar” Such praiation aro nt ers o Tneprosst rote Selon equivalent rte ian have boon 80 oni NER wal cua to wt on, ot oly Uw ea, Te Re Aerie ud seg equation of france of 97 ed matin up of astines by spl ispertan. Mer « cee esntn tbe shown, ll esata Ue frm given PPTs nyt dees es tht employ tho bse eto of Setayonniee tea arg poi "We TeNSOMAL FORT OF VEW “Tbk undvakoan nse eperinent_ Alo th nae tsi aa oregano a of machine giv night the equatoa of prfrmane vender ann tea emai, verte ol ule ron rose ASDUIRGS rainy don of ony ne eg ontion of peormance ‘Staci ease spn arty th He equson 8 sonny snr trnsoeesoy: a ging rom ete winng toons to an minding nchine rome ff sios, on ave hanya he aso ls Te Ara untomary sore tothe model of «rating 8 keting fre om her, wl Be bad wen Petite mode af thoi thet fae een dow infning the SscUsC tac uirog te la etary ad atl) Ths dete se tan il be eed heer ack of beter name the tga pt of view. erage tn erosion “uni” “ee SREPTSCan ar vow might ere fhe sme pros, ut the word We? Ste Ucn sd seins hewn of hnking mre ‘spocifially. {HE TESOR AB A GEONETREAL TOO sca Stig tenor sn ry tht ow 2 0 a et tr ome tig Ths en SENEPEUMAY gt etary otal to ap THE TENSOR AS A PHYSICAL TOOL 5 ngent not vo del ina uniform manner with soverl comple notions fat arse at isolated places but tanded to converge i te same deo- tions. The higher than treedimeasonal spaces indicated by Grassnan, ‘ov on hand, nd dhe non-Bucidean (urved) spoes envisaged by Balyy find Labchevaky, on Uh other, exrly domed «tore easly mage able mathematical syzbelism. The vzatioe of Ceylay, tue wear ‘analysis of Gibbs and Heavisie, and tie qustrnions of Hamilton were fined tovarl simpler symbolism; however, the growing mathemsticl ‘theories of invariants and gronpe have soon shown the inadequacy of cach of theee developments "The organization of theee widely sattred notions into ne tol wae ‘undaisken by Bice under the name “onto cleus” end as oon tinvod by LeviCivitn, who elle the eve Wool solute eae” Since te beginning ofthis century this rgnined too bas grown to i= rense proportions in the ade of Wey, Cartan, Veblen, Kawaptet, ‘and Schouten, to mention any & fe orginal workers in the ld of ‘fin, projective, and conformal geometries. THE TINGOR AS A PHYSICAL TOOL A ‘Because ofthe nebulous dividing ine exiting between geometry and lysis, tensors were applied to pure physles In the very early days ‘The dynam of moving bots has been expresad in terme of the notion of a pont in en nimensional gon-Euelidean (or Riemiian) space, The basic equations of three-dimensonal elds, 0 powerful txpresed in tennscf thegradient, dvengenoo, and er of veetor analy, Inne leo bec retin in the language of tonaors 1 should be mentioned here tht, in eonventional eld problems, oeause ofthe exten of only tree vavable, sh gx by the we of| ‘nor analysis le light (compared to vootor salves). Lately in the complex problems of turbulent flow, howeves, teers have indialed ‘hie grater vor. ‘Similarly, the use of tensors ia the wintrpretation of the dynamical ‘uations of Lagrange has ony bes of academe interes, ci ovate (ofthe narrow intarprettion plaod upon the idea of “tansformation ” In order t employ tansoil methods inthe eystemai fermion ane solution of practealdynanieal problems, tf absolutly neessury to Fnteodueo the thory of r-imensonal subsets immersed into space ‘vith stil higher dimensions," and the conoapt of “interonnestion” of paces with a dfferet numberof dimensions, sce Maio of Sten” by Bass Hen, Gury of A ede, Vario. 8 Oo kk vie‘ PROLOGUE (Of more interest to the sectee-power engineer isthe appiaton of tensorial tethods to pare eleetrodynamiea! problems. The general theory of relativity of Kosta and espeilly the various “anid id {hone proposed by Einten,* Way, Schouten, and others to unify {ravitationl and electromagnetic pheromens have introduced peuliae {jpan of spaces with “torn” that surprisingly enough Bt almost ‘ertaciy the theortin! foundations of rotating cletie machinery. “The analogy is du tothe eoeitence Ia rotatng electie machinery of both slotted mechanical energies and to ther mutual interactions ‘onsen fom reference frames hat nay have an aoceerted rotation ‘oth respect ¢o the elotromagnstic fold and the meterial bodies, Of Cours, the mothenatieal analogy i only formal, since mechani! ‘orgie nol he etme az gravitational energy. ‘The farmal anaories {nay bo extended, though evento the hens of he elementary prtees of mucin phys {HE TEXGOR AS AN ENGNEERNG TOOL ‘Many problems of the engineer involve th snaysi of interested physio! phenomena, which regires the mexipulation of large number St variables, etd, sine the algebra and ealeus of tensors have been ‘hprendy created for prams with nny veel, fens nai an ‘iptnerng tod por selene, Although goometers have show, i fuming, teat the Desie eqntione of dynaeies and thre-dimonsional Feld phenomenstnay be express in tho language of tenors no phys tint or mathereticin hus a yet taken the trouble to apply the tensorial Tensor othe este formulaton of prctea problems. Apparentiy {tisup tothe engineer to initiate und pursue that undertaking ‘ANough the author hs made a tart in employing tensorial ressoning in the formulation of mechanical enginoarng problems uch the ate ‘conection of beams, each with twelve degrees of feedam,t and the “bration of polyatare molecules § control aysters in staam-turbine (governing sytem Uh ato’s mai interost centers on the into fr in, he erin of Rt bi A Hente, Piion arity Pron ate Hosmun,“Rons Nunes coy" 7 vet cmmere ee fo Res Maen Py, Vt 38, 80 87 29F Sa hiss nd vial Cos of Eee Soar” Jona of th ti at 28 pp. Deon * Ca dsr Vein Dei Potent Moe rl Genta Pata, VM, Ne ep aay Tone Ang of Cote! Spain” dearth, Yl tty AT Iah an 198 ‘9 "PRELUINARY” GENERALIZATION POSTULATE 7 tion of tensorial concepts and easonings into prtoal litem! preblers in parGouat ino the analysts of eleetrie-pouer networks sed power machinery. "The present book dif from the other woke of the anthor on ‘ensoril analysis only inthe symbolism employed and notin the method freasoning. Wherever in the other books the symbol je and rappes, Jn this book the drawings ofan inductor anda restor ate shown. ‘Wherever inthe otier hooks th ri of to symbols appear es r+ ‘here a eer andl an inductar are gonnete in seis, ‘The symbol of rotation, e,iroplaced hee by spas iter, he carvent by an arrow, an impreoed voltage bya cite, ete, Tn spite ofthe absence of matho. ‘atl formulas, this pein! wor isan exemple f he pplication of toorilresoning. [GENERALIZATION POSTULATES "The steps mu heroin arriving at the al euialnt circa and the stops mad eeewhere in aviving atthe inal equations of performance of ‘ny particular machine follow idntial patters. That pattern may ‘ost be illestratd in tens of thre soealed"gunaistion pestle" ‘These postulates act as unfailing beacons among Inbyrnth of iter mingled phonomena adler dafite cles on hot unrest seemingly hopes maze. Although standard tesooks on tensor enalyis ever ‘expres those postulates, the potiltes ate neverthlee Pret in a Implied manner end cecsinaly axe slated ina les explt but more mathematical for ‘The argument ofthe pect book i aed chiefly upon their general ation palate, which formulate at alt rolting els machines difer Sram stationary eric networks oy by ato dienionlersnlare—the ‘sealed “absolute” frequen whoa ales ex be darned spy by ‘an sspetion of the termina, sha, ed ference frames protruding rom the machin, viewed ato closed bos ‘Bach of the porlates wil be formulated at fret geometrically, then smatherateally, and Bnaly “eletriely,” amaly i temas of etre networks. ‘Th precise manne of statement of thew posite eof 20 importance, as the pote rpreeant anya metho of thinking ane couch they nut be kept fd to the overhanging vac of phil problems. [A "PRELMINABY" GENERALIZATION POSTULATE In stating any theorem, for instance, the Pythagorean theorem, the esometiian dose not attempt to deseibe ail mien posable relations umrialy a6 5* = 3? 44%, ote, Tastead, be replace al poet ight-‘ PROLOGUE angled triangles by one smal angle with sides aap band wer, efile iypetenes = + ean postal nts “am tf ory of erate eatin may replaced by once trat quton fe fo f eh maar pad by a ero ‘ Slr, Ohnslay ia sated not apical forcvr psi ce cial hit ony gmbotaly as = 2 or ne symbae ipedance ‘Ot cou, in easton pss as bee sed na 0 techy ever apt tok of ane Nevetinn wed tieamnds of fous of develptent to make the lang ‘ynbolim fom 6 = 293 to e= ab. Al, should be mentioned ‘Sennett ng he extensive weasel a ‘hy egicering problem dete soc of aural work must be ovine the df the sna. {HE ST GRERALZATON POSTHATE “ode ih ne ber arian wtou andue mel rt an goomstrican ropes te cements -sthedinetsonal {pace bya hyped inal psn wal cats tho the She ef cnr most sont ire’ opce Heil aks book {Toctstane been ve te and tn “ang ewe vo tren though sh en cop eed naa neal wpe, were ‘TSlany ge number insignia. Tbe mathe sty ie i Pen eric patios dating lyin wi dae of Srnec by sl ain hx th sa om oa ‘Farcnge unt of eon, ok ae pad yon apoine ‘Cn ats (ines mats Tr sting the eval eit of » roan machine ving setul ayet of windings on tn tr orn, ha hry apse ‘Stwornadng Cuan il beat reel toa ght Soot oor insta of ertencng abr th a shor eo {hee ipa, ten ofa met, ee Of oot tie nmi frown sue he proper spel ranganent fess nd tector n ante wk cosponde hel toh atl wan ‘Sete the impedance nth orn 0 ala on os ha, tothe ving semgean in he ting mine Hey on ie ‘iter THE SECOND GEXERAIATION POSTULATE Tet geometrical configuration be given, for Instanes, two points lying in an wdinetsional space, One of the fst questions o the geom= ‘THE THRD GENERAUZATION POSTULATE ° tric is “Wak ae te properties ofthe configuration that wll ‘enain de sane Cavin) no mater wt rene aerate oad it denbing then” or exam, the dance betes th wo ots renuine the sume in setanuln drs lips, nyo the init vray af reference tater nlong width the Usteen ay be ‘sree. foraul forte diane ven te pints aes invany one refers fame, ter the same formule tay be "ra Ina «ron manner be pet ay er rere fume. ‘The mathematician would plate the invariant property Gf tbe dtnce inte flog wancer: my 1 ta mare aquation of paralr pyc! yt iso the sane usin ial for lage mandrel leno te soe nary, ‘ried et ech ey masts te eation bones on appa Een (rte a pomai cfec) ta fech oy mars brome duel wih ene oo of anormal, “the eauvalent ret of any parla otaing machine (wh x lg aoigh nab of wining) has enoe toe ei, ton ae eval reat ofl thr rating chins may be ted en ‘ym appropriate “eaatormoton” tat lees the Spat poten of all reso and ints undated and changes only tha tor “That prtslar machine whseegualet crt gies tha of any other machines wih ha eat flores dtaranoe elle hrs the “pie” machine. Tt only aa tare xceace on per The eivalet cuts of ll ote nda cine ae deel rm bby open-cireuiting come meshes, changing some number of tims, in- sering phase iter ete, wet darting he onfguration te {ntact and verse camo bo sical emphasae Unt the whole Key tthe Bei Jes inthe lst pra, wit dbing the congrain oh ne {ics td retra””When tp o sto rah ip ag tached to the ermine of machin, te magne sus aot the ‘windings in the dots remain unchanged. Conesuenty thelr del Symbolon so must rnin unchanged, {THE THIRD GENERAUZATION POSTULATE “et tvo poins lle in the plane ofthe paper («bvo-dimensional Bue sliean spe) and lt the equation ofthe sortest ine pesing between the to points te given. Suppowe now that che plane is hanged to a ‘phere or an lipoid. The question ares whether the equation valid fer the plane willbe valid for the enrved surfaces als, ‘The mathema- ian answers this quetion by the fllowng postulate:0 PROLOGUE “The equations dtrbing th properties of rienaona Buin spas tecime pplecie to n-dimensional non-Busidean spaces alo, i ail nda drei im the equations (euch as 4) are enlace by ¥- ated “able” deities (or “searian” derivatives 34/08) Serie from The former by a one proces “hes been shown byt ator (ee plo) that te equation of any ring satee machines with rtaing rforence ane i Uo same seat ot ssionary network optaining resistors and inductors, pro ‘kde toat al ordinary me dvivativen La are replaced by absolute {imo decvatons L/h, vec ie Sc aay titi em ts am splices Einar antes Eh ei mts wee ea toile aera ee sg ee ae a ee Met eis ite a= Settee al Ea Lao led ta cect actin acy aura ea selec wetness rac ei SSO yu mm te a wa ed ti am sir toes foc peda me guj annette fete a Le ep Sern Hee cy ae Th Sea ean eet ee a te Ee Men reer sil aes ena at seyret nal cet Soames nest wham Gees SUMMARY OF THE GENERAUZATION POSTULATES 1. The fet generalization postulate establehes the equivalent cei oft primitive mechine of sand, containing ss ny meshes 08 the Sisto nd rotor es any singe rotating ravchine ight Uke possess THE LAW OF PHYSICAL MODELS n aon perme rere oft ean ep ee tees ct Siren eer See eeete eerie a eat es pene peace eee ea i oa en ey no cece iia a lg fe en ari Sern Althea THE ABSENCE OF MATHEMATICS Bach of thse slope is established nthe book with! any ethamatcal devotion or manipulation. Each of hee saps i acomplicad by mare ‘napoton of le tal machine, Tn parila 1. The equivalent cireult of the primitive machine t sand is ‘steblchod by tho inspection of tha magnetic crete. ‘The inductors ‘re arranged in the same manne a the elactancos ofthe Sux paths re loceted, aod the resistors re arranged in the mann in whieh the ‘windags Ink to mati pt 12 ‘The equivalent crete the primitive machine rotations found by inpoating te pees ofthe rotor (), the reference frame (4), nd the impress voltage wave ‘8. The oquvalnt circuit of any particular machine is found by ine peting the manner of inteemnnostion of windings aad reference frames ff the actual machine. Th same interconnections ae peefonned oa the ‘uivalens crit THE LAW OF PHYSICAL MODES ‘The otal absence of mathematies shoud oly emphasize othe reador ‘the fog und serious mathomatieal quest that prcodod this vniction snd simplifcation. Aa a cummary af the plilasopy af equivalea et sits (and other t:pes of mavels) of physical phoroment, it may bo orulate, thst Algebraic or ordinary an prt diorntil equations may be rope dlp me nly tan eer tre1 THE PHYSICAL MODEL tne rare 0 WAV FNS OF Vi OF #OHIN HACINES ‘un ay la vote eormate a eaing mash to stents he set trates spening ne ermB fing su uaenen eyo he teat, es oil pean ie rl opeatg on Theft ine ean sy ogo ond sc am ish‘ to tat prota BY mani “Se ange lr of he pal ae ne eb Stole ein ronan gon fas ‘Seams aparece he eon ‘Soler meine un emetic nmin ct ‘pases pit of ow nt gg to balled Ue rel aaa ine at right hd of ic ae crt of aie cop eu eo tna the anne Ie of hae ‘Shi rene nd dy aap, ge ong aie gos eT cnet tre mitsvinogat tlhe qin ar, Tims to hese al euaons of peers dome (fro aon) mao of ni - cme ona vee ae ee oem tee eee tera ee ‘Trav mtn comely fat nt i ae ‘Between the concerti circles are not merely magnetic but also materi haere CONCENTRIC SPACE WAVES o rotate with velovtes diferent from thoes of tho conducting mei, in hich the waves actually propaga, a of the reference frame, along Which the waves are viene Because ofthe relative maton ters btueen te eviou dati ane magna onde not the conventional eld equations of Masel are ‘sed as x foundation for the eetablment of equivaeat Gres, but fir genoralisatons by Herta and Lorents to moving bois Furcers ‘more, besnuse af the relate motions tha Baten he eferenc frame, the points of contact, ond the conducting materials, the MaxmellLorente Sad equations also have tobe gunealized to apply tothe special ype of cenupled wave propagation taking place in eleete machinery. These ‘extensions havo been made iy engineer ier intitvely, without beng ‘wate of any generalization, o enscoualy and in systrati xanner ‘rom this systematic pont of view dh dilerence between m rolalag rachine and a stallonary machine fe the extence of rane anulag telcite between the eondueting mei dhe points of eontact, an the ‘elerneo frames, I willbe found ate on that hee difrence i main ‘may be ened into a mt of lars, the lle “absolute feuenes,” thee invadtion ale the replanoment af o relating machin bya slatimary network for parses of analy . (CONCENTRIC SPACE WAVES Tn the prsont theory the winding dietibutons ere ideaied by ascuming that several concentric layers of windings exes on te sat and rotor, each layer consisting of thin eyindialsbeet of parallel copper bars (Pig. 11 ignores thar end eonteetion). Tmespective af whothor the current is alierating or dvot, whelher the machine fs, synehronous inductio, or commutator machin, whether te toto hag 4 instantaneous acceleration or ie ating ata uniferm speed, sod other the extents are trasiant or sicteoial in time, at exy one "estan the crosesetion shows the fllowingeletrmnagnetie quantities ig. 12) 1. Imeach hyo af winding current-density wave (he To Mv’ fold equations) exists with several maxima and minima tang in arbitracy dictions, ‘The wave represents caren owing ito of out of the plane of the orosesstion. The namber of mania aed tang Ss eaual to the number of pole ofthe win 2. Similary, in each layer of winding a cr-douity wave (the B of Macvel) exists with the ramo number of maxima and mina, The ‘uss reall losed curves ing inthe plane ofthe craseecion, ‘The 16 Koon, nvr Porm of he Masel Lois Fd gin or Ase ‘ed Sten srl of Api Phy ol 8 Nop. Hs Neece emma ie | THE CONSTTUTVE EQUATIONS 15 vx Haas are assumed to eros the sets of eurent denis always 7 perpen. | ‘3: Te i alo posible to attribute to some ofthe layers of wisding a q ‘impress voltage wave (lho dectioseld intensity B of Maxwell). In ‘etlogy 201, they are ls diste into a ent of he pla ef the ro | ction | "Ae times goa on, theme waves either remain fren im spuce (in doe | amachines) oF rotate fn cela without any. change ia magnitude or Felative positon (hn polyphaco machines). ‘The waves may vay sti ‘daly in time (single-phase machines) or may change their magnitude fl poston from instant to neon (ansint behave) The proper {gation ofthe mexims and minima n pace may be prevented by removing ‘tot of brushes or aip rings or @ winding slong any diveton in any of || the eoantie layers "Tho variation in iow may be prevented by ii | prong’ de vllage in any desired direction in ay of te layer. ADOONAL SPAGE WAVES In addition to the easly wigulinabe waves of eurentsensity J, Bus- ensity B, and letriosed intensity E, sever other concepts of the Fal equations of Maxwell cod be into. They age 1. The magnetomotveores wave (ragaatioSeld inenalty KL of ‘Maxwal). "Tt les 90" inspec fom the curentdensity wave Land at ach instant i oqual to tholeta. 2, The hussinage wave 6. (Iti the lectromagnatic vector potential | Aoi the field equations of Maxell and not th salar potential ¢) Tt |] sto ies 0° in space from the fusedensity weve Baal f each instant is ‘sual to the late. "3 The nduced-vltage vector of a, ve tothe tie of es in the same deeion in space aa. 4. The gioeratadvolage velar Bpt (where pf «the inseotsneocs| velocity ofthe rotor) les alo inthe same dretin a the veer. ‘6. The rsistanom-drop vector Ir in the dation of. THE CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS ‘The preenee of coppar anion in che electromag ld introduces |] two ofthe eosttative equations of Masel! | 1, The presence ofthe magnetically eondicting fon structure inteo- |] dusce B= pit If ane ofthe lator or rotor stractres were not saint, the pemneabilty operator would a sult. Bacnuse ofthe presence ‘ono ald oating sie | ofwealen stuctze th slusoial B wave is ebifed in pace from the ES sinaoidel H wave producing it of change”16 {THE PHYSICAL MODEL eee eee foto, ‘Stun he windings have dfn estan te RE ers = ‘inductors and resistors of the equivalent cirewils, contact prow tel ml ly ofa wey eae ae ‘and conductances @, in which the electromagnetic fl feet is Rei asec ge epee ere OE ee ais a sin eet inci patie te tae ian pone as ome. VECTORS . omy oes loving mains iba: Steet cnr ant comune od Fie 18, Thndimeniol ad” votre cae sino Sn spac etn Tin sateen tata waves ae mm slo sada etn it ia i ote ah rac. To ian he ‘Sonesounnuchie ti exen-lenay wave enantio THE REFERENCE FRAME v7 FB ge ind owraaly doesnot is uniformly dsteuted along a cite {rahi seat. Neither ist noscenary to aesume that beatin oe train corctequttions. These temporary thirahet an ginaercy siben all waves have to ples, are sinuidlin space, and are cone sidered to be ying long thin cocoate eile it marine hey any ofeach a there aw layers of windings All hese veiow eect Sat ental” votors ne they areal ad a one end tothe agin {tar bring freed to rotate he plane ofthe erearseton sate oe in the radial dein en. THE REPERENCE FRAME Ae _rpreent mathematically the twodimensionsl voto, it ie sujet fo tame o cack lye of wining to refrecy st ace right angles to each other (Pig. 4.f) end projet the By I, and B ‘ ‘vectors upon them at By, By and Ba, By. These projections ee thecal Values in tern of which ‘the performance of § tachine ie expresel In general, thew reference sans ‘may be stationary, or rotating oe ‘may form angles other than 80°, ‘od on tie varios layers of wind, ings they may be independent of each other. Distinetion must be mado be. ‘won reference ater ‘sumod in iets and efornce aus sgeted by the presto of termina, Sashes brushes lip rogs, and leads. Even thoush theres olae oo East be known at the terminals only, for purpeser of ssaes ws terminals ae often ignored and more convesant sisal won Fro eee ane,NGSX S-SSSCNS T “cS 8 {THE PrYSICAL NODE tae) ao sed. ‘Th reife fterars (esrns@ rene omic The poo gen psa terse tag mc ns an aslo oftwodinaa te an fete nusrnn se que om an eee Fane ener TERO-SEQUENCE VECTORS ‘When a three-phase machine i elstrisally unbalanced, on each layer ‘of winding to sels of sinuesial waver may be ditingubed in speoe (easuing » tworpole machine): 1. Atwospole wave hitherto considered 2. A spate wave (Fig. 1). ave, and i fer i "The sep wave i called the arosequence Wave, several expects fram tbe two-pole wave: ee Tri i fixed in space by the leaton ofthe threes termi ‘As ie lad varies the three mexime do not shift in space ee oe ie 15; taosaganee mn wae fen pane ion stpale magne x dos ot inden vl in he nih tesig erst dno inne hese sme at ny en Motte yes STi eof at oft pm ie eo Bae iste the tresmnce Bor sls ny a lesage Buy Tony coulined todo ton aol pean aes ote the ‘Siting machin popes Mo pray at hy oing seesepce tuts apr he ry fang ecieonby onerg Sa ncuaee prt fwnelnedOeepow star ns cow ia tte tein of ating achieeThenee fe THE PRIMITIVE MACHINE ww ‘quence quantities will be iqnorod inthe flloving developmen snd willbe referred to only inedentally (in Fig 8:22), fash e the theory of unbalanced three-phase stiary networks isnot the abject malar ‘of Us book. Tn other word ll hveo-pase maine can be analysed ‘and will be analyzed her as if they ware wound two-phase, Of couse, the renultof two-phase analysis sto be eaten inorder to apply ton threphase michine. ‘The study of sue tranafrmatinss property he subject mater of book on tree-phase unbalaneed network sd isnot undertaken ia this book NORVISUALZABLE VECTORS Tt hasbeen hitherto assumed that ll letromagnetic quantities 1, B, B, ete, say be ville as waves (r radial vettors) actually exiting insido the machine. ‘The space in wish each erolar wave propgates ‘na epesal type of twovdimensions! Eueldean space, wheres tho whole ‘olsting machine isan assemblage of vera twedmensona “eetared™ Euclidean spaces, interinked aud icteroonnedted, alo rotating vith respect to onch oer “However, thee exis in rotating machines other jihysieal quantities {hat eaanot be visualized. One of thewe the nusnber‘ofshueses that Jha pase through he varius windings end whowe time rte of change s/t gives dhe vieulvabe T Another quantity i the instantaneous fngular displacement 8 of the rotor conductors, moving magnetic roatail, and referee axes. Thor time rate of ebange d/l wppeses in the frmula for “sbeolate” frequen, ‘Tho role that thee contrasting vstalsable and nop-visuaieble ‘veers ply in the construction ofa basi theory of tating machinery i dieased in Append 3 {HE FRIAIIVE MACHINE “Turning from Ue cresseetonal pnt of view to an actual two-phase, ‘rope machine the questions aris: How ate the windings on itl. cated and what ate the shapes ofthe magnetic strelures that are able ‘to prodoe sinuaidal space quanltes? ‘The simples, but still quite general form of sua machine is fllowe (Fi. 18) 4 Ther exist one stationary and one rotating structure, 2. One of the structures is eylindeel the other bas tv salient pole (one north end one south poe). Hero, immediately, citer of te special ‘tse arises: ether the siationary or the rotating srucure has eaieney (lata case, Pig. 1.6, occur tnaly in apnehronous machines the former, Mig. 1.6, in induction and conutsor machine)OIE STCT T?O > TS 5 {WE PrrvsicaL MODEL 18, The salen structure has tw sets of twos winding. One of the pens bas ite exe along the ellent pol (ect ais); the ote, at right angles tot alang the interpola pace (quadrature ais). All four ‘windings are dis 4 The ooth siruture hus ako to sets of wo-pase windings, but ‘the two windings of the same layer are ential eesns of the continuous nature ofeach layer of winding oa the smooth structre each layer may be assumed to const of two stationay wading right anges in space, permanently Located in the same spatial (0) Th re nn eine la LA, Th priv ling an, iostions at the windings oa the eet stevetu. Ta Fig. 1.60, even though the rotor conductors rotate, thelr and qrefrenon axes are assumed tobe stationary. In Fig 1.60, the d and q axes ofthe stor ‘windings are assumed to rotate with the salient pole, even though the oedutors inthe stator windings ao stationery in spe "To aumiarin, the primitive machine (whose equivulent ieat i acing to be eablisbed fit) consist of to outs of four windings at Fight angles in spacs. The windinge on the smooth structure are balanced thoes on the alent atte ave unbalnad, “THE PHYSICAL REFERENCE FRAME ‘To rtar from the actual windings tothe cesesetional viewpoint, ‘the sesumption of windings along th slant structures fixes the position ofthe reference ate, ‘The bvo axes on eect layer wl be at 99° froma ‘ach otbar and wil be lined up along the cealer of the salient pole (dirt asied) and ot vight angle to them (quadrature ais @). Tn parted: TRANSITION FROM WINDING TO Waves 4. For induction and commutator igily connected to the stator iron a -onchines the reference as will be iructre; bene they wil be station TMANETION FROM WADING TO Waves asian sen arin rom the casa Got ved es) al a eae ‘od cd teen pe a ten 80 i fonig in wining ‘otc th mf and el intent (0 Winn ting (0 Speen dictine is 7. Melatons btnon wing an geen ins ux density produced by i ze ae spoceevave pont of vow, {ts wating thn totaly etl Gig 1) a lpeaty igh ob datas ee leet to posites are open in interpreting th ie ie pi irreting the iit equation Sj Ela wining as epce waves Tn Sat ena in {6} Soaps to the min mave Ho Marl 1. Kio, ow Fo ln Msswalaene Flt Ezuatons for Aer sed Sy" Jura of pid Phi Val 8, Neb. a Mace ae,ESS SN 2 {THE PIRSICAL MODEL (0) 6 orisponds to the space rate of change of the electrics intensity B of Maxell (ur ‘With these interpretations the d and gdivvations of beth winding an waves ovineide (Fig, 172). Tho gonoraiaed Maswel-Lorents field ‘ation corresponding to thie interpretation ie also given in Tig. 1.76 "The second astumptio ia fellows (e) 1 eorrsnonds to the eutent-densty wave T of Masel (6) e eomesponds to the electro fl intensity wave Hof Maxwell [Now the d and q dietions of the space wave are at right anges to those of tho crete Pig. 172). ‘The eorespondng eld equation is ‘alo given on Fig. 176. ‘Tell be shown in Chapter 8 (Fig. 862) thas tho equivalent crits to be developed. preently ielude bots thee interpretations simul Aaneosey. In portal: {@) In the horizontal branches, corespande to aa. mmf wave Hin ‘he sera! Branches, to a camentaensity wave I {@) Ts the horzonlal branches, © comesponds to w eur B wave; in dhe seria! branches, to an B wave. FURTHER GENERALIZATION ‘The expression “primitive” machine dose nat necasariiy mean “georalied” machine, Wat ia, the most genre machine posible. Tnstond stand for sore etandandinndstrature that ay bo wed 1 sarting point for the analyeis apd that is flecible enough to yi ‘umorons special esses and asp capable of further genrabzatons aad ‘eplentions a the need ar "Por inslance,« more genera asmmption ie thst mua inducanser exist betveon the tivo sta of windings at right anges fm spac locatad “pon thesllat etauetao, Such an aim ion wl actualy be needed liter on for insane inthe analysis ofthe shaded-pole motor (Chapter 1). Por the Line being, tht generalisation ie ignored, in order not to ‘mpicate tnd the development ofthe basi oquvaent cre “Armore gueral “primitive” machine wil be asaded when i wil be sssumed that all th windings on the smcoth structure aleo ate diferent from each other (Cheptcr 11). ‘Thi generalization will require the Intredustion of tine harmon, that saver two-pole waves on etch lager of winding, each wave having a difereat frequency (ut the sme snuinbor of pole) ‘hei further generalization willbe the teeducton of ace harmonics on each layer of winding (Cheptr 10). "The coexistence of both space td Ute arrnoniessimltanoouly ie not excluded as posit, ut fm cousin 2 ong toh rity te ek A elon 98 of porate dn repent J pant tw (orig toil spac wave) by » sare of neers having oe “See al data og Ta ees enh sy fe sn eee eed a of & synchronaus machine (Chapter 8). * omar cis (hate eed ir at ike tlntge ave $ ts at to tn ana ee (Ne i tn ahs ann ona ttc tan ota yb ed sae ar he ee of ain so fe he mor gat ain hat ‘some of the inductances are aot consent but are funclons cet ‘but are functions ofthe x Prete appliation Ft is not eonsidere in2. He PRIMTIVE MACHINE AT STANOSTILL SIMPUFYING ASSUMPTIONS ‘The purpose ofthe presnt chapter is o show tht Ue coaigraton cof th inductor in the proposed equivalet éreut isu physial mode of the a pets exiting ined te rotating machine, when tha late sat Stans Alo the resisors and oltage sourone ofthe equivalent ee- ‘ui tee phyeical modelo tho windings themelves. Attention wil be ‘one to the priv ston machin in wich the ator a 8 Gilentctuctare Ie determining tie phyvit! moe it may be assumed {hat the roar st stand. Sine the two eet of windings along the Aizeot end quatratire exe ao ight angles in space, no mutual induc “lene each st of Tour windings i inde cs in-betmen She fendent of i ober wile the rlar se, an rst be consid with ai directed longa etait line Sng wil oo hase the sane ber of ers. "A further temporary cimplifeation vel consist of assuming only to windings in the et oe onthe stator, the other onthe rotor. "These two Setionary windings ae equivalent 10 a teocvinding transformer in Whi the windings ee separated by an eigap. AL fst the wellknown auivaleat ciel of exch a sransfrmer willbe developed stop by-tep from a knoedgp of ite magnate cicut. This very elementary dovel= pment wil be undertlen in considerable detail inorder that exaly Uh ame slp-bystep reasoning be flied for more eamplcatad mas tie ernie STEPS THE ANALYSIS ‘The equivalent crit ofthe primitive machine at standstill wil be cetablched secordingy in tho following series of stops: 1 Two windings exit long tho dict exis 2. Four windings exist slong the dret asi. 3, A similar et of for windings exists slong dhe quidsture axis. ‘Thao steps ertablah the equivalent cent of fur stationary concene ‘i layer of windings lead on a salient-pole machin, assuming the i 1 DUAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUTS OF A SINGLE Com ference frames alo forthe efoto the mea vila be teosry, arly, «change offre ames 4. Forward and ‘ck ee ‘xo intrducod on each lyr of wad ‘ining ‘he eet frat I coder holon cape. oe a (0 Ghee maz cea Wwindug ee (eas (tema ot aay, ae ence ef re (totems nt, te Ma 23. wo ype of ant oe a ag DUAL EQUIVALENT CIECUTS OF A SINGLE CoML ‘As a proliminary to the study of tho two-wine! 2 Fe ovo-winding transformer let & ape col vo on sn en ex be oid igB). Teta cant pli te 2a as he physely exiting dnd xe. se To prepare ail rane he ot, ore ica! ep Totaling reference fame (“sequanes” axes)2 ‘THE PRIATIVE MACHINE AT STANDSTILL “The petbs of thes three types of xine nd he relustanens neat tered by them are shown again echomatinly in Fig. 22, Tho relue- anor to coc fe of x Tinea chown by an wingap, andthe tas proccing Ux fx nos are shown by el. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE MAGNETIC PATHS tis pow to devon an oleae cect to represent the lw of fixe Tinesiae manner analogous to tt Masirated in Fig-2.e, That dct [Sshown in Fig 224." In both czeuts ce ellowing may be notod: 4h fx lines, 4, ae epresentd as caren. 2. The mts fa represented as volages 3. The roluetantes, 1/2, are roprosented as resistances. 4£ The presen of elle, rn the magnetic circuit represented as indoor. “The eletrical mest in Fig. 224 haste same geometrialconfration ‘asthe chime magne pats in Fig. 2.2. The voltage equations anal ‘gous to En, 2 are given BY te sum of the vosge drops ser the Jinfuetore snd voltage soars. ‘Srey epesng only the configuration of inductors and the mms across thea repteaents the maguetio eld, The configuration of re ‘Seto and imprest volagee isa model ofthe windings (Seca fla feting upon the magnetic Bld). {IME DUAL EQUIVALENT GUT "For conventional epresntation, she previous equivalent. cient is zing to bo replaed by another type of eke in whith se mats are presented not hy voltages but by cuments. Such a eiruit i the Jaa ofthe former end bas tho folowing propertis (Fig, 228): T Railances,1/l nthe former became rettances, Zn the at. 2 Reactances, p/n the former besome resistant, in te Inte, 53. Vollage drope & actas th resists nthe Ferorbocame errents| towing in the late. "S Currents, owing inthe former bosome fuses in the latter. ‘The configuration of the original magnetic cirout ders from the dual inthe flowing way: ‘5 lmpedanoes in paral ach as 1/L and 9/7) Yeooma impedances in sates (Lap andr. Tmpedances in sai (uch asthe loop of 1/ln 1/2 and 1/0) ‘beoame pds in parallel (Ls, Zp, an Bap) "To ven dual cout i he conventional rain equivalent eat cof a tworvindingtcansformer val for both transient and sinsoial ‘henomont , PHSULANT RU ACES ” RESULTANT UX cats hin be ch tt ha ef rng tana ue i inane notary ba Sy phy emsitton ‘The wn of th hx ae sis component, namely nt an sgn Catan) and to leakage sits bon done hiteoinsn brary Gin rome Acted (Pr a a Pia 28, ate ‘Reaurenents on th winding a font, hovere oly 4s Bux 1, Beslan inking th staan 2 Resa or faking he rer ing Fe ten tw pte aaa scunly Be mecsured only ax lage ners the reetanes, igure er both types of subdivisions, - eee ne etl i 24 re ‘hetbanes spurte Cootfamttis on Sine ance% TME PRINIIVE MACHINE AT STANDSIL ‘ts conventionl equivalent cieat in terms of voltage, curent, and resstanc is shown in Fig 208. Bach tara of Eq, 2.1 is represented by {voltage drop ia th cient. Attention callod tothe fac hat he a> Tnkage af the magni iret is ropresentad by the etal fusinkage [Ec exiling inthe inductor of the equal! eu Tels intended fo at up a now type of equivalent creat whieh corre ponds to a phyical mods ofthe meget fold underlying the given ‘Salem. Tn this ne crit the eurentrpresnts the fu, and a voll ge drop i equvalnt to the mmf producing the fs, wheress the re ‘stanoe represents the teluctanoe af th magneti eld to the passage of the fox. ‘he exornt path inthe aque circu willbe @ mal of he ‘fic ph in th rotating machine. “Fur thatpurpoee let she above oqution bo divided by faite 22 Assuming again each term to be represented by « voltage drop, the Fesultat ereut is shown is Fig. 21e. This ecenit may be cll the "ua of the previous one fr the following reasons: 1 The mm x tepresentod by «voltage in tho second cient (2) and by a cunt in the Bet). ° 2, The nlctanon ofthe maguti cieut is presented by a rsstor in te second eirouit and by aa inductor inthe Hist 3. Tho rsitance ofthe ols represented inthe second crcit by aa inductor inthe ist by a resistor. Te should be remarked tat this dualom existing betwem the bo types of equivelent circuits (one repeating © moe ofthe flow of Alec eurens, the other that af the ow of maya fuze) is wot of ‘he type usally associated with ennventinal elastic cruits. MAGNETIC CRCUT OF A TWO:WINOING TRANSFORMER Let one slator and one rotor winding be resumed along the direct axis ofthe stationary prtive mache (Fig. 222). Let alo oaly one slot por pol be auauned to et. When tho vo currents fo in the samme ‘ceotion ot any one instant, the component hx ines proued by en tueent separately are shown in Pig. 2.2, Jost as with a tooinding (ansformer, three diferent fo Kis may bo distinguished: “The ara dy linking both windings, 2. The stator leakage Sux dy inking ely the stator winding. 3, The rotor leakage Sox inking only the rotor winding. MAGNETIC CRCUIT OF A TWO.WINOING TRANSFORMER 27 % (0 uc dct tt G 4 f 1 ccm Bo epi iph mp ‘Fe 22 Developaent of the equal sa of « twewedlag tranenoe,30 {THE PRUATIVE MACHINE AT STANDSTUL machinery the introduetion of eich concep is important for at Isast ‘thre purpeses: 1 The ealontion of trmae onthe rotor 2. The calaultion of generated volgse during smal oxilatons of the rotor Buciden-shoriceuit studies when constant ox tnknges are accom [MAGNETIC PATHS OF A FOURWINDING TRANSFORMER “Let it be esumod next that two stator and to rotor windings exit clsng che of the aes of the machine (ig 2-40). ‘The Mux dstbution Sakon in Fig 24b ade. Te shoud be noted that: 1th aignp fh (natal fae) surrounds al font windings. ‘2 Mlatal see us tnd dau ealot batvoon two windings tat i om tne same magnetic stusture Thy are the socallet “sot-eakage” fice "3 ach of the wings has fox ins (party ot eakoges and partly ond alige) thet link only that particles winding “fn the Bt and last windings fy end g,can be combined into ono fs, if no further windings ess on the stator and rotor. Thay have fot bean eombined bre in order to allow the intzoduetion af more ‘windings if needed. "The lett equivlen ofthe mageti fux paths shown ia. Fig ‘24d, having the sme configureion aa ig, 24c. Again ead reluctance [gatoseted hy aresstance, Tt ehoud alo bo noted that the eurent Topreeing the “rniltant” fx Linkages ofeach winding (6 to 40) {sumed opose through an inductor T's of cones, obvious that te magootc circuit shown i not the moet genta] peeuble for a fourviading transformer. For instance ove no fon lines exit that are mutual exclsiely to windings 2 and 4, trowinogs 2 8, and 4, et. Thieabsanco of several muta hs is {he roason forthe empty of che dal ezeuit tobe shown presonty TRANSENT EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A FOURAVINDING TRANSFORME Tatereanging rst snd inductnnens, algo sores and paral branes, the fal “dual” magnetic equivalent cist shown in Fis Das The eivuit represents the transient pésformsnos of the four Srindags. The falling cbservations may be mae: Ith cureats Rowing in each winding azo represent by the c= rents in the nerizelbrenehes in wich tho resstanees and impressed voltages ae place. Fons (9 Cavalcante evelopment fhe cll en fr on‘at pasos through 6 vertical branch witha ratanee and als pesos thro the verti! ainap inductance Zyp, os shown by dated nos, ‘The ainmp industance i coutusl to all meshes, the horizontal induct sncee (Ce slot Iakages) are mus to neighboring wining, whereas the verti! induetanoe (the ead leakages) re not autual witb any of ‘he cther meshes. Similay, the resstaness and impressed vllages re rot mutual with aay oder winding. “Hanco, whereas in tho rotating machine each winding is eletially Snood, inthe eivalnt cit the windings are eletialy coupled, ‘Tas existe of this coupling demands the asnumption that the rencl- noes of the primitive machine most be of defined ns eos winding Jas the ame ranber of turns. Later on i tho study of commutator sachines, won the netessity will are to introduce diferent number of turn for some of the Winding, the corerpouing meshes wll have toe electialy outed, ‘8. The tine Zao of change of tbo resultant fx inking each winding fs given by the voltage meanzed sero all the Induotow ofeach ma, sgahown. Hance the existance ofthis canoypt forces the arrangement ofthe resistors onside all nduetore (next Lo the impressed volta). 4. All imprasod voltages appesr coneted to a common ground, whi isnot the eae in an eottal mavhine, ‘This fet, however, des not este any dicts. 5. The horiinll currents represent the resultant magnetomotive {ores (1) ating batoan tho various layers of windings end producing slovieakage fixes. The curents inthe horiaontal brane next to the ‘sigsp epeoans the aum ofthe stator (or rotor) cute ‘The fax linkages (@ = Za) in cach inductor of the equivalent lnc ae equal tothe corespending ux linkages in tho actual machine THE PRINITVE MACHINE AT STANOSTLL to sets of four windings aro assumed at right angles in space ll stationary, thee magneto fox Tins are independent of eah fer Hleoe ther epitelnd cris ae elo erally alld with no mul ouplings Between thon, ab shown in Wg. 2... (The diootasis quan tities have w subset the quidratareanis quantities have g.) 1 the inductances are lft in tho form Lp, the crits hitherto developed te valid for trensient operation, assuming the rotor a ands. ‘Hare tho eimplied essumpton will be mado that all currents and voltgs in ea meh ofthe machine es est re einai ins, hat all ae of the seme froqueny f, ad that in each ol ofthe oguivaent Creal only one sineoidl euent Nowe Wih sich aeumptions wey THE PRMITVE MACHINE AT STANOSTIL 4 edn (Dnt uote ses Pio.25, Deep f te ara fort soTHE PRIMITIVE MACHINE AT STANDSTAL THE PROKTIVE MACHINE AT STANOSTIL36 THE PRUMTIVE MACHINE AT STANDSTIL ‘4 roplacod by sh, 9p Oat pL = fal = jf, ‘The trequency hin = ‘Dek at which the civuit reeetanoss x = ul ~ 2rKL are elated (Govally 0 eels), wl be dented athe felloring by unity ao thatthe Impressed froquengyf Ss expromed a a fraction of unity. Jn gener, (he imposed frequency J wil be asoumad foe arihle guy. SSPHETRICAL COMPONENTS ‘When pis replaced by if all waves in the mashinebacome sinusoidal in ime Tee poeible to replace the stationary altomating waves along the d and q axe with rotating waves of constant mapritude by introduc: ing tro hypothetical "sequer=” axes on each ler of winding, one rutin forward in the same direction ss tho rotor (fax), the other Tolating buckwasd (bax). The angular spond of rotation of these travee ju (= Se). The forward fdretion seamed from d to q “The advantage ofthe introduction of soquence axes i thes by cheir tse the alternating waves willbe replaced by coating waves with con ant magaitida, noo in the analysis ofa votating machine the ds Tincton betwee ladused snd generated voltage il disappear ond all folloge sill esome neal watages. "The speeds to consider then will be a fellows: 1. The apd ofthe flues, 2. The speed af the rotor 78 = ws 5, The relative speds between fax and rotor (f+ #b and (f ~ 2) ‘More detailed ana complet explanation wil be presented in tho ost apter. TRANSFORMATION TO SEQUENCE AXES ‘Aas simple example ustratng tho devvation ofthe sequenes exit ot Pig. 2.3, let ata tvo-mesh network be given wits no mata nade ‘vee botween then (Fig. 206). Its equations are tone at nei 5 etme cmp i Fat O/VE = et lv oa Be i = OVE = —iley — VE ese gan oy SEB» et all — a ss watt ee aul whore em = (= 2/2. i TRANSFORMATION TO SEQUENCE AXES a ‘Te ne cio shown in Fig. 260, The ipofunce zeman an Jimpodansa in bo branches, whereas ie difernce been the tn selsinpeiances 2» becomes 2 mal ipadance I the tro eiial ‘mpalanes ae equal (2y = Z) thre eno msl coupling batch , 5 fb, aif . OP att On “i at a iv i (0) Phos x 1) Soqeenco anes (satin ww ae a te a a a Dew (Psa ae Sere ne (© Nalini ie 25, ‘Traomaton of to-pon eluos ogee ams the sequence mete and the sequenoe network i the same es the ‘original network. However the impressed voltages an eutents in he former are sequence quantities. Let along each exis « tno-mosh network eit witha mua impedance sor boieen each two meshes (Fig 262). Again no impedance eile between the @ and meshes. 1 sequence axa are intlaod, the dit ference between ap and 2p again becomes mubielimpedanes between the d and q meshes as showa in ig, 264, ‘Nov tis matuel betwecn ‘or meshes end sino branch extending inthe tht imeaon,{WE PRAAITVE MACHINE AT STANOSTIL TRANSFORMATION TO SEQUENCE AXES ‘io 22. Th rive nisin eine tent (ing ll hor)“0 THE PRIMITIVE MACHINE AT STANDSTILL EQUIVALENT CIRCUTIS ALONG THE SEQUENCE AXES 1, now, the winding eonstante on the quadrature ais atv identical swith those on the direct axis (no salieney exists anc the windings on eich layer are uniform), then slong each ofthe new ae fend) the ‘equivalent eteuits are identical with those slong the @ wxis (ig. 2.2) ‘All constants along both and aus cary the sume cuboid (or no ubsript at al). Again no mua reactances appear bebween the fan b ase, and Ue tvo ste of Tour meskes ate erty font ‘The voltages imprest now represntforward- and baskwse@-roteting Imprewod veltage (and ey), and Uae events represent and # a quadratareanis constant ifr ron that of the dict axis, uy then the diference (Ze ~24h/8 appar at a. mal mpadance be. een the tuo eauance as fend b. Ther mol impedanies ave ‘reanged in tho form of four maaos in exnatly thease tanner as the and impadances are." pla of tise tesos i tied ight angles to the plane of the paper on Fig. 2 for easer visualization. ‘The impedances of the original f and meshes ll cary the dina uberis ‘Bach winding ofthe machine is represented agin by © mach Gown by dotted lines) pasing through a vere resitanes the vertical t= ‘ep reactance X, and the horimtal reactance (Kye — Xu)/2 rere. ‘ting tho elleney ofthe machine. The salons reatane is common fo al eight mates, ‘The new equivalont creat slong the sequenon axe ie ehown in Fig ‘27 with tha mutual brandhesfttened out in the plane of tae paper, ‘The nomenclatare bas been changed to distinguish the stator () and rotor (7) windings. Also the windings next to the airgap have the ee ‘ert I, whens tho windings in the net layer have the subocript 2. "The equivalent eri long the sequence axes far more complicated ‘han the oe long the physical d and q axes (Pig. 2.80). "Thi apparent complication will pay dividends, thoogh, when rottion ofthe rote aidutor ie Gosidered. ANOTHER FORM OF THE SEQUENCE NETWORK In the sequence equivalent circuits given, the dieston ofthe extents isassumed ta bo lobia all ytr mashes, With this onveation the ‘othes contain three timer ax many diretaxis quantities, in gneral, ‘5 quadeatre axis quantities, In the synchronous machine ste, osesion wil age a which the resultant cuits may be simplad Ry aaruming another frm of the Drimitivesequenes network in which the dircton ofthe fw of the forwandcotor currents in tho volar masa ie cocwee but tae of tr ~ THE APPEARANCE OF FLUX DENSITES “ the bockiand rotor currents is countrlocrise (Fig 271). Ava reel the potion ofthe dine and quatre asia quantes te sply ie, ‘hanged. Hence inthe ma anche ocr ond nthe cm rnchea (ca~ s/f, ee. The direstion ofthe voltages i alo change. Now ‘ho meshes contain, in general thee times as nung’ quadtatureers quatities as devote quantites, THE APPEARANCE OF FUWX DENSITIES 8 1 was mentioned that the fux-donity wave Bin the smooth momber ‘neq to the Mulinkage wave ane right angle on space M28, Melation ttm and (ig. 28). Assuming d and q arcs the relation beteen them is forthe ‘rimitiveénction machine nde anys) : Bem oy and B= =H 26 Hrowover long symmetrical components the slation is quite difen nt. For instance, am se 1 9 yee St) Fa (By 5B) = ia + 5B) = 5B, ‘ence forthe primitive induetion machine the relation between and Bem ity ad B= its 27 In the seuenee network the voltages induoed across the inductors sleo represent the resultant ux linkages of the windings p= er and Pov foe But now the jy maybe veplced by By aed 606 whieh do not contain j. oy ” ee2 THE PRIAUTIVE MACHINE AT STANOSTIL lene inte anquencemeorks te wllage measured ares the inde cen reprtent outright Bo es deuis B thant any j factor. ‘Thiet inne wit the fats tha along the sequence nes only generated volages ‘ppeet and they ae dirty propartonal to PHYSICAL QUANNITES IN THE SEQUENCE CORCUTS 1 ls intersting at some of the cuenta and flux densties that crdinarity eer inthe & and g equivalent crits may be found alo in ‘he sequence networks Tn particular: : 1. ‘Tho dfferenco inthe sequence cuenta — lowing in th ea mon branches af Fig. 274 eprosnta-V/2" by dalton, ‘2 The difereoce in the sequence Mx densities By By measured us ‘the difrenoes of potential across ovo sequence meses, repress Vie Tn the seaond form of the primitive sequence networks of Bg. 278 (ia whic the signs of i and B have boon revered) the eureet in the ‘common branches represents 30, and the diferencs of potetil fers the to meshes ve VB, ‘The rove, however, int fon, In the physic prnitive nee works of Fig. 2a reprecnting# and & there f no plane for ot, ‘whose definition require te extene of. However lta on another form ofthe physieal network wll be developed thet does contain jin place of nd ene contains alo some of the secenee quatien ro 3 THE PRIMITIVE MACHINE AT CONSTANT SPEED ‘OUTINE OF THE stEPs Whores the equivalent circuits for a watnary primitive machine rere eatblshed fra forthe plysial d and @asee ead altermars only {or the sequence axes, the slepe will be revered when the pimilve ‘achize rotates. For rotation it wil be eater to establish the equ ‘lent ict along dh saquencoaxea fest.‘ step will eqs only ' knowledge of the actunlfrogueasies of eurents existing inthe cone Actor (the “absolte” frequencies). "The revere transformation Sern the sequence anes to the physica ence will follow in an automatic ‘Two éypes of equivalent circuit wil be construed long the physical ‘nes. One will contain the same eurrente a the ala! thine, the cite wil contin insted of. “Although the orelation of tilt ‘etmork with the actus! machine is not so clnnaut (boesuse of the appearance of i), the network tel asa isle orm. ‘Bota typeof Drimitive networks (along the physoal aes) wil be ued in te sly of specif rotating machine. All developments wil be based upon the primitive inaction machine, jn which the piysieal reference frames are stationary in space The ‘step to the other primitive machine, with rotting reference fester to ‘bo ued fr synchronous mechinge—wil involve merely a change i the sign of tho roto veloity po ~ 2 The diveson ofthe physical mation ofthe rr» wil abaya be fm tog (Qhe same as the "orward” dretion of the fuse) THE “ABSOLUTE” FREQUENCES Te shoal be rocaled tha in the presence of sense axes fend b no {indueed voltages exit, All fuxce rotate with a conatant magnitude, td all voltages dus to them are generated volitgrs Attention wil non be direted to the detarmization ofthe frequencies of then ganersod voltages,4“ THE PRIMITIVE MACHINE AT CONSTANT SPEED When the rotor conducton ave stationary, the fus-deusty vave slong the {snd b axis of any rota winding generals fundomeatat oe have” fequeney £ volinges in the stationary rotor conductor The ffequency ofthe cients in ie condor ean fie va qe tity). 1, how ‘tesa alipftequency J~ p voltage in the oter conductors Oona, ther hand, the backivt rotating fuxcdenity wave aang ibe sn ‘seperate inthe same rotor condor a vling off» fgoney Tosummasite, when the rotor rlates with an anglarvelosty the ‘regumney of al quantities inthe conductors of th various wings b 1 flows: 5 4, In all stator f and b axes if 2. In all rotor ones info. 3 In all oto bane it fF 0. The feauencie of currents (and voltages), in the actual conductors il be called “absolato” frequencies, 40 distinguish thom rosie ‘ue Hesumeies, J existing long the phil reference ate aa ‘The later frequencies are f'n both slater and rotor: hnespecaen 6 whether tho rotae rotates ‘OTHER DERNITIONS OF “ABSOLUTE” FREQUENCIES ‘The “absolute” frequencies may als be looked upon a the frequencies ‘bearing long a set of reference Srames tha is ig sue Doth tatar and rotor conductor. This et of veteran fresco ‘tuctr, snc the speed of tho lses and te reference are the aon ‘The definition of the “absolute” frequencies av acl came fu fetvencien inthe conductors is preferred her, ait wil tins te ealeulaton of torques of ratios frequenicn, VOLTAGE EQUATIONS INTHE MACHINE 1 it eae to tablish the voltage oquations long dhe sequonse axes tins the slag du tothe presence of ues alee genersed lle et tive spend ofthe sequence ance and band the rotor salncta Tag ‘elt rped given by th “abate” frequen. Hane the euctn of voligo slog a rotor fas, or iatnes, hn the fone em teh — we an VOITAGE EQUATIONS IN THE EQUIVALENT GRcUT 45 tee the beste Frenueney seine with the rote format axis x 15. 1m this equition = soprecata the various slfindisiecne at ‘mutual indtanoee ofthe stationary windings, eleulaled at an ‘tener, td the term 22 seprecnts the rsant Bay de alo ‘nd rotor eutrent, inking the volo f winding, Zor each winding a ina equation may be establshod in whih the Faasnltade of the generate voltgo i proportional 40 le “eesti ‘eaten Thoee equations rer the sequanon au attache tn, ual machine in whieh all windings a isla fom wae one However, inthe equivalent circit the meshes (wpresntiog th winde dng) se mutually coped Uy rentanoy, and thee equioe eee SAO eurling rsstane wo asm seven alice simtllaneealy ye inane, ~ #8, (+ 5, aud fo. Therefore, an equiva eo ‘sant be extablshed when Is diferent from axe, VOLTAGE EQUATIONS INTHE EQUIVALENT circu ovovor, it shold bo observed tht in the equivalent cei ofthe ‘Salome mie machine of Fig. 27 the imped valaons et ‘tenes the isla foreach ment i th vernal orcad Sie coupled (onthe stator ony) with auch mechs that here tine, ure re ened and all are uniy, then te neat oe ges also be identical, while the 's and e's will differ. a anes i th ag eatin of cach itn oh maha ang ie eis is din by sb eguey ae Za spy alo forthe equiva cuit ofthe tana sete ‘action (27). The cut fay tle nls ee a” “doom poeta separ anal supa gg “re Out a VOLTAGE EQUATIONS IN THE EQUVALENT ORCUTT [ THE PRIMITIVE MACHINE AT CONSTANT SPEED4“ THE PRIMITIVE MACHNE AT CONSTANT SPEED THE PRIKTIVE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE ‘The sume Lory holds respective of whether the physi reference frame (@ and q) is attached to the stator (Pi. 3.10) or to the rotor (Pig 3.18) withthe ference th: 1. The velocity v assumes an opposite sign when the slator rotates insta ofthe rotor ‘2. The fx dons B aloo assem opposite sigs, ‘The subsets in the new netvoeks are given synehronou-apachine teeminclogy (for armature, To eld) ‘To avoid lengthy cicumlooutin, the equivalnt evult along the 4 and 4 axes wil alo be called “rosefald ck, and those lng, ‘the f and ax wl also bo ell "rvolvng-eld” eit, respective of whether the circuits rfc to synchronous oe indaetion machines. THE PROITIVE POLYPHASE MACHINE “et tbe sasune! atin polyphase machine: 1. Both mageeti suture are smooth (00 saliency) 2. layers of windings are balanced, this isthe ca no muta coupling ease between the forward aad backward meshes and each peimisive network elite int to Scat networks. Let i be asaumed, io sin, that, 3. Only pasitivesequence (9 voltages no impresed. Ti this eas the peimtive equivalent cvtuit consist of only the for- ‘word meshes as shown in Fig. 22. The expression “primitive Balanced sachine with balanced voltages” willbe shorted ta "pinitive poly phase machine.” PARALLEUSN. BETWEEN MACHINES AND CIRCUTS Tis important to note shat, wheres the currents in the equivalent ‘routs are idetial withthe currents i the ataal machine (along the sequence axes), that isnot the ease for the voltages, Vllape tthe veoevingsfeldepitlent circ eovsapond lo ove denies inthe actu ‘machines (espreeid ae the rab (voltage [eequeney] = M-densiy), ‘This fat i, of course, du to tho division ofthe machine vallage equ tions by the shen fequence, If tho machine torque (as defied by Mawel) is expressed as the sealar pret ofa ux density and wenment = iB, ten oorque inte machine mat be represented by 0 oer = exrrent X oles tn the au. lent crest. This statement roles not only #o a eantant steady-state torque but abo to an altemaing torque sh as the damping ar spa- chronaing torque ofan csilating machine, ‘The eoustant (@') tongue [CONSTANT TORQUE CALCULATIONS ” js defined by a ral power, whoteas an osillating torque ia deine by ‘oth real and reactive power az wil be showin Chapter 4). % " 1 Pan ntti sna ‘he. 32. Piva plypha machine (eli ll hoe) CONSTANT TORQUE CALCULATIONS “The instantaneous torque T on cach roto winding may be found by ‘Masa’ fore aquatia (7 ~ IB) ae che zalar product of ths reauliant rotor fax density wave and th rsultant rotor current wave i. When Brand {ave both complew nnzber, then foreach layer of winding the constant (2) torgoe {P= Roa of By, + By, 33 represented by a ral power passing throgh exch rotor meth of the ‘uivalont evel. (An astesk represents the conjugate of «complex sumer)50 THE PRIMITIVE MACHINE AT CONSTANT SPEED Sine the torques due to the oto lekage Buses cancel is sient to uso the airgap fuses By in the torqe onleulstions, instead of the rowiltant faze 2. Tn the event of sverl layers of windings on the rotor the individual currents may be added. Thir resultant cure fos inthe hosnontal ‘ol next fo tha airgap, a6 shown in Fig. 31.” Hnc, inthe above for rule for constant torque, aad i” aro the rnutant rotor earents, ‘heat By dal Bry be he eis ae the gap masa ‘The sbove torque formula is equivalent alo to the slatament that the torque is given by tho rota les ia the meses mins the rotor lemon i the Dmedbec The torque thi found are alas expe in “gyachronous watt” ‘The total torque is changed from synchronoss wats to poundfet by Sychronous watts X 38,000 % (Nuraber af poles) BaXxOxpe Poundiet = a RETURN TO THE PHYSICAL AXES "Now atthe performance ofthe primitive rotting machin has bee cexprescd in tho form of a stationary netivork inoue type af reforenae frame (pamly, in tho sequence axes fan bt should be comparatively any to eta stationary netrrks in eter types of referee fumes, particularly inthe eriginal and q frame. “in transforming buck tothe original d and q axe, the stator mech quntitee atune thee foemae values Tig. 25 with the diferenee that all esitances and irpresnd voltages are divided by J. However, he rt math quantities canna assum rps aoa, since i the ‘maantime they wore divided by the absolute frequenciea, which were 8) ( anon eo(252) +H HH) (= seeseeeeen wich she orl By. 8. Te SHFING OF MIRE ses "here pent foring pas eter maybe shied tom one S pet ofa mes into anather part ofthe mesh or into other meshes, pro ‘ded that certain conditions are eis, By niting the equasons a -« 0) ater aii Mie 84, Sihing pla sites ‘CROSS-FELD EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE PRIMITIVE MACHINE. 5 before ad after the sifting, it can be asterlainad that ene of the oon «lionel Dat the ead ofthe shunt generator which ted tothe gr (Ghe commen bran) cannot pes hzough an impedanoe ora generar, “lence the mutual impedance dus tom eaieney eft (Mig 1) ast as 0 ‘are in the sequence networks, ax shown in Tg. 34. Similarly, the ‘tual rota reaotanee in the ermeseld natworke of Fig, 206 acta ound. “Another condition is that the oppasteend of the phase iter whieh passe trough an impedance cannot pus Ifthe impodae i mutwally ‘oniple to another mesh, as shown in Fig. 4b. “AS a piste shifter is shifted, al create and voltages hat have been passed over wil be sifted by th roquiod angle s shown a Fig. 3b (CROSS-FELD EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE PRIMIIVE MACHINE 1 0 00° phase shite is placed in each rotor axis across the mutual resistances, tho svo primitive equivalent crits areasshowa in Fig 3.3. "Tho oft of rotation ia safle: 1 A mutual rsstnno eppens in tho rotor exes in conjunction with ‘splase shifter, "ea vale i by Tig, 268, Yor ey = La-wl--= a 2. Botheyvand ya expel lng ah or ei healt etal or inane song ir dss ass pre ao a (esti) (exe) fat (G22 -See “Theat ta voles cp long ier din as of th sola! machine appar slo apr oo rome wlagsseg he Gpadriae maf tesla hol nto sr surri, ‘Tinie volags a © 9/puncstageas al impresed dn he diet eae evant crete Tf con tt hess be telat macine 2 rar fx raat, oan inal wolag 2) Slog th € sa guar vag G0) slag tgs ie Soul i lof fae ta ey te ‘rand slg "heer er ming ihe pte oir ht noth crents n ‘isopentane loving nal nakine tio dnd atthe avtige eta ey ngs ‘Stony sever tht ede soe oe ach a ges Ibo commcted unchanged tthe euler cat The Ganda in theappenance of Pha dite ine lrTHE PRINTIVE MACHINE AT CONSTANT SPEED a (CROSS.FELD EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE PRINITVE MACHNE 55 85, The nie hin rtetine (Crom des“THE PRIMTIVE MACHINE AT CONSTANT SPe&D Fr (CROSS.FILD EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE PRIAIIVE MACHINE. 57 it 4a tg ahi ah Fre. 36 The rine mushine, (Cosel try, No pha ite)3 THE PRUATIVE MACHINE AT CONSTANT SPEED ‘When srosting machin ie eonntctel to «simpler neon, oF to 20 ‘ebvork at al, the paso shifters im the roter eae ofthe primitive ‘machine may be eliminated, es willbe show presently. ‘CONSTANT TORQUE CALCULATIONS ‘The constant torque along Use physi ates sail expresed us the scalar product 8, T= Read of By + By, 30 lowever the voltngs sero the iaduotors no longer represent B but {8 (0-38). Exprosng the cove farmula in term of the moasurale 33, T= Real of = 8B) + 87}2) 830 PRMTIVE NETWORKS WITH NO PHASE SHIFTERS ‘Returning to Bq 8.0 with the nanseiprosl mutual, let the second Dassibility be followed. ‘That i, lt By. 8.8 be rewritten by assuming ¥en ey to be currents un imprased voltages, lvtead of and ey ce = yt Lai ~ 2a) Jig = Daal + By + BG) ‘Tho mutuals sre now reciprocals Hence if is axeumed 0 fw in all q moths ofthe einen creat, into of #, no phose shies are eonsary, ax sora in Mg. 38. ‘The imdventage ofthese cuts f thatthe eurents fa then are aot the sme as the cuzents in the macino, and a network connected, ey, to the stator of an induction machine may not hav mua impedence Totween the and q meshes. Tf 6 lse, the pho shiftr appears in ‘the sator ofthe mod 1 fale posse to consider Fig. 36 to be identoa with Pig, 35, fom which the phase ait hae een moved out tthe righ. All eur rents and vollages pased through have been mild by j. ‘The ‘voltages across te itor repeesnt now fx linkages (By ~~ Jou) | thod meshos an lox densities (By = rg) Inthe qmtabes, Accord ingly, the torque is T= Real of MB, + 2B, = Roal of #3, ~ jr) ‘SEQUENCE QUANTITIES IN THE PHYSICAL NETWORKS. 1 was how in Chapter 2 that inthe sequence equivalent cient the commor-branch current represents -/3, and a voltage across both an THE FRIUTIVE POLYPHASE NETWORK OF THE CROSS-RELD THEORY 39 smashes roprvents VHB. A similar ctuation arses in the last eves ‘ill equivalent dieu containing 3 (Fig. 28). Now; since fo (— $9/-/%, this oommen-brenchexeent is equal to 9/3 and the vllage sere both types of mashes sequal to W°3By "THE PRMITVE POLYPHASE NETWORK OF THE CROSS-RELD THEORY Za balance polyphase machines in which al mpresedvaltags ae balanced end all structs smooth), whatever the caren tn elk, 2 Bohr imiv pays idan macho sa hry) erate sce nF 28 (Gomi ene Mo82. Danan otca ‘THE PRIMITIVE MACHINE AT CONSTANT SPEED se tha appear in the dire-axe winding, the sine quantities appear in the quudratareasis windipgs 00° late.” That is im polypaase sna thins, # = Ea Tana aaa ere ie 23. Moving val phase site. ‘end changing siullanenusy the sof he Base fnquncy fy 8 0 that the ebetefrequeney rrins unchanged the rositanoes nnd Impressed voltages passed over have sendy oun divided by s function of», te ne’ tansormation simply adds at ‘dion ,nazely, the sped ofthe reference frame, This» usualy Alors in value fom the eiating Vs. Te ehoul be realled from Chapter 3 thatthe aboote frequency has oan dein asthe frnueney ofthe eurvents inthe condueton. Such trequenoy should be dependent of tho reference frame assured (hat fa, mich a Trequeney invariant”). Ae tho vavnble phase hier ‘Roved abot, the expreson forth absolute frequency m varies fom a value such ae fry (0 8 value fa ~ m+ my However, the new bace Fpecwency {yao wil assume a diferent form, fo = fi ~ S20 thx the final numeral vale of te abeolite Frequency n remains unchanged at the valve n= fi = fo 0s ae il lias give the cored frequency in the conductors 2 ‘TWO FOLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS (SHSYNS) 153, Summavsel, the eet ofthe intoduston of stesionsty sud rotating reforence frames in the same machine ie to atroduee several base frequencies fn the equivalent ereuits without changing the numerical ‘eles of the ebelata sequen FREQUENCY CONVERSION AND REFERENCE-#RAME ROTATION ‘The tranormation from statiomry to rolating refrence frames (ith the aid of variable phase shifter) des trom the introition ‘of en aetlfreency converter, Fig. 7.7 (le oprsented bya vile phase shifter) in the value of the abelute frequeniessppesting on both sides of the phase shifter. In a tronformation of ference frome (mathematical prcedre) nochange in the abou frequency may occurs hones in Figs. 8. and 9.2 on both sides of the phase shifter the same alaats frequency cooure However, a foquoney converter is an stil Aynamo machin, snd it does change absolute Grequenieg; hence in its ‘equivalent circuit diferent absolute frequencies eaur en the two sides ofthe pase sie. ‘TWO FOLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS (SHISYNS) “Let two polyphase induction motors be interconnected through their slip rings Pig 9.4), with e shunt load eros the rots. Whe one fof th rotors is dven, tho other will run at the sume sped with 9 constant angular displacement 3 = 5, ~ 6 batwean the tro rotor ie the insmtanoous dlgpasament of eich rote). On the ataor of each ‘machine the same bse frequeey Js pres ‘igure 0.4 gives the equivalent eet of the yeultant system in the form of primitive system plus tro phase sifers with variable angle. "Thelandiesillerpremed ar sationary nator along latina ze (oe rather sa voletng network at sppeanesttionsry with expect to.e reference frame rotating with the slip ving). In the stationary ‘oad he frequency of extents i lip requency fe ‘igure 9. shows the socand varablo phase Sifter transposed aoxt to the frst on. Since it passes wares the load, the slattnary network ‘cl b changed oer tte rataing reference frame form by changing all Srfroqueney tof ~ #frequeney, where f— igure 94d shows the two variable phase shifters combined nto & single phase hier with a cnaant sng 3 = 8 ~ 8, ‘Figure te shifts the constant phase shifter tothe left, "Tho impod- saoer now donot vary, bit the currents aad voltages poss over are ‘hile by &. "This equivalent eieut expresses the rsutant system lng stationary rotor ference, ex sown in Fig .4f. ‘The linTWO POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS [SELSYNS) INTERCONNECTED MACHINES 154156 INTERCONNECTED MACHINES ration ofthe constant poo shiftor is equivalent to shifting the stator reference axis of the Get motor By the constant ange 5 ‘Both the speedo of the rotors and the angle ofthe lng ere vsible Ty Raa ve eat a a TT) Sie atte ters Fie 94. Diels. THREE POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS (DIFFERENTIAL SETS) Tet thre industion motors be connote aan Wg, 9.5. If the second ‘ad third rtare are devon at and sped, respectively, the striae une the sum of oy aa ey bat 0) = my ay, Th the thre stators the fresuancies of eurents are acamed to be diferent, namely, fi, J and fe INTERCONNECTION OF POLYPHASE MACHINES 157 ‘The equivalent sivuit of the resultant system i shown fn Tig 0.5. "Tho aystam difre fem the previous one (ig. 048) inthe nyortant respect tha, ax the arable hae ahr is mead lo the patos eats on ene mao. lence, al forme in the aoa rua sn he sez moor chang by vy (= fe +) ‘The three vavinble phase shilters carbine into one constant phase shifter with angle 8 = (y+ 4) ~ , This ean be shifted out af the cireuit to the lft a own in Fig. 0.52. ‘Thi at iret repent the stationary reference frames ofall Svee machines shown I Fg. 8 Hence all bas frequencies fy ond f come wy along hes a, Src in Sr to Ts irr eels o (y Hiatagerarale pues) it ts Fee iad Plo 96, Winton in ie, INTERCONNECTION OF POLYPHASE SYNCHRONOUS AND INDUCTION machines In some vaviablespeod drives (ig. 900) the stator of am induetion molar is supplied from an alternator, andthe lip rings of the rotor ‘ote the ear of w synchronous motor. Tho sum af the speeds of theINTERCONNECTION OF POLYPHASE MACHINES anges tes INTERCONNECTED. MACHINES160 InTeRCONNECTED MACHINES fnduetion motor wad the synchronous motor ab f the alkeraatar th uni tt, = oF ‘Ta equivalent svt of th resultant syst i shown in lg 0.0, ‘As the to variable phase titans dp an 6 are ooved tothe Lt they ‘Pos aetos the induction motor. noe al absolute freauenciosffthe Fpducion motor incense by oy -t ee. (Note that the eign of aod Jn tie morieg phase sitar, have ebanged ram the previous ka of Wa fug 050) By sifting oO* germs the whole induction motor tinny reference frame hes ben hanged noo frame rang aynehro- ously ih th fe ot ara rer "Th thre variable phase siftre again carbine fnto one constant dtr with anglo #= 8} &— 6. This can be sified out of {he crcl to the lf ax shown in Fig. 6d. Now the refereno axes fn A dhree machines votete with the foxes (ig 9.), so thas the Bae Spequncin Js ond fal some zo. Both» (or 3 = 1 — and Bae ‘atable partes. “Wnan he tyncbronous motor has sulieny, the resulting eavaent cist legen i Fig, 819 in connection with » nueva! example ‘VARIABLE-RATIO. FREQUENCY-CHANGER SET “Two power aystoms with diferent frequencies may be tid together tnyough cyushronous or eayuehronaus ts. An example ofan aeyneho- fous oie shown in Fig, 0.7, rprecenting «oo-alod vile ratio fren nt Teounsss ofan ohmiedrop exter a Sberbies echine (regelating thine), ead an induction machine. "Theft of te io deepens ito bie the voltage impressed pon is np Ting hy two diferent angen, The potion shit by ugh uation of only one gt of brushes is employed for powet- factor control whereas the poetion shifted by the fv serie-connected (ter rushes used ab aad eputol. Hence by impressing xe wee ete ne) in plac of ey tho preznce ofthe oknie-drop exiter is taken care af ig. 8.70). romsining eytem const of Scharius machine and an induc tion motor with ter rotors commeoted in sores. ‘Tho equivalen ciruit GEie eyatame is shown Sn Figs ®7e. TF the variable png ater is ‘loved to the righty he absolute fequeney ofthe Saduction motor in- ‘Measee by snags in ig. 0.74. ‘The nderence frome an th induction ‘trey rettes wth th lc of the rte bh aor ae tr "Altace frequencies fs and fy Desomo aipfeauencie, oo that fx = font ntcne, The fl equivalent cra js given in Fig. 976 and {ive coreeponding reference fumes in Fig 7. “re torque ofeach tnotor i found, asus by er ee a) THE VARIABLE PHASE SHIFTERS OF UNEALANCED MACHINES. 161 1 hsb ote Ser ar nd val represents Byr1/sand not B,. Hence the measured difference en ‘is multiplied by 9/. ete THE VARIABLE PHASE SHIFTERS OF UNEAIANCED MACHINES In a backward mosh tho variable phase cifcr asaues an angle # ‘uving the opp ign fat ken up by itn he forward fe since «*represets roti in the oppoate ection from (ion tin ‘ra 98 staan indvton mat with fre ras ating withthe a. ‘The more guneal equivalent civuit for an unbalancd ind iret for on un induction moot, whose sot reference fata rota wth Ue ote Gout ts ator ‘etre fame il stationry) giv in Fig 08. Por aan visi ovaselntpele ‘synchronous machine de moe general cul fs i Fig 99. On 1 ae g8 = (0) Given syste fm (6) ee Se new =f Lesh 109, Spaces cise wh reas a ans 9 th arateRET 192 INTERCONNECTED MACHINES th rma thoes tony pt roa thy tat inf. treed machines he fred dbase val pase siten te moved cont er gy o eet wl Gy combine ied oe ohio sna te pv ely ata Coca at ep fo lan Spenser Saeco eel om het os ii Chapa TERCOnMETON OF TWO REAANEED NCUCTON MOTORS taut OAs ‘Wien sw neon ot Bing ntlncd aor windings on athe tte! hve blanca bd cote sth rr So oe ee = 1 Ree saver io,940, Two ual ination metre ln 0.10), th ape Fig 9.4, nd are ented othe xv Jefe ai eons nd vam amore “Te nnbined phn ser ih fe oman eg 9 ~ [Fig Out ant med st othe as nly he aor windings of thes sone ulna TWO SAUENTPOLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 149, 1 ti lead oneal are tors balanced, oreo ‘equivalent cirouit is developed in Chaptor 11. "* INTEICONNECTON OF TWO SNESHASE SHINS A speichern moti to sng ase also ito ndeton moan hh th caer ye foresse widings eve miing (or ne opens) (gD) # me = (ecg al tt Pee. “Two sadepas yaw baled it ad Since = 0 on both machines, te conmon aatr branches on Fg 9.105 (a which 2 flows) teame opened, a2 shown in Tig. 8.1. Flr ts asumed thas the fo sngle-paweroashins run atthe sane speed. The correponding equivalent crsite whan the mabinee ren at ilerent speeds ao raza in Chapter 1 INTERCONNECTION OF TWO SAIIENT-FOLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES {eabould be recalled from Chapter 6 that the buskwaed b meshes of salient-pole synchronous machines may be lt out, provided that the cnsitation voltage #jsug = Jin the common branch isan imaginary umber (or the field current ia real auraber). Tn tht event the back ‘ward-mesh quantities are the conjugata ofthe forwa-mess quantities(0) Toe ae sh tre (9 nant (a Repeng 20 a He tyed i932, The sano hoe wih aed Bade oOo cont ane er ff- TWO SALENTPOLE SYHICHRONOUS MACHINES 165 ot too machines eunning a the ane sped » be « transnison line of a Tod as shown in Fig, 9128. "The two phaee shifters sxe combine! into one with = & ~ fy, Beeaoaf te aleney, the constant phaso shifter eaanot be pushed out of the ‘The 'eansmission lin impedanes seme thelr values viewed rm rotating reference frame (Pig. 9:22). Since the fel exctaton is usally he he base requeney fis zero. ‘The resultant eysem isshown in Mig. 9.10 © Cal (6 To cata a site | io 9.1% ‘Ths eraonn mnt ih acd nde166 INTERCONNECTED MACHINES voce or marsunn respons ie Cn aaa ee vets muerte ete apa habe ta deere, theta bet oe tale sche l wae ds mien Get ana beers, Memento oi RE cee weal Ce, © (a i ete Inte tus Tanesen nw Tin re mera (one sta ps iter io 014 Tongibloce tonne th ex termi conus LONG-OISTANCE TRANSHISSION SYSTEM ‘When one of the machines ie en infite bus (Pig. 9.19, one of the conrtat pse tifers may be moved through it.The synchronous ‘nchine in the sue of Ue ine may be synchronous condener. "The raining single pace biter cannot be eliminnied, sine it must TWO INDUCTION MOTORS RUNKING AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS 167 split in its journey into two phase shifters, and singe one of the two ‘ocames stuck again in machine No.2 TWO SEIS OF INDEPENDENT NETWORKS Tnall example of intesonnostadtnachines hitherto considered only ‘ne current wed in each winding, no matier how many wllages were limpressed throughout the system. "That i each math the frequency of the impresed voltages was the same as the fequenay of current flowing in that mesh. When mechinee run st diferent epee, i often happens thatthe foquncee of cured and imprised alae nthe sane scindng ore doen. In this event an lndependent set of equivalent ‘uit belongs to cach imprassod voltage, ‘here are es many lea independent neers as thre ae impr wltages, [SUPERRLUOUSNESS OF THE VARIABLE PHASE SHIFTERS Te should be recalled that the elfets of moving the veiable phase stifters about are to lenve the absolute frequencies » unchanged and to vary the base frequmneisf. Expressed in anther way, when a variable ‘hase shifter separates a mesh into tivo pats, the able femuocien of ‘the mesh on coc side ofthe phase fer ae ideo ven tough they fare cxprestd in tra of ilforent bas Frequetcie. reoe, as long as the base Frequencies are sorectiy ibeled, machines ‘may be ntronnace wa he temporary fraction of were phe ‘hits, The only precaution tobe abeerved ise inthe sexes to be Interconnected the abvoltefroquetie shouldbe dented, MACHINES RUNNING AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS ‘The eusilinry devio of vavable phase eins is patiulasty sal ” ‘whoo their resultant becomes a eonetant-angla pase shifter. When ‘one or more ofthe hus requancle are uaknown (ain machines rnning at diferent speeds), variable phase shifters should be dispensed with ‘tly an ralians bas upan th equality of stent feequonns for ‘elablshing equivalent circuits, es will bo shows in the following ‘sarap. TWO POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS RUNNING AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS ‘Let two pelyphate indvotion motors runsing at diferent speeds be interconnected through thar lip rings, with loud actos the rings (ig. 9.160). Let i rst be assumed that only one of the motors it cexcted by voltage with frequeney fy. ‘The equivalent lt ofthe ‘three component systems ber intrccunectin shown in Pig. 9.18169 INTERCONNECTED MACHINES Jn one that the to rotor cul be interconnected, ther abso frequencies must be Mente, That is the follwing ration must be sitstod: foaehow Sulving forthe unkown tase frequency fof Use second machine, fahoate cing Jy thao, te epee tos may eit comelsothown nig. 8181 Th ae Fagen fo the (ype € (Gay at mn a 496) (a asset (Up Cast natin sted er) ‘M018, “Topple nduton motor raalg a eel wp staoary nt sme he sae vale : Shas ener n), Toc uatntf wtaonary elo fae te itary sv ng ‘Nsing an extn ne ord rah rae J an sieve tance ntachanged Te merino Fig 9.18 7 thoes of the two rotors, is ‘TWO INDUCTION MOTORS RUNNING AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS 149 ‘The torques of various roquenie du to the nos products of surrents tnd torques are found by means of Ege. 49 and 4.0. UNBALANCED MACHINES RUNNING AT DIFERENT SPEEDS When the previous two induction motor have unbalanced sttor windings the backward rotor meskes b ate allo Interconnected Now oat offence mut be eva, one oe forthe forsed meshes, Anas hon fahoate ‘and snothar set forthe backiard meses, htunhen fahtanme When e difers trom , the baso Roqueney f of the seeand machine sasgunes tivo diferent values inthe f and meshes, ndeating thet a0 infuite sve of tine harmonies zea Such an anslyia ie undectaken in Chaptr I. Tf, however, the vcond machina hes balanced windings and scot singip, wheres the frst s unbalanced, and ifthe Kad beivern them i balanced, then b meshes ofthe sovond muchine ate ila from its # meses al he bas reuency fy moy assume dirt salu in the fend mass, “lence, when to unbalanced machines run ct diferent speeds, an ‘vac analy equies the introduction af Une harmonies. However ‘posible to iqnore che higher time hiemonis and to assume that 0.3 Sra approximation the soc (ener) machine has Balanced palyphaes ‘windings and a mach agp. Since usally cach machine i ete, to indopendeat equivalent crite ar established. Since ench machin is assumed once an unblaaeed taachine nd ence ‘balanced machine, some average i eached betwen th to extremes. ‘The lol between thm must, however, be balanced in each ease ‘The Jmprested voltages alone may be inblanced fr each machin, TWO UNBALANCED INDUCTION MOTORS RUNNING AT DIFERENT SPEEDS (FRST APPROXIMATION) Let two inductin motor with wibelanced windings und impressed voliges ran at diferent spends and lt abalone? loud be connected ers thir rota (Pig 0.160) ‘Ase Mist approximation evoliage is assured ta be fap only on the fst motar andthe second moter x asumed toe blenced. Equal 91 0wo INTERCONNECTED MACHINES (0 ony fn machine xt 4 Fou amd cll he) ‘io 816 Two anbolmcod indeton stort raoing at deen spo (ie ‘reacioain. gece [NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF A WINDATUNNEL FAN ORWE 171 ing the froquoncos of the forward rotor meshes from Ea 9.1, fehmnte ‘opresontng the frequeney in the atatorf mth ofthe send machine, quating nest the frequencies of the backward rotor meshes, from 9.02, fer htanm representing the fraqueney inthe stator b mesh ofthe seoud machine "The rultant cout i ehown in Fig, 0.10, ‘Asuming now s voltage impressed onthe second machine only, with th fist machine oot the ols of and alo fy and face inte changed. "Tho raultant evi eshown in ig 9.16, SSINGIEPHASE SELSYNS OUT OF SYNCHRONISM (FtsT -AFPRORIAATION) ‘When the quadraiureaxis windings om the stator of tao induetion| ‘motors re mising (or te open-iaited) (Fg, a), the commen ‘ranch in th equivalent iret of th stator winding with exitation Tel out Pig 8.178), The othr stor ae gerued lo have balanced polyphase winding. Bach excitation requires a soparnie equivalent rai. TWO INTERCONNECTED SAUENT-POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES RUNNING. AT DIFERENT SPEEDS IFRST APPROXIMATION] ‘Synchronous machines (Fig. 9.18) der trom single-phase selsyns (Pg. 9.17 in tho following rapes: 1 The bate Fregtene fe aro 2 The sgn of» ate iterchangn. 4, The aynshronovs machines have amorteseur windings, 44 The fel meth, in which the de exetatonceaus, i eliminated by impressing zen the common armature mesh '3. Tho b meshes are eliminated in che amatus since alli ave the ‘conjugates of ‘The correct equivalent cru ofthe syst, in which the presence of| ‘ polyphate fal winding ie not assumed, i given In Chapt 11 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF A WIND-TUNNEL FAN ORVE Tel the fan div of Fig. 96 be considered and atthe synchronous ‘motor running atthe lip poe ofthe induction motoe presets aloney, ‘As mentioned at th en of Chaptar 6, the aleneyefert maybe oot ‘dered by assuming in Fi, 0.6 an impedanes adda tothe commonv2 INTERCONNECTED MACHINES oe es . (o cay ese ane el nt) Fo 917, esate ernie as NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF A WIND-TUNNEL FAN DRIVE 173 as © © (0 en pt (9 One matin sd Fo, 018, Two setromor machin tuning a iok ede Unt agro aes joe OMG ones 513938 we pata ane sa Pe ables 9.18, uno empl of ho nikon fa eof Fe174 INTERCONNECTED MACHINES ‘ranch, ss shown in Fig. 9.19. Sinao both buckwaed and forward meshes til be used in tho oleulin, all veltage and currents in Fig, 064 wil be divided by 7 ae indcatd in Fig. Oe, "The fat altoroaiorrooning ut uot pend is sumed to bean infinite ‘bas somected tothe fodeton moar though a te line, with aa i= ppdance t+ 3X, The eonstants of the aystem are given in Table 9. ‘rama 81. Gomera o# «Fax Dae tafste Bes | totueton note | yncrome Mote 30s | r= oo Tele | x= ae Boone | == 302 aoame | = = ois Lunt the ange 8 at some partiular ladon the induction motor be = 50° (at no load § = 0) (lo let the synchronous motor excitation be nga = B= 1296). Let the rotor ofthe synchronous motr be diven| At avsip ¢=t~ 00016. ‘The problem ie to find the curets and Torque of the fo makings. "To ind Use to forward cunts tho vltage equations of the two forward meshes of Pig. 910 axe oot ip. Tho imped volnge on the Sst mel 1.05008 0+ 588030) 9559 4 ard sn that on the second snes is 0888. "The voltage equations of the tivo meshes ere (assuming al erzents as wing in low meshes) 000 + arr = (ouadL 47825)" + ROR” 1806 = 0D" + (OBL + jA.7A5}/7 — j.0878)* In these two comple equations appareny there are three complex ‘unknowns, €, and (29). However, if he equations are rewrtn as Your ral equtions, the mumber of ral tnknowas is four, NUMERICAL EAMPLE OF A WIND-TUNNEL FAN DRIVE ee 0207 + 519s = 030 — josoo Sinco we know the curents the two fxs are By = 0388 — jase Bp = 0347 + 70494 ‘The tonguss ar, hy = 2", T= 00% and, = 0.806 ws+ 10 space HARMONICS SPACE HARMONICS. AS SEPARATE MACHINES ‘All machines hitherto eoneldared have bon assumed to ave tw poles only. ‘That is al estomagnotic waves (current densitios and fx ‘lenstes) bad ‘only one pat ef poles. Although in slient-ple ma ‘hnesthe permeance wave sround the alngap hae vo pats of poles the tigher space monie Seo due co it were ignored "However, the dtebution of eaent in sos, the presence of salient poles, ele, introduce higher spac harmonics ‘of cureat density and flux density waves in each winding, To establish equvaleat colts for thoi stay, 3 wl be earned Uh ach particular sel of apace harms nas in a esprae machine, and sos many separate machines of the ne type have fo be inercomneed aster are space Rermonica fo be on= ier. “These races with identical structure dif, boweves, in ‘ho fllowing respects 1. Fach brs diferent number of pair of pole P 2. Thay are interconnected Usough eithor their stator windings ot rotor windings, of Both. '3 Their design consiant ifr ether by « harmon pitch factor oF by some other factor ‘noe the problem of space harmonics consis ofthe fatereonneton of sera iil machines running o the same sae ond having a diferent number of aie of paler, ‘The eaeaston of the harmon piteh factors not tho subst matter of she prosnt volume. ‘The entation may ‘be found clewhere.* ACHINES WITH P PAIRS. OF POLES "The rvelvingsfeld end ered equivalent circuits of any rotating ‘aching with P pais of pls ar the etme a for ans pur of poles, with the diference tht inte absolute frequen expressions the rotor peed ® 0, Kron, Tenor Asse of Maui, Cale XI, Roscane Caen ot ‘Waning bh Som Wey & Soy Kew Vr, 108 ret wevenon NOVO WHS 7 rb esa + rein srk ef eit dette rst shea a il ms Ass Treen For in 0 weld ered = 28 4 nein’ h aa trea maine = v= 1 for an cight-pole machine (P = 4), Oe Besos "RE ROUCTON MOTOR sts on pt a ig a pn ston Mia BP ad Pp a uc Prse ee Ye Ms Uy Marietta) F tartare : ROE ae hee Kes Fa ne oe 10.1, Tew neon ot in sre ach wth fen uber fp.7 SPACE HARMONIES et tine or be red ae on tthe ed “ni sqft ce sho ng 10. Tow stents eaey Tach he tr vig en "the oor Winding eens in aie i 102), hse nh ator indigent gy Pose es & % a ae 183. 1Bb5 sattathe a re. 142.Teindutonmoteria cae (ath dh ifeet ruber of pl) from a latr o @ rar mech (and wicesera) the obslute frequency dex ‘easel Pointed of XANPLES 10 BE CONSIDERED wel pe esos il ies "The spat harmonic of pbs Induction mor a te mod nosoupiyinvetated subj ch moni, bento of ar ipo {aoe he sty of on lees, oki arg, books ia the spend {Grque evs vbaton, and nub : ‘Sn he harmorics roe! hy xstnt inp sed hare OE Nn PAS OF POLES Do ramf waves ae studid; afterward the adilitinal harmonics due othe stator and rotor lt openings ae ineeoed. ‘Th mulihain iret be dvs ore ely sbale by hand, as sch mesh tobe ein, inated has only one neightor. (The we board nay eo be ted) As apecial coe of slot openings, an eocentsialy spaced rotor and & bent rotor are ale consider. 2. Tho space harmonics of the shaded-pole motor sre quite Inge compared with the fundamental. No study is acoplable thet dows rot aude the influence of seri of the space hamaonis produced by tha ststor windings ‘The space-armonie equivalnt cee of the shaded-ple motor ne duc to those of bnlancod or unbalsnesdinduetion aa synchronous ruchines us pose eases, HARMONICS OF A FOLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTOR We sll consider polypate induction motor frst and assume that the aren i uniform and that sny harmon wave is do tote conoen tration of windings in ota. ‘The sequence of harmonic produto 93 fellows 1 A generated voltage wave produces a eurent wave 2. A eurent producce an mm wave, 23. An mmf produces a Bix wave, 4 A fix produces © generated voltage wave. or the construston ofan equivalns cri i sunt to comer the produetin of earns und fuses only (steps 2 ad), ence in the ‘equivalent ciout dey appear as currents and valkags (eres of Potent), respectively. ‘The intermediary steps of ain ad genera voltage production wil be lef ot, Ghoxgh underatod to exist ‘Two attbutes of ench harmonie wave must constantly bo kept ia ‘ind, namely, the numbe of pl of poles (9. and frequen. PARS OF POLES ‘Th concept of pain of poles will enter whenever a xis rented by ‘coment. Tho ze wil eon the same member es the errant and il have tho same frequency asthe eurreat produsng i, batts ume ‘ber of pats of plas wil be diferent, In partetar (@) Anew fox appearing on the rotor (ong to «exert flowing ix he rotor will have the following pele of pole (op. of 6) = off) +48 01 there Ris the nomber of pol-phase-groups ofthe rotor wining (or the ‘numberof rotor slot) and is any pslive or aegative intoge salad.180 SPACE HARMONICS ing ero, Ta squcrel-cage rotor the number of pole-phase groups isthe ‘sure a the numberof rotor slots 10) A new flax appearing on the aor (owing to © current on the stntoe wll have the flowing pais of poles (op. of 6) = Pp. of 1) +80 102 where Qs the mambar of plo-phaseyroups ofthe stator winding {WE "ABSOLUTE" FREQUENCY ‘Considering next the reverse proces, namely, the eeaton ofa eurent by terest and the or wine digaent mars. t= ‘eB il produce ror euzrent, anda totor Bux wll erste a stator ‘Goren, "The number of aie of polo f th enrent wil be the sane {ehatof the dx ‘The atua requene also willbe the same, provided that the frequency of the eurent i measured with respect tothe same feference frame a8 dot of We Bus. ‘The “sbecate” frequencies node for tho equivalent eet are determined as fllovs: a) A bow current appeaing onthe rar doe tom x coming from tne stator has the following abealato frequency with cespeet to the rotor (Frequency of 1) = (Prequency of 4) ~ (Dp. of ede 1038 whee» is the spend of dhe rtorexpraie as a traction of is two-pole ynctranaus speed (2600 on 60 ete). {@) A now carent appearing oo the ator due to x coming fom the rotor has the fllowing tbacate fequeney with respect to the ater: (Groquenay af L) = (Broqueney of) + (pp. of de 104 [Note the change i eign inthe ast vo formas, THE SEQUENCE OF HARMONIC PRODUCTION "The squenee of produetion ofthe harmon curents and Ruxes 615 tallow 1. Fir stator group, . (@) A fandamental fequeney Fearn ows inthe stator wound with P pales of pols, 1, = Toes (Pr ~f) @ If the number of polophase groups ofthe stator winding is @, the etator uses produced by the above current have the sme fr ques f, but the alts of poles are increased by x (Ea. 10.2), 408 UP + Os — | suMnare aa 2, Feat rotor group. (Bach of these fee produoes in the rotor a current-density wave having the same nnber of pais of pole und the same frequency. or the equivalent cre wil be necenary to expos he reueney ofeach rotor current with respect tothe rotating eonductor, stead of { sasionary frame, ‘Thi “abeoite” frequency ir the el frqueney Gini by etme the pars of poles Ba, 103) so that Ty = Troos ((P + he — F— P+ OE whore» sth two-poe synchronous speed of tho ror. (@) If the numberof squirre-cage burs (or the number of poo-phase- roups of the rotor winding) is, then the rotor fuses proioe by fch of thes rotor surents have te sae frequeney and tho pais of poles are inreasd Ly halt (Bq. 101). 6 = 6,006 [(P +10 + tae ~~ (P+ Qh ‘The frequenay is with rspet to the rotating rotor conductor. ‘2 Seed stator group. {) adh of thon rotor ese produce inthe stator a eunrent-desity ‘wave having the se nb of pats of poles and the same frequency. For the equivalent cirutt the frequeney of the stator current must be expremed ith rxpect to the stationary stator eondutors, This new frequency i th old frequency inowated by times the pairs of poles (104) = @HON+ P+ HOt Rom f+ tae ‘The cureatdenity wave on the sata then T= Toe0s (P+ Q-+ Hair ~ (+ bao) (©) Bach of these eurontspreduess a sree of stator fluxes having ‘he same feuenay, but the ais of poles are inerense by BQ. 8. = 6,05 P+ (bs + BQ + Pate ~ (F~ hal!) 4, Sound stator group, (o) Bach stator fx produces ane rotor ursnt. (6) Bach ne rotor eorent procs aris of rotor faxes, "The groupe may be cuntinud indefinitely SUMMARY 1. The possible pir of poles ace P+ hhQ+ bal 2. Tho possible abaste frequencies on tho stator (with rept to he statonary stator conductor) are f+ ER82 SPACE HARWONICS ', ‘The posible absohte frequencies on te rotor with respect tothe rotating conductors) are f= (P&M). "The spond ofthe fess fund by dividing thei frequencies y their pais of pols, The speed of tus plays no part inthe fllving. ‘The pais of polos are nosed only to dternize tho frequency, whereas the Frequencies ace the only signifcant quatitis to be needed in the eon- steuotion of eqpivatent cuits. Tf equine age a Rx wth any number of pais af poles may induce se voltag, but that isnot trp in a wound stuetue. na winding the ‘nly fr that moy produce a vatage i one that basa numberof prs Gt poles thot the winding itt may preduce. For any older fix the ‘winding appears open-iaultad; noe the chain of circuit Broken ak ‘that point. |A MODEL OF THE SPACE HARMONICS 0 assured that the harmonic fuses having diferent numbers of| pris of poles do at intarfere with each ter, they may be asimed to nist in diferent indtionsmotaestrastues. ‘These motoes ar wound ‘ith lierentnazabere of pate of ples, each containing one at of fone Gamental stator and rotor ourent and fs without harms, Bech ‘motor hae diferent mautual and leakage inductances, aso ressances. (The restanoss are diferent far each motor boease of the skin effect ‘Soe to curents of diferent freqoonciee) AL rotors run, howeves, at the same spend» aod inthe same divecton in which the original motor "The fact tht ane eurentproduoss a sries of faxes is represented | the made by connecting a group of stators or rotas in ses. "These feriorconnesiadstetares have the esmo number of pars of poles ax the hes proiuod by the erent. “k medi forthe frst stator and rotor group of harmonis is own in ig 103. Iti ace for convenionoe that on both eator and rotor tly wo harmonies are produced (ly and fy ssume only the values Dr Et, 1), The vighthand third of Fig. 105 le repeated on Fig. 10.4 hd is continued to nee seeoond stata and rotor group of harmonies "Wen two bamonie fixes have the same number of pars of poles and fhe san fequenty, they are knowa to interact and produce sub- fynehronods ertings. ‘The model doesnot take care of sich phenom fan Howerer, the model doze rprecnt the phenomena when. the foxes preduee ony indueton-motor lorquas (asyuehronous craving). “The inmate problem i to establish ax oquivalent eteit forthe group of indsoton motors on Figs. 108 and 104, ‘A MODEL OF THE SPACE HARHONICS e-ae (ergctie sae mo Sy eee PRONG] ON GN Gems 0-8 (=e (Pam ro, 103. Mod the St lor and re otro aon,3 “sve ja oan sap ang sR eenp pm OAM “Ft ong 2 se a 28-3) eon usar ea pwn eg ow meee eno ‘A MODEL OF THE SPACE HARMONICS ‘eo PA may manne) samme eee 0 oan SU ? SPACE HARMONIES 64OES SSS ST ™™-= 186 SPACE HARMONICS THE EQUIVALENT CUT ‘The equivalent creit of the group of indueton motores etait ‘by assuming, fst, al roars stauonary and then connecting the reruing ‘oavindng transformer (eck trnaformer rereening & maor én ex- ‘aly Hh came mare oe the induction motre oe conte. vault ‘nt network ie shown on Fi, 108. Therolation i taken ar of by di ng each reaitance by the “abolle” frequency of ewe flowing rough that pasticularveitence. Impressed emf ext only in tho mash ofthe ater fundamental cuneat Neidier the speed of uses nor thir pairs ‘of pols enter into the constuetion of te network; oni their sbelate frequenay does. fin the original motor some of the rotor (stator) faxes do not ince ‘vllage in the stator (oor), the eoresponng stator (oto) mesh ie Simply left opencireted. If seme of the fuxzs are to bo ignored (oe faut of hae Ligh numberof pale of pole or ame otber rasan), the oreeponing mtulreactancas Xq ar charred. THE “RULE OF SPEED” IN CROSSING THE ARGAP Ta the construction of spaceurmoaie networks tia worthy to oop in mind the fellowing rae Fg 103): Ta resing the alegep Tron he sator to rotor (and back agua), the teste frequney decrease Gncreasa) bythe rotor peed multiplied by the pais af poles of the airgap reactance X cond ‘The subseript ofeach reecinsoedesrbos the numberof pir of poles. RESULTANT MAPS "The voltage across each hovigotal eal in Fig. 105 vepeeenta an sigup x. ach fx i eased by’ #zeultant rami," eprscatod by {the eurent floving rough the cl "fe should be noted that—jumt es in the primitive network the current flowing trough each Horizontal all ha no phil existence in ‘th induction motor. Only tho veetial carents (thee flowing through ‘resistance or loago indoctancs) ext inthe ote. The horional ures correspond tothe revit mons producing a xin the presence ofthe constant sigsp parmeanoe. (Compare with Fig 86.) ‘The number of pls of ple of each resultant mf subsp of ts X or sand its frequency is found simply by observing the two rastaness through whieh she to somponents of Use mnt (dhe actual cureats)fw~ The denomizator of te tvo resistances se the fegueney af the resultant mint with respect tothe stator and ta tho rotor, ompectvaly. ‘Avan exuinple, near the enter ofthe third Rorizntal lise on Fig. 105 EFFECTS OF STATORSLOT OPENINGS 37 rough th oul Xpyq flows an mmf with P +28 pairs of poles. Ths requeney with respect tothe roar is — Po, Mf, = Teas [(P + Re ~ (f~ Po tnd with respect tothe stator is f+ Rs, Mat, = feos l(P + Rx ~ + Ro ‘This mmf produces with the constant airgap a fax (or the voltage ‘sors Xp.) whose pits of pols an frequeneie are the sme a howe ofthe mnt. FLUXES, TORQUES, LOSSES, AND FORCES “Sus in te standard equivalent cei the ems fx density 8 of ‘eich partiealr harmonies given by the diference of potenti appt ‘ng xoees & mutual reactance X, (and leakage reactance 2). "The Iharmoaie torques ae found by fra analogocs to 10 ‘The total lowes are found by adding up #r loses, ‘The asta re= ‘Sslanocs must he considered without ter denominator, “The harmonic foes ae found as products of the various fue "The frequencies and number of pairs of poles of the fluxes (hens of the reas) are Known from the equivalent sitet, ‘The detailed study of the frees isnot undertaken hee EFFECTS OF STATORSLOT OPENNGS * ‘The eet ofthe statorsot openings (8 in numb) io introduce in audition to the constant airgap pertneance Pa eet of sinusoid por rmennce waves P, = cos kSe. With repost to the ster this se of Demennee waves is stationary, and with repoet to the rotor i rotates” Daslwan with spod » P= P,cos (ke + BSW) "Now, just as each esltant mmf Geizontaleurent) produces af withthe constant penmesnee Peach relat inf wil produce with cach P, two faxes. For instanca, the previouely mentioned maf wave, Manly = Icos[(P + Be — (J + Roy and the fstharmonie stator permeance wave, Py = Py ot Sr, produce to Burs Oa = On c08(P +R+ Se ~ 74 RO a= baciel(? + R- Se ~ f+ Rd ate Hon tin Mot lt Cabin Tranatn of be ABS, al pp. Tg aI, a 188 SPACE HARMONICS “Those fies ave the sume feqoney, whan viewed frm the stator, at ‘the mmf peedusng them Hence, a8 ft ep, th effect of tho staorlot oping io intzor ice double ot of fnduotos in eros with each provios herisoatel Bpamese \ Tel [a {| Eo eae EJ {tage nan! | t (e Secmndary can rece by an impedes io 108, fous far alo opeaiag onan Inductor 1000 o inter estes mn) ‘ho cus en ch evs sols nese by iy we pis or ming Th wage ns ech sl i ac ae Son a, atest tance te nla Cae a THE NEW ROTOR CHANS OF HARHONICS 19 THE FREQUENCY OF SLOT HARWONICS Since @, the number of ple use groupe ofthe stator winding, ian integer mille ofthe stator slots, it will be found that these new fluxes all have the same numberof poles ea have sme ofthe peevios ‘us that lie along the same horizontal Ene. ‘The alt openings ine ‘ce no new aise pole into a msacine with lance windings, “rever if the frequency of the “slot-opening” faxes considered ‘hese frequmeies wil bo found to be of diferent typo from those af the previo, “eonstan-airgap” oxen Tn parila, i wll be found hat he ures due othe ator openings hae diferent frequen with respect ote rotor rom toe of he reltant om’ producing them With ‘espect tothe stator both mami's and fas have the sume frequenles {even though diferent pars of ple). 1, should be reid thst the consautsrzap Suxes have the seme ‘ogueney with respect to boch stator and rotor asthe realtant mts roting tha. As an example, the previously mentioned mmf hes the flowing two forms with respect tothe oto ad etton,reapuctively Ming # 1 eoe((P + Re ~ (f— PH Me © Teas (P+ Rye ~ (f+ Ro Consering with repent tothe stata it 4a = On cus? +R Se ~ + RO) 1 has she same frequency asthe mmf producing i, But with respect. to the rotor the sane fine - $1 = $n 600 (PER Be — (+R) = (P+ B+ Sp} = ou 008 (PARE Se =F +5) ‘This frequeney dies tr that ofthe resultant mint, which ff — Pe, THE NEW ROTOR CHAINS OF HARMONICS ‘When one of these stator parmeance faxes cuts the stator winding, thore exists slrsady an maf of the ome frequency to support the Bx. “However, when sich a fix euts the rotor, thee exits no mf of the same frequency to suppat the fix. Hence « nw oar carent fo, Dhaving dhe same pairs of poles and the same Eroqueney as the ux ext ting it, Ir = Leon (P+ R$ Sx ~~ (P+ SoH)199 ‘SPACE HARMONICS “Expresed in another manner, eck permeanes fue i produc by hr Akseentcurvete inte of tu. This tied eutont ise rotae eee {forthe statorsot-opening fi). "This addons curent start in a wake a new chain of karmonia, ss shown in Fig. 1066, Each of tho now seeonday ohains may bo re. placed by an efleotive impedance, as shown in 106 THE CHAIN WREDANCE ‘Tho resultant equivalent creit for one set of statorslo-opening ‘armonies (= +1) is shova ia Fig. 107. Tt loka the eine as Fig 108, wih tho difference thatthe original reactance include the eflet of {he satorsiot opening, in addon to the constant sega, ‘Considering the chains stared by the coils on ery olker horizontal lin (hose ‘Ving between meshes marked “stator” abow them and “Sota” bl tha), thes chsns erespond to alroudy-exsing chins tong the seme horisntal in, ‘The eine starting on the oer linea have their eorrespondenoe only wo levee lower. Tei posible to aseume that only pet of these secondary harmonic ‘uss reaches the rotor and stare a new cn, ‘The remaining pars of the seondary Mixes apenas leakage as shown in Fig 1.1 hese secondary harmonies are entirely igored, then the new slot-opening ‘eaciances appear merely aa lekage reotanes, as shown in Fig 1060, ‘and may be grouped together with thecrginal onstan-irgap eactanee ECCENTRIC ROTORS ‘A special ease of o statoralot perenne Is an singap permeance prods by e rotor pled parmanenty off enter. An airgap permo- lance With one pai of poles and sttionty fn space appeas (as If the ‘tor hd one large sot). Whon the fundamental maf as P pits of Doles cos (Pe ~ 7), tha two lis ate coa[(P + 1)z — fl) and eae IP — ep Bach fax haw « dfoentfrequeney with respect to the sore. "When P is asumed to be two or lager, th fo se due 2th ror xen, én genera, do nl geueral alge esate, ut aly in the squer-age rotor Hee in this respect th enivsont. eit rust differ from Hig. 107. "The fet of te stator mma on the predetion of a fux that doesnot react bck ie analgons to the eect on the production of am aig ax by the de eattaion of synchronous machine. Hence in analogy £9 Fig. Oe the equivalent cnet of Fig. 108 eatublbed. AB fur a8 the seria concerted, Fig. 108i similar to Fi. ¥ 2 ECCENTRIC ROTORS Spore ae 191 "a 107, xia citf hares ining alr Sa pened192 SPACE HARMONICS ie ve ‘ra 198 Pop ndaton mata ith ute lor HARMONICS DUE TO ROTORSLOT OFENNGS ‘Te effect ofthe rotorsot opening it analogous to tht ofthe stato lot openings. Each multant man, sich ust, produces with the ‘tor slot opanings a seris of fuses with P+} It-+ Ke pais of pos However each of these fies asthe same fequency with respect. to the rolar asthe munf producing it Po. Sadr nf Rani to ak pangs ‘These foxes excite boginning with the sae, a second set af stan ny chin of harmonica, a down i Fig 109. eur ROTOR SHAFTS ‘A epoca caso ofa rota permeano ia permanently beat ror. An angap parmeance vith one pair of poles appears which rotates with the rotor "Though the resulting fuses out the stator winding asthe fist sto in anys HARMONICS DUE TO THE COMBINED PERNEANCES 193 the chain predustion, neverthcles in winding with P pats of poles (Pie two or mor) no voltages with Ps 1 pir of poles aro generated ence these faxes only acta lekage fuses, without stating chain of armani HARMONICS DUE TO THE COMBINED PERAEANCES TBecaus of the eneisoce af both stator and rolorslt openings, Peo coskySe and, = cus (er ~ halt) 4 thin sot of ssoondary harmenic pameancor appears representing their product, Pex cosl(hS + SR ~ bas ‘Aguin enc resultant samt wave, such 8 Mot, = oa (P+ Be ~ (f+ RO roos with each of those parmeanas fax wave = COP + Rt hyS + BeBe — + Ro ~ Bo {All he above fequences are with respect to the stator) However, th fremency of the furs i not the same as Ue frequen of (he mm producing the fey, either with repost ta the stator ot with Boman Hyrmen Bremen Kp oe AC, (Ca 5. Tt) ‘io IN10, Taepn ei of barman io combed st opel respect to the rotor. (Lt shouldbe rwaled thst the fequenny of fuses dun to Pais the same asthe frequency of the mn producing the Haves ‘with meapeet to the sar, wherens the frequency of faxes due to, ‘tho samo as that of Ube mms with respect to the rotor) ‘As then fines out the stator and rotor, tay ect & new chain of Aarmonies (ig, 1010), which, however, do nl ee! upon the mont producing then, ‘Tho orginal eswork of Tig, 107 fact Infuonoat by fhe chain of harmonics of Pig 10-10, and Uh netirol ancl nay be solved independently ofeach otter.94 SPACE HARMONICS ‘The ssymmetrical mutual Inductance #X is rpresnte in the sume tanner atin Fig 103, encept that now agymmetiity exists with re Sect to the roior mm els. ‘OF course, the Buses of igs. 107 and 10.10 do interes in producing foracs and nose. Also, it mist be remeinbere than sibeynehronous cravlings the two independent sete of networks do interact. But the ‘Sud of such ay interaction is ouside the spe of this bok. {THE NETWORK CALCULATION. In calculating the overall netork, the lowes evel of mates ia Fig. 107 should bo solved Rest Then ts now impedance may bo insert into the paalel chain imgedanes along the ine immediately above i fr to levels higher tp. ‘The aame stop ae speatad wth enh lve Freee, in pie ofthe exstnco of secondary ehnig its sufi to nv a network ofthe type in Fig 105, in which each secondary chain is replaced hy a pale ipedanoe, "Tho parallel impedance ie found ss bycpodet ofthe overall calulation snot as extra calculations SPACE HARMONICS OF THE SHADED-POLE MOTOR ‘Slnee in a shaded-pole rotor (Fig. 6182) the stator mi wave | non-sinusoidal, tbe stator harmon a's produce, in cooperation with the nonsniform aiegap reuotaots Xa atl Xn, ies of Very Tange slngap fixes with P, BP, SP, 7P ee, pats of poles, Thoxe hemonic ‘io 10. Intecioncon of te ada lotr hein P,P, a Pps ‘fe ‘gap Shes ll ee independent ofthe angle of sf of the ebaded coil, It the motor is replaced by ea equivalent gpli-phase molar with wind- Ings at ght angles, ‘Hach of thee fuses cuts te rota, predusig init.» enrent-density| snd flucdensty wave having the same numberof pir of ples us the SPACE HARMONICS OF THE SHADED-POLE MOTOR 195. stator flux originating them. ene each shaded-pole motor ray be Toked upen a consitng of sverl motors with a diferent number of ‘ais of poles, whos stator windings are connect in series (Pig 10:11). ‘or eich motor an equivalent eait may be developed, sing ether the eros or the revalving-fold rernce frames. Ta these motors {or each space harmon the falling properties apy: 1. The rotor resitanee ry and leakage vaclanaes sy difler by the facta by ig? wt where Bis tho nth emoni pita fata. 3, Th mua impedncs Kau td Tay by By and ah by ul 2, The stator lenkago impedancas (fnetione af the angle of shift) Aifer by unspcied amount shat depend on the patil design itr eee Se ee je ed : sss (0 ome Damkwena (Uy Aragon er gue mone x Hs = j i or 70 —— isi Ma ee 1 say # xa Lea (9 Oona Rete tat (0 dating sat om or was Mia 1012, Ranangemen of ig 518seth Toresbet ip Sp SPACE HARMONICS OF THE SHADED.POLE MOTOR 197 ee « ae od F014, Rent eof bade mer hig harm ‘co Bl heroO We SPACE HARMONICS 4. The rotor spats» dior by P. In order to beable to connec: the stator windings of th equivalent deus in sere, is necessary to renerange the cious of Pigs. 5.18 fd 6:20 in ovo successive stops. (@) Taig. 10124 the oanguration ofthe coll of Fig. 5.20 changed (ig, 5.19 slate unchanged). @) In Fig- 10.128 somo of tho sator meshes of oth networks are ‘aout from the rtcr meshes by th use of ideal transforma. ‘Now dhe lator eels are ray’ tobe eaneete in series, ae shown in Figs 10,9 and 10.14, Tho resltant netor gvo the faadamental snd harmonic rotor eurnis and torques at shen. Téahould be eo: lnly nota thut no quality in he harmoniereches depends on the engle of afta. Tais angle influences ony the lator eritances ana lange SOIUMION OF THE NETWORK "The network Fig 10.14 of the erased theory is mae adaptable for uetiel esleslation. In pavtielar: 1 All quadrature-ace meshes of the color may be eliminated in succession by a simple mosk-tar transformation. 2. Tn the romaining network each transformer may be replaced hy a single mutual ool 5 All dzecbaxia meshes of the rotor may be elininaod in susesson simply by replacing two paral mopedanes by a single impedance. "With i above simple cope the harmonic netork i reed bo two smashes en. “The amonies may ako be calelaed in an apacinete manner, by solving fret forthe fondamental exrrents wit the aid of the orginal mpleuetvorks of Fige 519 and 8.20 and then sng thee currents to “lve forthe harmonie caren and es ‘SPACE HARMONICS OF INDUCTION AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES ‘The fundamental equivalent siete (Fg. 6.19 and 8.20) of the shadod-yole motor reduce to the equivalent cieute ofall unbalanced for olatend induction end synehrocone rushines a¢ ape cans. A similar station arises inthe presence of speceharmenic waves i the aloe, The pucoharnanie equivalent cele of Fige 1013 and 10.4 loo reduce to those ofall types of balanced or unbalanced induction ‘nd eyachronous machines a special aes. Betaune of the zaity of their use no dial analysis undertaken her. 11 TIME HARMONIcs ASYMMETRICAL STATOR AND ROTOR STRUCTURES ‘Inall machines considered upto thie pint, i wa aeumed hat either the stator structure o the rotor stueture had balanced windings. That 5s in all machines the resisanars anlage reacmcey Were eure {o be the same along the d and q ates on either te elie stator rma tars yetonos machines oro th ee retort oan ‘Similan, when satonary networks ware connected to th baad portion of an unbalinced machine Geto the slp rings of intion ‘motors oF trasnisson ns to the eratars of eyneonos machine), they alo were assumed to be belanoed two-pass uotworts, oreo, ‘when several machines running ateifferent speeds ere Intecconnenal, all structures had to be hlanood esoept ane (the two single phase ‘elgg out of syuahroniem, Fig 17), ‘When both strutars ofa single machine are unbalanced, an inte mur of kine harmonic appear én the chale sytem, ping now Sinusoidal eeslieat curente in time, even though th impress Wolt= ‘ager ar sinusoidal in time. ‘The mor familia example of nasil ‘machine which is now-sinisoidl even dung sty sat, i the sage ‘age alierator. Other examples are siping indetion wotors oper Sted singlepes on both stator and rotor, unbalanced feta ot tpn hres machin a ast short ets of yeaa ad ROTOR REFERENCE FRAMES ATTACHED TO THE STATOR et the esuivalnt cicuit of che pxiitive indution machine bbe reproduced on Hg. 71ta, -Atention i called to the fast thas bosnuse the sittor windings are unbalanced (ua # ru) anf ‘urrent induces a b voltage by moans of the unbalanced ylus of the impelaners (a1 ~ 4n)/2, ete, tbat appear in the coraan bat {he stator windings were balanced, the coraon branch ithe ator ‘Wold be as bare of impedaness asthe rter conto branchro tha (Sues Sth aE fa ‘Toon fl te pine incon mate ie ROTOR REFERENCE FRAMES ATTACHED TO THE ROTOR 201 1 sould leo be noted that in tho stator both £ and mestes have the samo absolute frequen f, whereas inthe rotor the aad b meses Ihave diferent absolute frequenles. In parses at mesh pense an J— 9 abeolte frequency only, and its corempendng binesh (with 1+ abeoiute frequency) Is missing, Deane the rotor seucte is ‘smooth and bs balanced windings Simiely, in the rotor only 8 B imesh is asovated with the abuoltefroqueney f+ Itscorespond. ing {mesh is missing forthe sete reasons DEVICES TO INTRODUCE ROTATING REFERENCE PRAMS In interconnecting several machines, rotating reference frames have bbon introduced by the device of changing the base frequency f (ee frequeney slong the eferene frame sautnad) from the slate feseney 44 the oto foquenes fs = f— wand fra = f + 5 king te olues o the able frequencies unchanged. A variable pie shite wa lsd ‘eed to emphasize the change in the bas equate, but its prsence ‘vas not mandatory, ‘Now a new device wil bo intrducd to inate the introduction of rotating referents frames. Tastesd of empiasiing the appearance of new base frequencies he rtf and b sth wil Be rerranged ah { manner that et off and b meshes, denoting a eto rotor physical ‘efoience frames, hoald have intial absolute fequenie, ROTOR REFERENCE FRAMES ATTACHED TO THE ROTOR et ite essed thné tho tvo physical reference frames associat with ebe rotor are not stationary ia space but are rigidly tached to the roto structure. When the rotor rotate, the bo fetangular ate, to be denoted hy a and 8 also rotate. In torghise wound rotors and represnt the atual ter windings (his previous writings the author denoted these a aad physisal refoence fames by a and stg the earreponding tera anor ste denote by a ,€. Howeror, the letter banedy bas bon tener in this book for the backward aor and the leer a fr the amare, Since ti we of and f has boon customary in aynehroneusnachine literature for these same physial frames, that wsugo wll be adopted howe aloo, Nevertheless, itis objetianle to use both Roman and Grok letters to denote physical reference. tes of the same nature) In connection with this now sat of rotor plysical reference frames, and 6 ti posible to introduvo a st of hypotetialsoquenoe wars ‘nd b, which ate not senieat wit the previous sequence sus f ad ‘soci with the stationary physical aus and202 TE HARMONICS FREQUENCIES ALONG THE NEW FRAME ‘Along he pgs reference frame d and q (tached to the sar) {he bane freieny of rota crete eb lng he piss rane and (tached tothe oor)and elo in thea flee windings “there exis to diferent Ye fpuensie of ror ean, f= f— Ajo = JF 0 once oo of physi azs cond mayb acd tothe rt, ne ety fo fa ference le (ea) fr the ‘Pec ‘Now oh oth snr arto Ihe Bae een a i th ee (e appearance fey on he tr ad to tegen cn te rotor selena Hn the freeey sigs oma pres in the ect oor wings [lng Bl nead of the all tor ‘intng the ol of eguencer woot have been lerhange bates ‘ste aa sine vibe cs ey) ‘hosted ith the to ste of rotor phys esate tro aie sequen seu of th foo wut bo) eat sah ie Jaf Irueay carn, oni one ex the formant mesh ‘hs, ofthe to a J gmey gene sb) ony fo ‘card meth, oe ‘The to segues sea ae keg, be or che wo star ndings aad re olanced winds, an fore ‘ard curt of any fete does noe gente bask eter the aoe runny, and vee Yen EQUVANT CRCUT ALONG THE NEW FRAME summa, the ld point of view scutes the fan, oor sme to oes of satay tor pe tad Sy tac! tothe sar sire. On the oer han, th no alto Seat eh et nny hel tor abd Baving on J» reqney fred curently wi a bectward cmpenat mize, Sill by me abut { sesond we of pi auc idly attached th reo and having tof ee ean bstrd cast nly, witha ecard compen “Tu abow theme pun of vw ato egal ut he tar vac in Fig 2-18 be merely Sippel over hy interchanging the te Ienage recite ith she ba concn anh, a town in Pig 11 ew ar sre to a smooch ter, noting at tho [efoquncy fx mech hs no oomepanding beh ad thatthe 4 tfrequue be mea ba po earespundiag fms in ho proses ‘fr bland or ne of ming ‘Th change a pola vew reence frame) erly esrnges he sebvoxk configuton without changing the valu ofthe npednces UNBALANCE IN THE ROTOR WINDINGS ONLY 208 or the absolute fecuencis. ‘This rearrangenen wil fcitate the into dution of tie harmonies, THE BASE FREQUENCIES Tn the prone of rotting rotor frames tha are three bas froqden- cies, wamolys fn Jr, snd fa. ‘Tho relations betneen them are fy = Av vend fa ™ fete. In the equivalent cient of Fig, Hib there fare ao three diferent absolute frequencies (the denominaior of 7 ‘and e), Those absolute Iruencis may be express elles Sn borne ofthe stor bat requeney f= 2s itis nein Fig 1110, orn ere of any on ofthe other base frequencies, ot in terms af all thee bane Sreaencis, as shown in Fig. 1 eIn the rst af the bok te setts frequencies will be express always in tcns of enly be of he base Sequences, usally that ofthe stator inpemec-valagefreony. 1s should be noted that, if wn frequency voltage ia impress tho ‘actual oor winding, instead of i tho stator, the dstbation of sbatute {reauencis in the equivalent ctu ie diferent from the tnebution that exists when the same ffequency voltae i press in the ata tor windings. Hence iforent equivalent circut wil have to be sed deponding on whether the / frequency voltages ae impose fn the actu sntor windings (long d 9) or in dhe acta rotor windings (along, 8). ‘When ll abotute frequencies are expres in terms of oly ane bso froguenay J (and several velocities), the equivalet het. represents to te transient Behavior f the machine o group of machines Simply by replacing the sna by —j, as shown in detll in Append T UNBALANCE I THE ROTOR WINDINGS ONY Let it be asumed now tempormily tht in an induction mtr the stor windings are bulaneed snd the stator stractare sth, te Weir pee Int the rotor windings a and be uabulenced and tthe Yotor structure have slincy. In thie ea8e yy is diferent Irom rang sleo pr fore from a; eb Tn analogy to the unbalanced aloe swings, the diferenes (ra — ro)/2, (es ~ tun) /B ete, appt Jn the common branches of Fig. 11.2 that previously were bare. ‘ene the mixing brand fz rotor muses reappear onthe root, a shown i Aig 12 However, thee missing rotor meshes are coupled othe stator through the sirgop reactanoes Xz; hen, in the stator alee, to new mares sppesr. Jutta previously tho te f frequency stator mste induced in the stor f~ v and f+ «frequencies, how the two fv frequasey rotor meshes must indus in the stator (f—#) —e = fe and04 Tie HARMONICS T= +0 J frequencies. Similaly, the two f+ »frequoney rotor urents must induce In the stator j++ 8) —v =f and U8) 49 = + Be frequencies, a shown in Fig 122 Ast sator alana and is emoahy the praducion of harmonics ops ats elope andthe equivalent eroit of ig. 11.2 sa alfomtained system, mpreenting « balanced, amooth stator with é,q ses tod 4 Pre 1.8. Now rns fucton matie ator ble, to vbaased (roving id tn. salnnt-pole unbalanced rotor with a, B axes. Although the crit cone tins sition mashes split ap ito independent gone cae at its center horizontal line. In one eieat euly postive ator voliags tx bs imprssed, in th other enly 6 noglivesnquctes voltage ay, both of fundainental frequent Otter siator and rotor voltages may be simultaneously impressed cly if their absolute frequencies ae th sume ae the abeolte fee: is ofthe eoreepanding mecha in the exhvaent exalt POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH UNBALANCED LOAD ON ITS. pOTOR A mpcial case of the primitive induction machine is « polyphase duction motor (a motor with Unlnoed stator windings) wher lp ings are connected to an wnelawed load (tht tay include also & OVYPHASEINOUCTION MOTOR WITH SNGLEPHASE ROTOR 205 apace). ‘The equivalent circuit i shown {SUP J exsatin exits ely onthe stator "Oa he ap ner var ~ 0 frequency veltage nay be ips, Fis 113, Tula Intute wots wih ela! ay a should be especially noted tha the wnbulaned potions ofthe ond ee te Bary dvd by the same shslteSrequaay} 9 a fa 8 the belanced portion vy. That lyon bath nas of por ‘Hon the some absolute rguenies must extn ode edo ‘on old gneae a bakard erento th ume ope POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH SINGLE-PHASE ROTOR itovth the eaivaln: drcls of Figs 11.2 and 11.3 contain ely208 TINE HARMONICS actual rotor winding x msng, the common ror bowch bine oper Crete, oF shown i Fig. 11.4 fora polyphase éndsction moar with "ie 1.4, Polyps nd mtr wih gle pe, sigan rr. hey rr or tae ins ee Pgh sacar “olen fc dest sng a «aa in the tmgee etn fo tn cmt By sal By ane wey BOVE the open Bg ens ths ‘TWO FOLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS (SESYNS) 207 pensive wolae along, axis 9) is found tobe the iference baron Byand By by means of By = —3(B, ~ 2) 3. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE WITH BALANCED ARMATURE For « synchronous macho with balanced armature an analogous | irouit spies (Fig. 1.8). "Now th armature reerncr anes ave nd | snmacted othe armatre, Also, exltaton exis only on the artatare, rosie malin, (Armatre ros tee coed tthe ‘mata Buco on rare ‘This nebwork with two independent cious dental with the two cirouit of Figs, 6.74 and Be. ‘Tha diference lis only inthe value of the impresed freqneney. Tor Us roqueney of tho pitive sequence voltage ef, whereas n Fig. 67a it was —» for! 9). Hose the frequency of the negstivesequanes voltage oy i sill, Whesas ia Fig. 67Be it vasf0 (oe 1 4), ‘Note the change in sig of in Figs. 13 and 11.5, | TWO FOLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS {SEISYNS) WITH UNBALANCED | LOADS RUNNING AT DIFERENT Spetos Let two induction motors with balanced stator windings man at ai ferent. speeds un et the lad bettoen them be unbalanced (Fgh 0.15208 TUNE HARMONICS 6. Two pyran indtion notrs eh tla ode rong ifn pote UNBALANCED STATOR AND ROTOR STRUCTURES 209 ‘and 11.6). Ta the indapendent zeit withthe forward emt impresed, aie found by equating the to intereonnestd olor equencee j=» and Ja — vs The entation gives Ja = fy — % + In the independ font eteuit with the Inekwaed et impiesad fi = fs +n ~ ‘A separate network is needed for ash mschine exclation. Cv =» = ethen both excitations may be appliod onthe samt network, (ONE STRUCTURE SMOOTH, THE OTHER UNBALANCED All eases consiered in his chapter hitherto gould have bes analyz ko without the interpretation of the rotr reletence frames simply by using the standard equivalent ezwuts of Chapter 3. By impressing in the standard circuits only a forward or any «backward voltage with ‘bus frequoney of f— vor» (asta of ), the equivlenteeuita ‘resented Uhus far in this chapter epulé have bee found alo. However, the seinterpreation of the epeod of the rofor physical teferenoe frame hes introduced the concgpt of iran of uo prim ive network difering trom enh other oaly in abel frequencies The foundation hat been thereby lsd to interelate in a logical manor seoel prinitive networks and thereby to sasume «machine with uae balanoe in both ite stators rotor [UNBALANCED STATOR AND ROTOR STRUCTURES ‘Returning to Fig. 11.2, with te eight sea, lat tbe assure that the stator windings are also unbelanted.Hotwever, the slcney may be ‘tana either on teeter oly or onthe a oly, bt wa on bath ste fuze, a8 a double saieney would into eorapliations into, the ‘equivalent cient on denoting the airgap resetanees slong the verti) branch Xo Xue (Although Uhre room inthe omtnon branches for Xing ~ Xug td Nag ~ Xe 0 Foam efor bth Xn sd Xow in the verted branches, unless either the saleny is restricted to oe member, or the oguivalnt oie generalised sil further) ‘When the ststor windings are usbalsnood) the mooth common branch on the stator equivalent ere contain difereace impodances end the imistng stator fg mesh with f~ 20 fequency reappears. At the seme ime the mising stator by mesh with f+ 2 fequencis aio reapoest, asshown in Fig. 1L7.. Now, that both # and b meshes of (f 2) fre eney ext ot the stor, they inde in the eotor two eucent, ene U2) +0 f—o froquaney aed another vith [f-— 25) — =~ Be troqueney210 TIME HARMONICS “ebing ld two. THE UNBALANCED FRIMIVE INDUCTION MACHINE 211 THE UNBALANCED PRIWTIVE INDUCTON MACHINE REVOLVING-FELD NETWORK fhe dition of stator and rotor meshes is continued by inreasing and dcresing thsi absolute frequency with », the equivalent eiruit of tho untlansed primitive iaduetion machine of Fig. 117 is finally tablished, For the unbalanced syrelvnous machine » and B change sins. (Amun it shou bo not dst tho ssieney may occur icher on the stator fain Fg. 1.7] or on the rotor (sin Fig. 112), but act on bot) Jn the equivalent etclt of Fig. 1.7 ig assumed that a voltage off froqueneyisimpresed on the afr enly. Homert, i may well be thas the vltage of the f frequency is impreted on the rior only. Ther ther all fs in Fig 1.7 are seplased ty f~ v (or ++»), a2 the role of stator aud rotor are simply interchanged. Th genet lr mpresed oliags require w separate epiealent eel fom those of the alr im ‘bres olge, ules te frequen ofthe to cele of Volage asa the sitolute frequencies dictated hy the equlvalent iva For ine stance, in a doubly fed industion ator, whote stata exited by anf Sroqueney forward voltage and its slip sings onthe rotor are exit hy ‘asp frequeney, f —, forward vltage, both voltages may be impresed Hmultaeously an the same near, In the primitive euitaent circuits of Fi. 11.7 th dination been Stor and rear hae disappeared, ax bah sructres hate he same form af ammon branches contining the difeence bern wnequal impedence, ‘The stator and rotor fer only in nbeolts frequencies, oving to ho loctton of the impressd voltage, OF sou, the beste requencs ‘nay be express it isso desl, in terms of te froqueney other than thes ofthe sstor fy =f ‘We slould be noted thatthe valu ofall eectanot is identia in all Jburmonie meshes and that only the reetances vay from oe hacmonie to the ater, ‘Whatever special eases were established from the balanced primitie network of Bg. 2.1 while the vavios types of induction, synchronous, ‘nd commutator machines and thei intaraneston were coniderod, ‘the same spoil cases apply tothe more ganerl wrbalanced prime setworks of Big. 1.7 OF cour in practice the need for cotideraton of harmon currents i le frequent and less ureont, ‘No crowed ein circu wl by dvopad se his bof machines ‘boving unbalaned stator and rotors, sei Ki, “Brunt Cl of a Pint Machi with ayer) ator a Rote” row of ts AUS Va Oh p28, THTMe EEE EET 22 Me HARMON THE HARMONIC TORGUE CALCULATIONS “The various barmonie torques are established by the frm of| Chapter 4 without any change. Conidering the case of Fig. 1.7, where only the llr ised he oaltant rotor currents re Fm ipl Hid tid inaed + Be ipa Fie tires bined + Similar exprossons apply #o the resultant rotor ux densities "The eum-requaney torques, by Ba, 47 Py = EBB, “Leaving out the indies, tvo auch prcets have to be formed as Tym ot rant tet ge tirnae bo) (oF Braet Bt Brg Brgoe be) 2 ‘Table 1.1 rou the products according to the mm ofthe abecrpt, repinsenting the torque frequencies. ‘raw 111. SouFmngner Tomsens Bem Bn Bie Bia wow | vow | oe we | oy [ae a [ore [ae yee | vee | are “Tho table shows what iemonie erent and fuses should be mul Lipid together to get the harmonie targuce of th sume frequencies For insane, Uh 27+ 2 Sroqueney torques are Targay = sane HBr iene ns Bach expresin ia eomples number "The diference frequency torque is found by Ea. 48 T= eB, 4 By ua THE HARHONIC TORQUE CALCULATIONS ns “Leaving out the indins, wo such prodets are formed as Toe Ota Oat Mie na te) (ot Byaet Byoet Beet Bagge to) 15 ‘Table 11.2 groupe the products assuring tothe diference of the sbecrns, representing the Logue frequencies ‘Dinu 1.2 DupzaevoePaeaoeeey Tongs na| 6» |» | = | © By allowing and B to assume the superscripts for b, as given by ‘Bye 47 and £8 all the harmon tarquea may easly be determined ‘complex numbers, 77+ 37". ‘The pele va ofthe urnone torque ingiven by Ba 40; Dyan — VPP ERP us et it nest be asumad shat the f fequenay voltage has bee in pressed on the rotor lip rings only. Then te roles of he water aed rar ‘ar simply iferchanged, an in th rote even frequency (2s) exeents tnd voltages appeer or the frequency of tse sla tables may be etablhed In particu, ‘Dome 1 Box Fmguer Tonnes vn | aoe | yw | ym | ow « fae ee |e fae "apace | wl aes | ae jue| [orem | wee | veeaa TIME HARMONICS ‘Tan t14 DureseeceFweaosecr Tonovss Pre Boe Be Bat r=» |e |» | * nl Ihe fraquoncien of torques are the sme in te reins of 6 lor or tor eccietion. However, the combination of the harmon exrents ‘and fose is diferent or the tv eases, tt aboulé be orale hat, f Use trae frequency comes out # eae tive number (ike 2: for j-aeBj), then. the frequency must be tnade_ postive by taking tho ecojugate of the torque (namely, S00) {HE PHYSICAL REFERENCE FRAMES OF THE TINE HARNONICS ‘nthe tolonce primitive induction machine the physial reference ner dand q ore stationary it pace on bath stlae and rote. Along ‘hese pin! ane ll etator and rater qusntses have fandameatal f Ionics Asovisted with these stationary phys axes O80 Bypo- ‘Hosta fo and by anes seuno®” oF spin’ ast) are intotved, lon ‘whic the oguvaient cent quntitis are expres "The question now ace: What are the prio! exes along which the ‘harmonie mforenae snes ofthe revlving-fald network of Fig, 17 are expres! ‘Gonsiering the to sts of eltor mates bordering the sw sats off sroguaney mesos, the we fod has f+ 2 frequencies, to upper B Ineah has j 2efrequence. Henn, the dani physica refroce rams, {Sh whih they re asta, mua be rotting with Betsy with venpet {othe satiny eater. (Te i, the relive velocities Beton the ator condutors and tho rforence axes most be 2) “Th nen to herding ttshes have the sume to frequencies, With {and b interchanged in fequancee. ese they are associated with fovo phyieal axes rolaflng with ~2 velocities. ach evo of the bor ‘dering stator meshes eorteepond in encoosion to axes otaing with (ind Slo veloticn wih rapect to the stator, and s0 on, through all fom Yloctis ‘WE HOIoNOMG™ mEEOKE ME 218 Withee othe ating fan hr have ane frequencies. “ THE "HOLONONIC™ REFERENCE FRAME In tho deivation of Fig. 1.7 it was astmed that, onthe rotor, dhe ‘ondamental tt of frames wae rgilyennnested tothe rotor stele mas sage : {pe po 4 fm ae "The =I ‘ e we te fe se Ht hw ie 1.8, Holoomie rely races lene all other rotor froqnencos lifer ngsin by 2s only. ‘Their refer ge fame rota wih do eles wih eect t the rotor Fig. 11.8 ‘This fundamental ystem of reference frames (the stator fame rigidly ceonnested ta ator, andthe rotor frame vighly connected tothe rotor) ‘as origimlly introduced by Maxell218 TIME HARMONICS Ine damien of te hey fat machi wih ste St he dyna patos of Lopangn (et Balog, it wets lames Bane sale te loo” aes = THE "NON-HOLONONIC™ REFERENCE FRAME ‘Since the basic network of Fig, 11.7 eantains only abelut frequen ‘en thor is nothing to provent the intedvtion of vo other types of ‘ference free T Te may be assumed that tho fundamental rol reforone axes are also ecnnestd sgl to Ue stator and thatthe rotor harmon refer= i ite i) i pe soa I = a te I Tey be Ta), a io m L fot a | on © (eRe cect toate —— Ry cd te THE “RULE OF SPEED" IN CROSSING THE AIRGAPS 217 eases aly roate with Bu velocity with respoct to the lator This ‘ssoumption simply groups the rotor muskes ax shown in Fig, 1.0. 2 However, it ray, also bo assumed tht the fusdanatel stor ‘vforence frame is rigidly connestd to the rotor aod that the haemonic ‘stator frames rotate with 2 wit reapet tothe rotor. ‘The new gro ing ie shen in Fig, 1.9, “This lst type of reference fram, ia connoston with th synchronise rmachine, was originally introduced by Blondel (tho “terreetion”™ theory). Ia dynamies both types are called “non-holonomic” tele ‘ence frames. FREELY ROTATING REFERENCE FRAMES Accepting the above two non-holonmle point of view, itis posible ‘assume tht the fundamental reference ane are wot eonaodted Fgly to the stator, nor othe rotor, but that ll rotate together rely at sme arhteary speed, say atthe speed ofthe press fee ‘By ass ing thet this trensformation to the new sped as accomplidhed by means of a phase site with ange, having been pushed through the hoe network, el able foyuncen i the fmeshe einreased by oy dnd in the b mest by ~ry (ot Fg 9.5). ‘Ofcourse, this ehange inthe vale of the sped ters i accomplished atthe expense ofthe base frequency f, and ao the mm of fan all» (amely, the absolute fequeney)renaits unchanged ia each ech Henoe the arimitie equaled ict of ig. 117 #8 sl feral four aie types of reference frames of Tale 4.1. The type of fame seus oternives only the graapings ofthe meshes (Figs: 118 end 119) and he groupings ofthe frequencies. The epusalen! ect remains foot int er the four Ayres of physical tranaformation ofthe reference frome, THE "RULE OF SPEED" IN CROSSING THE ARGAPS {In constructing \ime-harmonio equivalent sitet for ingle mschines for several intereornostod machines it worthwhile to keep ia ad the following rule, whic isa spodal sas ofthat given in Chapter 10 ig. 11.10} In oressing the ang from stator to rotor and back agin, the abao- Jute freauenty inreases (or decreas) by the rotor speed for sh rssng, The sro speed reerence occurs on the stor fel side ofthe gap, because cf the exiteson, As 8 rest, al stator harmonies ae even products of» an ll rotor ‘harmonies ae ed produte of»a SINGLEFHASE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH SINGLEPHASE ROTOR 221 se SSINGIEPHASE INOUCTION MOTOR WITH SINGLEPHASE ROTOR ca In starting or rversing polyphase a-ring induction motors, it i ‘ccsionally happens that both statar an rotor ate operated ingle a hese. Assuming the satorq axis and the rotor axis winengs open, ‘the coman horizontal branches of Pig. 1.11 on the Stor end Tats boone open ciel (Pig, 1.12), since 3" andj", whieh are now aero flow 220 { i f i : a | ke & 1a LI Sing phte inden lr wth slot aeOO TT EE m2 ‘Me HARMONICS ‘nthe comsoan branshes. The stato and rotor harmonies aro coupled ‘hough the aingap reastance iN "For tho ealeslation of torques dhe harmoaie stator and rotor fx senses Bgy and Ba ro Foun asthe sum ofthe forward end backward fiux deste By and yin each mesh. ‘The openeireit flux linkages JB yan Bp and hanoe the epervcif ollagt, re found by means of ‘the leone between the, and By terme a each mash, SYNCHRONOUS MACHNE WITH UNBALANCED LOADS ‘When the armature of » synchronous machine is eonnosted to an unbalanced lad, the network is given ia Pig. 1.13. Whon the sle Impressed voltage is d-e and is lang the physi! axis, che eurents a * hm ae . et 28-2, al wd 2 peepee see Sembee Fo LLL Operate nga fl isthe resco tine harms. {nthe lover ball of to network are conjugates of thow in the upper hal, Hence the Unser half f the nator ray be gure, sin al other fyebronous machine networks ving Geld eteltaton only (Fg C12). ‘In aynchnonous machine networks ll the amortowu and fd meshes willbe replaced by thee operational iopdances, 9 ehown in Fig. 11-1 For each frequney a different 2", and 2’, must be determine, Tndiostng only shor-creut ispedancee, Fg. 1116s shows the nete work when only the fl sexed, wherot Fig. 11.28 shows the not~ ork when only dhe amature i excel SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE WITH UNBALANCED LOADS 223 (0 rst one ly a 1.18. Sybrnsa mine with uslane inde (saan on aie slyTT LL THE INTERCONNECTION OF TWO MACHINES | 225, SINGLE-PHASE ALTERNATOR | A special case of Fig. 1.13 i the singlephase alternator (Fig 11.18) | mpplying a saglephase load 2 Tt i analogous to te sacephnes | Iinhution motor with single-phase rotor (Fig 1112), eaanee foe a | shunge in the absolute fequencer, since the base frecucney 7 of the | volinge impressed on the fl is aro." "When the loed 2s so, the otwork eoresponds to 2 sustiaad singlephene short crete When | all eld meshes ac cininated, the networks shown in Fig 1.86 ‘Tho openreuit armature voltages across pase Bae fond in tome ‘of harmonies by menns of the diferrees betronn the By an By toroa ‘neh mesh, which give the opens ux ekg jp of pase SINGLEPHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR A special ease of Fig, 1.150 isthe single-phase synchranous motor uring starting, with only ho armature exited (ga 11.17 and 1.18), ‘A numerical example is worked ov a the end of tls chapter. TORQUE CALCULATION OF SINGLEPHASE MACHINES In sngle-phac rotors and armatures the tv fx densities By and ‘Bay exsing I a single tech, may be combined into one fat aevos the ‘entar af the mes, as shown in Fig. 1118, represting only one al of VEBy = By + Bs, namely Bi/ V2. The sutton cant be ‘nado in the mesh with the Imprazed voltage, unlacs the wollage to split nto wo, “Henae for che lrgueealoulation fice Dw mesure bale ae ae, Ty Bag. £4 and 4.5 the torques ae es TIE HARMONICS Ty = eB nd T= By ‘Tables 11 and 11.2 are used for the single-phase altemstor Pig 11.180) (wih = 0) or forthe snga-hase induction motor (Pig, LAL, (in the liter the dimetzl nes may be measured, If hall the pace Fouls ae tale twiee for each mesh) Fora single-phase synchronous ‘motor (Pig, 14184) Tables 113 and 1.4 are wot INE INTERCONNECTION OF TWO MACHINES WITH UNBALANCED STATOR AND ROTORS [When to machines, each with an unbalanced sator and rotor, are tetorcnnected through thee rotors (or armeatins) and bach ran a he Pea 16 same ened, then their equivalent droits are intarennoctad’ nthe ame manner s thir prototype in Chapter ®, whuse rots {or omnes res) were bulnesd, Now eariable phase shifters ers in he harmonical sme WasMoNtes mater alo containing 434, 64 in general (K+ 25)¢. ‘They are com ined into coutant angle phase chifers with “B= 6, ~ Gy, 30 = 206, ~&), 5, ete, angles. ‘The coostantangle phase shifters cannot be ‘iminated, howeves. TWO UNBALANCED INDUCTION MOTORS WITH UNBALANCED WOTOR toaps: "The equiva inet given in Fig. 1.18, and jis prototype with a ‘balanced rotor lead was given in Fig 91 {TWO SINGLEPHASE SEISINS WITH UNBALANCED MOTOR LOADS tho to set of unbslaned statormpedence branches in Fig, 10.19 se opeairoitd, the alates become single-phase (ig. 11.20). The prototype with balanced rotor load wae given in Fig. 8.11 TWO SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES WITH UNBALANCED LOADS "When the excitstion in Fig. 11.20 becomes dc, the cit of Pi. 1.21 ‘is the real, esauing the usu changes ‘The feds have been elin- ated by the ue of th shor-cieut impedances, Asin hl the ei- titi lle out, 48 contains ony eonjgats currents. ‘The prototype trith alanced fond was given in Fig, 9.12. SHE ISTERCONNECTION OF TWO UNBALANCED MACHINES RUNNING 1S DIFFERENT SPD Te wis found in Fig. 9.18 that, when two machines run at diferent speeds only one oft stators may be unbalanced to avoid time har- Tmonies, When both alalrt are unbolanad, tne harmonics pear eee then the rolrs ar tlanont. Tn fact, im auch e cae any unbelane in the roto starts an additonal sree of time harmenies, To avai the fexta complieations, de retr ods wl be exam ob balanced. Agxin, for each tachine exltation, «sxpursta network wll have to be esa Ihe “Acsusing only the Eestmachine excited elie tie harmonies oip- inate sn the second machine ne ta rotor i halanced. Hence the orinus tts of me harmonic nt of th ret machine are indopendent of each eran re coupled together Sly Urougs to eeond machine meshes, “The sand machine netork ith standard Kape-harmone nee of Fg, 11,7, wheats the network ofthe frst machine cons of several Independent natworks of Fig. 3.1, in euch of whieh the absolute fro- tqueney assumes varios haronie values, as ditated by the eorespond- Sip coupled mesh ofthe seaond machine. TWO UNBALANCED INDUCTION MOTORS aa Although the vious ime urmoniee of the Ss machine ao ieate, ner he ls set” nei a al ‘frequencies vary by 2 for euch crossing. Tay Sata and ‘When the send machine only eid, the exe rena with the roles ofthe fist endsovad machin intrcaaga PP 1181, Tw apne shi ih mcd ede (eae ‘sane spend nga TWO UNBALANCED NOUCTON MOTORS ANENG 4 TORS UNOANG AF DENT ening only th et mi th chin str exc th eutlnt c sagem nF 2108 reine eit wa sown ne 10, fet plein ig 818 The hari rg ef th ag are found by Eqs. 11,2 and 11.3. news me2 | 1. To heen ots aga eat me cir TWO SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES RUNNING AT OHFERINT sPeeDs. 233 TWO SNGLEPHASE SELSYNS RUNNING AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS 1 tho unbalaned stator impedes of Fig. 1.22 are open cried, the stators become single-phase. ‘The approximate eitelt is given i Tig. 9.17. Teshould bo resambered that te role of salar ond rotor may, ‘ inerchange an te singl-phasosaicat structure may be te rota sng member TWO SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES RUNNING AT DIFERENT SPEEDS During stating running, and palling into step, two sallentpole somchronous machins often may vin at dierent speeds wile the Bld ‘ofeach i exited by a de sours. ‘The network ie wow ia Figy 11.23 Rey Ashe td emanate LA 1 i {24 [TW HARWONICS 1, 1.94. Two syncs mado rncog a tet speed meen ‘ined oe 33) SINGLEPHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 233 ‘snd 11.24, and is approxima cnet s given in Fig. 918. For each ‘armonie diferent 2"4y and z’yy have tobe elculsted, as shown in Big 1118 NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF A SNGLEPHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ‘The three-phase constants of « S0UD-orsepower, Beye, single: phase eyneonous motor, corresponding to Fig. 6.26 (ort Vig. 87 at Mandsti) are given in Fig. 1.25, on 9 000, 1550 base Mia 1.38. Design east «sgl soca mote ‘The equivalent cireit ofthe motor under starting conditions i given Jn Fig 1117 o, ifthe fd mashes are eliminated a Fig. 1.180 Ase suming only re meshes in the latementioned clei eas eyuchonns ‘peed ato = 09 (ors ~ 0.1) tho operational impedanees 2s aad for the varus barmonieg are given in Table 11.3 Tamue 1.5 Hamte Ormsooess lesan 6 8 =O Fr = COORD 4 RL Pay = DORmOn + ‘omsaes + Rae ‘The resulting three mesh notwark ie given in Fig, 11.28, where all ‘impedances ina branch have been ombined.Rlimnation of Ue upper land lover meshos give Fg. 11.222, whichis reduced to one impedance In Fig 1.2. Finding the fundamental quency () current? inthe last figure, the J + 2efrequeney aurents ean be alelaod fromm Fig 11.22. They aze shown in Fig. 1.254238 ‘is HARMONICS commas ooo? ie yee Tete nw BREE 1g SB atts (0 Reed ot —. waske aeetlen Joe da (eG Rau omen) ants a as Tro. 1.6, Senn of nome ats = ‘Kaowing the impesanees and eutents in Fig. 1.26, the diferences ‘ot potential give the ties diameral fuss, as shown in ig. 1.284. The forms an ealulated eles for the various hnrmonie tous sre shown in Tuble 118. ‘Tams 18 Fovosvmat so HanuosteTonaoes at $= 0 My = Racor Hate ey = 05 Te SNE BN Ha) = CON — NDE Pe = 2B Fa = emesis — anon | T= Hit Sa + BD anzios — 7268 Fon = 2 + nome SIS Taisoe = jtra eres Tom = insans + cia Tw = = onisons — ps SNGLEPHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 27 “The fundamentals ome ofthe reoaie torques lotto on Fig 1.27 from O8 to = (esha) we iene os 7 ‘lo 127, Pandata end sme of the Mone agen dig atag of = ‘Aah pham yaconcn ce,OE 12. supveN sHoRT CIRCUITS AND LOAD VARIATIONS 1 “CONSTANT RUKNKAGE™ HERE hin ei sr ies nd int rotting machi te ives te tna lie deen Se hee elo eater dn nha uch rans egies ned sre ‘pron rid ostson sis srentan o ictay tasters One af the mat value saumptions the "nant a fsgy? hacen. Forth. prow ppoe tay beste tao: nan of rt ri ad rit) fase king ech siting ome en id Ege on lat Smuts every ning tlt temas atch tune elo ti teary he ong ach wg woot Pergo ena Ch x lage ae nana oat ig ‘Bef tow relation std si a wii he pparing sgt eyed not rain runt at doen ain. ‘etl sid to thre Seo ol ot) ven. TH EATON OF SEO LOHD ABA ‘teen! hero Ran ent he sor “xn san Hota” an fon nly fo atone te To “cee the hey te fi ringette te den the penn an dived ore esi te tat ote cee 2 Tatton es Goan) loi | THE MECHANISM OF SUDDEN SHORT cRCUTS 239 3. One or more particular eyels (evlutions) picked out somatine ater 4 The sustained short cireit (or new load condition), eter all (ansonta have died oat, In th fllowing «referees to te phenomenon of son lad eration wil bended hn oly den shart erat i efor ia {HE MECHANISM OF SUDDEN sHORT cikCUTS. At She instant of short cient a definite amount of Bux inks each nding. Rach of the fuss is ubdivided at the instant of short sos into two pants: 2, The final sustuined short-cut fx that would exe tat instant (der the sno eontion of operation), the tratcens had alec lid out, 2, The dirence between the actully existing tol fax and the final ie two fice behave dferentyduving Be st feo instant flowing ‘he shot ects, In pana 1. he fal euraioed fox varies in ext the sue manner aif no ‘iferenee fox had existed, “Specially, it may ep ot riting he inctant, i testator of an induetion mar), or may Fea conecy snd stationary with reapect tothe winding Gor intance ie the tae 4 synchronous machine), or Ht may vaty in magaitade and apaoe ston 2. The cerns between th initial and final fa, exiting in each rash of the machine the instant of short eieit,Decaes a "pea ux separ of whether the mash ie shored er left unchanged tt omer de fa wil reap tothe irom srctre. (In a oomeataton ‘machine t beoresa dfx wth eapee tothe brushes) Ext cunts ‘ust appar in each wining inorder ta souinsin these ds fase The ssaunption that the tapped fx stops ite rottion Gf any) and becomes he fx forthe next fev oats is an apposination seca on the “constant Selnkage” theorem During tho transient period the final sustained fx maintine its sovdyatate rate, just as in theft few instants after the shot eeu However the sapped de uses deeas exponent sn magne il ‘etnaining stationary with respec to the inn struetre) aa! evenly ‘issppen This deareae is given by the “detrmeat actor” hich Alferent for each tsppod fae ‘The alouation of the deccement factor is given atthe end of this apter.240 SUDDEN SHORT CIRCUMTS AND LOAD VARIATIONS ‘We TWO TWFES OF EQUALENT cRCUTS “we dirt sian rein be cabled to ere the ow pe seam enone th ply prt the appro al crlsion In pralars 1s pram he aint edt set ven socalled sprechriceeae™ mtv (Beet shart rt the musing frmnis may be pureed) According, to pre ‘hori ork may be mae opened neta Fay beth rl baled ey hh tne rman ain Siem tees eng fore te hr crete kn "Ts megs te hx derey Be ac wag, ob ced tor om gen bythe difeenes of pens Bee ae ie Indie “Tho abe fry of theft dean (ny, he Ingen of fn th reer to the sont) gen by Oe omit ofthe reece wining rasan. “ ‘The effect of the short circuit or the loud variation is to introduce 4 te event eno the sald "pnsoresei nto ‘ish th oo he opens eal shore rte Tena! by ance Spe ofa With anna ee o wth = ‘glen shor oo te new eqialent st the emt “nln nto ota tine harmonies. 1 10 TYRES OF “POSESHORT-CRCU PERFOMANCE ‘On tha pater quant ei wo tpn of wll ar prod To know imponed cgaecting onthe machine gf the sure oat tnt vr ‘They gn stl tnd ht Sct pstecany any ano ge thn pores a he al tt re te of tap ees ‘ 2, The trapped flux densities B measured on the preahort network (and then threo et ar or pol eg “sou art de nso eee at at ‘kets fe mr ir et hereto ad twine sit reromsses tae known rm aeg hve sey ten {Rexel ithe, peomane unr he impede om ate Seppt tn sh wing re Serer pte hr Sheri eel th ppd fey, ith ant eens Sects toni Gm, wh eto orgs lt So | SUDDEN SHORT CRCUIT OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 241 {We sens oF srvA Pow When machine ule soe sr ete Aerie rth otonntcdomn ora occa mls The quale he wae te ‘ane henmena ona alpen tt ste lig an teas ome feito oi te fer ene ot. Thc aha nee ne stg hors san yt ue een ‘hen i hmones Theses sf eae See ‘t be calculated is the following: aaaeeal Le nl short Sts ad oe ela by ng thal done aperag the esa Daina mins nga 2 Te ntratiae ueta e o y atikn er tht hy ae alt yd fee oct erred hm te rin eel a fee impel stare he i of lr of eer adh adie Sl hare el ores tin tearing og eee Ino ter ending ad es oe “heal ast estore no in te tain pred welts fon hen el oe Suva, SUDDEN SHORT CIRCUIT OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES . ‘When the armature of syneronous meine is hor-cicted (pays ‘biao or sing-phave short circuit, ering the mated short crew he armature fx is ner, while the eld fx i de and it rtatos with ho fed aerate, Sines the sustained Sold fax behaves also ns & tapped fs, Bar ic "0 med lode nt to parts the ld fen teat of shor ec All he old fx may be tested asa trapped det fm, which deere, however, not to very, But toa constant de value nes for the sudden armatare ehort-tveui ealulation of» eynchro- "os rachine Ue orgie simple dentin ofthe “constant age” {orm cues. However, whea the armature lead anges from soe ale fo some other value, the eusained value ofthe enmatine Beye Sinite and sinusoidal with respect to the armature, Consequently, the srmatoe Nx must be divided into to pats242 SUDDEN SHORT CRCLITS AND LOAD VARATIONS, TRAPPED" FLUKUNKAGES AS IMPRESSED VOLTAGES (Before the sort iret, the frequeney of the Hux B ofeach winding with respect fo the conduotor (lhe abeokte fresueney) is umclly Uiterent foreach winding. After shart eet he bua frequency of tach rapped B becom seo. ‘ Tf the preabor-creuk network contains no time bonis then only two networks wil have fo be eetablsbed to impress all the tapped usenin partial, one forall the ld (or state) es and oe for al the armatie or rotor) Bixee. The ose frequency f foreach ease becomes {HE DISAPPEARANCE OF RESISTANCES IN D.C MESHES ‘Since the absolute fequenay ofthe impresnd vollags is wero (2), the restance in seis with te impress vollage becomes infinite. The ‘tuations to that exiting inte fold ofa synchronows machine (Fig, 012), where also a co voltage i impressed. ‘The veidances iw rts with the de allage dapper uh ass (but not the ressaners inthe ote meshes). However inthe standard syoohrovous machine Fig 6.13), the valve cof the curont & fawing It Sowa, whereas in shortireit problems {he realant Box 2 Unking the winding i known, Hence an impressed ‘oltage Bill exist now in 2 med, instead of an impressed current. ‘K se situation existed in Fig. 618, whore the constant eld fx ‘li impressed on the fi TORQUE CAICULATIONS FOR SUDDEN SHORT CIRCUITS "The torque formulas given in Table 1.1 to 1.4 wend that either the stator lous or the roto alooe is excite. “ouddenchor-ieutprebems th stor and rotor ar exited smal ena ech redoing a of te armani that erin frequencis. ‘lene for this fora ealeulation two seta rotor is and Bos have tbe considered, each produoed by a diferent st of impressed volags. "Te rotor forward (or backward) currents are Be ER mat "The rotor aes are ofthe sume form, Henoe the sum-frequeney torques se, 7, by Ba Ty = PBs bite “Leaving out Ue indos fund 8, THREE-PHASE SHORT CRCUIT OF A BALANCED ALTERNATOR 243) ‘Taser [21 Soutasgomr Tongots ee #[ele,*|=fele a le »[ |e] efsl=|-fe|o)= ‘Tyo su sets of torquas have to be etelished ‘The ference requency torques are, by Ba. 48, Tia eB, +h 122 Teaving out the indios f and, ‘Tamar 122 DupuuescePaecenxey Towa a ee =a | =e [ae 2 f+ |e) =| | oe wpe] i.e > wo Te [fe] fe] wml [Da | w | wy |e ‘Aun two such sets of torques have tobe established, THRE MSE HORT GRAN OF m saaD AERATOR 5 synchronous machine eupplying a balanoed load is subject etter done sire esate Yo rare nctron ca ny hgh octane eed244 SUDDEN SHORT CIRCUITS AND LOAD VARIATIONS rsnon dv othe gp Be i val 16a nnehonos Meche th tnlaned arnt, exit sane om he fl 20) rom te armature bya eeny lage Pe .D. The ay (pda sng Pig 121, ‘These dt et of eto eto fort arma fans i end with Fig 1.5, ecopt for Ceieueey ur tine alter the shor Si, th moras ax dons 1 ose of te proshoreat wove (Soe the isso eld fur wlso fnead nt be dvd it wo somponet aes eek tentonad above) Forany nur he pred B ve be ‘Snate byte rath tb show ter “te tla cor ret arent ar foun from Fi 85 THREE-PHASE SHORT-CRCUT TORQUE CAICULATONS 245 TWREEPHASE SHORT-CIKCUT TORGUE CALCULATIONS In ining the shor-irit torques, tree forward and three backward fematare currents and fuss are available from Kgs. 1216 and ein partul: Forward: iv, id, ial, BM BF, BP Backwards iy fat ahs BP, BS By ‘The eum-frequeney torques ae, by Table. 12.2, ‘Taser 124 SowPmonver Tommees Bere aa wie] fol wia|-|o tafe] oO aoa | wlo lo ° || ‘Tho ditferencesrequeney ‘orgies ar, by Table 122, ‘Tou 124 DeeranencePaegoencr Tonos ae ay Bp ed ince the constant torque isthe sum of twelve companents, the fundamental fequancy (°) torques consist of steensommpanetsy aad the doubiedequeney torques const of eight component. ‘The dauble- frequoney torqu, for instance, has the fallowing campanents! Dag = ial BO EEE ia BE HBP FB iB + ai BP +e 1231246 SUDDEN SHORT CIRCUS AND LOAD VARATIONS THROWING AN UNBALANCED LOAD ON AN ALTERNATOR ‘When an unbundled ie town on st open-eieited rynehroncus tnachine, ot on ane sipping some balknie Toad, the past-shert-sreit ‘networks ofan ine harmonies (Fg. 122). Allatwedks ar identical nth thee of Fig, 121, exeot tt the two postahoe-eieu networks tc enlarged with the higher smeharmonie meshos, boeuse of the presenoe ofthe upbalancod mutual impedsnces SSNGLEPHASE SHORT CIRCUT OF AN ALTERNATOR 247 The torques are calousted in tho same mane a in tne previous es, with the difference that in the original equations more fx and current ‘components apps, SINGLEFHASE SHORT CIRCUIT OF AN ALTERNATOR Wien 4 tnetotne short cei ctu on an alternator on ie the aotwors of Fig. 123 are Mee with toe of ig. 1B, Pare as . , : 2 Greate 2, I a Te ma i i ined (© Toot mati sme Pio 128. Shgloptum ait cect ot an erator248 SUDDEN SHORT CIRCUITS AND LOAD VARIATIONS cexcopt thet dhe unalsnee load impedances are infinite and the core ponding bres ate open. "The constant and harmonic torques axe calculated again by Tables 121 and 122. Now only one type of eurent and Aux exist, TURLTO.TURN SHORT CRCUIT OF A DOUBIEWINONG GENERATOR Lata doublesinding gonertor supply a bute oad and let one of ‘the mature furs be shortreaited. Singe the shorted taro has ‘em, te] 0) Given sptone 0) Revobing field notoek. = ra 124, Doble-windg eer Gebel str ifort mutual resetences with the 0 armature windings, both ‘emt windings mute sown eve in the proshor-ieult network. ‘The esuivalant chet of x synchronous machine vith fue armature ‘windings a shown in Fig, 660. When to windings are in pale Fie 196 Shovel tra eta nate) nd ace sonata to 9 balanos load the eesulting quivalent circle i town in Mig. 124, The load 2 5 comnesed to dh branch ofthe fenivslent creat in which the recltant carvent e+? flows. "This eter il alo serve a4 the preshort-ieut network. SHORT ORCUT OF 4 DOUBLEWIMONG GENERATOR 1 Pot asin ged M128, Tum sot dou ofa dabei won 9a aes U 250 SUDDEN SHORT CIRCUITS AND LOAD VARIATIONS he shorted turn may be considered nan approve mannes, 08 third layer of ingle phase armature winding wh, however, asa tal reactants not only with the masta wiodings but aloo with the Geld fd amortiware. For tht reaon i mast be ropecntad as an dee {really elated mech Figure 125 shows it along the direct axis. ‘This shorted el wil appear only in the postahort-creuit network. iow ‘ever, nthe preshor-erelt network the vltages ned inthis shorted ttm (Byr} Boy») have to be indiated. "The potshort-cresit pheaomnon forth Ubesovinding generator of Fig. 126 i waulogos to that ofthe one-winding generator of Pig. 322. ‘Sites the original twowinding gonerstor is Boone, the eorious kine harmon networks oe inated. ‘They are coupled together aly by the shorted tien (9 singl-phase armature winding) shown by dotted lines for beter vtualiastion. (Note how the single-phase mech othe shortest ‘tum ie eaggered with th single phase mech ofthe feld.) Because of the mutual euetanons, the Geld meshes cannot be a easly replaced by operational impalnces, Tf the shored turn disappear, the remaining networks give the sudden thivephase shore drelt of « twowinding generator, since’ the higher tne-barmonie networks bosime blsted, with no voltages ine retoad on them SEREXCTATON Te hasbeen sumed tht all rapped Gusas become he foes for the ‘rs few instant, wen Viewed ftom a physi referenes frame rely fonnested to the conductors (r tothe magnetic structures). As the machine rotates, theer dee Suzea remcin oonstent, even though 0 oltages ae presse fom tho otede ta maintain the Hes constant. ‘Since uo ace power snuy enter the machine fromthe impressed dhe furs, the constant furinkage theorem is equivalent to the esomption tht the rotating machine este os «ael-exiod epsom, as far a the transits are concerned. Tn eonseuence, the ipednoe af he machine Cand of sequent crt, viewed fom each de fz, isa pure venta AX, Cha transient eee ofthe machine ave supplied by the rotor Torq ely. In the epelet eet the trnsnnt loss are or.) "mat be emphasand that the measured impedanos ofthe oguivalané corel > pare reatanoe only ifthe folowing conditions ate salle? 1 The reference frame of the mesh, whore the input impedance is measured (where 2 is imprest), mist be rigidly eomectad tothe SSractne, Because aly in sc «True does B appene asa de fx DETERMINATION OF THE NETWORK REACTANCE 251 2. The neers fee mtb phy td ad ot hype ‘thotioal (and b) frame. ances 1 oscrenea excrons Ton dren ctor ox apelin any oh deed X/+ 1th inpetane of th eta ray pe ttn vin from he mesh, when all other mbes re sheeted 2s the aan of i ma ‘Aesin lhe deounen sr oath tae aly Te ma eae ange aa and ane sed rence of mh iy cs ‘the conductors. naeeas ‘te ‘Wo th dementftor os nown th vl ot time after a short circuit is. ane Bo by DEEDURATN OF THE NETWORK REACANGE ‘When a wining saps 2 at te valet sot = fo tartans Xs oi sony by meaning inp ions [Fr 12 dea pntne ont nen somata ey ‘0 that even by ingpeotion the inpus impedance is a pure reactance. ‘When cmp aye wating eats (a inthe sot en the ply rma) he eqlint shes gives es tea od ¢ ‘etanen bat nf th fant basta Sine bg gran Kissel rncans (a ete ng thr ea i fond fom te shrsranpedanes by he nga ea, Ferman of Ba 2 Howovy, tn shrcreul ces ay te oud in rsh my fom the epee ean (Sth ny beet sale 1. Tobit be assumed thet the 6 pan-iet reutances are known te nit bas ego lt bat 2, ‘Then the needed short-circuit eaetanoes canbe expres in term te operat alan hy intng so (or * from the first), * coin wea ea OXt e= 0) y= BX! lifes = 0) oaIT 252 SUDDEN SHORT CIRCINTS AND LOAD VARIATIONS were the short-sul eeetanets are Xan) — n/n, ine X= me/es 2. If the dg opensireitreastancos Bq, 128) are transformed ito tho f open-lautrentances hy Eq. 24, tbe ltter Become 2 = (0-4 BW + i" war 2a = (+ 50! += HH where the ne reactanoor are defined in tems ofthe oi ones a8 onntn eanmm ios denn denty ‘These selimpedaness and mutual impedances (not pure resetoness) say be measured . 2 The needed, q short-circuit renetanoee may now be express in terms of the measurable, bope-eeut reactance a8 ae ere +e e+e) ean ate 120 “once the X oecurtngin the deorerent faster ofthe drect-axis and quadrats windings of any layer are found by the flowing steps: 1 Open tho b mesh 2, mprese unit enone in the mesh 1, Tho impressed voltage in dhe f mesh so + 3 4. The open-siruit voltage inthe B mash is e+ 1, Vee Bi. 129 to find My? and AMORTSSEUR AND FIED DECENT FACTORS Sin nay machi ie ac ry al ca ih the amore rtann,entamary fo ame et Sueur ne amovtom drome th ld echoed y=) ° "2. In measuring the field decrement the amortisseur windings are pensive r= Pig = EPILOGUE The Electrodynamics of Equivalent Circuits |. THE DYNAMICAL EQUATIONS OF ROTATING ELECTRIC MACHINERY THE FOUR BASIC TYPES OF REFERENCE FRAMES Te was shown in connetion with Table 4.1 that he ference fnmes of rotating lesbo machines may be grouped into four main clas ‘ceording tothe manner of attachment of the referent frames 10 the ‘magnetic structures. (Tho magnate and sete materials, namaly the Jeon andl eopper te alvays rigidly eonnovtod to eath oter in electric rachinery.) The form tat the dyiamioal oquttions of slic machines sssues influenced by the typeof reference Ime introduced, The for bua sets of equations, crraponding to the foi base types uf reference frames of Table 1, wll now be peated THE HOLONOMIC, REMANNAN REFERENCE FRAME | ‘The moet cbvious assumption fr the analyse of «rotating machine is hat the rfernce axes of all stator windings shoul be rg com. nected to the sata iron and eopper and that thee ofthe rotor windings ‘shoul be rigidly eamncted tothe rotor ion and eapper Ta this frame ‘the physic ofthe phenomonon s very simple and the taasiont voltage ‘oquation along ench axis has the fon c= Rb ‘This isthe reference fame (although written for thre phases istond ‘of two) which is used by Park at starting point in the development af his eyochronous machine equations * Tals alo the reference fare +R, Pak, "Twoatin Thy of Syatenas Machines,” Taman fie ATE, Ve 48 pp. T-7,Faly 10,254 euocue long which books on phy and elestotecaiceexplay the “ol toe form ef the dynamieasqsstions of Lagrange, (27) ta 1 oa) is tee accumpaned by the satemant tat then eninions represent the dy- sane thery of “ll” lee machines. "Thi dyna! theory ‘Sigialy wer developed by Mas sleet a centr ago ad nel ‘eertyno progres been nae by elec engineers 1 extend {Geammutetor machine o footer meen frame fe yaerenets tr slution machine. ‘The single dynam oquaten inl al the ‘Stage nations end the fr eqotin. : ST cl nae {ern depending upon wheter te variates arebudtend, oF on In parila: () Tn terms of ony eo REL) ao 5 7 2 = Rist st (0) In tera af Land eo Rite} "The torgue equation is 1a ee ia s-1G-Ggew 1B -55ew ‘The resultant tensor equation, wih includes both voltage and torque equations, is writen as eta tat ine? : Be eee 1 (le ole _ ay A oat 3(Saea Se vir Late nese tac” epithe sl nd mts {Mdunante tnd he tone Tn tenor quten canbe dered from th nce uation of Lagrange (0) simy by rplesing T ty Tagh®/2 pond anther way, te shove eqenon ah THE NONHOLONOINC, RIEMANNIAN FRAME le) 255 “explicit” form ofthe Lagrangian equation ital, (Tho bats over the indies assume thatthe varizbles$" ae complerSanations; henes the symbols represent “spinors” rather than "naar Since the dynamical ecuation of Lagrange wl coon prove helps, ‘when other reference framas ae to be introduce, itis ncaa to ee 4 womebica interpretation to the above two dynamical equatong, qa. 1 and 3, Geometrically, the equations rpseent the motion of = Point particle in an nimensional Rieansian space, exprewol along hlonamic weference frame. ‘Tha geometrical langungo. will rescue dynamics from an apparent bretklown, ‘THE NON-HOLONOINC, REMANNAN FRAME Hl) Of cours, eetrca engineers are avare that the provious equations bo sed ony in exceptional eas bees oes tie compe intron by the cos si tems in the met tensor L. New more Droctical sts of equations are found—in which thee iriguomcufe functions no longer ocour—by assuming that oth stator en otar "eferenoe frames are rigidly commented tothe stator onl, oto te Flor cnly. “This theory i now ell th “tworscton theory” in synehno. ‘og machines and “eras-eld theory” in induction machines. {es very important to note tha now fhe solos etuotione donot hase ‘he sama form asin the previous fame but contain tw eda speed term py on cor rhe ‘Alo th dct Logue sues diferent form: f= — ie ‘The spomrane ofan adiional apd tem is due to fat dat the now tere fzune—ao longer camneted to the silanes socal “soriononic”rlerenge fam to whish te sol “hele ‘amie equine, oe 1 and ao lngrepiy. Tis ect ma egy ‘nd bythe author" ho showed ttn tooo equine ogee ‘set the “non lonone form eft Opn ego ot “Legrane, ies in many acraned backs tn dye a ak, at (308 ace wetter s Drain of Biting al Many" pe ort esses Aaa Dyan, pt Cards Ualey Pr,Sa 2s mmuocue : ato an seston tee CL vay spent eat ‘Mis insole aie fo bStmomi ome. The am ca ‘ning ney sot 8, ag (8 ve . eal min ttn nt oo ee ae Ce awn ye cess ge Peanrars meen eR +t ee camera 7 “the tou equation s ee) nF 24 ony — equi 1-1 Fue - @ 1a 18 yy — yy aa a thse oqaton een. Tahcl bnoted tt = (Rate sum of vo ems a y= i ~ Lak + Sons iter 4, primis the epee of the linear rene Trees iting ith Sythe othe rar (Chapa 1) This inttarn pt fhe Cris symbet a.) "Therein tesa equation eee Ra? + lag + Babe 8 eee Tee norton se Oy gf Ol te delta se eer te Lage so ne suey le panel on niin pot SPE sioal unm sesh, hoor mv ee ‘THE HOLONOMI, NON-REMANNAN FRAME Os) 257 up at every point by & nondhlonomi reference frame, intend of & hotenomi ne, THE HOLONOMIC, NON-RERANNIAN FRAME Hs) Twas shown by the author (nthe le refers) that boeause of tho “ylndvea!” properties of the varibles (lor instance, the rations between the curents, namely Cy" are fanetins only of there i nothing nthe nes equations to indicat tht yee dete rom soe hla rane, For that reason its posal te consider thm on eto eng, 1 basicly new equations, having their own special physical interpre, tation, Buch reformulation fe accomplished. by considering the ‘expression in Eq, 6, defining the nonholonomic objec Sep not non, tensor objet, but a tentr, th e-aled “tesa tenwor™ ST con Sequener yin the equation of voltage, Eq. 7 alo hecase Tensor te "rotation tensor.” Although this reformulation Deoomas mathematically veel only i folng over to anes reference frame (as Sg diferent la of tna formation from that of fy) it beeomes physically lportant even ‘hie partiolar reference frame lace yay fener and ston 4 tensor (because ofthe redefinition), the prodace yf ssl nosey lo be a tester, « ne psc entity, the soled “neem” B ef the amatare. ‘This isthe samo physial connept of B that ours in ‘Maxwell's eld equations. (The ux nkage that cocrted hitheto owesponds to the veetorpotetinl A of Marl) ‘The now tensa voltnge and torque equations becoue (@) ta tor of oily = RL plly) + oie, (© To terms off andy ORF Py woe, (©) tome of, and Be eo Rit my + Bm, ‘The torque equation i 10 | 01 Feo - voi hte nT gg Tn these equations is teasoran emocue eee ee erent eto Hierepervereeier secret eee sa mi een pact bras i na see eth age cro oa sates Net MY Dipeitcasa che Chat ree earner eesey or aeenloms 8 Cris can now be expend a geri ofthe fre ARE Spey ob cone n remain dy Se alg, eared cea Ses Se eae ree wong bial tat, SoS a teancentse ener Fer ae tema tn eatin (ing Re ergirtepcmren eet ihr ett get hat a oe eae Se ee entail Sree tees oer ramen oe mee Fe aa i a tonne ie ery ete denies an shat oe ol mt inne ere oar a ee epee me 8 or tt te a od wr arate es a 2S cere Sr Seer as aes ee Eo oe ea ace a Ta ers a eo Ra? + Lag 4 Thal 0 eo = Ra 4 lg E+ Br PP — Bia “This equation is sleo otled, smetimes, the generalized Lagrange ‘equation, asi is derivable from variational poneiple. Hare Tyg 2 falled the “fie eonnetion” and contains, besides the holonomic {Grstafel symbo! [By the torsion tensor Sy,q in its dentin. if time hoi ae io foes an ro) ‘Geametrialy the new equation represents tho motion of pot ina non Riroannian space rig up with w holonomis fume Gated of ienannian spece with on-holonomie fumes). ‘That the frase stil THE NON-HOLONONIC, NON-RIEMANNAN FRAMES HAND IV 259 ‘ay be considered Aolonomic sawn fromthe fat that ll the seference ‘708 are all eonected rigidly to one af the magnetic irveisea, Th ‘ppenrance of the non-Riemannianepaco (a apace with “torson”) is ‘due to the motion ofthe eotdietor with respect to te rfeense aves ‘That fs, even though tho ebeorer sees the enent-dowlty we Aas tionary, the conductors themsalves replace one sather in wucceson (he "metalic metaboliem’” of Helfinann'). THE "ELECTROMAGNETIC TENSOR" Fay ‘Tho appearence of anew physical eatty, due tothe reinteepetaton, fs shown more emphatically by the introduction in tbe las teaser onuation of a skew-aymmetic “lectzomagaetio‘e” tensor Fay tom. taining B fr the voltage) ani =B (fr the tras). In terms f this important tensor, tho eqution of motion ofa rotating machine, 10, wn Reta Lear erat ‘hare (Bt) ithe holon Chris ymbol ‘This eqation se ‘eet Bea 5 fr er edt Fa ect epg nly made pce Soper aly ot ae tere and Rapare mo equ sr, thi ast ouatio lio repens th can! Gr rativii moton es ehugedfartele tr dace, angnete fl. This tena equation ef ten ap plays 9 ss ‘ol in the thei of eamentay parties of cer ple THE NONHOLONOMIC, NON-REAANMAN FRAMES HAND WV 4h ineonnecting evra machina (Chapter), some o al of the referent fas ore no ng conosed ly fot magnetic reels ‘uae feof thom. Sparling Ue relent fame ru gnc irae i again equivalent 9 the introduction el » noshlosoie ‘foe ame any fo Eu amt slr snpere (nation tothe volar spend), 20 fat Tprsentalirs -cirouit equation has the form. pees = Rb e+ Bose + ony her ¢ es ne ope of fax density produced iy the curt passing through the frely rotating reforenve frame. aE tn nose Eta ei ite ‘utes en of Moda Pas Ye ho ‘540, July 1969, *260 smuocue ‘The tensoval voltage equation assumes now four diferent forme: (@) e= Rit pL + Gigs, + Vis, @ eR Ph b ybre + yey © e- Rit pb BM, + yay, ee Rt py +B + gm, Aloog the now, uniformly rotating reference frame tho torque equation. eons unchanged, end ch resultant tentoialequition, representing ‘lo the generaliza Lagrangian equation, assumes the form a t= Raph + lag Sb Dad #0 on tat (25-1) ir ayn ashe tat ta + (25 19) 0 ma — a9 “ep te otc ord amin Ga oil pa oe na ‘etn Sp Gay tt fa Spann nics arsed ya ese seen 2. REDUCTION OF THE DYNAMICAL EQUATIONS TO EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS "We sasoUure Te oBavarnvE The most goer! fom uf the Ayaan eqtin of a ret ‘machine, Ba. 13, “ o en ayt t t yatr -may be expressed in a form in which ench symbl sa tenor w eo Ras Ly 4 ‘The “absohte” (oe eovariant”) desvatve is defined as CS Fo Gt tatae 5 ‘Since the baste time dasivativ ofthe metre cso soo in etic machinery, Hag he equation tn may be ita a bet a Bat (1) ” AEIMCTENS ON HE EaUAnENS ‘Les itbe assumed tha the esuatins apply to only ane machine. ‘Then ‘the equations contin only tensors of valene on aad two, Ucing the2 ePLocue iret notation, the equation of motion (Ba, 18) splits into the eguatin of vlinge and tore a.m eo meu + Si} Oped Voed 8 aoa rer Taal {Be ors i etd by 7 ned of 0 ao exten with frequen Bryant circuits have buon exteishd inthe bok Jor tase relating ‘machines only, for which he torsion tensor fa companeat of Sep) my De exposed én terms ofthe mati lego L. fsa Chapter 1). Ta all nda. tion and synchronous machines and in eevera types of e polyphase commutator machines 6 may be expressed as Gay ry ‘where ye the sottion tensor, ght ep 8 the tation tenor as he shape ne) a 4a some a commutator machines the j— ¢ may be muliplind by slr (Chapter 7) tothe ee apprise ofthe dierence be fo. » i : | THE TWO COMPONENTS OF THE ABSOLUTE TIAE OERVATE. 262 [RESTRICTION ON THE REFERENCE FRAMES ‘Moreover, equal! crue hae buon elisha inthis bk only for howe reference froma sn eich the wonton del V (a special case of Sug) ad the Cheap symbol 0/05, maybe exposed etre of he trie tensor Ln he foloung marca: a vow ad Zay By here y and yy assume tho sume fom es Tn the prosnoe of tne hrmonics and space harmonies y andy; Te multiplied hy a wear sein Bg, 22 ‘ence the typea of rotating machines and the typet of reference feames for which equivalant crits have been established both are Slightly restietod by eonditions exprsted in Bys 10 and 23. or the ‘move general types of machines ad erence frames more general types of equivalent ciruits have to be veloped. or instance, this book oa not develop any equivalent ciruit even fr x macine that hat salient pols on both is sator and rotor. TE TWO COMPONENTS OF THE ARSOLUTE TME OBRVATVE ‘When such muchines and such relernae frames are aetna for Which the sbove restrictions apply, the equation of voltage and torque (4.18) may be weten 2s RL Oat + yt + LL 7 ae : a 1S Va + you where Tis the unit tensor, ‘The expreason inthe ist parentheses ie che fomponent ofthe original abwcite tie derivative (La. 17) along the ‘etal indies oly, ~uptay=msty 2% and it may be writton as tensor of valence tn the form of «mats ila Bagi we + yay + 400, % ‘Tho torque equation slo may be written TaT5e) a264 Eruocue ware d/at ie the component of the orga! absalte time derivative (9.17) alg the geomerizal index. Although this component of 8/45 ‘sa selar, i eanna be faired ot inthe form oa, 28, {WE ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY TENSOR 1 sinisoidal quantities ave intedueed, then Po fie, 0mm ‘and the sbsolate te dativatve along tha eletricl axes becomes a 7 — fey — Fd 8 ‘Since long the sequence azee each y iso diogonal mate and it és smoginary (Bp. 28), the exresion in yarns te 8 tiogonel atris omaing only real mumbere. 11s the “abelaeeomuony” ear nanan ‘The abolut time derivative ofthe Bx Hnkages& becomes they in tho presen of snore quantities funy ~ ive » frie ” ‘whore ms 8 tensor with x diagonal real mates along the sequenco axe REDUCTION 10 OMS LAW ‘The equations of voltage becomes 3 er Ri+ pay a BL njalé ‘The deta torque beomes if the Ji y- and yi asored out, 1, = itiebs Whore Li represents eal the rotor Bus linkages 1 tho seactaneetonsor is dated as Xeut EE | [RESTRICTIONS ON THE LOADS 255 "he equation tesome ee Ri ape = Rai 2 Temes ‘The reactance VensorjX represents the magnetic Sed of the rotating rachine af standstil. Sige L ia symmetical matri with ponte ‘sefcients slong the physical nue, 3X te eymmetcal and can aro be presened by af lat an rinding raneforme along pis ten, ‘Muliptying the equation by nthe slavery eqialnt eet af ony rtting machine has he epation® le = OR +) = Zi Tem ima = 1B whore 7X = B i ast of difornoe of potenti] meavured aero the Inductor in the eer meses only 1 should be notad that the reisancse R and impressed coapes © ar disded by th able roqeney tons a, just at oes de tall ‘ruta cite of he Book RESTRICTIONS ON THE MAGNENC Flos Tn the impadance matrix 2a oR SK a JX is always symmetiel slong the physi ance sad eo ie Row fore long the sequence ext, FX is nol necessary eprom, mor 8 ''R. In the shaded-poe motor (Bg. 820) «pls hile: had to be introduced to tae care ofthe non aymietiea 7X due tothe preweace of mutual impedance between the det std guadatare sxe, % RESTRICTIONS ON THE LOADS Since R represents the winding rxstaness,it alan stande for any ulid lnd-resstnce slo. In many probleme the ls had to be tstited to Dalzneed loads to take 2°R symmetrical, (Se, ft ne ‘ance, the case of tro unbelaneed machines running t diferent speeds, (Chapter 11, The loud botween them ha to be asad balanced)Co mm ee ESTABUSHMENT OF THE TRANSIENT EQUATIONS 267 ‘APPENDIX 1 ‘ . ef fm we REESTABLISHMENT OF THE TRANSIENT DYNAMICAL EQUATIONS FROM THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS $ (2 a eat Pi) ESTABUSHNENT OF THE STEADY-STATE EQUATIONS tha been advocated by the author in his prviows publications that, es in onder to establish the steudy-state equations of performance of any z ‘machine (i some particular reference frre) te preferable ae 8st Step to exublsh the tems equations (in the same eeferncs frame) Tn dong so no confusion may ar betwien the space pases atid the ‘ime phases. "The le from the tunsent tothe steady stato equtions sally eltrider’ However, whea the steady-state oquivalent exit of «machine and especially of «group of machines i avalabe (im sme peti ef nce frame), it, of eoue, fr ner unable to ue he equivalent i= ‘uit ielf a the starting pint to write the stedy-antions of en ‘hin ora group of machines. Afterwards the found equations ray bo transformed to th deci eerene frame. ESTABUSHMENT OF THE TRANSIENT EQUATIONS Tie mow suggestel by the snthor ths, f dhe rasint uations of machine and expeilly of « group of machines is dosed i soften preferable asa frat step to extabih forthe group is enya iv ‘lent eteui, containing the varablerequeneyffestre. ‘The transit uation of the ayatem is found, the, simply by replacing f by pif = (4/ah/f. "The transformation fom te reference frame ofthe ey gl ulecnc eed aguas)268 APPENDDK 1 slant cick to any oer dese eeerene frame involves routine stops aly. ‘Agni stenton i called tothe importance of the varahlefrequaney| lnstoteretion ofall equivalent civute developed in thi volume. Con ‘ventional equivalent celts, even thise of te polyps induction rotor, do not incorporate this Feature; hence they ettmot bo usd es ‘ole forigng transient eration of pexformance. SEFFINPEDANCES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE ‘As an example of the mathod given, at the end of Chapter 4, to clube the slady-ate al tonaont equations of eny machine from fis equivalent cee, lab she rvolving-old oquvalnt eicat of a tallentpolo eynahrontis machine runalng below aynchroncae speed (Bg. 674) be cosidered (own aguin in Fig. Aa). Iti poasble to ‘wit ve voltage equsions¢ = Zi forthe five meshes, each mesh passe ing through Ui alleney reactance (2p ~ 4a) /2 “rh network contains only siveap reotances 2x4, Zug ad leakage rctanoes #4 Zi std. In ting the aqnations he following selimpedances ee dein uemta Ma = tata | Ky = meek yo hem Bg = Saat ae ‘Thot eelinpedanse (lp the restanes) however, osu along the sequenge ars, not iota, but ether at tum tar oF as 8 aiference terms natty ket ke | n= Xe ae EQUATIONS OF THE EQUIVALENT CRCUIT "The vellageegustlons forthe five meshos are (om Fig. A.ta) ey = Byiy where —_—_——_—————————_—<—$—§—§$FK€X>>>>>>———————————— EQUATIONS OF THE EQUIVALENT ciRCUT 269 © & os ‘ & ufe(essn)) ine | ine | ee | dew [ie [BE site [Beso] ate | ate raw] se [Rime] se] ee | ste te] ae | ate | then Be Jn Fig. 6:7 tho slip « has been eplecod by the original base fox quency f fh be b&w eshould be notad that the Z, matrix is symmeteea. ‘The ferences of potential 3, and By are found ae produ of reatances and currents ‘The reactances may bo arranged inthe form of « matrix ropresenting the torque tensor wo tht te dlferenoes of potential B are expressed 48 Gy. The torque tensor is hk mw Pe Te | Flan | =n | Hho | =iRe ae "The torque i given by T= "Gu70 ‘APPEND 1 THE STEADY-STATE SEQUENCE EQUATIONS et each equation bo multiplied by the sbusite frequency a, shown by ite resistance, That i lt the fee three ros of 2 be nallipied by 4; the fourth row by #6, andthe ith row by ¥ — Silay lt the components of © be divided in the same manner, The absolute: frequency, tena deine there as both - sLe I 6 = I ned Zz 7 : = ess i ie + [pew] ime [ee | mu | ome nstinte [roti | ss | ihe otistia [astintas | ian to] serine [ setae | aeroReo neal Hen [omnes [emote | jemattes | somoke wtieate ‘The tensors Gy and iy av dential with Gandy. Hence the steady state voltage equations alg the sequence axes are 3 = Zi, and the forges rensina unchanged, THE TRANSIT SEQUENCE EQUATIONS Since 4 = sip is the actual frequency f impresid slong the axes rotating with the fil in the above matty (or the equivalent elo of Fig. 33) let EQUATIONS ALONG THE PHYSICAL 4 AND g AXES 271 1. bo replned by pid = “ip. 2. be repaved by ph 3.2 berephed by However, in synehronoutsachine theory ts customary to writ all {Las 2, even in transeat equations That convention wil be retained in this example although often i led to oats, With thes subitations the temient impedance tenor slong the sequence exes beromes » erm [== x CS ee Kane non [ me [rotton | arian ar (tsa | G-Hao a eae [ren =o in| owia| ito ‘The tennsent voltage equations are e) = Zsf, The torque formula semaine unchanged ‘The sme transient equations are found from Hig. Ab, afer mul plication by the transent-trequeney tener a containing pin place (fe and pin place of), ‘Those trensient equations contain the operator j, In order to get id of i its neceery to introduce a peal referee rune THE TRANSIENT EQUATIONS ALONG THE PHYSICAL d AND q AXES Let tho sequence eurrnts be replacod by the transormation ig = Gi, where, by Ba. 85, 4 & a 4 &ApPENOK 1 Then the new 2q beoomee, by C°Z,C, 4 4 «9 & «& a new ey 4 =] “ eae The nowy bees, by Crs = 4 & oe 4 © I Ae 44 a wo o-]=l=1= oo w 4 4 © nae] rae amin vas suas ng th ya exe ae = Zl sel te operator ‘Daring eeeeaton torque equation is P = Gah. Ts T= Ga ~ Ine » ie equations donot cout APPENDIX 2 DESIGN CONSTANTS OF THE SHADED-POLE MOTOR NEW TYPES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS. 1 Fig. 6.184 the shaded col was sacuned toi stan angle fom the rin ana, ‘The relation between the shaded-poe motor and an eave leat spit-phase motor ae ven in Fig S184. Thee sletione do not ‘conten the anglaof sie and Ue ato of ture In onde to introduce an, lt i be assumed thatthe shaded ei! te plaool fst along the duet ais (4) snd then along the quadrature ste (Gu) Fig. 2). ‘The impeianoay of the eo inthe two potionsma Aeron 2 sand of the main winding (a) are 4a da aw de [Feat aa] Bon Babul ie | tation mat Rea 1 tho shaded ci is now poe tits tue postion at an angle the ‘ransformation it = Cy taf ced ome a adee ‘whores and #represnt the tual winding caren. REPLACING CURRENTS BY MUMPS ot next tho actual winding curents& and * be sopaged by the resultant sam’ #* and exiting along the det and quadrasure axes byt =O mos 4 oe 4 [1 [aoe ote Yasin a aul [see ‘The resultant transformation fram the orginal shaded coils to the seotangular maf variable EQUIVALENT SPUT-PHASE MOTOR 2s ‘The new impedanc tensors, by CC, a. . aa ae mira Pe ate [le a) ote rt a a rn ad EQUIVALENT SPUTPHASE MOTOR “The impedance term of an equivalent epit-phase induation motor (jit ase at ight ang along dy and q) sed ith mtn impede 2 baboon the dy and gy exe Is “ “ .[Peomon oe] «fm beta equating the confcionts of the ast two matsees, te following cla- tions eis beten the estar constant ofthe equivalent motor (primed (quantitize) and the known design constant af the shaded col, pled frst along the 4 shen along the @ as. 4s = raall ~ eota) a= Kall — 0060) + Xa oe ~ Fes Fg 208 a Ya eob cota 1) Koy = Ks # Xe go" a + Xyg cot a(eot a = 1) Bu = (raat iKaa) cob "The relations among the curents and voltages aro at cota eu 60 Peeing equ = &f(0 sina) ~ bg cota ‘eae new relations containing the ange of shift ond th ratio of farms ‘take the place ofthe latins in Fig. 5.164. The equivalent iets of Figs $19, 6.20, 10.18, and 10.14 ave til vaiAPPENDIX 3 VISUALIZABLE AND NON-VISUALIZABLE PHYSICAL VECTORS: LUNOERLYING SPACES AND TANGENT SPACES ‘The deserpton of a physieal phonomenon ia terme of patty vieul- lasblo end partly non-inilnable vectors (Chapter 1) seems ta bo s general trend in modern ecient thought. ‘To emphasiz the sigue fnes ofthis tread, e more general guomarzl model wil now be est Tided, in which even the hither’ nonvinvalizable physval vectors appear as geometial voetrs that ean be vializd Tet a aurved space be given, saya ahora sno ad Ie exit a each pont on the surface a phyeeal veetor, such asa flxcdensity ves- for. In order to repreent the magnitude ae deetion of each phiyseal vestor by some goemetvial veto, itis anime that ol each point of the "ples a longer! plane ets and tho vectors fe teach pot in the ‘corresponding tangoa: plane (Fig. A). Tn general is asumed that at each point of an n-dimensional eurvet “rundelying” space, an r-dmensonal Nat “tanga” space is auper- imposed, so that a eetor nt any pont of tho underiying space alo los in tho tangent or “lal” space t that polat. Ia dhe tangent pace every Vector starts atthe point of eontact with the undetting pace; henge a tengeat spuc i ako alld a "oestered” space. When the int of canact moves, ty intantansoss velocity and asuleration estos, together wth ther tangent ce “lea” spaces, alo mov, "Now in rotating machinery th stantneous change ad daplcomente repreont the coninalen of @ point inthe wading spats. Since the former have disappeared rom view, the underlying space sen hiden, But the moving tangeot “loc” spaces, containing the radial veetors | FORMAL ANALOGIES WITH BASIC Pa¥sics az B, ete, can be vieulred Dehsvice of tien wetars lying spnee may be infeed sch igtant and, from the peculie te lea spe, the existance of an wnder- lence ane 55, ‘euncejeg cd Mie AS Undying cao moving tng pe FORMAL ANALOGIES WITH BASIC PHYSICS 1 ow actual physica wise sniar phmamena ei, asrepreente lay the equations of tho various “unibed felt then,” In those theories also, only the “oea” threntimensonal Eulidean spac (end time) can bo vinslize whoreas tho extenee of an “underlying” ture space-time canbe inferred only from the pees behavior of the plisin! vectors visulled inthe local pas, ‘As wan mentioned before, the equations of the various “unde eld eories” beer sliking formal nologies to Whe equations of rotating ‘lecrie machinery, whoo the latter are lormilate in tensor ine variant”) form. ‘The auslony not only exands tothe eoeisence of lectromagneti and mechanical (ravsaionl) energies mentionad in ‘he intridietion and to the appearanes of vsualiable Leal and on7 APPEND 3 ‘htalble undoing spaces but alo includes many other enc, Trius tenet i out of ple bere. One other aclogy (the “cylin ot in thir bred eating, ‘Brery attempt hasbeen made in this hook (as in every ote book of ‘the author) to introduce only the physiesleanepte tha forme pre ob ‘modern physics At the etme tue no eller! waa spared fe lieeon {ly few of thse basic concepts aa ie netsenry forthe prbiog oe hand. With fever and simpler concpts, progres i mach Eater aed ‘more peeteating